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(
(ii) The midpoint of AB is M = x2 + x1, y2 + y1 )
We will begin with the solution to the homework given last week. 2 2
AB the hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle ABC. As triangle
ABC is right-angled, AB2 = BC2 + AC2. (
M = -5 + 1, 3 + 2
2 2
)
HOMEWORK Given the coordinates of the points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2),
Given the points X(-2 , 3) and Y( 4 , 5), find the values of: ... AB2 = (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2 ( 2 2
) ( )
M = -4 , 5 = -2, 5
2
(a) Gradient, m (b) the coordinates of the The method of finding the length of a straight line is illustrated
midpoint, M on the figure below. (iii) In order to find the length of AB, we use the formula AB2 =
Fig 1 (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2
Solution ... AB2 = (-5 - 1)2 + (3 - 2)2
1(a) The gradient of XY = m = y2 - y1 Substituting = ( -6)2 + 12 = 37
x2 - x1 AB = 37
... m = 5 - 3 = 2 = 1
4 - -2 6 3 If you are to do well on this topic, you must bear the following
... m = 1 in mind:
3 Always begin by presenting the required formula.
To calculate the gradient, you may use one of the following:
( 2 2
)
(b) The midpoint of XY = M = x2 + x1, y2 + y1 Substituting m = y2 - y1 or m = y1 - y2
x2 - x1 x1 - x2
... M = 4 - 2 , 5 + 3 = 2 , 8
( )( ) Example I am sure you can prove that both are correct. Note the order
2 2 2 2 A straight line is drawn through the points X (-2, 1), Y(3, 2). of the subscripts; the order is important.
... M = ( 1, 4) Find the length of XY. In evaluating the values, be careful to ensure the accuracy of the
Length: XY2 = (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2 Substituting substitution and please watch the negative signs (directed numbers).
2. Given the points X (1, 0) and Y (-2, a ), if the gradient is ... XY2 = (3 - -2)2 + (2 - 1)2 Kindly note the following points with respect to the gradient of a
2/3, find a. = 52 + 12 = 26 straight line:
... XY = 26 1. Parallel lines have equal gradient
Solution 2. If perpendicular lines have gradients m1 and m2, then m1 x m2 = -1.
We will try another example. 3. It is clear then that given two lines with gradients m1 and m2, if
The gradient of XY = m = y2 - y1 Substituting , Example they are parallel and m1 = 3 , then m2 = 3. If they are
x2 - x1 A straight line is drawn through the points A(1, 2) and B(-5, 3). 2 2
a-0=2 Find (i) the gradient of AB
-2 - 1 3 (ii) the midpoint of AB (iii) the length of AB CONTINUED ON PAGE 22
Pseudocode algorithms
NATALEE A. JOHNSON OUTPUT STATEMENTS CONTROL STRUCTURES (SEQUENCE,
Contributor SELECTION, REPETITION)
We also have a statement called the prompt statement. A
OOD DAY, students. This is lesson 19 in our series of
G
prompt statement is actually an output statement which displays These statements are used to control the amount of time a
lessons. In this week’s lesson, we will continue to look at on the screen, to the user, a message indicating to the user what statement or sequence of statements is carried out based on some
algorithms. Let us examine the parts of a pseudocode actions to take based on the program written. For example, you condition. We will look at each of these separately in the next
algorithm in more details. may be asked to write a pseudocode algorithm to accept two lesson.
INPUT STATEMENTS numbers and prompt the user to enter the numbers (this would be An algorithm can be represented using a pseudocode or a flow
done via the keyboard). This is how you would write the prompt
The input statement is used to get data from outside the chart. Below is an example of a pseudocode representation of an
statement.
computer from a particular input device into a variable for algorithm, where you will be able to observe the different parts of
manipulation by the pseudocode. The key words we will use for an algorithm we have discussed thus far.
input will be ‘input’ or ‘read’. To read data into a variable you write
ŽƵƚƉƵƚ Print “Please enter two numbers”
the word input or read followed by the variable name. The prompt statement Example 1
This is the way in which it will be written: ŬĞLJ ǁŽƌĚ Read num1, num2 written in open and
READ VARIABLE_NAME close quotation. Write a pseudocode algorithm to read the length and width of a
The variable_name is the name given to the location where the perimeter, find the area of the perimeter and output the area.
