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DISTRICT BUNER
Produced by:
Livestock Trainers & Consultants
In collaboration with
Research & Awareness for Human development
Benefits And Rights
Baseline Livestock Buner 2………………
LIST OF CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................................ 2
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................. 5
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................... 6
ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ........................................................................................................................................ 8
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 9
BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................ 9
1.1-LIVESTOCK TRAINERS & CONSULTANTS ............................................................................. 9
1.2- RAHBAR ..................................................................................................................................... 10
1.2-TARGET AREA/ COMMUNITY ................................................................................................ 11
1.3- GOAL AND OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................... 11
1.4-SAMPLE METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 11
1.5- QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................... 11
1.6- ENUMERATORS ........................................................................................................................ 12
1.7-SAMPLE STATUS ....................................................................................................................... 12
1.8- SECONDARY DATA ................................................................................................................. 12
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF DISTRICT BUNER ............................................................................ 13
2.1- INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 13
2.2- LOCATION ................................................................................................................................. 13
2.3- BOUNDARIES ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.4- AREA ........................................................................................................................................... 13
2.5- TOPOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................... 13
2.5.1- Physical Features ................................................................................................. 13
2.5.2- Soil.......................................................................................................................... 14
2.5.3-Mining .................................................................................................................... 14
2.5.4- Flora ....................................................................................................................... 14
2.5.5- Fauna ..................................................................................................................... 14
2.5.6- Climate .................................................................................................................. 14
2.6- LIVESTOCK POPULATION ..................................................................................................... 15
2.6- DAMAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT .......................................................................................... 15
HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION ................................................................................................................... 16
3.1- EDUCATION ATTAINMENT .................................................................................................. 16
3.2- HOUSEHOLD STRENGTH ....................................................................................................... 16
3.3- INCOME SOURCES ................................................................................................................... 17
3.4 PERSON IN-SERVICE/ BUSINESS............................................................................................. 17
3.5- PERSONS INVOLVED IN AGRICULTURE/LIVESTOCK...................................................... 18
3.6- DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION PERHOUSEHOLD ........... 18
Baseline Livestock Buner 3………………
3.7- LIVESTOCK POPULATION PER HOUSEHOLD ................................................................... 19
3.8- LACTATING ANIMALS PER HOUSEHOLD ......................................................................... 20
3.9- MILK PRODUCTION PER ANIMAL....................................................................................... 20
ANIMAL FEED ............................................................................................................................................ 21
4.1-ANIMAL FEEDING .................................................................................................................... 21
4.2-FODDER PRESERVATION ........................................................................................................ 21
4.3-FODDER AVAILABILITY .......................................................................................................... 22
4.4-TYPE OF FODDER ...................................................................................................................... 22
4.4.1- Green Fodder ........................................................................................................ 22
4.4.2- Dry fodder............................................................................................................. 23
4.5- CONCENTRATES ...................................................................................................................... 23
4.6- SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER FOR ANIMALS .............................................................. 24
4.7- GRAZING LAND....................................................................................................................... 25
4.8- GREEN FODDER SCARCITY ................................................................................................... 27
ANIMAL HOUSING .................................................................................................................................... 28
5.1- STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL SHED ............................................................................................ 28
5.2- FLOOR OF ANIMAL SHED...................................................................................................... 29
5.3- VENTILATION IN ANIMAL SHED ........................................................................................ 29
