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Periodic Table
CHAPTERS 4 & 5
Objectives
Understandings: Essential Question(s):
Chemical structure determines the What is the arrangement of subatomic particles in
an atom and how does this affect the formation of
properties of matter compounds?
The identity and properties of individual How is the periodic table arranged and what
patterns are present?
elements is determined by its Atomic
How does particle size of a substance affect its
number (protons). properties? (macro, micro, vs. nano)
The relative locations on periodic table How does the location of an element on the periodic
table help determine its reactivity?
are connected with chemical reactivity
www.sciencespot.net/Pages/kdzchem.html
www.chem4kids.com/files/atom_intro.html
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Chapter 4: Atomic Structure
What I need to know: Use the periodic table and
Be able to compare and diagrams to determine the
contrast the different atomic number and the
theories of atomic structure mass number of an element
Know the basic properties,
size, function, and location Understand the difference
of the 3 subatomic particle between a neutral atom,
Neutron, Proton, Electron isotope, and ion
Understand Modern
Atomic Theory
Energy levels
Electron cloud model
Atomic orbitals and electron
configuration (p118)
The Atom Song
The History of Atomic Structure
Greeks - Democritus
Dalton
Thomson
Rutherford
Bohr
Modern Atomic Theory
The Models
Greeks
Democritus – the first to
name the atom
hypothesized that all matter
is composed of tiny
indestructible units, called
atoms.
atoms themselves remain
unchanged, but move about
in space to combine in
various ways to form all
objects
Thomson
1897- discovered the first component part of the atom: the
electron, a particle with a negative electric charge. J.J.
Thomson suggested the"plum pudding" model. In this model
the electrons and protons are uniformly mixed throughout the
atom:
Rutherford
Discovers the Atoms Nucleus
Stated that the atom as has a
central positive nucleus
surrounded by negative orbiting
electrons.
This model suggested that most
of the mass of the atom was
contained in the small nucleus,
and that the rest of the atom was
mostly empty space.
Rutherford - Gold Foil Experiment
This experiment involved the firing of radioactive
particles through minutely thin metal foils (notably
gold) and detecting them using screens coated with
zinc sulfide (a scintillator).
Rutherford found that although the vast majority of
particles passed straight through the foil
approximately 1 in 8000 were deflected leading him
to his theory that most of the atom was made up of
'empty space'.
Neils Bohr
This model was Often called the
proposed by Niels planetary model (but it
Bohr in 1915; is not that simple)
it is not completely
correct, but it has many
features that are
approximately correct.
Bohr
This shows a Bohr model
Electrons are in energy
shells or levels
2 in the first
8 in the 2nd
18 in the 3rd
Valence electrons
Electron Cloud Model (1920's)-
An atom consists of a
dense nucleus composed of
protons and neutrons
surrounded by electrons
that exist in different
clouds at the various
energy levels.
The correct theory of the
atom is called quantum
mechanics; the Bohr Model
is an approximation to
quantum mechanics.
The Electron Cloud model
is a more realistic model
Atomic Structure Practice
Worksheet Packet:
• Counting Atoms WS
• Drawing Atoms
• Atomic Dimensions
• Atomic Math
Proton
Carries a positive charge and is found in the
nucleus
The atomic number and number of protons in an
atom is always the same
The atomic number identifies what the element is
on the periodic table
Example: Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 so
it has 8 protons in its nucleus
Neutrons
Found in the nucleus
They are neutral and do not carry an electrical
charge
The number of neutrons can vary within the
element, but when they do, the element
becomes an isotope
Electrons
Electrons carry a negative charge
They are found outside the nucleus
They are very small compared to the protons and
neutrons
They are found in energy levels moving around the
nucleus – but they may be in any area of the electron
cloud
Elements bond with other elements at the electron
level
The Size of the Nucleus
Carbon-12 Carbon-14
Naming Isotopes
Carbon-12 The number following the element
Carbon-14 name is its mass number. We
identify different isotopes by their
Uranium-238 mass number since that is what
makes them isotopes in the first
Uranium - 235
place. They just have a different
Oxygen – 14 number of neutrons in the
nucleus. The number of
Oxygen - 16 PROTONS Always remains the
same.
Ions
Ions are charged particles
When an atom loses or gains an electron the
atom becomes a charged particle
Group 1A readily give away their valence
electron, when they do they form positive ions
EXAMPLE: Lithium gives away its electron
it forms Li+ (a positive 1 ion)
Drawing Bohr Models Wrap-up
Purpose: Energy Levels
To show all subatomic
particles
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
To show atomic #
To show mass #
To show idea of a neutral
atom
To show the idea of an ion
The Periodic Table
Organization and Characteriestics
Periodic Table History
Mendeleev gets credit for the arrangement of
the modern periodic table
See Section 5.1 p126 -129
The modern periodic table is arranged by
increasing atomic number (number of
protons)
The Periodic Table
Classes of Elements
Metals
Solids at room temp. (except mercury)
Good extremely reactive
Groups 3b -12b are Transition Metals
See chart: p. 132
Non-metals
Poor conductors of heat and electric current
Low boiling points, most gases at room temp
Nonmetals that are solids at room temp. tend to be brittle
Metalloids
Their properties fall between metals and nonmetals
Metalloids ability to conduct electric current varies with temp.
Metals
Metals tend to lose
electrons to form
positive ions rather
than to gain electrons
and become negative
ions
Metals - Continued
Metals makeup more than 75% of the elements in
the periodic table. Metals are characterized by the
following physical properties.
1. They have metallic shine or luster.
2. They are usually solids at room temperature.
3. They are malleable. Malleable means that metals
can be hammered, pounded, or pressed into different
shapes without breaking.
4. They are ductile meaning that they can be drawn
into thin sheets or wires without breaking. 5. They
are good conductors of heat and electricity.
Metals vs. Non-metals
Non-Metals
There are 17 nonmetals in
the periodic table, and they
are characterized by four
major physical properties.
1. They rarely have
metallic luster.
2. They are usually gases at
room temperature.
3. Nonmetallic solids are
neither malleable nor
ductile.
4. They are poor NonMetals shown in BLUE
conductors of heat and
electricity
Metalloids