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Chapter 2

RISK MANAGEMENT & ASSESSMENT


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Sub topics
RISK MANAGEMENT AND ASSESSMENT
2.1 Introduction to Risk Management
2.2 Risk Assessment Techniques
2.3 HIRARC
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

2.1 Introduction to Risk Management


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

What is risk? OHSAS 18001:1999

It is a combination of the likelihood and consequence of a


specified hazardous event occurring.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Definition of the Risk


• Risk means a combination of the likelihood of an
occurrence of a hazardous event with
▫ specified period or in specified circumstances and
▫ the severity of injury or damage to
 the health of people, property, environment or any
combination of these caused by the event.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Individual Perceptions
Risk is a very individual concept.
It is different for every one.

Consider the activity of driving.


On a scale of 1-5 how would you rate driving as a daily
activity?

For a Grand Prix Driver?

A Taxi Driver?

My 88 year old grandmother?


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk
Risk is often viewed very differently from individual to individual.

Another thing to consider is that peoples perceptions change as


familiarity increases the perception of a hazard and its risks change.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk = Likelihood x Severity


• Risk is the combination of the likelihood and severity of a
specified hazardous event occurring. In mathematical term, risk
can be calculated by the equation –

Risk = Likelihood x Severity


Where,

Likelihood is an event likely to occur within the specific period or


in specified circumstances and,

Severity is outcome from an event such as severity of injury or


health of people, or damage to property, or insult to environment,
or any combination of those caused by the event
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Assessment
• Risk assessment means the process of
evaluating the risks to safety and health
arising from hazards at work.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Assessment
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hazard Identification
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Management
• Risk management means the total procedure
associated with
▫ identifying a hazard,
▫ assessing the risk,
▫ putting in place control measures, and
▫ reviewing the outcomes.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hazard Definition
It is a source or situation with a potential for harm in terms of
injury or ill health, damage to property, damage to the
workplace environment, or a combination of both.
OHSAS 18001:1999

How can a person be a walking


hazardous condition?
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hazard Control
• Hazard control means the process of implementing
measures to reduce the risk associated with a
hazard.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control
• Hierarchy of control means the established priority
order for the types of measures to be used to
control risks. Hazard identification means the
identification of undesired events that lead to
the materialization of the hazard and the
mechanism by which those undesired events could
occur.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hazard Identification
• Hazard identification means the identification of
undesired events that lead to the
materialization of the hazard and the mechanism
by which those undesired events could occur.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hazard Identification
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

2.2 Risk Assessment Techniques


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Assessment Techniques


• The most fundamental risk assessment activity,
called an informal risk assessment, occurs when
workers are asked to think about the hazards in
the workplace
▫ before work commences,
▫ determine what could go wrong, and
▫ report or fix the hazards.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Assessment Techniques


• More formal risk management activities require
structured procedures, often focusing on work
processes that involve multiple levels of an
organization.

• These activities are practiced at some industries


and are typically organized by an operations safety
official and developed with the help of individuals
familiar with the work practice in question.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Informal Risk Assessment Techniques


• Most informal risk assessment techniques consist
of multiple steps where the worker is asked to look
for hazards, determine the significance of the
hazard, and take some action to mitigate the risk.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Informal Risk Assessment Techniques


Many systems have been proposed and are widely used in
industries. Examples include, but are not limited to:

• Stop-Look-Analyze-Manage (SLAM) asks workers to stop


and consider the work process before it is started, examine
the work environment, analyze the work process, and
manage the risk.
• Take-Two for Safety calls for persons to take 2 minutes to
think through a job before it starts
• Five-Point Safety System compels employees to take
responsibility for the safety within workplace
• Take Time, Take Charge requires miners to stop, think,
assess and respond to hazards in their workplace.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Basic-formal risk assessment techniques


• Basic-formal risk assessment techniques are
characterized by the requirement to follow a
structured process that occurs prior to performing
specific higher risk work activities.