value is to be stored, as you learnt previously. For example, if I
am reading a math score into a variable, my variable, name could The Input statement
Start
be ‘score’ and the read statement would therefore be: Algorithm Perimeter {The algorithm header}
ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT
This algorithm finds the area of a perimeter. {The declaration}
Assignment statements are used to give initial value to
Declare length, width and area as real {Indicating the data type
variables and to change the value assigned to a variable. The
Read score Variable name of the variables}
Input key assignment statement has two parts, the left value and the right
value. The left value refers to the variable as the storage location
word where the right value will be stored. The right value refers to a
value which may be the result of an expression or the content of
another variable. The assignment statement will be written as Input statement
follows: Readlength, width
OUTPUT STATEMENTS variable_name = expression Assignment statement {The Body of the Algorithm}
The output statement is used to get information to the
area ĸ length * width
programmer or to the user. The key words we will use for output An assignment statement may involve an arithmetic operation
are ‘display’, ‘print’ and ‘output’. To output information to the user, such as:
you write the word Print, a statement followed by a variable_name Product ? num1 * num2 (see Fig 1, for example, of operation)
Print area Output statement
or the word Print followed by a variable_name. While some assignment statements just involve assigning
This is the way in which it will be written: values to variables, such as:
Print ‘statement’, variable_name
Stop {The Terminator}
or
Print variable_name ϲ і Ϯ Ύ ϯ ,ĞƌĞ ǁĞĂƌĞŵƵůƚŝƉůLJŝŶŐ ƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞ
ƐƚŽƌĞĚŝŶƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂďůĞ ŶƵŵϭ ƚŽ
For example, if you were required to read two numbers, find the
sum of the numbers and output the sum of the numbers. The
Product ĸ num1 * num2 ƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐƚŽƌĞĚŝŶƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂďůĞ We have come to the end of this lesson. See you next week,
output statement would be: when we will continue to look at pseudocode algorithms.
ŶƵŵϮ͖ ƚŽďĞƐƚŽƌĞŝŶƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂďůĞ
Figure 1 Remember, if you fail to prepare, you prepare to fail.
WƌŽĚƵĐƚ͘^ĞĞĨŝŐƵƌĞϭ
ŽƵƚƉƵƚ Print “The sum of the numbers is”, sum Natalee Johnson teaches at Ardenne High School. Send questions and
ŬĞLJ ǁŽƌĚ comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
sĂƌŝĂďůĞ ƵƐĞĚƚŽ
^ƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚ
Or ƐƚŽƌĞƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ Count 1
ƐƵŵ
Print sum Highest_Price 0
Enslaved Africans
and major revolts
DEBBION HYMAN
q
Contributor
T THE end of the lesson, you should be Barbados (1816)
A able to:
a) Identify the key personalities in the
Berbice (1763), Barbados (1816), Demerara
Bussa, Roach, Jackey
Franklin Cain Davis
BERBICE, 1763
Causes
The Berbice Revolt was as a result of the Jamaica (1831-1832)
enslaved population being treated inhumanely Sam Sharpe
by white personnel and the inadequate
provisions for daily existences supplied on the
estates. The enslaved population had meagre
rations and whenever there were shortages, they
on the Slave Registration Bill with paper’ was being withheld by the island’s Trelawny, Hanover, Westmoreland and St
would be adversely affected.
emancipation. The activities of the non- governor. Elizabeth. The 1831 rebellion is symbolic as it
conformist missionaries among the enslaved was the largest and most widespread of the
Nature and consequences
population were also another cause of the Nature and consequences rebellions in the British Caribbean and it was
The revolt began on Plantation
Barbados revolt. Enslaved Africans refused to return to work the last major revolt in the British Caribbean
Magdalenburg on the Conje River on February until verification of claims of a ‘free paper’ had before emancipation. It resulted in over 100
23, 1763. By March 1763, the revolt had spread been provided. In the ensuing violence, more enslaved persons being executed, including
Nature and consequences
to the Berbice River. The enslaved peoples were than 100 slaves were killed; several others were Sharpe, and 100 flogged. Several Baptist and
able to capture several plantations along the Bussa and Jackey started the revolt in April
1816. The revolt would then quickly spread to executed after holding court martial(s). Moravian missionaries were persecuted as well
river and Coffy played an instrumental role in as their churches/chapels destroyed.
this area. Though Coffy committed suicide, the areas such as St Philip, St John and St George.
