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H
part becomes diurnal (active only during the
Speciation
believe we are in the second week of day), the two sections of the population will be
January already? In no time you will be unable to mate with each other, even though they
sitting your exams, so ensure that you make exist in the same habitat, because their
every minute count. behaviours will prevent them from interacting
with each other. They are reproductively isolated
Last week, the word ‘speciation’ was and this, after successive generations, can cause
mentioned. This week, we will be looking at it in speciation to occur. Two populations within a
greater detail. Over the next few lessons, we will particular species can develop courtship
be covering an area of biology that many displays which become essential for successful
students, because of religious beliefs, tend not mating. For example, the peahen is only
to want to deal with but, as Albert Einstein said: stimulated to mate by the visual courtship
‘We still do not know one-thousandth of one display of the peacock, and the flight patterns
percent of what nature has revealed to us.’ and flash displays of fireflies prevent mating
between species.
So, let us keep our minds open and
appreciate the subject for the joy and beauty it Ecological isolation can also lead to
unfolds for us! reproductive isolation, which can eventually
cause speciation. This can occur when different
parts of the population occupy different niches
WHAT IS SPECIATION?
within the same environment. For example, one
Speciation is the formation of two or more
population may live in the treetops, while the
new species from an existing one. Since
other lives on the forest floor.
speciation takes place over many hundreds of
thousands of years, it is difficult to prove that the
One of the unfortunate facts of life is that
theories concerning what happens in the
existing species of organisms are made extinct
formation of a new species are correct. The main
at a faster rate than new ones are formed.
theory is based on the concept that selection Environmentalist Paul Ehrlich reminds us that:
pressure acts on particular features exhibited by ‘Few problems are less recognised, but more
individuals within a population, resulting in the important than the accelerating disappearance of
formation of groups which eventually become Earth’s biological resources. In pushing other
genetically different. This difference continues to species to extinction, humanity is busy sawing
become more prominent and to be passed on to off the limb on which it is perched.’
successive generations, until reproduction is no
longer possible between the groups. When this Educators at the National Environment and Planning Agency, and students treated One such species that has become extinct is
happens, the groups are considered to be new to a field trip that included birding and a nature scavenger hunt, using BirdSleuth the Caribbean monk seal, Monachus tropicalis.
species. Caribbean materials published by BirdsCaribbean. This seal was believed to be the only seal native
to the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Due to
We will look at a few of the factors which man’s actions, it no longer exists. Its genes are
favour speciation. The first is geographical lost forever from the gene pool. Other extinct
isolation. species include the Jamaican monkey, Xenothrix
interactions to stop. Each population will together in the same environment, they can no mcgregori, and the Jamaican Giant Galliwasp,
This occurs when a population of the same continue to live and interbreed in its own new longer successfully interbreed. Two species now Celestus occiduus.
species of organisms becomes separated from environment. If the environments are different, exist. Island chains, such as the one in which
each other by physical barriers such as a then the selection pressures operating on the Jamaica is found, would have proven to be ideal It is our responsibility to take care of our
mountain range, a roadway, or a river. Before the populations will be different. Each population for this type of speciation. For example, the West environment since we are only borrowing it from
barrier appeared, the organisms were able to will adapt to suit the environment in which it Indian parrots all belong to the genus Amazona, our children.
interact with each other. This interaction finds itself, gradually passing on newly acquired of which there are several species, all except one
included mating and the production of fertile traits, hence becoming more and more different of which are endemic to a particular island. See you next week!
offspring. The gradual appearance of the from each other. After many hundreds of
Monacia Williams is an independent contributor. Send
physical barrier limited the interactions of the generations, the populations may become so Speciation can also be caused by behavourial questions and comments to
organisms, however, eventually causing all different that even if they are brought back isolation. What do we mean by this? If, for kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
PREVIOUS LESSON: PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE: WHAT IS A SPECIES? NEXT LESSON: PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE: NATURAL SELECTION
E
in full-time employment traditions and customs are preserved and
transmission of knowledge, skills and Type of Institution: Secondary transmitted with the situations, which are ever-
understanding; it is an organisation that Age limit: 12-17 (5th form or grade 11), 17- Manifest: Socialization, transmitting culture changing.
provides instruction. It is an institution for 19 (sixth form) and social placement
teaching individuals the wealth of Characteristics of level of education: The Latent: Source of matchmaking, meeting
information/knowledge gained by a person after (3) Reconstruction of experiences: An agent
secondary or high-school system consists of future marriage partners
studying particular subject matters, or of socialization, education is a lifelong process.