5.4- WATER AVAILABILITY INSIDE ANIMAL SHED ................................................................ 30
5.5- PER ANIMAL SPACE................................................................................................................ 30
5.6- LOCATION OF ANIMAL SHED ...............................................................................................31
ANIMAL HEALTH ...................................................................................................................................... 32
6.1- ANIMAL DISEASES PREVALENT IN THE AREA ................................................................ 32
6.2- AVAILABILITY OF HEALTHFACILITY ................................................................................. 32
6.3- DISTANCE OF ANIMAL SHED FROM HEALTH FACILITY................................................33
6.4- ATTITUDE TOWARDS ANIMAL TREATMENT ....................................................................33
6.5- ANIMAL VACCINATION........................................................................................................ 34
6.6- DEWORMING OF ANIMALS AND SOURCE OF SUPPLY .................................................. 34
ANIMAL BREEDING .................................................................................................................................. 35
7.1- ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION CENTER ................................................................................ 35
7.2- BREEDING BULL....................................................................................................................... 35
7.3- FEE CHARGES PER A.I SERVICE ............................................................................................ 36
7.4- ATTITUDE TOWARDS A.I VERSUS NATURAL INSEMINATION..................................... 36
7.5- CALVING INTERVAL................................................................................................................37
LIVESTOCK EXTENSION .......................................................................................................................... 38
8.1- INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 38
8.2- EXTENSION CENTER ............................................................................................................... 38
8.4- REASONS FOR LACK OF EXTENSION SERVICES ............................................................... 39
8.5- NEED FOR CHANGE ................................................................................................................ 39
8.6- MORE INVESTMENTS IN ANIMAL KEEPING ..................................................................... 40
Baseline Livestock Buner 4………………
MARKETING ................................................................................................................................................ 41
9.1- MILK SALE ................................................................................................................................. 41
9.2- QUANTITY OF MILK GOES TO MARKET PER HOUSEHOLD ........................................... 41
9.3- NUMBER OF ANIMALS SOLD PER YEAR ............................................................................ 42
9.4- AGE OF ANIMAL ATSALE ...................................................................................................... 42
9.5- REASON FOR ANIMAL SALE ................................................................................................. 43
9.6- PLACE OF ANIMAL SALE ....................................................................................................... 44
9.7- USE OF DUNG AS DUNG CAKE............................................................................................. 44
9.8- USE OF DUNG AS NATURAL FERTILIZER .......................................................................... 45
9.9- SALE OF DUNG ......................................................................................................................... 45
ISSUES/ BOTTLE NECKS OBSERVED BY FARMER ............................................................................. 46
RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 47
ANNEX-I ....................................................................................................................................................... 49
ANNEX-II ...................................................................................................................................................... 50
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................... 52
Baseline Livestock Buner 5………………
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 ...................................................................................................................... 12
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2. 1 Livestock Population Buner ...................................................................... 15
ACRONYMS
Acronym/abbreviation Description
A APRIL
AGR AGRICULTURE
A.I ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
APROX APPROXIMATELY
B.Q BLACK QUARTER DISEASE
CLEW COMMUNITY LIVESTOCK EXTENSION WORKERS
CVC CIVIL VETERINARY CENTER
CVD CIVIL VETERINARY DISPENSARY
CVH CIVIL VETERINARY HOSPITAL
DLO DISTRICT LIVESTOCK OFFICER
DO DISTRICT OFFICER
DPO DISTRICT POPULATION OFFICER
ED ENDEMIC DISEASE
ET ENTERO TOXEMIA
FEB FEBRUARY
FMD FOOT & MOUTH DISEASE
GO GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
L.E LIVESTOCK EXTENSION
L.S LIVESTOCK
LTC LIVESTOCK TRAINERS & CONSULTANTS
N.A NOT ANSWERED
NGOS NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
N.I NATURAL INSEMINATION
NOV: NOVEMBER
NWFP NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE
PATA PROVINCIAL ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS
PC PRIVATE CLINICIAN
PEP PARTICIPATORY EXTENSION PLANNING
PSU PRIMARY SAMPLE UNIT
RAHBAR RESEARCH & AWARENESS FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BENEFITS AND RIGHTS
SLA SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD ANALYSIS
SSU SECONDARY SAMPLE UNIT
VO VETERINARY OFFICER
Baseline Livestock Buner 8………………
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Livestock sector in Pakistan in general and in NWFP in particular is considered as the base of
the rural economy. Livestock is providing valuable food to the rural community in the form of
milk, meat as well as eggs. Livestock is one of the sectors in the country that has a great
potential to grow bigger by leaps and bounds to improve the socioeconomic conditions of the
farming community but for decades this sector has been ignored. Now the Govt. as well as the
national & international donor organizations are taking the initiatives to develop this sector as
whole to change the dreams of uplifting the living conditions of the farmer’s into reality.