enslaved peoples were still committed to the Within days, martial law was declared and JAMAICA, 1831
cause of freedom. The colony was controlled by Bussa was killed. Almost 200 enslaved Africans Causes SOURCES
blacks for 10 months, showing the active thrust were killed, 200 executed and another 100 The underlying cause of the rebellion was the 1. Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous
by enslaved peoples to end the system of chattel enslaved peoples exiled to Sierra Leone. The widespread belief that freedom was being Societies and Slave Systems – Hilary Beckles &
slavery. colony would suffer economically as, with the withheld by the local authorities. The activities Verene Shepherd
damage or total destruction of sugar estates, the of nonconformist missionaries among the 2. Caribbean Story, Bk 1 – William Claypole
sugar industry was impacted. enslaved population was also another factor. & John Robottom
BARBADOS, 1816
3. Caribbean Revision History for CXC –
Causes Nature and consequences Peter Ashdown & Francis Humphreys
The revolt began as the enslaved population DEMERARA, 1823 Sam Sharpe’s civil disobedience quickly
believed that emancipation was being withheld Causes evolved from a general strike on the Kensington Debbion Hyman is an independent contributor.
by the local establishment; in actuality, they had The underlying cause of this revolt was that Estate (St James) into an open revolt. It would Send questions and comments to
misinterpreted information that they had heard the enslaved peoples believed that their ‘free quickly spread to several parishes such as kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
Y
Cu2+
the following cations: Pb2+, Al3+,
Ca2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, NH4+ and
CHARACTERISTICS OF
PUBLIC COMPANIES
1. The company’s name will have PLC at the
end of it.
2. In addition to the documents that must be
provided to the Companies Office of Jamaica
by the private company, the public company
also needs a Certificate of Trading. This is
issued by the Companies Office of Jamaica
when they are satisfied that the business has
raised the minimum amount of capital that will
result in the fulfilment of their plans and
objectives.
3. The capital is largely through selling FILE
shares, selling debentures (loan capital) and
Students of Campion College leaving the school campus in 2013.
borrowing from financial institutions.
4. Large amounts of capital can be raised.
5. Shareholders do not have much to do with 9. Each public company must have a 3. It is fairly easy for them to borrow money 4. Too much expansion leads to
the day-to-day operations of the business. secretary and must publish their accounts. from financial institutions as they are seen as diseconomies of scale (disadvantages of large-
6. At the annual general meeting 10. Like the private company, the public secure borrowers. scale production).
shareholders elect a board of directors who are company has a separate identity to its owners. 4. Since they are large-scale businesses, 5. Accounts must be published and sent
responsible for the decisions of the company. 11. Profits are distributed among they may reap economies of scale. annually to the Trade Department for
There is one vote per ordinary share. shareholders in the form of dividends. inspection.
5. The public limited company is
7. A share is part of the capital of a company Your task for this week is to discuss three
independent of its owners.
or cooperative. Shares are sold to the general similarities and three differences between a
LEGAL ASPECTS 6. Many owners share the risk of the business. private limited company and a public limited
public through the stock exchange. There are These are the same as for the private limited company. Additionally, make a list of three
two main types of shares sold: ordinary shares company with the addition that they are legally Disadvantages examples of private limited companies and
and preference shares. You will find it useful to allowed to register and use the stock exchange. 1. The personal touch which is evident in three examples of public limited companies.
consider the similarities and differences smaller businesses is often lost. Bye for now.
between these two types of shares. Advantages 2. These businesses are more difficult to
8. The registrar will approve the issue of a 1. They are able to raise large sums of manage than smaller businesses. Yvonne Harvey teaches at Glenmuir High School.
certain number of shares of a certain par or capital. 3. Conflict of interest may arise between Send questions and comments to
nominal value. 2. The liability of the shareholders is limited. managers and shareholders. kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
Poetry comprehension
MELISSA MCKENZIE 2. This contract is as solid as the ground we 2. The diaper is so leak-proof not even
Contributor stand on. Irony – This is a device that points to a Niagara Falls could get through.
ELLO, STUDENTS. This week, we will contrast between what is stated and what is
and protecting
The governor general represents the queen on ceremonial
occasions such as:
The opening of Parliament
The presentation of honours
Military parades
MAUREEN CAMPBELL end of the debate, a vote is taken. It is now referred to a Under the Constitution, he is given power to act in many
Contributor committee. matters such as:
HE MAKING of laws can be a very slow process involving • Appointing and disciplining officers of the civil service.