two cycles. The first cycle commences in grades
experiencing life lessons that provide an It is education that helps the individual to
7-11. The second cycle is provided in grades 12 Manifest: Sorting and classification
understanding. Education requires coaching of reconstruct the experience and adjust with the
and 13 of these schools. At the end of grade 11, Latent: Production of social networks
some kind from an individual or collected environment.
literature. The most common forms of education students sit for the Caribbean Secondary
Education Certificate (CSEC) with subjects Manifest: Instructions and training
result from years of schooling that incorporates
Latent: Creating, making leaders through the (4) Development of social and moral values:
studies of a selection of subjects or a skill. administered by the Caribbean Examinations
hidden curriculum Education teaches moral and social values such
Council (CXC). At grades 12 and 13, students
Education acts as a source/factor promoting are prepared for entry into tertiary or higher- as cooperation, tolerance, sympathy, love
social mobility in the Caribbean. Education is, education institutions. Students who are in sixth FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION FOR THE affection, respect towards elders, helping the
therefore, essential for our society and every form sit the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency INDIVIDUAL poor and needy, etc.
individual. Education plays a harmonising role (1) An established organisation having a
Examination (CAPE). Selection of subjects or
for the overall development of the individual, structure and assisting in the function that is (5) Providing opportunity or equality:
skill training is based on the competence of the
socially and nationally. meant to preserve and extend social order.
student. Education teaches tolerance, it helps in the
Qualification to move on: Regional CXC stratification process. However, it does teach us
The levels of education recognised in Jamaica (2) The teaching of cognitive skills such as
are: early childhood, primary, secondary and examination to give equal opportunities in all aspects of life
reading, writing and mathematics to transmit
tertiary. One is expected to leave the first three journey, irrespective of caste, creed, colour, sex
specific knowledge.
institutions at a specific age. There are private Type of Institution: Tertiary and religion.
and government-owned schools in the Age limit: 17 and above
(3) All-round development – education aims
Caribbean. There is a national curriculum for the Characteristics of level of education: Post- at the all-round development of a child, i.e. FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION TOWARDS
educational system in Jamaica. secondary and tertiary-level programmes in physical, mental, social, emotional and spiritual. A NATION
Jamaica are offered by a wide variety of
Type of Institution: Early childhood (1) Internalization of civic and social
institutions, including teacher-training colleges, (4) Preparing for the future – to socialise
Age limit: 2-6 responsibility – education helps in the
community colleges, vocational training centres children into the various roles, behaviours and
Characteristics of level of education: Early- development of positive civic attitudes and skills
and institutes, the Vocational Training values of the society. It is through education that
childhood education, also known as preschool, to exercise the rights and responsibilities of
Development Institute, schools of midwifery and individuals can earn a livelihood, getting a
is a non-compulsory level of education offered citizenship.
nursing, the University of the West Indies and proper education, which leads to productivity.
at both public and private institutions. It is
designed to prepare the individual for the the University of Technology.
Qualification to move on: Preparation for work (5) Developing personality – schools help (2) Training for leadership – The leadership
expectations of school life.
students to develop positive civic attitudes and quality of the individual is developed when he
Qualification to move on: Age and achieved status.
skills to exercise the rights and responsibilities participates in all spheres of social, political,
of citizenship.
Type of Institution: Primary religious and educational activities.
MANIFEST AND LATENT FUNCTIONS
Age limit: 7-12
Manifest functions are functions that are FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN OUR
Characteristics of level of education: Primary (3) National integration – We are living in one
education in Jamaica spans six years – grades intended. They are stated, recognised, SOCIETY country having diversities in respect of colour,
one through six – and serves children from 6 to conscious functions of all institutions. (1) Systematic cultural transmission:
caste, language, diet, dress, habits and physical
12 years of age. For matriculation into a Encouraging appreciation of cultural diversity
Latent functions are functions that are not environment. (‘Out of Many, One People’)
secondary school, a national examination is and acceptance of different norms, traditions,
done, which places students in schools based intended. They reflect the hidden purposes of an values, and beliefs in different countries and
on performance. institution. regions. CONTINUED ON PAGE 24
PREVIOUS TOPIC: DYNAMICS OF GROUPS AND INSTITUTIONS NEXT TOPIC: RELIGIOUS AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
Extraction of
metal ore to produce the pure metal.
Iron is extracted from its ore in the blast furnace. Coke (C),
limestone and iron oxide are heated in the furnace. Carbon
monoxide reduces the iron oxide to form iron and limestone
removes the impurities of silica.
Iron produced from the blast furnace contains carbon which
is usually removed by reacting with oxygen. Low- or high-carbon
metals
steel can be produced based on the amount of carbon present.
Aluminium oxide is molten and electrolysed using carbon
electrodes. The molten aluminium is collected. Cryolite is added
to the molten ore to lower the reaction temperature.
