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01(c).
L= 0.18 m
Sol: This is a case of simple heating and
humidification of air by the addition of
steam as shown in Fig. The air mass flow
(S)opt rate is
a
m
cmm60 90 60 6820 kg d.a / h
Ts = 80C = 353 K v 0.792
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:3: ME–Conventional Test– 7 (Solutions)
01(d).
Steam
Sol:
P
qin
(1) Q (3) 2 3
(2)
a
m a
m
4
qrej
1
3
h1=13.82 3 V
ti=2.5 Adding
Process 1 – 2,
Simple Heating 2 Steam
1 3=2 T2 = T1 rk–1
1 = 0.792 =0.0036
Process 2 – 3,
t1=5 t2 v3
t p2 = p3 , rc
v2
where 0.792 m3/kg d.a is the specific T3 = T2 rc = rc rk–1
volumes of the entering air. qcombustion = cp (T3 – T2)
By moisture balance = cp (rck–1 T1 – rk-1 T1)
a 3 1 40
m q in
rc 1
T1 c p r k 1
40 40
3 1 0.0036 q in
a
m 6820 rc 1
c p r k 1 T1
0.00947 kg w.v / kg d.a
By energy balance
01(e).
a h 3 h1 40.73600 40h v
m Sol: Assuming 100 moles of fuel gas, the
where, hv = 2691.3 kJ/kg is the enthalpy of combustion equation can be written as
saturated steam at 110C, 22.6C2H6+73.6CH4+2.4CO2+1.4N2+226.3
(O2+3.76N2)1.25
Thus,
= 121.2CO2+215.0H2O+56.6O2+1065.4N2
h 3 13.82
1
146,540 402691.3 Molecular weight of fuel gas
6820
= 0.22630+0.73616+0.02444+0.01428
= 51.1 kJ/kg d.a
= 20 kg/kg mol
From Psychometric chart, at 3
Moles of air supplied
226.332 3.76 281.25
DBT= 26.5C
= 1340
WBT = 18.1C 28.96
Total reaction moles = 100 moles of fuel gas
+ 1340 moles of air
= 1440 moles of combustion gas
Molecular weight of combustion gas
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40845 .2
28.36 kg / kg mol P2 P1
1440
2
Total number of moles of combustion gas = 0.986
5
per kg fuel gas
I = To[(S)gen]
1440 kg mol kg mol of fuel gas
0.72 2
100 kg mol fuel gas 20 kg = 300 0.986 = 175.8 kJ/kg
5
Volume of combustion products per kg fuel
Now we have to calculate the maximum
gas
work
273 260
VG 0.72 22.4 31.49 m3 / kg fuel Wmax = Wact + I
273
[where, I = Irreversibility]
Gas analysis by volume:
Wmax = (397.5 + 175.8) kJ/kg = 573.3 kJ/kg
121.2
CO 2 0.098 or 9.8% Wact 397.5
121.2 56.6 1065 .4 II = 0.693
Wmax 573.3
56.6
O2 0.046 or 4.6%
1243 .2
02(b).
1065 .4
N2 0.856 or 85.6% Sol: Turbocharger : Its compressor is driven by
1243 .2
the power generated from expansion of
exhaust gases in a turbine connected to it.
02(a).
Sol: P4 = 1.03 bar
isen =0.85
is =0.8
1500 K
q1
C T
100 kPa, 300K 100 kPa, 800 K
air P2 = 1.8 bar
P3 = 1.6 bar
750 K T3 = 850 K
qL = 300 kJ/kg W P1 = 0.98 bar
T1 = 290 K Engine
We calculate the actual work using first law
q + h1 = h2 + Wact Let actual exit temperature of C be T2 and
Wact = (1200 – 300) – 1.005[800 – 300] kJ/kg ideal be T2.
= 397.5 kJ/kg 1
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:5: ME–Conventional Test– 7 (Solutions)
21 780
g m
and m f m
a m g a
m = = 3615.39 watt
20 0.2157
Power developed by turbine Similarly:
g cpg T3 T4
m Heat loss =
T1 T2
r2 r1
a 1.15 885 775
21 4 k A r2 r1
m
20
800 T2
a
= 90.56 m =
0.725 0.6
Percentage of turbine power used to run 4 0.31 0.725 0.6
compressor =
69.35
100 = 76.6 % 800 72
3615.39 =
90.56 4 0.31 0.725 0.6
T2 = 533.31C
02(c). T3 T T3 20
Sol: Given: with reference to the below figure, Heat loss =
1 1
T1 = 800C h o A 3 10 2 0.765 2
r1 = 0.6m, T3 20
3615 .39
r2 = r1 + 0.125 = 0.6 + 0.125 = 0.725m 1
r3 = r2 + 0.04 = 0.725 + 0.04 = 0.765m 10 2 0.765 2
ho = 10 W/m2.K T3 = 118.32C
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:7: ME–Conventional Test– 7 (Solutions)
03(a). V 0.85
m2 = 20.14 kg
Sol: Take tank as our control volume, v 2 0.04221
Writing mass balance for the control volume he = hg (at 260C) = 2796.6 kJ/kg
we get Putting all the values in equation (iv) we get
dm i 0 dm e dm QCV = 14162 kJ = 14.16 MJ
dt dt dt C.V
03(b).