Buner livestock baseline is one of the parts of this development chain to sort out areas of
interventions and to diversify the various means of livelihood in district Buner to contribute to
this noble cause. The major partners who contributed to this splendid achievement are the
LTC and RAHBAR. LTC conducted the baseline while the RAHBAR provided financial
assistance for the successful conduction of the survey. In this regard I strongly acknowledge
the sincere efforts of Mr.Sarmir Khan Chairman and chief executive of RAHBAR for his full
support in the successful completion of this survey. I also extend my hearted gratitude to the
management of RAHBAR especially to Mr.Ijaz Finance Manager RAHBAR for his full
cooperation in this regard.
In the collection of secondary data the cooperation of Mr.Sajjad DPO, Mr.Raziq Shah
Statistical Officer, Dr.Abdul Kabir DLO L&DD, Dr.Fazal Muhammad VO and Dr.Fazal
Yazdan are highly commendable.
In the collection of primary data I strongly appreciate the painstaking efforts of the teams who
conducted this survey very nicely at a short notice of LTC and completed this great task in
time. The management of LTC also lauds the efforts of Mr.MatiUllah District Coordinator
LTC Buner for his effective coordination and Mr.Jehanzeb who took the overall
responsibility of supervision. LTC pay tribute for the contribution of all respondents of the
baseline survey who made it possible.
In the last but not the least I strongly acknowledge the dynamic staff of LTC for their
unprecedented efforts especially Dr.Shaukat Khan Programme Director for his strict
monitoring of all the activities, data processing and drafting, Engineer ZiaUllah Database and
Web development Specialist LTC for his valuable formatting of the overall baseline report. I
am very thankful from the core of my heart to Dr.Nazir Ahmad Chairman LTC who provided
encouragement and expert consultation in the compilation of questionnaire. I hope that this
sort of collaboration will further strengthen the ties between the two organizations in future to
work for the betterment of the poor masses.
Executive Director
LTC NWFP Peshawar
Baseline Livestock Buner 9………………
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1-BACKGROUND
1.1-LIVESTOCK TRAINERS & CONSULTANTS
Livestock Trainers & Consultants (LTC) is a provincial based non-governmental, non-
profitable organization dedicated to provide quality services to the farming community
without discrimination & regardless of race, religion, creed or political affiliations.
The organization is being run by highly qualified well energetic and devoted professionals
while supervised by a panel of experts both at national and international level.
LTC is delivering quality services to the farming community, with the objective to uplift their
socio-economic conditions via better animal health and production. To achieve the desired
goals and objectives, it is joining hands with the national and international sponsoring
organizations to seek monetary funds to benefit all its stakeholders in the country. LTC is
utilizing these funds for the capacity building of the farming community and provides
consultancy services to the rest of the organizations in the field of veterinary and animal
sciences to identify potential pockets, conduct baseline surveys, proposal writing and even to
implement various projects in the said field.
LTC believes in quality and is therefore committed to deliver quality services to its
stakeholders in the field of Livestock Trainings and Consultancies having all the capabilities
as well as expertise in the mentioned field.
Currently LTC is working on the following programmes:
1.2- RAHBAR
RAHBAR (Research & Awareness for Human development Benefits And Rights) is a non-
profit non-government civil society organization. RAHBAR works with local people within
the local culture and customs and is fully familiar with local practices.
The organization has a well defined mission “to address the socio-economic-politico
empowerment of the community at large in the concrete-though free of Gender discrimination
but tilting in favor of women and children, they being the weaker and vulnerable segment of
society”. The organization is working in community with the objectives:
The aim of the organization is to create sustainable social structures at the grass
roots level to address rural poverty through enhancing the livelihood of the rural
poor.
Literacy Promotion.
Reproductive Health services through establishing mother and child health care
centers.
Agriculture Livestock and Natural Resource Management. (ALNRM)
Gender and Development.
Infrastructure Development.
Good Local governance
RAHBAR has a vast experience of work in community and has successfully implemented
various projects in community. A glimpse of various completed and ongoing projects in
community under RAHBAR is as below:
1.4-SAMPLE METHODOLOGY
The sampling design adopted for the survey was a stratified and systematic sample of
households. The universe consists of the entire district. The total numbers of 24 villages was
selected in the district. The selection procedure is described below:
The criteria for village selection were based on village household strength and distance from
the capital of tehsil. For this purpose, the 1998 Population Census list of villages was used as
the sampling frame. Four villages have been selected from each tehsil. Those villages in the
area were considered as Primary Sample Units (PSU). In each PSU 24 households were
selected randomly as Secondary Sample Units (SSU). PEP (Participatory Extension Planning)
techniques were used for interviewing individuals. Sampling Chart is annexed as annex-I.