QUESTIONS
1. What is reduction? Reduction is the process whereby a
metal ion gains electrons to form the metal. Mn+ + né = M
General
ĂƐŚ ϳϴϬϬ
^ƵƉƉůŝĞƐ ϰϮϬϬ
ƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ ϯϳϱϬϬ
&ƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞ ϵϬϬϬ
journal
SOLUTION
Question 1b:
ƌ ƌ
Ψ Ψ
ĂƐŚ ϳϴϬϬ
^ƵƉƉůŝĞƐ ϰϮϬϬ
ƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ ϯϳϱϬϬ
&ƵƌŶŝƚƵƌĞ ϵϬϬϬ
ROXANNE WRIGHT ƌ͘ <ŝŵůĂŝƌ ϯϵϬϬϬ
Contributor
Question 1c:
STUDENTS, I take this opportunity to wish you a happy and prosperous new year. May 2017 be a Norman England owns and operates a toy repair store and had the following transactions.
year in which you work hard to accomplish all your dreams. You are required to record the entries in the general journal:
ϮϬϭϲ dƌĂŶƐĂĐƚŝŽŶƐ͗
WORKED EXAMPLE DĂƌĐŚ ϭ /ŶǀĞƐƚĞĚΨϮϰϬϬϬŝŶďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ
ϯ WƵƌĐŚĂƐĞƐ ƐƵƉƉůŝĞƐŽŶĂĐĐŽƵŶƚΨϱϮϱ
Question 1a: ϱ WƵƌĐŚĂƐĞĚĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ ΨϮϳϬϬϬ͕ƉĂLJŝŶŐΨϭϴϬϬϬ ĐĂƐŚ ĂŶĚŝƐƐƵŝŶŐĂϯϬͲ
You are required to set out in journal form the entries necessary to record the following ĚĂLJŶŽƚĞĨŽƌƚŚĞďĂůĂŶĐĞ͘
ϳ ZĞĐĞŝǀĞĚΨϰϱϬϬŵĐĂƐŚ ƌĞƉĂŝƌƐ
transactions for May 2016. Assume that other subsidiary books have not been kept. ϵ WƵƌĐŚĂƐĞĚƐƵƉƉůŝĞƐ ŽŶ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ Ψϳϲϱ
ϭϭ WĂŝĚƌĞŶƚĨŽƌŵŽŶƚŚΨϭϬϱϬ
i. Sold one of the firm’s delivery trucks to Karl Marshall for $2,000 on credit. ϭϱ WĂŝĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJ ďŝůůΨϰϲϱ
ϭϳ WĂŝĚΨϯϬϬ ŽŶĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĨƌŽŵDĂƌĐŚϵ͕ϮϬϭϲ ƚƌĂŶƐĂĐƚŝŽŶ
ϭϴ tŝƚŚĚƌĞǁΨϭϱϬϬĨŽƌƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƵƐĞ
ii. Accepted office equipment to the value of $1,200 in full settlement of a debt of $1,800 owed by Ϯϯ ZĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ ΨϲϬϬƵƉ ĨƌŽŶƚŽŶ ΨϭϱϬϬƌĞƉĂŝƌ
Madge Lee. The balance of debt is to be written off as irrecoverable. Ϯϱ WĂŝĚΨϲϬϬ ŽŶĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ
ϯϬ ĂƐŚ ^ĂůĞƐΨϲϰϱϬ
iii. The provision for bad debts was reduced by $560 at the end of the year. ϯϬ WĂŝĚ ǁĂŐĞƐΨϯϬϬϬ
SOLUTION:
iv. The dishonoured cheque drawn on K. Neil, a debtor, in settlement of his debt of $280.
