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An Introduction to
The Finite Element Method
(Third Edition)
by
J. N. REDDY
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Texas A & M University
College Station, Texas 77843-3123
PREFACE
This solution manual is prepared to aid the instructor in discussing the solutions
to assigned problems in Chapters 1 through 14 from the book, An Introduction to
the Finite Element Method, Third Edition, McGraw—Hill, New York, 2006. Computer
solutions to certain problems of Chapter 8 (see Chapter 13 problems) are also included
at the end of Chapter 8.
The instructor should make an effort to review the problems before assigning them.
This allows the instructor to make comments and suggestions on the approach to be
taken and nature of the answers expected. The instructor may wish to generate
additional problems from those given in this book, especially when taught time
and again from the same book. Suggestions for new problems are also included
at pertinent places in this manual. Additional examples and problems can be found
in the following books of the author:
1. J. N. Reddy and M. L. Rasmussen, Advanced Engineering Analysis, John Wiley, New York, 1982;
reprinted and marketed currently by Krieger Publishing Company, Melbourne, Florida, 1990 (see
Section 3.6).
2. J. N. Reddy, Energy and Variational Methods in Applied Mechanics, John Wiley, New York, 1984
(see Chapters 2 and 3).
3. J. N. Reddy, Applied Functional Analysis and Variational Methods in Engineering, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1986; reprinted and marketed currently by Krieger Publishing Company, Melbourne,
Florida, 1991 (see Chapters 4, 6 and 7).
4. J. N. Reddy, Theory and Analysis of Elastic Plates, Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, 1997.
5. J. N. Reddy, Energy Principles and Variational Methods in Applied Mechanics, Second Edition,
John Wiley, New York, 2002 (see Chapters 4 through 7 and Chapter 10).
6. J. N. Reddy, Mechanics of Laminated Composite Plates and Shells: Theory and Analysis, CRC
Press, Second Edition, Boca Raton, FL, 2004.
7. J. N. Reddy, An Introduction to Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis, Oxford University Press,
Oxford, UK, 2004.
The computer problems FEM1D and FEM2D can be readily modified to solve
new types of field problems. The programs can be easily extended to finite element
models formulated in an advanced course and/or in research. The Fortran sources of
FEM1D and FEM2D are available from the author for a price of $200.
The author appreciates receiving comments on the book and a list of errors found
in the book and this solutions manual.
J. N. Reddy
All that is not given is lost.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. °
c The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
F = ma (1)
where F is the net force acting on the body, m mass of the body, and a the
acceleration of the body in the direction of the net force. Use Eq. (1) to determine
the mathematical model, i.e., governing equation of a free-falling body. Consider
only the forces due to gravity and the air resistance. Assume that the air resistance
is linearly proportional to the velocity of the falling body.
Fd = cv
v
Fg = mg
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. °
c The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 1.3: Consider the simple pendulum of Example 1.3.1. Write a computer
program to numerically solve the nonlinear equation (1.2.3) using the Euler method.
Tabulate the numerical results for two different time steps ∆t = 0.05 and ∆t = 0.025
along with the exact linear solution.
Solution: In order to use the finite difference scheme of Eq. (1.3.3), we rewrite
(1.2.3) as a pair of first-order equations
dθ dv
= v, = −λ2 sin θ
dt dt
Applying the scheme of Eq. (1.3.3) to the two equations at hand, we obtain
The above equations can be programmed to solve for (θi , vi ). Table P1.3 contains
representative numerical results.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. °
c The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
In books on numerical analysis, the second equation in (2) is called the predictor
equation and the first equation is called the corrector equation. Apply Heun’s method
to Eqs. (1.3.4) and obtain the numerical solution for ∆t = 0.05.
Solution: Heun’s method applied to the pair
dθ dv
= v, = −λ2 sin θ
dt dt
yields the following discrete equations:
0
θi+1 = θi + ∆t vi
∆t ³ ´
vi+1 = vi − λ2 0
sin θi + sin θi+1
2
∆t
θi+1 = θi + (vi + vi+1 )
2
The numereical results obtained with the Heun’s method and Euler’s method are
presented in Table P1.4.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. °
c The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. °
c The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.