Animal feeding
Animal health
Animal breeding
Animal Production and its use
Marketing of animal products and animals
Use of dung etc.
Issues and bottlenecks faced by the farmers regarding animal keeping
1.6- ENUMERATORS
The enumerators were selected from the targeted area keeping in view their technicality and
past experiences. They were trained in PEP techniques. Three teams were constituted with
two members in each team. Two tehsils were assigned to each team. To ensure quality of the
activity, the supervision was carried out by the Programme Director LTC personally and the
District Coordinator LTC as well.
1.7-SAMPLE STATUS
Table 1 depicts the status of sampling interviewed in the field. The households were selected
randomly and the persons available there were interviewed. There was a very negligible figure
0.87% of refusal. The reason was probably disinterest in Livestock Sector or hesitation to
confront questioning and answering. The participation of female farmers was very low due to
the typical cultural constraints of the area, while some female were not ready to enlist their
names, so their names were substituted by their husband’s or son’s names.
CHAPTER II
2.2- LOCATION
The District Buner lies between 34o-11i to 34o- 43i North Latitude and 72o- 13i to 72o-45i East
Longitude.
2.3- BOUNDARIES
Buner is bounded on North by Swat and Shangla Districts, on the West by Malakand Agency
and Mardan District. From the South it shares boundaries with Swabi District while on the
East border Buner is bounded by River Indus, Mansehra and Haripur Districts.
2.4- AREA
The total area of District Buner is 1865 Square Kilometers.
2.5- TOPOGRAPHY
2.5.2- Soil
The soil has developed from the old loess plains. The soil is deep silly clay and used for dry
farming or irrigated Agriculture.
2.5.3-Mining
District Buner is progressing by leaps and bounds with rapid increase in the marble factories
in the area. Some 40% labour forces are engaged in excavation and finishing of different
types of marbles.
2.5.4- Flora
A number of medicinal herbs and other plants are found in the district like Wild Pomegranate,
Ailanthus, Persian Lilae, Walnut, Fig, Kambela, Olive, Gum tree, Oak, Wild Persimmon,
Mountain Ebony, Eucalyptus and Mulberry etc.
2.5.5- Fauna
Jackal, Wolf, Fox ,Goral, Rabbit, Monkey, Black Partridge, Chukar, Grey Partridge, See See,
Dove, Pigeon, and other migratory birds.
2.5.6- Climate
The climate of district Buner varies with elevation and may be classified as dry-subtropical.
Most part of the year remains pleasant. Winter season is of four to five months while summer
season also remains for four to five months. In winter in addition to rain, occasional snow fall,
on the mountain peaks is common. Climate in Buner is marked by two distinctive rainy
seasons, that is Rabi season winter rain from November to May and Kharif season Monsoon
rains from July to October. This together with the associated temperature and day length
changes makes two different cropping seasons. The winter season is suitable for growing
crops like wheat, tobacco and summer season suitable for crops like maize and sugar cane etc.
The temperature rises steadily in summer, where it reaches to 44oC and thereafter dips
gradually to the lowest level 2oC in winter. Rain continues falling throughout the year, making
a total 165 cm with uniform distribution.
Cyclones of the Monsoon bring about torrential showers, constituting 42.7% of the total
annual rainfall. Appreciable amount of rains 33.2% occurs also in the cold season, but
extending over a longer period of time. The warm and post monsoon periods are relatively dry
as 11.4% rain fall in the farmer and 12.7% in the latter. Hailstorms are also frequent during
Monsoon.
Baseline Livestock Buner 15………………
800000 737762
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
CHAPTER III
HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION
3.1- EDUCATION ATTAINMENT
The education status of the respondents is illustrated by the Table 3.1. The table shows that
56.4% of the respondents were illiterate. 10.4% were educated up to primary, 8.8% middle
and 11.4% were matriculate. The ratio declines further and at inters level only 4.0% attained
education while 8.2% were graduated. A small number just 0.7% had professional education.