QYuestion 1bc
ĂƚĞ ƌ ƌ
v. Withdrawal of goods bought for resale by the owner of the business for his private use. The ϮϬϭϲ Ψ Ψ
goods cost $840 and had a retail value of $1,080. DĂƌĐŚϭ ĂƐŚ ϮϰϬϬϬ
ĂƉŝƚĂůͲEŽƌŵĂŶ ŶŐůĂŶĚ ϮϰϬϬϬ
DĂƌĐŚϯ ^ƵƉƉůŝĞƐ ϱϮϱ
vi. Allowed $100 to W. Radcliff for defective goods returned to business. ĐĐŽƵŶƚƐWĂLJĂďůĞ ϱϮϱ
DĂƌĐŚϱ ƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ ϮϳϬϬϬ
ĂƐŚ ϭϴϬϬϬ
EŽƚĞƐWĂLJĂďůĞ ϵϬϬϬ
SOLUTION DĂƌĐŚϳ ĂƐŚ ϰϱϬϬ
ZĞƉĂŝƌ/ŶĐŽŵĞ ϰϱϬϬ
Question 1a: DĂƌĐŚϵ ^ƵƉƉůŝĞƐ ϳϲϱ
'ĞŶĞƌĂů:ŽƵƌŶĂů ĐĐŽƵŶƚWĂLJĂďůĞ ϳϲϱ
ĂƚĞ Z ƌ DĂƌĐŚϭϭ ZĞŶƚ džƉĞŶƐĞ ϭϬϱϬ Follow us as we
EƵŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϲ Ψ Ψ ĂƐŚ ϭϬϱϬ
DĂƌĐŚϭϱ hƚŝůŝƚŝĞƐĞdžƉĞŶƐĞ ϰϲϱ trend towards doing a
ŝ͘ DĂLJϯϭ <ĂƌůDĂƌƐŚĂůů ϮϬϬϬ
ĞůŝǀĞƌLJdƌƵĐŬ ϮϬϬϬ ĂƐŚ ϰϲϱ comprehensive
DĂƌĐŚϭϳ ĐĐŽƵŶƚƐWĂLJĂďůĞ ϯϬϬ
ŝŝ͘ KĨĨŝĐĞ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ ϭϮϬϬ
ĂƐŚ ϯϬϬ coverage of the key
ĂĚĞďƚƐ ϲϬϬ
ĞďƚŽƌʹDĂĚŐĞ>ĞĞ ϭϴϬϬ
DĂƌĐŚϭϵ ƌĂǁŝŶŐͲEŽƌŵĂŶ ŶŐůĂŶĚ ϭϱϬϬ areas of the syllabus.
ĂƐŚ ϭϱϬϬ
ŝŝŝ͘ WƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶĨŽƌ ĂĚĞďƚƐ ϱϲϬϬ DĂƌĐŚϮϯ ĂƐŚ ϲϬϬ
ŽƵďƚĨƵůĞďƚƐ ϱϲϬϬ ĐĐŽƵŶƚƐƌĞĐĞŝǀĂďůĞ ϵϬϬ Roxanne Wright teaches at
ŝǀ͘ ĞďƚŽƌʹ<͘EĞŝů ϮϴϬ ZĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĐŽŵĞ ϭϱϬϬ
Immaculate Academy.
ĂŶŬ ;ŝƐŚŽŶŽƵƌĞĚĐŚĞƋƵĞͿ ϮϴϬ DĂƌĐŚϮϱ ĐĐŽƵŶƚƐƉĂLJĂďůĞ ϰϲϱ
ǀ͘ ƌĂǁŝŶŐƐ ϴϰϬ ĂƐŚ ϰϲϱ Send questions and
WƵƌĐŚĂƐĞƐ ϴϰϬ DĂƌĐŚϯϬ ĂƐŚ ϲϰϱϬ comments to
ZĞƉĂŝƌŝŶĐŽŵĞ ϲϰϱϬ
ǀŝ͘ ^ĂůĞƐ ZĞƚƵƌŶƐ ϭϬϬ ϭϬϬ kerry-ann.hepburn
ĞďƚŽƌʹt͘ZĂĚĐůŝĨĨ DĂƌĐŚϯϬ tĂŐĞƐĞdžƉĞŶƐĞƐ ϯϬϬϬ
ĂƐŚ ϯϬϬϬ @gleanerjm.com
PREVIOUS TOPIC: BOOKS OF PRIME ENTRY: GENERAL JOURNAL NEXT TOPIC: ASSET OF STOCK
Responding
Contributor d. happiness
APPY NEW Year, students. May all your
to poetry
with some key terms that are linked to poetry. b. relaxing
Please become familiar with them, as they will c. important
prove useful in poetry comprehension activities. d. meaningful
Algebra
Contributor
5 - x = x2 + 3x - 7
LL THE best for 2017, students. In this week’s lesson we
A
x2 + 3x + x - 7- 5 = 0.
will continue to review quadratic equations, using both the x2 + 4x - 12 = 0
formula and the factorization methods. I do hope that you
are familiar with both methods. Using the factorization method to solve the quadratic equation:
(x + 6)(x - 2) = 0
POINTS TO NOTE x = 6 + 6.63 = 12.63 = 3.16 x + 6 = 0 ; x = - 6 or
The factorization of quadratic expressions is a critical step 4 4 x-2=0;x=2
in the solution of these problems. However, only some equations Or x = 6 - 6.63 = - 0.63 = - 0.16 x = - 6 or 2
may be solved using the factorization method. 4 4
All equations with real roots can be solved using the Answer: x = 3.16 or - 0.16 Substituting in equation (2),
formula method. y+2=5;
If the question requests a particular method, then it must be Solve : 2x2 - 3x - 4 = 2 - 4x y = 3 or
used or you will be penalised. y-6=5
First make the right-hand side equal zero: y = 11.