dm e dm Sol: The cycle of refrigeration is represented on
……….. (i)
dt dt C.V T-s diagram as
mi = mass entering control volume TC
me = mass leaving the control volume T2 2
4 3
Writing energy balance for the control 30
volume we get 24 5
0 0
d
mi h i Q d me h e w dU –3
–10
1
dt dt dt C.V 8 6 7
dU S
m e h e
dQ d
……………. (ii)
dt dt dt C.V h1 = h7+cpv(T1–T7)
Now at the exit state, h is constant so = 348.17+0.6117 = 352.477 = 352.5 kJ/kg
T
s1 s7 c pv log e 1
d
meh e h e dme ……………. (iii) T7
dt dt
270
Using (i), (ii) and (iii 1.5639 0.611 log e
263
dQ dm dU = 1.579949703 1.58
he
dt dt C.V dt C.V Process 2–1 is isentropic
s1 = s2
On integration we get
T T
Q + he (m2–m1) = m2u2 – m1u1 1.58 s3 cpv log e 2 1.5487 0.721 log e 2
T3 303
Q = (m2u2–m1u1) – he(m2–m1) ……….. (iv) T 1.58 1.5487
u1 = uf+x(ug–uf) log e 2 0.043411927
303 0.721
= 1128.4 + 0.7 (2599 – 1128.4) Also, T2 = 316.4435072 = 316.44 K
Also, h2 = h3 + cpv(T2–T3)
= 2157.8 kJ/kg
= 365.16+0.721(316.44–303)
u2 = ug (at 260C) = 2599 kJ/kg = 374.85024 = 374.9 kJ/kg
v1 = vf+x(vg–vf) h6 = h5 = h4 – cpl(T)
= 228.89–0.9986 = 222.962 = 223 kJ/kg
= 1.2755 10-3 + 0.7 (0.04221–1.275510-3)
v1 v 7
= 0.03 m3/kg
T1 T7
V 0.85
m1 = 28.33 kg v 0.07731
v1 0.03 1
270 263
v2 = 0.04221 m3/kg
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:9: ME–Conventional Test– 7 (Solutions)
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: 11 : ME–Conventional Test– 7 (Solutions)
th 1
1 dT
k 1 Q = k.A
r dr r 0
1 1 Q = – 30×(×d×L)×(0 – 4.167×10-5 ×2r)r=0
r 9.66
1 th 1 / k 1
1 0.5963 1/ 1.41 Q=0
Heat transfer rate at surface
04(c). (r = 0.025 m = 25 mm)
Sol: Given: dT
Q k.A
d = 5 cm = 0.05 m dr r 0.025
q 5 107 W / m3 = – 30 × (×d×L)×(–4.167×105×2×2.5×10-2)
T = 800 – 4.167 × 105 r2 = – 30×(×0.05×1) × (–4.167×105×2×0.025)
= 1100 kg/m3, Q = 98.182 kW/m
cp = 800 J/ kg.K
k = 30 W/m-K (ii) If q 108 W / m3
T = 800 – 4.167 × 10-5r2
1 T q 1 T
r
r r r k
1 2 rT q
1 q 1 T
(i)
r r r
k
r r
r 4.167 105 2r
k
Ts Ts
rT q 1 q 1 T
.r
r r k r r
4.167 105 2r 2
k
r
q 1 T
rT
r
q r 2
k 2
C1
1
r
4.167 105 4r
k
T q r C q 1 T
. 1 4.167 105 4
r k 2 r k
q r 2 108 1 T
= . C1nr C 2 4.167 105 4 .
k 4 30 30
C1 = 0 1100 800
q r 2 T
T C2 56.81C / S
k 4
At r = 0, T = 800 = Tmax T
is independent of radius that’s why it is
800 = C2
same for both axis and surface.
q r 2
T . 800
k 4
At r = 0.025, T = T3
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: 13 : ME–Conventional Test– 7 (Solutions)
P(kPa)
05(e).
1
Sol: 600
The system has a primary circuit of low- 300 2
voltage current and a secondary circuit for 3
the high-voltage current.