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
62.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
0.00%
Agri/Livestoc
Services Business Others
k
Series1 11.30% 13.50% 62.00% 13.20%
100.00%
92.50%
80.00%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
7.50%
0.00%
1 to 5 6 to 10
The figure 3.2 illustrates clearly the picture in district Buner about the person in-service or
involved in business. In Buner there is no such large business center except town Swari.
A large portion of households having 1-5 persons involved in business or earn their bread
from business activities. A very minute portion 7.5 % of total household has more than six
persons in service or business.
39.9% of the population deriving their income from service or business in range of Rs 1000 to
5000 per month, while 35.4% and 24.7% earn from Rs 6000 to 10,000 and 11000 to 20,000
respectively as shown in Table 3.3 above.
has more than 10 members involved in Seri es1 95.00% 4.80% 0.20%
It is also a point of worth importance that female of these rural areas equally share the burden
and actively take part in livestock and Agriculture activities. Animal rearing is the prime
responsibility of female in their homes along with laborious work in their Agriculture lands.
The respondents were asked that if their Agriculture production is enough for their needs
from the figure 3.4 it is illustrated that only 40% of the population answered in affirmative
while the remaining 60% were of the opinion that they are compelled to purchase it.
A supplementary question was asked from the farming community regarding any cash income
from Agriculture where only 9.8% of the population was affirmative
Baseline Livestock Buner 19………………
2 60%
1 40%
Table 3.4 shows that 78.3% of the population keeping animals in range of 1 to 5 per
household, while 16.3% and 3.6% of the people keeping 6 to 10 and 11 to 20 animals
respectively. 1.8% of the total households have above 20 animals per household.
Due to feed scarcity, and previous militant’s conflict, majority of the people lost their animals.
On the other hand, there is severe shortage of animal feed as the affected farmers could not
arrange feed for their animals due to the ongoing military operation and the dry spell further
aggravated the situation. All those factors compelled the farmer to keep his herd size small.
Baseline Livestock Buner 20………………
Table 3.4 clearly depicts the household picture regarding animal keeping. 97% households
depend on 1 to 5 animals for milk. 2.8% of the population keeping lactating animals in range
of 11 to 20.
While only 0.2% a very negligible figure of the remaining population keeping more than 20
lactating animals per household.
High Livestock production is a clear indication of good management. This picture in Table 3.5
is not appreciable as the highest numbers 36% of the total lactating animals produce 1 to 2
litres of milk. Similarly only a very negligible amount 0.2% of total animals produces more
than 10 litres of milk. Unsuitable management practices, non-descriptive animal breeds, low
grade and insufficient feed are the contributory factors for this low production.
Baseline Livestock Buner 21………………
CHAPTER IV
ANIMAL FEED
4.1-ANIMAL FEEDING
figure 4.1 shows that 29.30% farmers feed green fodder to their animals while 49.0% have
only dry fodder for their survival. A very small segment 21.7% can provide concentrates to
enhance their animal production. Nutrition has main role in body growth and production.
Proper feeding according to the requirements of animal is of utmost importance. The survey
shows that the farmers do not provide sufficient and balanced animal feed and this is due to
the lack of resources as well as high ignorance on the part of farmers.
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
49.00%
30.00%
20.00% 29.30%
21.70%
10.00%
0.00%
Green Roughages Dry Roughages Concentrates
4.2-FODDER PRESERVATION
To cope with the scarcity period and satisfy the hunger of their animals farmers preserve
various Agriculture by-products and grasses. These feed stuffs are usually low in nutrition,
and seasonal effects i.e. rain and Sun further distorts its quality. The pictures below present a
view of the traditional practices in district Buner. There is need of intervention to sensitize the
farmer about the proper preservation and maintenance of dry feed stuffs.
4.3-FODDER AVAILABILITY
During the data collection, the respondents were asked whether they purchased the fodder for
their animals or get them from their own resources. The figure 4.2 depicts that 61.1% have
their own fodder while 38.90% purchased. Table 4.1 below shows that the residents of
Daggar and Gadaizi Tehsils were purchasing fodder for their animals as they are the most
affected population of previous militancy and military operation. Some farmers were of the
view that they partially purchased their fodder as their own fodder is not sufficient to fulfill
the requirement of their animals.