• These techniques also require documentation that


allows management to monitor and audit individual
risk assessment activities.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Basic-formal risk assessment techniques


• The most commonly used basic-formal risk
assessment technique is the Job Safety Analysis (JSA).
• A JSA typically leads to development of Standard
Operating Procedures (SOP) that define how to best
approach a task considering the hazards identified in
the JSA.
• A JSA is a technique used to identify, analyze and
record the specific steps involved in performing a work
activity that could have hazards associated with it.
• JSAs are typically performed on work processes with
the highest risk for a workplace injury or illness.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Basic-formal risk assessment techniques


• Other techniques similar to JSAs include Job Hazard
Analysis (JHA), Critical Task Analysis (CTA), and Job Hazard
Breakdown (JHB).
• An SOP is a set of instructions that act as a directive,
covering those features of operations that lend themselves
to a standardized procedure.
• An SOP is typically a set of instructions or steps a worker
follows to complete a job safely and in a way that
maximizes operational and production requirements.
• SOPs can be written for work processes by the individual or
group performing the activity, by someone with expertise in
the work process, or by the person who supervises the work
process.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Analysis Techniques and Tools

• When conducting an Major Hazards Risk


Assessment (MHRA) several risk analysis
techniques and tools may be needed. A brief
description of the most common tools follows.
1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)
2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)
4. Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)
5. Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
6. Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

• The Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)


tool is a broad-brush risk ranking approach, allowing
the user to focus on the highest risk.
• As applied to a MHRA, this structured preliminary
analysis begins by breaking down the process
associated with the potential major hazards in some
logical manner.
• This is often accomplished using a flow chart or
process mapping technique where the potential major
hazards of each step in a work process are identified.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

• For example, in the mining process could be a


breakdown of a major project or a geographical
breakdown of the underground mine.

• JSAs and SOPs can be used as a framework for the


WRAC analysis.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)


An example of a WRAC risk ranking form
After preliminary analysis, the team then considers each breakdown segment of
the mining process and identifies the potential unwanted events associated with
the identified hazards (Figure below).
The likelihood and
consequence of each
stage are determined
using some variation
of a risk matrix,
followed by a risk
rating calculation.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

• The Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) is another


broad-brush risk ranking approach.
• Like the WRAC, this tool identifies all potential hazards
and unwanted events that may lead to miner injuries
and ranks the identified events according to their
severity.
• Its main purpose is to identify those unwanted events
that should be subjected to further, more detailed risk
analysis. Once the potential unwanted events are risk
ranked by the team, they can be prioritized so that the
highest risk unwanted event is listed first and so on.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

The Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) Form


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)

• Generally, an FMEA is used to determine where


failures can occur within hardware and process
systems and to assess the impact of such failures.
• For each item, the failure modes of individual items
are determined, effects on other items and
systems are recognized, criticality is ranked, and
the control is identified
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)

Item-by-item risk assessment worksheet for FMEA


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

4. Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)

• The Fault and Logic Tree Analysis are systematic,


logical developments of many contributing factors
to one unwanted event.
• The FTA evaluates the one unwanted event while
the LTA evaluates a wanted outcome.
• With both tools it is necessary to first clearly define
the top event, followed by an analysis of the major
potential contributing factors. Each contributing
factor is broken down into discrete parts.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

4. Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

5. Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

• Hazard and Operability Studies or HAZOPs have been


used extensively in the chemical industries to examine
what impact deviations can have on a process.
• The basic assumption when performing a HAZOP is
that normal and standard conditions are safe and
hazards occur only when there is a deviation from
normal conditions.
• A HAZOP can be conducted during any stage of a
project although it is most beneficial during the later
stages of design.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

5. Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

Process analysis form for a HAZOP


Typically a process or instrumentation diagram is used to trace the properties of
materials or products through a plant by breaking down the process node by node

The properties can be flow, level, pressure, concentration or temperature. What-if


guidewords are used to identify possible deviations. A HAZOP typically lacks a risk
calculation.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

6. Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)

• The Bow Tie Analysis (BTA) was developed by Shell Oil in the
1980s as part of its Tripod package of concepts and tools
for managing occupational health and safety in its
business.
• The “Top Event” in the BTA is a statement about the
initiating event that might lead to the major consequence
• Threats (also referred to as potential causes) are discussed
and controls examined that could mitigate the hazard (left
side of the bow tie).
• Next, the consequences (also referred to as the potential
outcomes) of the initiating unwanted event are identified
and recovery control measures examined to reduce or
minimize the loss (right side of the bow tie).
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

6. Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)

Bow Tie Analysis (BTA) method


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

2.3 HIRARC
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Introduction to HIRARC
• In recent years, Hazard Identification, Risk
Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) has
become fundamental to the practice of planning,
management and the operation of a business as a
basic of risk management.