The primary circuit consists of the battery, V(m3)
ammeter, ignition switch, primary coil The work during process 1-2 is
winding, and breaker points V2 P
W1-2 = mRT1n = mRT1n 1
The secondary circuit contains the secondary V1 P2
coil windings, distributor, spark plug leads, 600
= 1.394 0.287 1200 n
and the spark plug. 300
SPARK PLUGS = 332.8 kJ
IGNITION COIL
5
By using first law of thermodynamics for
1 2 3 4 6
Secondary
process 1-2
windings
Q = W + U
Primary = 332.8 + 0
Ignition
windings Q = 332.8 kJ
Switch
Ammeter Distributor By using first law of thermodynamics for
Breakerpoints
process 2-3:
– + Cam
Q = W + U
Q = 0 + m CV T3 T2
Battery Condenser
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V1 m/s V2 m/s
A1 m2 A2 m2
The flow conditions imply the following:
Steady state: m1 m2 m
The flow conditions imply the following:
Insulated: Q = 0
Steady state: m1 m2 m
No change in temperature of water: du = 0 Horizontal: Z2 = Z1
p V 2
p 2
W 1 gZ1 2
1 V
gZ 2 2 Insulated: Q = 0
v1 2 v2 2
=0
No shaft work is involved: Ws
W is positive because work is done by the
system. The control volume expression gives
(ii) Centrifugal pump: V2 V12 2000(h1 h 2 ) V1 V2
These are used for pumping of liquids from
V2 2000 (h 1 h 2 )
lower level to higher level.
V2 44.72 h
Surface
(iv) Gas Turbines
Control
In turbines heat energy is converted into
Z2
work energy
W Water 1 dW
Pump h1 (kJ/kg)
dm
Motor V1(m/s)
Z1
dQ
Water Pump =0 2
dm
Fig.: Centrifugal Water Pump
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: 17 : ME–Conventional Test– 7 (Solutions)
Refrigeration
vapour absorption (figure). Here the 7C
load
refrigerant is water and the absorbent is the
60% conc. Cooling
solution of lithium bromide salt in water. Absorber water Water 13C
Evaporator
Since water cannot be cooled below 00C, it
Solution pump
can be used as a refrigerant in air Pump
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: 19 : ME–Conventional Test– 7 (Solutions)
07(b). 4 0.04
Sol: Thus the volume of air actually sucked in at 189 107 0.15
0.1 MPa and 50C Re = 17964.579 > 2300
V m / hr 3
mkg / hr R kJ / kg o K T o K ∵ Re > 2300, the flow is turbulent.
kN / m 2 Nusselt number correlation for turbulent
1170 0.287 273 50 flow
1084 .6 m3 / hr
1000 0.1 NuD = 0.23 ReD0.8 Pr0.4
Thus swept volume/hr = 0.023 (17964.579)0.8 (0.706)0.4
Actual volume / hr NuD = 50.67
=
volumetric efficiency hD
50.67
1084.6 k
1355.75 m3 / hr
0.8 50.67 0.027
h
rpm 0.15
Also swept volume/hr = 60 D2L
2 4 h = 9.12 W/m2K
1500
1355.75 60 D2 1.25D Ti = 60oC
2 4
air
1355 .75 4 2
1/ 3
1 = 45C Te
D 2 = (Te – 15)
1500 60 1.25
15C Tube 15C
= 0.313 m = 313 mm
L = 3131.25 = 391.25 mm
Heat transfer rate = hA LMTD
07(c).
c p Ti Te 9.12 DL
m
1 2
Sol:
n 1
= 0.04 kg/s
m Ts = 15C 2
1
0.4
1.128 0.152 V 0.04 4.2 1.4
4 T2 / T1 = (P2 / P1) =
1.4
V = 2.0 m/s
T2 = 253 1.3687 = 346.29 K
Correlation for friction factor:
T2 / T1 = T3 / T4.
f = [0.790 ln(ReD) – 1.64]–2
T3 = 45oC = 45 + 273 = 318
f = 0.0268
346 .29 318
fLV 2
Pressure drop, P g 253 T4
2gD
T4 = 232.331 K
0.026 10 22 1.128
253 232.331
2 0.15 C.O.P =
(346.29 253) (318 232.331)
P = 4.043 Pa
= 2.712
08(a). (ii) Mass of air circulated / min : m
a
Sol: Given, Refrigerant Capacity (R.C) = mass flow rate
Pressure of refrigerator = 1.4 bars of air (Refrigeration effect)
Pressure of cooler = 4.2 bars 10TR = m a cp (T1 – T4)
Temperature at inlet of compressor, 10 3.5167 = m a 1.005 (253-232.331)
T1 = – 20oC a = 101.09 kg/min = 1.684 kg/sec
m
o
Air is cooled to Tc = 45 C. (iii) Theoretical piston displacement:
(cP)Air = 1.005 kJ/kg K ; RT1 1.684 0.287 253 60
= m
V =
1.4 100
1
L/D = 1.2 ; N = 600 r.p.m , P1
Refrigeration capacity = 10 tons = 52.430 m3/min.