60.00%
Gadaizi 26 64
50.00% 61.10%
Gagra 70 36 40.00%
Chagharzi 60 21 30.00% 38.90%
Chamla 75 21 20.00%
Totalai 80 17 10.00%
0.00%
Total 351 223 574 Own Purchased
Series1 61.10% 38.90%
Percent 61.1 38.9 100
Table 4.1 Fodder availability Figure 4.2 Percentage of fodder availability
4.4-TYPE OF FODDER
4.5-CONCENTRATES
Concentrates is a rich source of energy and protein which are the integral part of animal
nutrition. From the data collected during survey it was observed that only a small segment
21.70% (figure 4.1) of the farmer’s community provides traditional concentrates to their
animals.
Baseline Livestock Buner 24………………
Ow n
29%
Purchased
71%
figure 4.3 depicts that 29% of the people have their own concentrates, while the remaining
71% of the farmer’s community purchases concentrates from local markets. It is also a matter
of great concern that farmers usually feed only cottonseed cake which cannot satisfy the need
of a producing animal. Cotton seed cake also contains a harmful substance gossypol that badly
affects the production of animals. A supplementary question was asked from the farmers
about the price of cotton seed cake which is available in the market at a range of Rs 30 to
45/Kg, which is higher than the price of commercially available concentrates.
When the respondents were asked about the distance of drinking water from animal shed it
was learnt that 16.2% of the population has water inside their animal shed or inside their
houses, 7.8% has water attached (less than 10 yards). A large portion 49.5% of farmer’s
community has access to drinking water for their animals in limits of less than 5000 meters
while 26.6% of the remaining either travel their animals more than 500 meters or bring water
for them daily which is highly laborious job both for the farmers as well as for their animals.
4.7-GRAZING LAND
Respondents were asked about the grazing land availability for their animals; in which only
19% had the facility as showed in the figure 4.4 below. Grazing land can provide an
alternative for animal feed and minimize feed burden.
Yes
19%
No
81%
60.00%
54.10%
50.00%
43.10%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
2.80%
0.00%
Hilly Plain Both
In the available grazing land 54.1% is hilly, 43.10% plain and only 2.8% of population has
both hilly as well as plain grazing land as shown in figure 4.5.
100.00%
90.00%
86.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00% 10.50%
0.00% 0.90% 2.60%
Spring Summar Autumn Winter
figure 4.6 illustrates that 86.0% of the farmers send their animals for grazing during summer,
10.5% in spring season. In autumn the grazing graph declines to 0.9% and in winter slightly
elevates to 2.6%. In summer there are plenty of green grasses and the farmers utilize this
opportunity very well.
Baseline Livestock Buner 27………………
May,June
39%
Dec to Feb
61%
To cope with scarcity period, farmers provide mostly dry fodder to their animals. By the
following Table 4.6, it is illustrated that the animal feed offered consists of 34.5% wheat
straw, 24.2% maize stover, 26.6% hay or dry grasses while the remaining 14.7% is
traditional concentrates. As concentrate is an integral part of animal feed and should be
provided round the year but during scarcity period its demand is further increased as the
animal body need feed rich in energy and protein for maintenance and production as well. The
figure 14.7 is of high concern and must be addressed to get the desired animal production.
CHAPTER V
ANIMAL HOUSING
100.00% 90.40%
80.00%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
9.60%
0.00%
Woody
Concrete
Figure 5. 1 Percentage of Woody & Concrete Sheds A pity glance of an Animal Shed
In the figure, 90.40% shows the socio-economic condition of the poor farmers residing in
such remote area like Buner.
Baseline Livestock Buner 29………………
94.00%
100.00%
80.00%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.00% 6.00%
Muddy
Concrete
60.00%
50.00%
63.40%
40.00%
30.00% 36.60%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Yes No
Inside house
36%
Out side
64%
CHAPTER VI
ANIMAL HEALTH
6.1- ANIMAL DISEASES PREVALENT IN THE AREA
Farmers were asked about the animal diseases they observed mostly in their animals.
According to the data collected, the most prevalent disease is FMD which is on the top with
26.2%, and then various ailments like indigestion, tympany, mastitis, prolapse etc.
represented by category “Other”. Hemorrhagic Septicemia is in 3rd rank. The other prevalent
diseases observed by farmers are Worm Infestation with 15.3%, Black Quarter 12.5% and
Entero Toxemia which is less noticed only 2.5%. These are the diseases that are known to the
farmers, there might be other diseases endemic in the area.
