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Solution Manual for An Introduction to the Physics of Nuclei and Particles 1st Edition by
Dunlap Chapters 3 17
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3.1. (a) The initial kinetic energy, E0, is equal to the Coulombic potential at the point of closest approach, so

Zze 2
E0 
4 0 d

Then

Zze2
d
4 0 E0

(b) Using E0 = 8 MeV, Z = 79, z = 2 and the value of the Coulomb constant

e2
 1.44 MeVfm
4 0

we find b = 28.4 fm.

3.2. Data may be analyzed on the basis of equation (3.12). This may be written in terms of the incident energy, E, as

2 2
d  Zze2   1  4  
    csc   .
d   4 0   4 E  2

Measurements are made for a fixed angle, , as a function of energy. Since the detector will subtend a sold angle, ,
the total cross section for scattering into the detector will be

2 2
d  Zze 2   1   
  d   2      csc
4
  sin  d .
d  4 0   4 E  2

The number of scattered particles observed will be proportional to  and hence to E -2.

3.3. The minimum energy will occur for an impact parameter b = 0. In this case the initial kinetic energy, E 0, is
equal to the Coulomb potential when the distance between the nuclei is such that their surfaces are just in contact.
This distance is

d  R  RAu

Using R0 = 1.2*A1/3 fm then

d  1.2*  41/ 3  1971/ 3  = 8.89 fm.

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Equating the energies gives

Zze 2
E0 
4 0 d

Using Z = 79 and z = 2 gives the energy E0 = 25.6 MeV.

3.4. (a) The scattering angle, , is related to the impact parameter, b, as

 Zze 2
tan  .
2 4 0 mv0 2 b

Solving for b and expressing the velocity in terms of the initial kinetic energy, E0;

e2 Zz
b
4 0 2 E tan  .
0
2

Using Z = 79, z = 2, E0 = 8 MeV and , = 90° gives

b  14.2 fm.

(b) Conservation of energy gives

1 2 e2 Zz
E0  mvc 
2 4 0 rc

where the subscript c denotes the point of closest approach. Conservation of angular momentum gives

mv0 b  mvc rc .

Solving for vc and substituting into the expression for E0 gives

b2 e 2 Zz
E0  E0  .
rc
2
4 0 rc

Substituting E0 = 8 MeV and b = 14.2 fm gives a quadratic in rc;

2
8rc  228rc  1618  0 .

Solving for rc gives rc = 34.4 fm.

(c) The kinetic energy will be

1 2 b2
Ec  mvc  E0 2 .
2 rc

Substituting numerical values gives Ec = 1.36 MeV.

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3.5. The radius of a 208Pb nucleus is R0 = 1.2*A1/3 = 7.11 fm. The volume (assuming a well defined edge at R0) is

4
V   R0  1505 fm3
3

The number of nucleons is 208 so assuming a uniform density inside R0 the number of nucleons per unit volume is

A
  0   0.138 nucleons/fm3.
V

This is consistent with the more detailed picture, Figure 3.9. Since one nucleon has a mass of 1 u then

  0   0.138 u/fm3.

In more conventional units this is

  0   2.3  1025 g/fm3

or

  0   2.3 1014 g/cm3

3.6. (a) All three nuclei have (0)  0.16 fm-3. The values of r90 and r10 are found so that

  r90   0.9  0.16  0.144 fm-3

  r10   0.1 0.16  0.016 fm-3.

The width of the surface region is then given as r10 – r90. Reading values from the graph gives values in the table.

nucleus r10 (fm) r90 (fm) (r10 – r90) (fm)

16
O 3.6 1.2 2.4
118
Sn 6.3 3.9 2.4
197
Au 7.7 5.3 2.4

(b) Using equation (2.4) and assuming

r90  R0  1.2  2.4  R 0  1.2 (fm)

we find that

r10  R0  1.2 (fm).

This gives

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0.16
 90 
 1.2 
1  exp   
 a 

and

0.0144
10 
 1.2  .
1  exp   
 a 

Either equation may be solved to give a = 0.55 fm.

3.7. (a) We write equation (3.9) as

2 2
 Zze 2   1  2  
      cot  
 4 0   4 E  2

Using Z=79 and z=2. This gives

2
 79  2 1.44  2   2  
  3.14   cot    406  cot   fm2
 2 10  2 2

For the angles given we find

 ()  (fm2)
1 5.3106
5 2.1105
20 1.3104

(b) We write equation (3.12) as

2 2
d  Zze 2   1  4  
    csc  
d   4 0   4 E  2

And substituting values as above

d  
 32.4  csc 4   fm2sr-1
d 2

This gives the following results

 ()  (fm2sr-1)
1 5.6109
5 8.9106
20 3.6104

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3.8. The relativistic scattering cross section is given as

 d   d   v2 2 
    1  2 sin  .
 d   rel  d   nonrel  c 2

We define the relative size of the relativistic correction as

 d   d 
   
 d   rel  d  nonrel v2 
f   2 sin 2 .
 d  c 2
 
 d  nonrel

For E = 0.1 MeV then mv2/2<<mc2 and we calculate

1 
2 2  mv 2 
v 0.2 .
  2 
2
 0.39
c2 c 0.511

For E = 1 MeV or 100 MeV the E > mc2 so v  c giving v2/c2 = 1. Using these values in the above expression gives
the results in the table.

E (MeV) v2/c2  (°) f

0.1 0.39 20 0.011
0.1 0.39 90 0.195
1.0 1.0 20 0.12
1.0 1.0 90 0.5
100 1.0 20 0.12
100 1.0 90 0.5

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 r90 and the
3
3.9. We define the central part of the nucleus as r < r90. The volume of the central region is therefore
3
number of nucleons in this volume is

4
N core   0  r90
3

The fraction of surface nucleons will be

N surf N total  N core A  N core

f   
N total N total A

Reading values from the appropriate graphs gives the values in the table.

nucleus r90 (fm) Ncore f

16
O 1.2 1.2 0.92
118
Sn 3.9 40 0.63
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197
Au 5.3 100 0.52

3.10. (a) Conservation of energy gives

2 2 2
m (v i  v f )  mA vAf .

This may be rearranged to give

m  v i  v f v  v f   mA vAf .
2
i

Conservation of momentum gives

m  v i  v f   mA vAf .

Combining these expressions yields

v i  v f  vAf .

Using this with the conservation of momentum equation gives

m v i
vAf  2 .
m  mA

The recoil energy (kinetic energy) is obtained from this as

2 2
2mA m v i
RA  .
 m  mA 
2

Using

1 2
E i  m v i
2

this may be rewritten as

4m mA E i
RA  .
 m  mA 
2

(b) Using m = 4.0015 u and Ei = 10 MeV we obtain the following results:

nucleus mA (u) RA (MeV)

16
O 15.995 6.4
118
Sn 117.902 1.27
197
Au 196.967 0.78