V1
T 4.2 bar
2 (iv) Power required / ton of Refrigeration:
1.4 bar Work done on air in the compressor
3
1 R
=m (T2 – T1)
1
4
1.4
S = 1.684 0.287 (346.29 253)
T1 T4 0.4
(i) C.O.P =
(T2 T1 ) (T3 T4 ) = 157.807 kW
T1 = – 20oC = –20 + 273 = 253 K Work done by air expander
Assuming compression and expansion
R
=m (T3–T4)
1
following the same law.
T 1.4
2
Pc = 1.684 0.287 (318 232.331)
0.4
3 Pe = 144.915 kW
1 Net Work Input = 157.807 – 144.915
4 = 12.892 kW
S
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kW Per Ton of refrigeration engine. Under this condition all the other
12.892 cylinders will motor the cut out cylinder and
= = 1.2892
10 the speed and output drop of the engine. The
Assuming v = 100% engine speed is brought to its original value
2 by reducing the load.
v1
m D LNk
4 If there are k cylinders, then
1 k
v1 ip1 + ip2 + ip3 + ip4 + ... + ipk = bp k + fpk
1
P1 ………..(1)
RT1 where, ip, bp and fp are respectively
140 indicated, brake and frictional power and
1.928 kg / m 3
0.287 253 the suffix k stands for the cylinder number.
1 If the first cylinder is cut-off, it will not
v1 = 0.518 m3/kg
produce any power but it will have friction,
600 then
1.684 0.518 1.2D 3 1
4 60 k
ip2 + ip3 + ip4 + …..+ ipk = bpk + fpk
L 1.2D 2
D = 0.452 m …...(2)
L = 0.543 m Subtracting Eqn (2) from Eqn (1)
k k
ip 1 bp k bp k
08(b). 1 2
The test involves shutting of one of the When all the k cylinders are working, it is
cylinder, noting the difference in brake possible to find the brake power, bpk, of the
power obtained in different experiment. engine.
In this test the engine is first run at the The frictional power of the engine is given
required speed by adjusting the throttle in SI by
engine or the pump rack in CI engine and fpk = ipk – bpk …..(4)
the output is measured. The throttle rack is
locked in this position. (ii) Valve Timing Diagram of Four-Stroke
Then, one cylinder is cut out by short Engines
circuiting the spark plug in the SI engine or The effect of the intake valve timing on the
by disconnecting the injector in the CI engine air capacity is indicated by its effect
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on the air inducted per cylinder per cycle, During the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve
i.e., the mass of air taken into cylinder is often set close a few degree after TDC on
during one suction stroke. the exhaust stroke, as indicated in Fig.
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: 23 : ME–Conventional Test– 7 (Solutions)
08(c)(i). 08(c)(ii).
Sol: Sol:
(i) The process 1-2, a polytropic process (i). Emissive power (E) = Ts4
T p = 0.8(5.6710–8 W/m2.K4)(473 K)4
S12 m C p n 2 Rn 2
T1 p1 = 2270 W/m2
523 875 G = Tsur
4
= 5.6710–8 W/m2.K4(298 K)4
4 1.005 n 0.288 n
313 125 = 447 W/m2
= 4 (0.516 – 0.5604) = –0.178 kJ/K (ii). Heat loss from the pipe is by convection to
(ii) The process 2-3, throttling process the room air and by radiation exchange with
h2 = h3 the walls.
or T2 = T3 Hence, q = qconv + qrad and from equation
p with A = DL.
S23 m Rn 3
p2 q = hDLTs T DLTs4 Tsur
4
257 The heat loss per unit length of pipe is then
4 0.288 n = 1.411 kJ/K
875 q
q
=15 W/m2.K(0.07 m)(200 – 25)C
L
(iii) The process 3-4, a polytropic cooling process + 0.8(0.07m) 5.6710–8 W/m2.K4
(4734–2984)K4
T p
S34 m C p n 4 Rn 4 q =577 W/m + 421 W/m = 998 W/m
T3 p3
453 125
4 1.005 n 0.288 n
523 257
= 4 (–0.144 + 0.2075) = 0.2527 kJ/K
Overall change in entropy,
Stotal = S1-2 + S2-3 + S3-4
= –0.178 + 1.411 + 0.2527
= 1.485 kJ/K
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