Let us begin with the solution to the homework given last
2x2 - 3x + 4x - 4 - 2 = 0 Answers: x = 2, y = 3 or x = - 6, y = 11.
week.
2x2 + x - 6 = 0 Factorizing
(2x - 3)(x + 2) = 0 Kindly note the following:
The following are the solutions to the homework. They
2x - 3 = 0, that is 2x = 3 x = 3/2 (a) There are two sets of values because of the quadratic
illustrate the various methods of solving quadratic equations and
equation.
you are advised to note them well.
Or x + 2 = 0, that is x = - 2. (b) The basic principles of algebra should be well known, as
Solve : x2 + 7x + 2 = 0 Using the formula method, Answer: x = 3/2 or -2 they are required. Be sure that you are comfortable with the
x = - b ± √b2 - 4ac manipulation of algebraic equations and the management of
2a We will continue the review of algebra by returning to the the negative signs. If your solutions have large values, for
solution of simultaneous equations. This week, I will deal example 50, etc., it is likely that an error has been made. It is,
From the given equation, a = 1, b = 7 and c = 2. Substituting specifically with those cases in which one equation is linear and therefore, recommended that you check your working.
one quadratic.
x = - 7 ± √(7)2 - 4 x 1 x 2 Here is another example:
2x1 Example
EXTRACT FROM THE SYLLABUS
Solve the simultaneous equations:
x - 7 ± √49 - 8 x = - 7 ± √41 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES y-x=1
2 2 Solve a pair of equations in two variables when one equation is y = x2 - 3x + 4
x = - 7 ± 6.40 quadratic or non-linear and the other linear;
2 Solution
x = - 7 + 6.40 = - 0.60 = - 0.30 Given y - x = 1. . . (1)
2 2
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
One linear and one quadratic. y = x2 - 3x + 4 . . . (2)
or x = - 7 - 6.40 = - 13.40 = - 6.70 From equation (1), y = x + 1
2 2
Answer: x = - 0.30 or - 6.70 This is one topic which is included in Paper 02 Section 2. I
do recommend that you prepare for this topic. Substituting into equation (2),
The substitution method is usually used to eliminate one x + 1 = x2 - 3x + 4
Solve : 2x2 - 6x - 1 = 0 (You need to ensure that factorisation
variable and convert the problem to the solution of a quadratic x2 - 3x - x + 4 - 1 = 0.
cannot be applied)
equation. x2 - 4x + 3 = 0 Factorizing:
Using the formula x = - b ± √b2 - 4ac
(x - 1)(x - 3) = 0
2a
This is illustrated as follows: x-1=0;x=1
Then, from the given equation, a = 2, b = - 6 and c = - 1. Example: OR x - 3 = 0 ; x = 3
x = - (- 6) ± √(-6)2 - 4 x 2 x -1 Solve the following equations:
2x2 y = x2 + 3x - 7 . . . (1) Substituting in equation (1),
y + x = 5 . . . (2) when x = 1 , y = 2
x = 6 ± √36 + 8 x = 6 ± √44 when x = 3 , y = 4
4 4 The substitution method is used as follows: Answers: x = 1, y = 2 or x = 3, y = 4.
x = 6 ± 6.63 From equation (2), y + x = 5
4 y=5-x CONTINUED ON PAGE 24
PREVIOUS TOPIC: SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS - PART 2 NEXT TOPIC: FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS
Establishing
Contributor
THE MARKETING FUNCTION
T IS a pleasure to be with you all for
‘Because I Could
Contributor
TUDENTS, WHAT a privilege to be with
PREVIOUS TOPIC: POETRY: BECAUSE I COULD NOT STOP FOR DEATH NEXT TOPIC: THINGS FALL APART
sugar cane plantation bulk of the estate labour would be utilised in the
field, since this required no specialized skills –
they would be responsible for preparing the
land for sugar cane cultivation and for the
harvesting of the crop. These slaves were
DEBBION HYMAN classified as field slaves. This strenuous task
Contributor was carried out primarily by women, as men
were predominantly used as skilled slaves and
OBJECTIVES
jobbing/hired slaves. Depending on the size of
AT THE end of the lesson, you should be able to:
the estate, the number of gangs that existed
1. Describe the physical layout of a typical
would vary. For instance, a small plantation may
18th-century sugar plantation in the British
have had only two gangs, while a large
Caribbean.
plantation could have had as many as six
2. Explain what occurred on a sugar estate
gangs. It was field labourers who were divided
during the crop season and the dead season.
into gangs. The main gang comprised the
3. Describe the manufacturing process for
young and strong slaves. They were responsible
sugar cane.