• The organizations that have carried out risk


assessment at the work place have noted
numerous changes in their working practice.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Introduction to HIRARC
• Those who have already carried out risk assessment in
their work, have reported positive changes in their
working practice, they recognize substandard act and
working condition as they develop and take necessary
corrective action.

• Legislation requires that this process should be


systematic and be recorded so that the results are
reliable and the analysis complete.

• The risk assessment process should be continuous


and should not be regarded as a one-off exercise.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

What does HIRARC means?


• Hazard Identification (HI) – the identification of
undesired event that lead to the materialization of the
hazard and the mechanism by which those undesired
event could event

• Risk Assessment (RA) – The process of evaluating the


risk to safety and health arising from hazards at work

• Risk Control (RC) – the methods used to reduce the


amount of inherent risk or to manage the risk
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Purpose of HIRARC
The purposes of HIRARC are as follows:-

1. To identify all the factors that may cause harm


to employees and others (the hazards);

2. To consider what the chances are of that harm


actually be falling anyone in the circumstances of a
particular case and the possible severity that could
come from it (the risks); and

3. To enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor


preventive measures to ensure that the risks are
adequately controlled at all times.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Planning of HIRARC Activities


HIRARC activities shall be plan and conducted –
1. For situation –
i. where hazard appear to pose significant
threat;
ii. uncertain whether existing controls are
adequate; or/and
iii. before implementing corrective or
preventive measures.
2. By organization intending to continuously improve
OSH Management System.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Process of HIRARC
HIRARC process that requires 4 simple steps –
1. classify work activities;
2. identify hazard;
3. conduct risk assessment (analyze and estimate
risk from each hazard), by calculating or
estimating -
i. likelihood of occurrence, and
ii. severity of hazard;
4. decide if risk is tolerable and apply control
measures (if necessary).
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Flowchart of HIRARC Process


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 1 - Classify Work Activities


Classify work activities in accordance with their
similarity, such as -
i. geographical or physical areas within/outside
premises;
ii. stages in production/service process;
iii. not too big e.g. building a car;
iv. not too small e.g. fixing a nut; or
v. defined task e.g. loading, packing, mixing, fixing the
door.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


• The purpose of hazard identification is to highlight
the critical operations of tasks, that is, those
tasks posing significant risks to the health and
safety of employees as well as highlighting
those hazards pertaining to certain equipment due
to energy sources, working conditions or activities
performed.
• Hazards can be divided into FIVE (5) main groups,
physical hazards, chemical hazards, ergonomic
hazards, psychosocial hazards and biological
hazards.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


• Physical hazards are the most common and will be
present in most workplaces at one time or another.
They include unsafe conditions that can cause injury,
illness and death.
• They are typically easiest to spot but, sadly, too often
overlooked because of familiarity (there are always
cords running across the aisles), lack of knowledge
(they aren't seen as hazards), resistance to spending
time or money to make necessary improvements or
simply delays in making changes to remove the
hazards (waiting until tomorrow or a time when "we're
not so busy").
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


Examples of physical hazards include:
▫ electrical hazards: frayed cords, missing ground pins, improper
wiring
▫ unguarded machinery and moving machinery parts: guards
removed or moving parts that a worker can accidentally touch
▫ constant loud noise
▫ high exposure to sunlight/ultraviolet rays, heat or cold
▫ working from heights, including ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or
any raised work area
▫ working with mobile equipment such as fork lifts (operation of
fork lifts and similar mobile equipment in the workplace
requires significant additional training and experience)
▫ spills on floors or tripping hazards, such as blocked aisle or
cords running across the floor.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


