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Sub topics
RISK MANAGEMENT AND ASSESSMENT
2.1 Introduction to Risk Management
2.2 Risk Assessment Techniques
2.3 HIRARC
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Individual Perceptions
Risk is a very individual concept.
It is different for every one.
A Taxi Driver?
Risk
Risk is often viewed very differently from individual to individual.
Risk Assessment
• Risk assessment means the process of
evaluating the risks to safety and health
arising from hazards at work.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Risk Assessment
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Hazard Identification
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Risk Management
• Risk management means the total procedure
associated with
▫ identifying a hazard,
▫ assessing the risk,
▫ putting in place control measures, and
▫ reviewing the outcomes.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Hazard Definition
It is a source or situation with a potential for harm in terms of
injury or ill health, damage to property, damage to the
workplace environment, or a combination of both.
OHSAS 18001:1999
Hazard Control
• Hazard control means the process of implementing
measures to reduce the risk associated with a
hazard.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Hierarchy of Control
• Hierarchy of control means the established priority
order for the types of measures to be used to
control risks. Hazard identification means the
identification of undesired events that lead to
the materialization of the hazard and the
mechanism by which those undesired events could
occur.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Hazard Identification
• Hazard identification means the identification of
undesired events that lead to the
materialization of the hazard and the mechanism
by which those undesired events could occur.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Hazard Identification
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
• The Bow Tie Analysis (BTA) was developed by Shell Oil in the
1980s as part of its Tripod package of concepts and tools
for managing occupational health and safety in its
business.
• The “Top Event” in the BTA is a statement about the
initiating event that might lead to the major consequence
• Threats (also referred to as potential causes) are discussed
and controls examined that could mitigate the hazard (left
side of the bow tie).
• Next, the consequences (also referred to as the potential
outcomes) of the initiating unwanted event are identified
and recovery control measures examined to reduce or
minimize the loss (right side of the bow tie).
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
2.3 HIRARC
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Introduction to HIRARC
• In recent years, Hazard Identification, Risk
Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) has
become fundamental to the practice of planning,
management and the operation of a business as a
basic of risk management.
Introduction to HIRARC
• Those who have already carried out risk assessment in
their work, have reported positive changes in their
working practice, they recognize substandard act and
working condition as they develop and take necessary
corrective action.
Purpose of HIRARC
The purposes of HIRARC are as follows:-
Process of HIRARC
HIRARC process that requires 4 simple steps –
1. classify work activities;
2. identify hazard;
3. conduct risk assessment (analyze and estimate
risk from each hazard), by calculating or
estimating -
i. likelihood of occurrence, and
ii. severity of hazard;
4. decide if risk is tolerable and apply control
measures (if necessary).
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Likelihood of an occurrence
• This value is based on the likelihood of an event
occurring.
• You may ask the question “How many times has
this event happened in the past?”
• Assessing likelihood is based worker experience,
analysis or measurement.
• Likelihood levels range from “most likely” to
“inconceivable.”
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
KEBARANGKALIAN (LIKELIHOOD)
Severity of hazard
Severity can be divided into five categories. Severity are
based upon an increasing level of severity to an
individual’s health, the environment, or to property.
Table below indicates severity.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
5: BENCANA KEMATIAN
1: SEDIKIT 1 2 3 4 5
2: KECIL 2 4 6 8 10
3: SEDERHANA 3 6 9 12 15
4: BESAR 4 8 12 16 20
5: BENCANA 5 10 15 20 25
Dapatkan RPN : Risk Priority Number berdasarkan kebarangkalian dan kesan akibat
Risk Control
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Risk Assessment
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Hazard Identification
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Isolation
4. Engineering Controls
5. Administrative Controls
6. Provide Personal Protective Equipment .
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Hierarchy of Control
Hierarchy of Control
Hierarchy of Control
Hierarchy of Control
(4) Engineering control
• Redesign- Jobs and processes can be reworked to make
them safer. For example, containers can be made easier to
hold and lift.
• Automation - Dangerous processes can be automated or
mechanized. For example, computer-controlled robots can
handle spot welding operations in car plants. Care must be
taken to protect workers from robotic hazards.
Continue……..
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Hierarchy of Control
(4) Engineering control
• Barriers - A hazard can be blocked before it reaches
workers. For example, special curtains can prevent eye
injuries from welding arc radiation. Proper equipment
guarding will protect workers from contacting moving parts.
• Absorption - Baffles can block or absorb noise. Lockout
systems can isolate energy sources during repair and
maintenance. Usually, the further a control keeps a
hazard away from workers, the more effective it is.
• Dilution - Some hazards can be diluted or dissipated. For
example, ventilation systems can dilute toxic gasses before
they reach operators.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Hierarchy of Control
(5) Administrative controls
• Safe work procedures - Workers can be required to use
standardized safety practices. The employer is expected to
ensure that workers follow these practices. Work procedures
must be periodically reviewed with workers and updated.
• Supervision and training– Initial training on safe work procedures
and refresher training should be offered. Appropriate supervision
to assist workers in identifying possible hazards and evaluating
work procedures.
• Job rotations and other procedures can reduce the time that
workers are exposed to a hazard. For example, workers can be
rotated through jobs requiring repetitive tendon and muscle
movements to prevent cumulative trauma injuries. Noisy
processes can be scheduled when no one is in the workplace.
Continue……..
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Hierarchy of Control
(5) Administrative controls
• Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs -
Housekeeping includes cleaning, waste disposal and spill
cleanup. Tools, equipment and machinery are less likely to cause
injury if they are kept clean and well maintained.
• Hygiene - Hygiene practices can reduce the risk of toxic materials
being absorbed by workers or carried home to their families.