4. Discuss how enslaved labour (male and for holing, cutting and carrying the cane. The
female) was organised on a typical sugar secondary gang comprised the sick, youth and
plantation. pregnant women. They were responsible for the
lighter work, such as weeding and harrowing.
Depending on the territory, the name of
LAYOUT OF A TYPICAL SUGAR CANE children’s gang would differ. For instance, in
PLANTATION Figure 1
Barbados it was referred to as ‘pot’ gangs, while
The typical 18th-century sugar estate was in Trinidad it was called ‘vine’ gangs. In other
included the boiling house, trash house, curing the juice extracted and the trash sent to the trash
described as self-sufficient. This is so as the territories, the gang was also known as ‘pickney’
house, distillery, etc. house. The trash would be used as manure for
estate provided for its major needs as well as gang or ‘hog-meat’ gang. This gang comprised
fields, or its by-product, bagasse, was used as
undertook manufacturing. This included sugar
fuel to heat the boilers. The cane juice was then the young and very old. They were responsible
cultivation, manufacturing, food cultivation, CROP SEASON AND ‘DEAD SEASON’
sent to the boiling house, where it was passed for weeding and caring for the animals.
housing, and so on. A typical estate was usually Sugar estates operated in two cycles – these
1,500 hectares, with a third of the lands catering through a series of boilers. The cane juice was
were described as the ‘dead season’ and the
to sugar cane cultivation, while the other two- taken from the cistern, strained and put in the ACTIVITY
‘crop season’. The dead season, as the name
thirds would be used for factory buildings, first copper kettle, which was the largest. The 1. Explain what the following areas where
suggests, was the period where there was little
pasture, woodland for fuel, housing and for food juice was then heated and a little lime added to used for on a typical 18th-century sugar
or no production and manufacturing of sugar
(Figure 1 provides a pictorial representation of a the mixture to remove impurities. The juice was plantation.
cane. The dead season would last from August
typical 18th-century sugar plantation). The then skimmed and channelled through the other a) Boiling house
to November, and during this period enslaved
enslaved Africans would be provided with the copper kettles, each smaller and hotter than the b) Cane fields
Africans were responsible for holing, manuring,
marginal estate lands to cultivate food. This plot first. The last kettle was called the teache. It was c) Trash house
ratooning and weeding of older ratoons. As
of land was called provision grounds. In smaller then put into cooling troughs, where the sugar d) Curing house
well, there would be the construction of
islands such as Barbados, where access to land crystals hardened around a sticky core of e) Distillery (5 marks)
buildings, timber cutting, road repair and any
was limited, they were given even smaller plots molasses. The raw sugar was then shovelled
odd jobs until the crop was ready. The crop
called garden plots (see Figure 1). from the cooling troughs into hogshead 2. Describe the manufacturing process for
season was between November and July, and
(wooden barrels), where they were then put in sugar cane, from the point of harvesting until
was the busiest and most important period on
As earlier noted, lands were allocated for the curing house. The curing house was where the product is loaded on to the ships for
the plantation calendar. It would begin with cane
sugar cane cultivation, woodlands (for fuel) and the molasses was drained off through holes in export. (7 marks)
cutting and continue with the manufacturing of
for provision grounds. In larger territories such the bottom of the hogshead, with the raw sugar
the sugar cane.
as Jamaica, depending on the size of the estate, (muscovado) sticking to the sides. After about TOTAL: 12 MARKS
other cash crops were planted such as coffee four weeks, the holes were plugged in the
and cocoa. Lands were also used for the THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS hogshead and they were ready for export in Debbion Hyman is an independent contributor. Send
buildings to house factories used for sugar After the canes were cut and bundled, they Europe. Many estates would have a questions and comments to
production. A few of these factory buildings were sent to the mill where they were crushed, distillery/still house where rum was produced. kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
PREVIOUS TOPIC: LIFE ON THE TYPICAL 18TH CENTURY PLANTATION NEXT TOPIC: NON-SUGAR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES: COTTON AND COFFEE
Reception and
Contributor
TUDENTS, CAN you imagine that it is
hospitality
transacted in person. You have, undoubtedly,
seen the receptionist who handles
appointments in a dentist or doctor’s office.
Office workers who greet the public are found
in all kinds of organisations. They provide
valuable assistance and are the link between
the company and the public.