• Chemical hazards are present when a worker is
exposed to any chemical preparation in the
workplace in any form (solid, liquid or gas). Some
are safer than others, but to some workers who are
more sensitive to chemicals, even common
solutions can cause illness, skin irritation or
breathing problems.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


• Beware of:
▫ liquids like cleaning products, paints, acids, solvents
especially chemicals in an unlabelled container
(warning sign!)
▫ vapours and fumes, for instance those that come
from welding or exposure to solvents
▫ gases like acetylene, propane, carbon monoxide and
helium
▫ flammable materials like gasoline, solvents and
explosive chemicals.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


• Ergonomic hazards occur when the type of work,
body position and working conditions put strain on
your body. They are the hardest to spot since you
don't always immediately notice the strain on your
body or the harm these hazards pose. Short-term
exposure may result in "sore muscles" the next day
or in the days following exposure, but long term
exposure can result in serious long-term injuries.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


Ergonomic hazards include:
▫ poor lighting
▫ improperly adjusted workstations and chairs
▫ frequent lifting
▫ poor posture
▫ awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive
▫ repeating the same movements over and over
▫ having to use too much force, especially if you have
to do it frequently.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


• Psychosocial hazards include but aren’t limited to
stress, violence and other workplace stressors.
• Work is generally beneficial to mental health and
personal wellbeing. For example;-
▫ Alcohol in the workplace
▫ Bullying in the workplace
▫ Customer aggression
▫ Driver fatigue
▫ Remote or isolated work
▫ Work-related mental stress
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


• Biological hazards come from working with animals,
people or infectious plant materials. Work in day care,
hospitals, hotel laundry and room cleaning,
laboratories, veterinary offices and nursing homes may
expose you to biological hazards.

• The types of things you may be exposed to include:


▫ blood or other body fluids
▫ fungi
▫ bacteria and viruses
▫ plants
▫ insect bites
▫ animal and bird droppings.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


• Biological hazards come from working with animals,
people or infectious plant materials. Work in day care,
hospitals, hotel laundry and room cleaning,
laboratories, veterinary offices and nursing homes may
expose you to biological hazards.

• The types of things you may be exposed to include:


▫ blood or other body fluids
▫ fungi
▫ bacteria and viruses
▫ plants
▫ insect bites
▫ animal and bird droppings.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


Hazard identification technique
• The employer shall develop a hazard identification
and assessment methodology taking into account
the following documents and information -
i. any hazardous occurrence investigation reports;
ii. first aid records and minor injury records;
iii. work place health protection programs;
iv. any results of work place inspections;
Continue……
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


v. any employee complaints and comments;
vi. any government or employer reports, studies and
tests concerning the health and safety of
employees;
vii. any reports made under the regulation of
Occupational Safety and Health Act,1994
viii. the record of hazardous substances; and
ix. any other relevant information.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)
• Risk is the determination of likelihood and
severity of the credible accident/event
sequences in order to determine magnitude and to
priorities identified hazards.
• It can be done by
▫ qualitative,
▫ quantitative or
▫ semi quantitative method.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)
• A qualitative analysis uses words to describe the
magnitude of potential severity and the likelihood
that those severity will occur.
• These scales can be adapted or adjusted to suit
the circumstances and different descriptions may
be used for different risks.
• This method uses expert knowledge and
experience to determine likelihood and severity
category.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)
• In semi-quantitative analysis, qualitative scales
such as those described above are given values.
The objective is to produce a more expanded
ranking scale than is usually achieved in
qualitative analysis, not to suggest realistic
values for risk such as is attempted in
quantitative analysis.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)
• Quantitative analysis uses numerical values (rather
than the descriptive scales used in qualitative and
semi-quantitative analysis) for both severity and
likelihood using data from a variety of sources such as
past accident experience and from scientific research.
• Severity may be determined by modeling the outcomes of
an event or set of events, or by extrapolation from
experimental studies or past data.
• The way in which severity and likelihood are expressed and
the ways in which they are combined to provide a level of
risk will vary according to the type of risk and the purpose
for which the risk assessment output is to be used. In this
note qualitative and semi quantitative method uses as an
example.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)

Likelihood of an occurrence
• This value is based on the likelihood of an event
occurring.
• You may ask the question “How many times has
this event happened in the past?”
• Assessing likelihood is based worker experience,
analysis or measurement.
• Likelihood levels range from “most likely” to
“inconceivable.”
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)
• Table below indicates likelihood using the following
values.

Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIK


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

KEBARANGKALIAN (LIKELIHOOD)

5 : KERAP KEGAGALAN KERAP BERLAKU

4 : SELALU KEGAGALAN SELALU BERLAKU

PERNAH BERLAKU KEGAGALAN, TETAPI


3 : PERNAH BERLAKU
TIDAK BESAR
JARANG BERLAKU DI DALAM ORGANISASI
2 : SEKALI-SEKALI
YANG SAMA/DALAM NEGARA
JARANG BERLAKU MUNGKIN DI NEGARA
1 : JARANG
LAIN

Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIK


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)

Severity of hazard
Severity can be divided into five categories. Severity are
based upon an increasing level of severity to an
individual’s health, the environment, or to property.
Table below indicates severity.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)
Severity of hazard

Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIK


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

KESAN AKIBAT (CONSEQUENCE)

5: BENCANA KEMATIAN

4: BESAR HILANG UPAYA KEKAL


KECEDERAAN SEDERHANA, > 4 HARI CUTI
3: SEDERHANA
SAKIT
KECEDERAAN KECIL, HINGGA 4 HARI CUTI
2: KECIL
SAKIT

1: SEDIKIT FIRST AID

Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIK


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)
Risk assessment
• Risk can be presented in variety of ways to communicate
the results of analysis to make decision on risk control. For
risk analysis that uses likelihood and severity in qualitative
method, presenting result in a risk matrix is a very effective
way of communicating the distribution of the risk
throughout a plant and area in a workplace.

• Risk can be calculated using the following formula:


L x S = Relative Risk
L = Likelihood
S = Severity
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment
(Analyze and estimate risk)
Risk Matrix (Likelihood vs. Severity)

Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIK


MATRIK RISIKO
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
RPN : RISK PRIORITY
NUMBER,
1 (SANGAT RENDAH)  2 3
25 (SANGAT TINGGI) 1 4 5
SEKALI- PERNAH
JARANG SELALU KERAP
SEKALI BERLAKU

1: SEDIKIT 1 2 3 4 5

2: KECIL 2 4 6 8 10

3: SEDERHANA 3 6 9 12 15

4: BESAR 4 8 12 16 20

5: BENCANA 5 10 15 20 25

Dapatkan RPN : Risk Priority Number berdasarkan kebarangkalian dan kesan akibat

Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIK


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)
Risk & Action Level

Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIK


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Menetapkan RISIKO (berasaskan RPN)


RISIKO TINDAKAN
BERITAHU PIHAK PENGURUSAN SEGERA
SANGAT
 HAPUSKAN : TIDAK BOLEH DIBIARKAN;
TINGGI PERLU KAWALAN SEGERA DAN JANGKA PANJANG
(15-25) YANG LEBIH BERKESAN
BERITAHU KETUA JABATAN. PERLU KAWALAN
TINGGI
SEGERA DAN JANGKA PANJANG YANG LEBIH
(8-14) BERKESAN
BERITAHU HAZARDS KEPADA PEKERJA;
SEDERHANA
TOOL BOX MEETING; SAFE BEHAVIOUR; JSA
(4-7) KAWALANN JANGKA PANJANG BERKESAN
RENDAH RISIKO BOLEH DITERIMA; UMUMNYA TIDAK PERLU
(1-3) TINDAKAN; KEKALKAN KAWALAN SEDIA ADA

Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIK


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control


measures (Risk Control).
• Risk control is the elimination or inactivation of a
hazard in a manner such that the hazard does not
pose a risk to workers who have to enter into an
area or work on equipment in the course of
scheduled work.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Control
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Assessment
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hazard Identification
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control


measures (Risk Control).