Street clothing should be kept in separate lockers to avoid being
contaminated by work clothing. Eating areas must be segregated
from toxic hazards. Eating should be forbidden in toxic work
areas. Where applicable, workers should be required to shower
and change clothes at the end of the shift.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Hierarchy of Control
Hierarchy of Control
Principle of Control
PENGAWALAN RISIKO
Semua risiko RISIKO
perlu di TIDAK BOLEH
SangatTinggi
kurangkan DITERIMA
Tinggi
‘As KURANGKAN
Sederhana SERENDAH YANG
Low MUNGKIN
As
Rendah
Reasonably BOLEH DITERIMA
Practicable.’
HIRARKI LANGKAH KAWALAN
1. Hapuskan hazard BDD 31302
Contohnya, menukar Occupational
peralatan Safety & Health
yang bising, elakkan
menggunakan bahan atau mesin berbahaya,
Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian
2. Tukar sesuatu kepada yang Contohnya mengangkat beban yang lebih ringan, gunakan bahan
kurang berisiko kimia kurang berbahaya, menukar dari forklift petrol kepada
elektrik, gunakan penyedut hampagas dari penyapu
Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian
Monitoring controls
• The effectiveness of controls must be checked regularly.
Evaluate and monitor hazard controls during inspections,
routine maintenance, and other activities. Ask the following
questions –
a. have the controls solved the problem?
b. is any risk to workers posed by the controls contained?
c. are all new hazards being identified?
d. are significant, new hazards appropriately controlled?
e. are accident reports being analyzed?
f. are any other measures required?
CONCLUSION
Hazard identification, risk assessment, control and review
is not a task that is completed and then forgotten about.
Hazard identification should be properly documented even
in the simplest of situations
Contoh 1 (Hirarc)
Hazard Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Control
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Kerja ‘formwork’- acuan (satu contoh)
Aktiviti terlibat:
1. Mengangkat
2. Menyimpan Sementara
3. Membersih
4. Memasang
5. Memeriksa
6. Menyimen
7. Membuka
Kerja ‘formwork’- acuan (satu contoh)
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Aktiviti Hazard Akibat K KA R Kawalan
1.Mengangkat Objek jatuh, Kematian, 3 1 3 Pemandu/signalman
sling gagal, kecederaan yang kompeten,
kren gagal, / kerosakan penyelenggaraan/
komunikasi harta pemeriksaan berkala,
gagal benda CF sah, Mengangkat
beban berlebihan
2. Menyimpan Kegagalan Kematian, 4 2 8 Anchored'
sementara penyokong, kecederaan Sudut penyokong
Sudut yang / kerosakan <80o
salah harta Kawasan khas
Tidak teguh benda Penyelenggaraan/
Objek jatuh pemeriksaan
3. Mencuci Angin
Pekerjataufan
jatuh, Kecederaa 3 3 9 Memasang
Objek jatuh n perancah/Memakai
PPD
K: Kebarangkalian
KA: Kesan Akibat
R: Risiko
Kerja ‘formwork’- acuan (satu contoh)
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Aktiviti Hazard Akibat K KA R Kawalan
4. Memasang Objek jatuh Mati, 4 5 20 Seperti kawalan
Kegagalan cedera, mengangkat.
sling kerosakan Mengadakan pelantar
Kegagalan harta benda kerja
kren Gunakan 'life line'
Kegagalan Pakai PPD
5. Memeriksa Pekerja jatuh Mati, 3 2 6 Mengadakan pelantar
Kecederaan kerja, Gunakan 'life
line' Pakai PPD
6. Menyimen Acuan Mati, 2 2 4 Kawalan,
tumbang, Kecederaan Pemeriksaan struktur
Kegagalan form work, PPD
kren, Objek
7. Merombak Acuan Mati, 4 5 20 Seperti kawalan
tumbang, Kecederaan mengangkat.
Kegagalan Mengadakan pelantar
kren, Objek kerja
jatuh, Pekerja Gunakan 'life line'
jatuh Pakai PPD
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Contoh 2 (Hirarc)
Wood panel cutting process
• A team of two workers operates a cross-cut saw
machine. Their work includes loading wood panel onto
the machine, cutting the wood and unloading the cut
wood. They also need to repair and maintain the
machine regularly as well as to change the blades of
the machine.
(b) You have been appointed as the occupational safety and health officer at a
large size manufacturing company. One of your top priority duty is to
implement HIRARC (hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control)
and you have decided to begin with the hazard identification as the first step.
Select five (5) techniques that you plan to introduce in order to obtain
information related to hazard identification in the company. Support each
selected technique with detail explanation or example.
(15 marks)
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Example of Course Assessments
(b) You have been appointed as a personnel responsible for the safety and
health for your department. In a recent company meeting, you have been
requested to propose a Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk
Control (HIRARC) process for your company. Construct an appropriate
flowchart to correctly represent your proposed HIRARC process and
support your proposal by explaining each important element of the
flowchart.
(19 marks)
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Example of Course Assessments
Q2 (a) Manual handling activities causes over a third of all workplace injuries.
These include work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) such as pain
and injuries to arms, legs and joints, and repetitive strain injuries of various
sorts. To help prevent manual handling injuries in the workplace, you
should avoid such tasks as far as possible. However, where it is not possible
to avoid handling a load, employers must look at the risks of that task and
put sensible health and safety measures in place to prevent and avoid injury.
As a safety manager, propose a guide of good handling technique for lifting.
(15 marks)
(b) A wholesale plant nursery dealt with very large plants and trees in pots. The
plants were heavy, bulky and of varied sizes and shapes. Workers had
reported severe back strain when handling these plants. As a safety officer
of the company, you are requiring to evaluate the report and suggest
solutions for the work activities.
(10 marks)