Control account
ROXANNE WRIGHT Worked example SOLUTION
Contributor Question ĂͿ dŽƚĂů ĞďƚŽƌƐ ĐĐŽƵŶƚ
1. Faith Heaven extracted the following figures from her ϮϬϭϯͲϮϬϭϰ Ψ ϮϬϭϯʹ ϮϬϭϰ Ψ
balance sheet at October 1, 2013: KĐƚϭ Ăů͘ďͬĚ ϭϴϲϬϬ ^ĞƉϯϬ ĂŶŬ ϮϮϰϭϰϬ
Control accounts: ^ĞƉϯϬ ^ĂůĞƐ ϮϮϲϬϬϬ ^ĞƉϯϬ ĂůĐͬǁϭ ϮϬϰϲϬ
The control accounts are prepared to check the arithmetical Ψ ϮϰϰϰϲϬ ϮϰϰϰϲϬ
accuracy of the concerned ledgers. WůĂŶƚΘDĂĐŚŝŶĞƌLJ ĂƚŶĞƚŽŽŬǀĂůƵĞ ϵϲϬϬϬ
• Sales ledger control account checks the sales ledger ϮϬϭϰͲϮϬϭϱ
balance. ^ƚŽĐŬ ĂƚŽƐƚ ϮϴϲϬϬ
KĐƚϭ ĂůďͬĚ ϮϬϰϲϬ
SalesŐledger control account ĞďƚŽƌƐ ϭϴϲϬϬ
Ψ Ψ ĂƐŚĂƚĂŶŬ ϭϮϴϬϬ
WƵƌĐŚĂƐĞƐ ZĞƚƵƌŶƐ ydždž ^ĂůĞƐZĞƚƵƌŶƐ ydždž ƌĞĚŝƚŽƌƐ ϭϳϰϬϬ
ƌĞĚŝƚ^ĂůĞƐ ydždž ŝƐĐŽƵŶƚ ůůŽǁĞĚ ydždž ĂƉŝƚĂů ϭϯϴϲϬϬ Ϳ b) Total Creditors Account
ŝƐŚŽŶŽƵƌĞĚ ĐŚĞƋƵĞƐ ydždž ĂŶŬ ydždž
/ŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŽŶ KǀĞƌĚƵĞ ĞďƚƐ ydždž ĂĚĞďƚƐ ydždž ϮϬϭϯͲϮϬϭϰ Ψ ϮϬϭϯʹ ϮϬϭϰ Ψ
ĂůĂŶĐĞĐͬĚ ydž ŽŶƚƌĂ͗ WƵƌĐŚĂƐĞƐ>ĞĚŐĞƌ ydždž On September 30, 2014, the end of the financial year, the
ͺͺͺͺͺ ĂůĂŶĐĞĐͬĚ ydž balance of stock, debtors and creditors had each increased by 10 ^ĞƉϯϬ ĂŶŬ ϭϵϬϴϬϬ KĐƚϭ Ăů͘ĐͬĚ ϭϳϰϬϬ
ydždž ydždž per cent.
ĂůďͬĚ dždž ^ĞƉϯϬ ĂůĂŶĐĞĐͬĚǁϮ ϭϵϭϰϬ ^ĞƉϯϬ WƵƌĐŚĂƐĞƐ ϭϵϮϱϰϬ
The cash book for the year ended September 30, 2014 was as
i. The debit balance in the sales ledger control account is the follows: ϮϬϵϵϰϬ ϮϬϵϵϰϬ
Summarised Cash Book
amount representing closing debtors.
ii. The credit balance represents the amount owed to the
KĐƚϭ ϭϵϭϰϬ
Ψ Ψ
debtors by the firm because of:
1. Advance payment Ăů͘ďͬĚ ϭϮϴϬϬ WĂLJŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌWƵƌĐŚĂƐĞƐ ϭϵϬϴϬϬ c) i
2. Cash payment ZĞĐĞŝƉƚƐĨƌŽŵ^ĂůĞƐ ϮϮϰϭϰϬ ^ƵŶĚƌLJ džƉĞŶƐĞƐ ϯϵϮϬϬ
3. Goods returned after account was settled. ĂůͬĐͬĚ ϮϯϬϲϬ ƌĂǁŝŶŐƐ ϯϬϬϬϬ Ψ
ƵƌƌĞŶƚƐƐĞƚƐ͗
ϮϲϬϬϬϬ ϮϲϬϬϬϬ ^ƚŽĐŬ ϮϴϲϬϬ
• Purchases ledger control account checks the purchases
ledger balance. ĞďƚŽƌƐ ϭϴϲϬϬ
Ě ĂŶŬ ϭϮϴϬϬ
WƵƌĐŚĂƐĞƐ >ĞĚŐĞƌ ŽŶƚƌŽů ĐĐŽƵŶƚ Required: ϲϬϬϬϬ
>ĞƐƐ͗ ƵƌƌĞŶƚ>ŝĂďŝůŝƚŝĞƐ
Ψ Ψ a. A debtors account to calculate sales for the year ended
ƌĞĚŝƚŽƌƐ ϭϳϰϬϬ
WƵƌĐŚĂƐĞƐ ZĞƚƵƌŶƐ ydždž ĂůĂŶĐĞďͬĚ ydždž September 30, 2014.
