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Pendahuluan
z Metode material balance (kesetimbangan materi) merupakan salah satu
metode yang dapat digunakan untuk memperkirakan volume
hidrokarbon-di-tempat (hydrocarbon-in-place).
1
Governing Equations
Oil + Originally
Dissolved gas Δp
C A
Governing Equations
2
Komponen Dalam Material Balance
dV f = c f V f Δp
⎛
cwSwc + cf ⎞⎟
d (HCPV ) = (1 + m )NBoi ⎜
⎜
⎟ Δp
⎜
⎝ 1 − Swc ⎟⎠
3
Komponen Dalam Material Balance
z Water influx
We Bw
⎛ cwSwc + cf ⎞ ⎤
+ (1 + m )⎜ ⎟Δp ⎥ + (We − Wp )Bw
⎝ 1 − Swc ⎠ ⎦
4
MB: Solution Gas Drive
⎛ cwSwc + cf ⎞ ⎤
+ (1 + m )⎜ ⎟Δp ⎥ + (We − Wp )Bw
⎝ 1 − Swc ⎠ ⎦
[
Np (Bo + (Rp − Rs )Bg ) + WpB w = N ( Bo − Boi ) + ( R si − R s ) B g ]
5
MB: Undersaturated Reservoir
⎛ cwSwc + cf ⎞ ⎤
+ (1 + m )⎜ ⎟Δp ⎥ + (We − Wp )Bw
⎝ 1 − Swc ⎠ ⎦
6
Field Example: Undersaturated Reservoir
(SPE 869)
F
=N+
We B w E o = ( Bo − Boi ) + ( R si − R s ) B g
[
Eo + E f ,w] [
Eo + E f ,w ]
⎡ c w S wc + c f ⎤
E f , w = Boi ⎢ ⎥ Δp
⎣ 1 − S wc ⎦
7
MB: Water Drive Reservoirs
[ ]
F Eg
F = N E o + mE g = N + mN
Eo Eo
8
MB: Volumetrik Dry Gas
Gas Δp
B A
⎛
cwSwc + cf ⎞⎟
d (HCPV ) = GBgi ⎜
⎜
⎟ Δp
⎜
⎝ 1 − Swc ⎟⎠ ⎡ ⎤
p pi ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢
1 ⎥ ⎡1 − Gp ⎤
underground withdrawal = G p B g z zi ⎢ ⎡ cwSwc + cf ⎤ ⎥ ⎢⎣ G ⎥⎦
⎢1 − ⎢ 1 − Swc ⎥ Δp ⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦
9
p/z Plot
⎡ ⎤
p pi ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢
1 ⎥ ⎡1 − Gp ⎤
z zi ⎢ ⎡ cwSwc + cf ⎤ ⎥ ⎢⎣ G ⎥⎦
⎢1 − ⎢ 1 − Swc ⎥ Δp ⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦
z=c1+c2p+c3p2+c4p3+c5p4+c6p5+c7p6
Data lainnya:
Depth, ft 11,277
Temperature, oF 266
Initial pressure, psia 9,507
Initial porosity 0.24
Initial water saturation 0.35
Gas gravity 0.94
Dew-point pressure, psia 6,118
API gravity condensate, oAPI 54
Salinity of formation water, ppm 28,000
PV compressibility, psi-1 3.4x10-6
Formation water compressibility, psi-1 4.1x10-6
10
Contoh: Anderson Reservoir
Date BHP Cumulative Cumulative
(psia) Gas Production Condensate Production
(MMCSF) (MSTB)
12/22/65 9507 0 0
3/01/66 9292 392.5 29.9
6/22/66 8970 1642.2 122.9
9/29/66 8595 3225.8 240.9
11/17/66 8332 4260.3 317.1
12/30/66 8009 5503.5 406.9
3/23/67 7603 7538.1 561.2
5/15/67 7406 8749.2 650.8
7/31/67 7002 10509.3 776.7
9/14/67 6721 11758.9 864.3
10/19/67 6535 12789.2 939.5
3/05/68 5764 17262.5 1255.3
9/04/68 4766 22890.8 1615.8
3/19/69 4295 28144.6 1913.4
9/29/69 3750 32566.7 2136.0
3/31/70 3247 36819.9 2307.8
Metode Havlena-Odeh
11
Gas Reservoir Dengan Tekanan Abnormal
Metode Ramaghost-Farshad
Metode Roach
C
p/z
B
Original
Gas-In-Place, G
A
Gp
12
Wet Gas Reservoir
Produksi total gas
133.316γ o
G pT = G p + Qo
Mo
141.5
γo =
131.5 + γ API
5,954
Mo =
γ API − 8.811
pVt
nr = = nt − n p
z 2 p RT
p zi np
. = 1−
z2 p pi nt
p pi ⎡ G p ⎤
= ⎢1 − ⎥
z2 p zi ⎣ G ⎦
13
Retrograde Gas Reservoir
Correlation to compute two-phase z-Factor (z2p)
2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛p ⎞
z2 p = A0 + A1 ( pr ) + A2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + A3 ( p r ) 2 + A4 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + A5 ⎜⎜ r ⎟⎟
⎝ Tr ⎠ ⎝ Tr ⎠ ⎝ Tr ⎠
For 0.7 <= pr <= 20.0 and 1.1 <= Tr <= 2.1
and C7+ >= 4 (or γg > 0.911), where
A0 = 2.24353
A1 = -0.0375281
A2 = -3.56539
A3 = 0.000829231
A4 = 1.53428
A5 = 0.131987
14