STAFF AND PUBLIC RELATIONSHIPS DATE NAME OF COMPANY TIME OF REFERRED TO DEPARTURE
The role of the receptionist calls for good CALLER ARRIVAL TIME
manners. He/she must be polite, tolerant and
considerate. This is very important because 2016
whenever people work in a team, there is a December 05 Paul Smith West End 11: 50 C. Blake 12:20
tendency for friction to develop. The Enterprise
receptionist must be mindful of this and care
should be taken to avoid gossip. He/she December 05 Mike Slow Stern’s Motors 11: 45 R. Roberts 12:15
should strive to maintain professionalism in
December 06 Carlos Cole May Day 2:55 J. Wint 3:46
dealing with co-workers. Team spirit and a
Suppliers
willingness to help will benefit all concerned.
This attitude will promote a comfortable December 07 Tom Brown Ministry of 10:15 J. Jones 12:08
working relationship among personnel. Health
The receptionist should never offer opinions December 07 Faith Wray Webb 12:50 T. Forbes 1:35
about people, or events, within the International
organisation. A harmonious relationship
between the staff and the receptionist will help A visitor’s register
in the flow of work. He/she must be objective
in dealing with other office staff so as to alleviating embarrassment. The receptionist (C) AGGRESSIVE VISITORS area should be as great as pride in personal
promote good human relationships. People should express regret if a visitor has mistaken The receptionist must be able to cope with grooming. Hence, the receptionist is
must be treated with courtesy and the date and time and should offer alternative problem visitors; they may be unresponsive, responsible for keeping the reception area in
consideration: the visitor, the manager or the appointment. irritating and aggressive. To be courteous to good order. In most organisations, the
messenger, for each plays an important role in such people demands self-discipline, will- receptionist’s area is the first place that
the organisation. power, maturity in actions and good employees and the public see; it is at this point
(B) DIRECTING VISITORS
Depending on the organisation, the judgement. that they form their first impression of the
VISITORS company. First impressions are often lasting,
receptionist’s behaviour may be controlled by
so care must be taken that the receptionist
(A) WELCOMING VISITORS the regulations of the company. He/she may be (D) VISITORS’ REGISTER
maintains a good public image for the
The visitor’s comfort is very important to the called upon to escort the visitor to the required In order to keep a record of visitors, the
organisation. He/she should keep a minimum
image of the organisation. A competent destination, or he/she may give directions so receptionist should keep a visitors’ register.
number of items on top of the desk. However,
receptionist cordially greets visitors to the firm that the visitor will be able to find the The visitors’ register also serves as a source
the receptionist may wish to keep the following
and assists in making them comfortable. The appointment location. Sometimes the of reference, as it gives information related to
items handy on top of the desk: a desk pad on
receptionist ought to work towards receptionist may be expected to announce the the visitor.
which to write notes, an index card file for
familiarising visitors with the immediate visitor to an executive by telephone before
names, addresses and telephone numbers, and
surroundings. If a visitor is late for an he/she is introduced. In dealing with visitors, THE HOSPITALITY DESK a pencil or pen.
appointment, the receptionist does not the receptionist, at all times, will have to The receptionist work area is a ‘home away
emphasise this, but rather works towards exercise tact and diplomacy. CONTINUED ON PAGE 24
from home’. Pride in the appearance of this
PREVIOUS TOPIC: MANAGING THE RECORDS SYSTEM NEXT TOPIC: SCHEDULING APPOINTMENTS
application software needs some adjustment to meet your specific need, you can get a
programmer to modify the program to meet your specific need.
PREVIOUS LESSON: HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM NEXT LESSON: SYSTEM AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE - PART 2
tone and language registers questions, one after the other, to impact the
audience – they feel that they must fight to
protect their freedom. The closing sentence is
highly emotive; he uses the word ‘freedom’ to
TRUDI MORRISON leave the overall message with his audience to
Contributor consider for themselves.
AST TIME, we reviewed the four rhetorical
PREVIOUS LESSON: TYPES OF DISCOURSE NEXT LESSON: LANGUAGE REGISTERS AND THE VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE
The family
Contributor sexual intercourse. The sexual relationship
shared by both partners may lead to the birth of
OBJECTIVE
children, often times classified as 'illegitimate'
For students to gain an understanding of children because of the circumstances under
different family forms in the Caribbean affect which they were born.
Caribbean people.