• Hazards should be controlled at their source


(where the problem is created). The closer a
control to the source of the hazard is the better.
This method is often referred to as applying
engineering controls.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control


measures (Risk Control).
• If this does not work, hazards can often be
controlled along the path to the worker,
between the source and the worker. This
method can be referred to as applying
administrative controls.

• If this is not possible, hazards must be


controlled at the level of the worker through the
use of personal protective equipment (PPE),
although this is the least desirable control.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control


measures (Risk Control).
• If this does not work, hazards can often be
controlled along the path to the worker,
between the source and the worker. This
method can be referred to as applying
administrative controls.

• If this is not possible, hazards must be


controlled at the level of the worker through the
use of personal protective equipment (PPE),
although this is the least desirable control.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Selecting a suitable control


Selecting a control often involves –
a. evaluating and selecting short and long term controls;
b. implementing short-term measures to protect workers until
permanent controls can be put in place; and
c. implementing long term controls when reasonably
practicable.

For example, suppose a noise hazard is identified.


Short-term controls might require workers to use hearing
protection.
Long term, permanent controls might remove or isolate
the noise source.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Isolation
4. Engineering Controls
5. Administrative Controls
6. Provide Personal Protective Equipment .
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control

(1) Elimination - Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool, process,


machine or substance is perhaps the best way of protecting
workers. For example, a salvage firm might decide to stop
buying and cutting up scrapped bulk fuel tanks due to
explosion hazards.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control

(2) Substitution - Sometimes doing the same work in a less


hazardous way is possible. For example, a hazardous
chemical can be replaced with a less hazardous one.
Controls must protect workers from any new hazards that
are created.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control

(3) Isolation - If a hazard cannot be eliminated or


replaced, it can some times be isolated, contained or
otherwise kept away from workers. For example, an
insulated and air-conditioned control room can protect
operators from a toxic chemical.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control
(4) Engineering control
• Redesign- Jobs and processes can be reworked to make
them safer. For example, containers can be made easier to
hold and lift.
• Automation - Dangerous processes can be automated or
mechanized. For example, computer-controlled robots can
handle spot welding operations in car plants. Care must be
taken to protect workers from robotic hazards.

Continue……..
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control
(4) Engineering control
• Barriers - A hazard can be blocked before it reaches
workers. For example, special curtains can prevent eye
injuries from welding arc radiation. Proper equipment
guarding will protect workers from contacting moving parts.
• Absorption - Baffles can block or absorb noise. Lockout
systems can isolate energy sources during repair and
maintenance. Usually, the further a control keeps a
hazard away from workers, the more effective it is.
• Dilution - Some hazards can be diluted or dissipated. For
example, ventilation systems can dilute toxic gasses before
they reach operators.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control
(5) Administrative controls
• Safe work procedures - Workers can be required to use
standardized safety practices. The employer is expected to
ensure that workers follow these practices. Work procedures
must be periodically reviewed with workers and updated.
• Supervision and training– Initial training on safe work procedures
and refresher training should be offered. Appropriate supervision
to assist workers in identifying possible hazards and evaluating
work procedures.
• Job rotations and other procedures can reduce the time that
workers are exposed to a hazard. For example, workers can be
rotated through jobs requiring repetitive tendon and muscle
movements to prevent cumulative trauma injuries. Noisy
processes can be scheduled when no one is in the workplace.
Continue……..
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control
(5) Administrative controls
• Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs -
Housekeeping includes cleaning, waste disposal and spill
cleanup. Tools, equipment and machinery are less likely to cause
injury if they are kept clean and well maintained.
• Hygiene - Hygiene practices can reduce the risk of toxic materials
being absorbed by workers or carried home to their families.
Street clothing should be kept in separate lockers to avoid being
contaminated by work clothing. Eating areas must be segregated
from toxic hazards. Eating should be forbidden in toxic work
areas. Where applicable, workers should be required to shower
and change clothes at the end of the shift.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control