80.00%
70.00%
60.00% 73.90%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
26.10%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Yes No
80.00%
70.00% 79.20%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
20.80%
10.00%
0.00%
Near<1000m Far>1000m
Series1 20.80% 79.20%
60.00%
50.00%
52.70%
40.00%
36.60%
30.00%
20.00%
14.70%
10.00%
0.00%
Government Private Traditional
Series1 14.70% 52.70% 36.60%
CHAPTER VII
ANIMAL BREEDING
7.2-BREEDING BULL
When respondents were interviewed about the availability of bull for breeding purpose,
77.8% replied in “yes” and only 22.2% told that they had no breeding bull. During the survey
it was observed that some farmers keep bulls especially for this purpose.
Table 7.3 above shows that 9.2% of the farmer’s group interviewed pay Rs 100 per A.I
service, a major component 47% pays Rs 200, while 30.6% pay per A.I service Rs 300 to the
Inseminator. 12.0% of the farmers told that the inseminators charged Rs 500 and only 1.2% a
minor segment of pays more than Rs 500 per A.I service. The variation in fee is subject to
distance of the vicinity.
When the respondents were asked about their preference regarding Insemination of their
animals, a very small figure of 23.1% was in favour of Artificial Insemination. 76.9% of the
farmers prefer Natural Insemination. From the secondary data during this survey it was
observed that majority of the farmers are not concern with future progeny and increase
production. They consider natural breeding as the easiest way to get pregnant their animals.
According to farmer’s view reason for this practice is high cost and low conception rate in
case of Artificial Insemination.
80.00%
70.00% 76.90%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00% 23.10%
0.00%
Artificial Insemination Natural Insemination
Series1 23.10% 76.90%
7.5-CALVING INTERVAL
Average calving interval is indication of good management. The figure 7.2 indicates that
40.30% of farmer’s community observes 1 to 2 years between two consecutive calving, while
majority of farmers 59.70% were of the opinion that they have noticed 2 to 3 years calving
interval in their animals. This is a matter of high concern that long calving interval increase
the cost of production and decrease per year productivity of an animal which lead to huge loss
to farmer.
60.00%
59.70%
50.00%
40.00%
40.30%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
1 to 2 years 2 to 3 years
Series1 40.30% 59.70%
It was also learnt from the secondary data that due to infertility in their animals, farmers
generally sale their potential animals. Most often the fate of these potential animals is
slaughter house, which is direct loss to the farmer and indirectly to the country.
Baseline Livestock Buner 38………………
CHAPTER VIII
LIVESTOCK EXTENSION
8.1- INTRODUCTION
The act of increasing the area, sector or productivity is called extension. In Livestock
Extension, the aim is to increase and enhance per animal production, and attract more
investment. Extension is a regular component of line departments and remained part of
various projects. In this survey this part was included to know about the prevalent condition
and areas and gaps for future intervention. From the secondary data it was learnt that
Agriculture and Livestock Department has jointly established Farm Services Center, while
various CLEWS has been trained and equipped to work in community.
When the respondents were asked about the facility of Livestock Extension Center in their
areas, no view came in favour of “yes”. 56.3% of the interviewed told that they have no such
facility, while 43.7% did not know about this question.
60.00%
50.00% 56.30%
40.00% 43.70%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Yes No Don't know
Series1 0.00% 56.30% 43.70%
50.00%
45.00%
40.00% 46.90%
35.00%
30.00%
30.10%
25.00%
20.00% 23.70%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
lack of interst on Lack of interst on
Don't know
govt:side farmer's side
100.00%
94.40%
80.00%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
4.60%
0.00%
Yes No
Series1 94.40% 4.60%
It is shown that in the figure 8.4 below 80.10% of the interviewed individuals were ready to
invest more in animal keeping and improve their livelihood while the remaining 19.90% were
not interested in more investment. The data above provide an evidence for further
interventions and planning. The constraints in this regard are lack of resources, know how
regarding livestock, and proper marketing.