FAMILY FORMS IN THE CARIBBEAN brother/sister takes care of the younger ones in FUNCTIONALIST
WHAT IS THE FAMILY? The Caribbean community has a very the home. Here, the siblings live together with no PERSPECTIVE ON FAMILY
The family is often described as a unit where interesting mix of family types and unions. parents. The following circumstances account for Functionalist say that the family should carry
people live under the same roof sharing a Some are widely accepted, while others are the formation of this type of household: out several functions for order, stability and
relationship through blood, marriage or being rejected on the grounds of morality and 1. Migration of parents to a foreign country harmony in society. Such functions include:
adoption. Here are some terms that relate to a tradition. Most, if not all of our family types and 2. Death of parents 1) Reproduction
more complex understanding of defining the unions have been products of our rich historical 3. Imprisonment of parents 2) Socialisation
family through lines of authority and descent past (colonialism, African slavery, and Chinese 4. Desertion by parents 3) Economic function
and East Indian indentureship) handed down to 4) Provision of love and a sense of
Patriarchal – the father is the head of a family the next generations. BLENDED FAMILY belonging
or tribe. The father is therefore vested with This type of family exists on account of one of
authority. Let us begin by exploring the different family the spouses bringing into his/her new family These functionalist ideas and values provide a
types that exist in our Caribbean society. (relationship) a child or children from an old basis for the common interpretation of the
Patrifocal – (culture, society) the father is the 1. Nuclear family relationship that was dissolved. This will result institution of the family across the region. The
head of the household 2. Single-parent family in the children having half sisters and half family is seen as the basic unit of society. If
3. Extended family brothers. these functions are carried out in an optimal
Matriarchal – the mother is the head of a 4. The sibling family manner and if everyone plays a role, then
family or tribe. 5. The reorganised family FAMILY UNIONS IN THE CARIBBEAN families would be happy and society would not
There are several different family unions that be threatened by an breakdown of social order.
Matrifocal – (culture, society) the mother is NUCLEAR FAMILY exist in the Caribbean community. Most of these
the head of the household. For example, during The nuclear family consists of a married or unions are as a result of our strong historical MARXIST PERSPECTIVE ON FAMILY
the slavery period, the homes were occupied unmarried couple living under the same roof past, but there are few that were birthed out of For the conflict theorist, families are
mainly by the women and children. Plantation with their children. Please bear in mind that the current happenings in our society. associated with exploitation, oppression and
owners discouraged families and only allowed children in this relationship may be the couple's domination. Nuclear families in particular are
men to occupy the homes for breeding purposes. own or adopted. This type of family is most 1. THE LEGAL MARRIAGE seen as products of capitalism where labour has
widely embraced by the Caribbean society In the Caribbean, this union exists where a to move where employment is located, leaving
Egalitarian – this connotes equal sharing of man and a woman are legally united, usually in behind the extended family. Conflict theorists
authority between mother and father in the family the presence of a Christian priest, Hindu priest, also argue that the values attributed to nuclear
or tribe. SINGLE-PARENT FAMILY a Muslim priest, a justice of the peace, or any
This family consists of only one parent living family units are a result of the values imposed
person who is duly authorised to conduct this by the rich and powerful in the society.
with his/her children. Such a family is very religious or legal ceremony. One enters into a
TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH FAMILY common in the Caribbean homes, seen most legal union either through reaching the age of
RELATIONSHIPS times being headed by a woman. The The nuclear family form also fits into the
18, or if younger, through parental consent. Both
circumstances that give rise to the formation of capitalist plans in that there is a sexual division
CONSANGUINE FAMILY parties involved in this union share a common
this family type include: of labour, where the man works outside, and the
residence and a socially approved sexual
This type of family is usually described as the woman stays at home and carries out the roles
Divorce or separation relationship.
'original family' because the members are of wife, mother and homemaker.
Death of one of the partners
related by blood
By deliberate choice 2. COMMON-LAW OR
Desertion or abandonment Conflict theorists believe that the "assigning
CONSENSUAL UNION of roles" in a family has contributed to family
CONJUGAL FAMILY This union exists between a man and a
This is a family that has been created through The extended family is made up of members oppression, abuse and violence. This is because
woman who are not legally married but share a
by marriage. from more than two generations living under the what results is an unequal distribution of power
sexual union and a common residence by
same roof or in a family compound with that jeopardises gender relations and even
TRACING KINSHIP mutual agreement. This type of family union is
members having close contact with one another. produces generational conflict.
Matrilineal – this is where the special popular in the Caribbean, however, it is widely
privileges or duties follow the female line in the This type of family may contain grandparents, viewed that this relationship gives birth to
grandchildren, several married siblings, their 'illegitimate' children and lacks the binding Even children are affected by this assignment
family. of roles as they are expected to be obedient and
spouses, and children, among other relatives. In strength needed to keep the relationship alive
most Caribbean settings, this family tends to be during stressful and hard times. subservient, and many of them are powerless
Patrilineal – Special privileges or duties
centred on the woman. because their voices are silenced.
follow the male line.
3. VISITING RELATIONSHIP Jason McIntosh teaches at The Queen’s School. Send
Bilineal – Special privileges and duties follow SIBLING HOUSEHOLD In this type of union, the man and woman are questions and comments to
both the male and female line This is a family in which the older not married and do not share common kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com