(6) Personal protective equipment


• Personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is used
when other controls measures are not feasible and where
additional protection is needed. Workers must be trained to
use and maintain equipment properly. The employer and
workers must understand the limitations of the personal
protective equipment. The employer is expected to
require workers to use their equipment whenever it is
needed. Care must be taken to ensure that equipment
is working properly. Otherwise, PPE may endanger a
workers health by providing an illusion of protection.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control

(6) Personal protective equipment


• Personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is used
when other controls measures are not feasible and where
additional protection is needed. Workers must be trained to
use and maintain equipment properly. The employer and
workers must understand the limitations of the personal
protective equipment. The employer is expected to
require workers to use their equipment whenever it is
needed. Care must be taken to ensure that equipment
is working properly. Otherwise, PPE may endanger a
workers health by providing an illusion of protection.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Principle of Control

•Substitution •Housekeeping •Training and


•Modify process •General education
•Enclosure ventilation •Worker rotation
•Local exhaust •Continuous area •Enclosure of
•Fugitive monitoring worker
emission control •Dilution •Personal
•Isolation ventilation monitoring
•Automation or •Personal
remote control protective devices
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

PENGAWALAN RISIKO
Semua risiko RISIKO
perlu di TIDAK BOLEH
SangatTinggi
kurangkan DITERIMA
Tinggi
‘As KURANGKAN
Sederhana SERENDAH YANG
Low MUNGKIN
As
Rendah
Reasonably BOLEH DITERIMA

Practicable.’
HIRARKI LANGKAH KAWALAN
1. Hapuskan hazard BDD 31302
Contohnya, menukar Occupational
peralatan Safety & Health
yang bising, elakkan
menggunakan bahan atau mesin berbahaya,
Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian
2. Tukar sesuatu kepada yang Contohnya mengangkat beban yang lebih ringan, gunakan bahan
kurang berisiko kimia kurang berbahaya, menukar dari forklift petrol kepada
elektrik, gunakan penyedut hampagas dari penyapu
Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian

3. Asingkan hazard Contohnya mengadakan penghadang sekeliling tumpahan


sehingga dicuci, meletakkan mesin fotostat di bilik
berpengundaraan
Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian

4. Guna kawalan Contohnya menggunakan troli untuk bawa beban berat,


memasang pengadang bahagian jentera berputar
kejuruteraan
Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian

5. Guna kawalan Contohnya mengadakan pusingan kerja, tugasan pendek,


pastikan peralatan diselanggara, amalan kerja selamat, arahan
pentadbiran dan latihan.
Sekiranya tidak praktikal, akhirnya

6.Guna peralatan Contohnya mengadakan perlindungan bising dan mata, helmet


keselamatan, sarung tangan
perlindungan diri
Hendaklah selalu sedar terhadap peluang untuk mendapatkan kaedah kawalan yang
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Monitoring controls
• The effectiveness of controls must be checked regularly.
Evaluate and monitor hazard controls during inspections,
routine maintenance, and other activities. Ask the following
questions –
a. have the controls solved the problem?
b. is any risk to workers posed by the controls contained?
c. are all new hazards being identified?
d. are significant, new hazards appropriately controlled?
e. are accident reports being analyzed?
f. are any other measures required?

• Document control activities to track their effectiveness, if


necessary re-evaluate hazards and implement new control
measures.
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

MONITORING AND REVIEW


KEY POINT

A review follow-up is always essential.

Review is an important aspect of any risk management


process.

It is essential to review what has been done to ensure


that the controls put in place are effective
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

CONCLUSION
Hazard identification, risk assessment, control and review
is not a task that is completed and then forgotten about.
Hazard identification should be properly documented even
in the simplest of situations

Risk assessment should include a careful assessment


of both likelihood and severity/consequence.

Control measures should conform to the recommendations of


the hierarchy of control.

The risk management process is an on going one.