tŽƌŬŝŶŐ ĂƉŝƚĂů ϰϮϲϬϬ
ĂŶŬ ydždž WƵƌĐŚĂƐĞƐ ;ƌĞĚŝƚͿ ydždž b. A creditors account to calculate purchases for the year
ŝƐĐŽƵŶƚ ZĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ ydždž /ŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŽŶŽǀĞƌĚƵĞďŝůůƐ ydždž ended September 30, 2014.
c. Calculate the working capital at: c ii)
ŽŶƚƌĂ͗^ĂůĞƐ >ĞĚŐĞƌ ydždž ĂůĂŶĐĞĐͬĚ ydž
i. October 1, 2013
Ăů͘ĐͬĚ ydž ͺͺͺͺͺ
ii. September 30, 2014 Ψ Ψ
ydždž ydždž ƵƌƌĞŶƚƐƐĞƚƐ
ĂůĂŶĐĞ ďͬĚ ydž ĂůĂŶĐĞďͬĚ dždž Working ^ƚŽĐŬ ǁϯ ϯϭϰϲϬ
ĞďƚŽƌƐ ϮϬϰϲϬ
i. The credit balance in the purchases ledger control account ϱϭϵϮϬ
is the amount representing closing creditors. ǁϭ ĞďƚŽƌƐ нϭϬй сůŽƐŝŶŐ ĞďƚŽƌƐ >ĞƐƐ͗ ƵƌƌĞŶƚ>ŝĂďŝůŝƚŝĞƐ
ii. The debit balance represents the amount owed by the с ΨϭϴϲϬϬ н ΨϭϴϲϬ сΨϮϬϰϲϬ ƌĞĚŝƚŽƌƐ ϮϯϬϲϬ
ĂŶŬKǀĞƌĚƌĂĨƚ ϭϵϭϰϬ ϰϮϮϬϬ
creditors to the firm because of:
ǁϮ ƌĞĚŝƚŽƌƐнϭϬй сůŽƐŝŶŐƌĞĚŝƚŽƌƐ tŽƌŬŝŶŐĂƉŝƚĂů ϵϳϮϬ
1. Advance payment made to them. сΨϭϳϰϬϬнΨϭϳϰϬсΨϭϵϭϰϬ
2. Cash returned from creditors. Roxanne Wright teaches at Immaculate Academy. Send questions and
3. Goods returned after account was settled. ǁϯ ^ƚŽĐŬ н ϭϬй с ^ƚŽĐŬ Ăƚ ĞŶĚ
comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
сΨϮϴϲϬϬнΨϮϴϲϬсΨϯϭϰϲϬ
Example
Given that the line A(2, 4) B(0, 0) is parallel to XY. Find the
gradient of XY.
Solution
The Gradient m, of AB = y2 - y1 Substituting,
x2 - x1
m=4-0 ... m = 4/2 = 2
2-0
As both lines are parallel, then the gradient of XY is also 2.
Example
Given the line A(3, -2) and B(1, 4), find the gradient of the
perpendicular bisector of AB and its point of intersection with AB.
Solution
The gradient of AB = m = y2 - y1 Substituting
x 2 - x1
... m = 4 - -2 = 6 = -3 ... m = -3
1-3 -2
Let the gradient of the line perpendicular to AB be m1
... m x m1 = -1 ... -3 x m1 = -1 ... m1 = -1 = 1
-3 3
( )
The midpoint of AB, M, = x2 + x1, y2 + y1 Substituting
2 2
( )
M = 1 + 3, 4 -2 = (2, 1)
2 2
The perpendicular bisector of AB has gradient 1/3 and passes
through the point (2, 1).
Example
The line l passes through the points S (6, 6) and T (0, - 2).
Determine: 1) The gradient of l; 2) The midpoint of the ST and
3) The length of ST.
Solution
1) Gradient m = y2 - y1
x2 - x1
Substituting, m = -2 - 6 m = -8 = 4
0-6 -6 3
(
2) Midpoint M = 0 + 6 , -2 + 6 = (3, 2)
2 2
)
3) ST2 = (0 - 6)2 + (-2 - 6 )2 = (-6)2 + (-8)2
= 36 + 64 = 100 ST = 100 = 10.
HOMEWORK
Given the points A(-8, 2) and B(3 , - 2) find the following with
respect to the line AB: FILE
(i) Gradient, m (ii) mid-point, M (iii) length of the line AB Rivoli United’s Raymond Williamson (left) aims to kick as he is challenged by Boys’ Town’s Peter Keys
(iv) Gradient of XY which is parallel to AB in their Red Stripe Premier League football game at Barbican Field recently. Rivoli won 3-2.
(v) the gradient of AC which is perpendicular to AB