90.00%
80.00%
80.10%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
19.90%
10.00%
0.00%
Yes No
CHAPTER IX
MARKETING
9.1- MILK SALE
The respondents were asked during the survey about the amount of milk used in their home
and part which they sale. The Table 9.1 shows that 80.1% used whole milk in their home
while 19.9% sale part of milk which they get from their animals. 19.9% indicates that there is
insufficient milk production and the farmers hardly satisfy their milk need. It was also
observed that in homes, milk is used as an alternative for dipping their breads.
Table 9.2 above presents a glance of milk quantity that goes for sale per household. The
respondents were asked that how much milk they sale. 42.5%, the biggest number in the table
sells 2 to 3 litres milk daily. 24.5% sell 1 to 2 litres per day. 17.9% of the interviewed persons
sell 6 to 10 litres milk, while only a minute number 1.8% sells milk above 10 litres.
Baseline Livestock Buner 42………………
60.00%
58.40%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00% 24.20%
17.40%
10.00%
0.00%
More than
One year Two Year
two Years
The figure 9.2 below enlightens the reason for animal sale. According to the figure, 21.2%
sell their animals due to poverty as they have no financial resources and thus compelled to sell
their animals. The second most prominent reason for animal sale is need of money. About
49.0% of the farmers sell their animals, when they need money for other requirements like
medication, wedding or any emergency. In such circumstances they prefer to sell adult or
productive animals for more money.
50.00%
45.00%
49.00%
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00% 21.20%
15.00%
16.20%
10.00% 11.50%
5.00% 2.10%
0.00%
Poverty Need of M oney Extra Animals Due to male Sex Low Production
Series1 21.20% 49.00% 11.50% 2.10% 16.20%
11.5% of the respondents sell extra animals to minimize the rearing cost. Only 2.1% farmers
do selective sale on the basis of sex. They prefer to retain female calves while sell male ones.
The remaining 16.2% of the farmer’s community sell their animals due to low production.
They sell their animals when become dry or their milk production declines.
Baseline Livestock Buner 44………………
100.00%
80.00% 82.80%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
17.20%
0.00%
Market Middle m an
80.00%
77.90%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00% 22.10%
0.00%
Yes No
Table 9.4 shows that 97.9% of the farmer’s community use dung as fertilizer to substitute
synthetic fertilizer and increase their agriculture production. The remaining very small
segment, 2.1%, do not use dung as fertilizer in their own field. They may probably sell it or
use as dung cake for fuel purpose.
Tehsil Yes No
Daggar 94 00
Gadaizi 95 00
Gagra 84 12
Chagharzi 94 00
Chamla 96 00
Totalai 96 00
Total 559 12
Percent 97.9% 2.1%
Table 9. 4 Use of dung as fertilizer
Tehsil Yes No
Daggar 00 94
Gadaizi 00 95
Gagra 28 68
Chagharzi 00 94
Chamla 00 96
Totalai 05 91
Total 33 538
Percent 5.8 94.2
Table 9. 5 Sale of dung
Baseline Livestock Buner 46………………
30.00%
25.00%
20.00% 26.00%
22.80%
10.00% 13.10%
5.00%
0.00%
Farmer;s
Drinking Water Animal Health Animal Feed Others
Education
Series1 18.70% 26.00% 22.80% 19.40% 13.10%
RECOMMENDATIONS
Thick analysis of the findings reveals that development of livestock sector in Buner district is
hampered by some bottlenecks. These problems or bottlenecks are primarily related to issues
confronted by Social, Human, Natural, financial and Physical assets available in the district
which in turn have negative impacts on the livestock sectors. These problems along with the
remedial measures and possible impacts are elaborated below:
Recommendation: Like human do the animals also require nutrient rich feed for high
productivity and good health. Nutrient rich feed in the form of commercial concentrates
should be provided to the farmers on subsidized rates.
Possible impact: Health and productivity of the animals enhanced and income of the
farmers increased.
ANNEX-I
BUNER
Nagrai Kalabat
Shalbandi
Kangan Beshoni
Matwani
Nawagai
Rega Tauda Chena
Sora Ghazikhanai
TakhtaBand
Maira
Baseline Livestock Buner 50………………
ANNEX-II
Baseline Livestock Buner 51………………
Baseline Livestock Buner 52………………
REFERENCES
1- District Office Livestock & Dairy Development Department District Buner “Damages
Assessment Report”