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Contoh 1 (Hirarc)
Hazard Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Control
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Kerja ‘formwork’- acuan (satu contoh)
Aktiviti terlibat:
1. Mengangkat
2. Menyimpan Sementara
3. Membersih
4. Memasang
5. Memeriksa
6. Menyimen
7. Membuka
Kerja ‘formwork’- acuan (satu contoh)
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Aktiviti Hazard Akibat K KA R Kawalan
1.Mengangkat Objek jatuh, Kematian, 3 1 3 Pemandu/signalman
sling gagal, kecederaan yang kompeten,
kren gagal, / kerosakan penyelenggaraan/
komunikasi harta pemeriksaan berkala,
gagal benda CF sah, Mengangkat
beban berlebihan
2. Menyimpan Kegagalan Kematian, 4 2 8 Anchored'
sementara penyokong, kecederaan Sudut penyokong
Sudut yang / kerosakan <80o
salah harta Kawasan khas
Tidak teguh benda Penyelenggaraan/
Objek jatuh pemeriksaan
3. Mencuci Angin
Pekerjataufan
jatuh, Kecederaa 3 3 9 Memasang
Objek jatuh n perancah/Memakai
PPD

K: Kebarangkalian
KA: Kesan Akibat
R: Risiko
Kerja ‘formwork’- acuan (satu contoh)
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Aktiviti Hazard Akibat K KA R Kawalan
4. Memasang Objek jatuh Mati, 4 5 20 Seperti kawalan
Kegagalan cedera, mengangkat.
sling kerosakan Mengadakan pelantar
Kegagalan harta benda kerja
kren Gunakan 'life line'
Kegagalan Pakai PPD
5. Memeriksa Pekerja jatuh Mati, 3 2 6 Mengadakan pelantar
Kecederaan kerja, Gunakan 'life
line' Pakai PPD
6. Menyimen Acuan Mati, 2 2 4 Kawalan,
tumbang, Kecederaan Pemeriksaan struktur
Kegagalan form work, PPD
kren, Objek
7. Merombak Acuan Mati, 4 5 20 Seperti kawalan
tumbang, Kecederaan mengangkat.
Kegagalan Mengadakan pelantar
kren, Objek kerja
jatuh, Pekerja Gunakan 'life line'
jatuh Pakai PPD
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Contoh 2 (Hirarc)
Wood panel cutting process
• A team of two workers operates a cross-cut saw
machine. Their work includes loading wood panel onto
the machine, cutting the wood and unloading the cut
wood. They also need to repair and maintain the
machine regularly as well as to change the blades of
the machine.

(Caution: This example may not be applicable to similar


work in your workplace).
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Example of Course Assessments
Q2 (a) Examine the mathematical equation below. Using appropriate example,
provide detail explanation for its definition and application in the area of risk
management and assessment.

Risk = Likelihood x Severity


(10 marks)

(b) You have been appointed as the occupational safety and health officer at a
large size manufacturing company. One of your top priority duty is to
implement HIRARC (hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control)
and you have decided to begin with the hazard identification as the first step.
Select five (5) techniques that you plan to introduce in order to obtain
information related to hazard identification in the company. Support each
selected technique with detail explanation or example.
(15 marks)
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Example of Course Assessments

Q2 (a) Risk = Likelihood x Severity. Examine this statement and


provide suitable interpretations for each term in relation to the area of
occupational safety and health.
(6 marks)

(b) You have been appointed as a personnel responsible for the safety and
health for your department. In a recent company meeting, you have been
requested to propose a Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk
Control (HIRARC) process for your company. Construct an appropriate
flowchart to correctly represent your proposed HIRARC process and
support your proposal by explaining each important element of the
flowchart.
(19 marks)
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Example of Course Assessments
Q2 (a) Manual handling activities causes over a third of all workplace injuries.
These include work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) such as pain
and injuries to arms, legs and joints, and repetitive strain injuries of various
sorts. To help prevent manual handling injuries in the workplace, you
should avoid such tasks as far as possible. However, where it is not possible
to avoid handling a load, employers must look at the risks of that task and
put sensible health and safety measures in place to prevent and avoid injury.
As a safety manager, propose a guide of good handling technique for lifting.

(15 marks)

(b) A wholesale plant nursery dealt with very large plants and trees in pots. The
plants were heavy, bulky and of varied sizes and shapes. Workers had
reported severe back strain when handling these plants. As a safety officer
of the company, you are requiring to evaluate the report and suggest
solutions for the work activities.

(10 marks)

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