Network Equivalent Models for Short Circuit

Analysis
Karen N. Miu, Member, IEEE, and Yiming Mao, Student Member, IEEE

with respect to pre-fault voltage and current conditions.

Abstract--This paper addressesmodeling beyond the fault path
Models are expandedand discussedfrom [ 1,2] to include:
during short circuit analysis. Initial condition boundary matching
using pre-fault conditions is used to develop equivalent lateral,l groundedand ungroundedloads
load and transformer models for short circuit analysis for l groundedand ungroundedlaterals
grounded and ungrounded portions of the network. These models l transformersof various connection types.
are easily integrated into a compensation-basedmethod.
The models are integrated within a compensation-based
method for short circuit analysisof faults in both groundedand
Index Terms- modeling, short circuit analysis, compensation
methods,power distribution systems ungrounded portions of a system.

I. INTRODUCTION II. NETWORK MODELING

istribution system design and protective device A generalapproachto the systemmodeling for short circuit
D coordination dependson short circuit analysis as a critical analysisis now discussed.Following this, initial condition
tool. With increased loading and power shortages causing boundary matching will be employedto derive the proposed
distribution systemsto operate under stressedconditions, the models.
componentslying within the distribution system must be re-
evaluated.Updating protection devices and/or the control and A. General Approach to SystemModeling
coordination of existing devices is required. In the future, The use of equivalent impedances for laterals and load
adaptive control settingsmay also be required to maintain and connectedto the fault path is proposedto model the rest of the
improve network reliability. Thus, this paper strives to network connected to the fault path. As such, models for
improve models used in short circuit analysis to support these compensation-basedmethods from [1,2] are discussed to
functions. encompassthree-phase grounded and ungrounded systems.
Before introducing the specific models, the general approach
Traditionally, short circuit analysis considers only the fault to compensation-basedmethods with system modeling is
path, i.e. the portion of the network composedof the path from presentedto illustrate and motivate the modelsselected.
the fault location to the source [3]-[5]. In addition, the loads
along this path are frequently omitted because they are The following example shows the process: (i) a generic
assumed to have a very small effect on the short circuit radial system structure is shown in Fig. 1, with a fault
current, for example, the symmetrical component method [5] occurring at bus 18.
and the compensationmethod in [3]. However for distribution
systems,this assumptionis not always accurate and detailed
transformer and load models were used for post-fault
calculation in [6]. In order to obtain more accurateresults for
short circuit analysis, modeling beyond the fault path and
considering the loads and laterals in both the short circuit
current calculation and the post-fault analysis can be
performed.
Fig. 1. Original SystemBefore Lateral and Load Equivalencing

We select equivalent impedance models to represent all (ii) After lateral and load equivalencing along the fault path,
laterals and loads in the system. The models are equivalent the systemwill be reducedto Fig. 2:

This work was supportedin part by the National ScienceFoundationunder o ( LiCKi /6 K,yFauR
ECS-9984692.
K. N. Miu is with the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department,
Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA (e-mail: Iat I. L
miu@cce.drexel.edu).
Y. Mao is with the EIectrical and Computer Engineering Department, Fig. 2. SystemAfter Lateral and Load Equivalencing
Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA (e-mail:
yiming@io.ece.drexel.edu).
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(iii) Determine Zeoby placing 2, and 2~ in parallel. Fig. 3 Zpyfre: pre-fault current flowing into the lateral at bus k,
k
shows the result.
phasep.

B.1.b) Grounded Load Equivalencing:

With mutual impedancesassumedto be zero, a diagonal,
load impedancematrix, 2, , can be determined.For a three-
phaseload connectedalong the fault path:
Fig. 3. Final Equivalent SystemDiagram

(iv) CalculateZ, using the compensation-basedmethod. (3)

Loads and laterals may have either groundedor ungrounded
connections.In [ 11,only groundedmodelsof loads and laterals diagonal elements Z& represent the load equivalent
were introduced. In [2], their ungrounded models are derived.
Both grounded and ungrounded models of loads and laterals impedanceat bus k, phasep:
will be presented.We note that ungroundedloads are assumed (4)
to be three-phase,delta-connected.
wheresLk nomis the nominal complex load at bus k, phasep.
From Fig.1, we note that the boundary between the
ungrounded portion and the grounded portion of the sample B.2) UngroundedPortions of a System
systemis a transformerbranch. In order to handle faults in an In ungrounded portions of a system, we assume a delta
ungroundedportion of the systemusing a compensation-based connection and select phase c as the voltage reference.The
method, a suitable transformer model is derived in Section pre-fault line-to-line voltages Voband V,, are determined.
2.C. We now discussthe details of deriving Z,, andZ, .
B.2.a) UngroundedLateral Equivalencing:
If the lateral is ungrounded, a (2x2) equivalent impedance,
B. Initial Condition Boundary Matching (ICBM) Models 121
Zlat**
k is determinedfrom Zf in (1) by:
The pre-fault system voltages and currents are treated as
initial conditions and we apply ICBM to determineequivalent
impedancesfor loads and laterals. Grounded and ungrounded z1at.A
k =g ;’ :]6[j11 4] (5)
models are now presented.

B.1) Grounded Portions of a System However, when provided with line voltages, we first must
For a fault occurring in a grounded portion of the system, transform line voltages into phase voltages to obtain Zlk.
we calculate equivalent impedance matrices using pre-fault We derive this transformation by invoking the symmetrical
phasevoltages. components of the voltages. Under pre-fault conditions,
Vi = 0 and the following holds with:
B.1.a) GroundedLateral Equivalencing:
The lines and loads that comprise a lateral which branches
off the fault path at bus k, is modeled with a lump equivalent (a = lL120)
impedance matrix, Zip’ . Assuming the mutual impedances
between phases on each lateral are zero,Zy is a diagonal Obc= T’V;;’
Vph (6)
matrix:
VE” = T,-‘Vz’ (7)
Multiplying and collecting termsin (7):

where the diagonal element ZFti of phase p calculated =J-[(VO-V,)+a(V, -VE)+a2(Vc -V,)]
using:
2;“” =v kp’pre/VP’” (2)

where:
= (1- a2)Vd,,
V kp*pre: pre-fault voltage of bus k, phasep
Similarly,

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 v; = (1- fQv;,
v; =v;, =o
Thus, Vsy can be determinedfrom VE* and (6) becomes:
VPII*’ = T, pT,-‘V$ (8)
where

Fig. 4. ImpedanceEquivalencing for a Transformer

P=
The relationship between Vi, V, and Ii, Zkcan be stated as
the following equations:
B.2.b) UngroundedLoad Equivalencing:
In this paper, ungrounded loads are assumedto be three-
phasedelta connected.The following are used to calculate the
equivalent load impedancematrix, Z,$ : I, =-z$$ (12)
Here, Zi and Vi are the primary side current and voltage
PQ = SP”
YLk ( Lk,n**)*JpLzq9Pre~ (9) vectors; Zk and Vk are the secondaryside current and voltage
vectors. YW,YpsrYspand Y, are the sub-admittancematricesof
the transformer branch admittance matrix. The dimensionsof
YPP,YPs,Y, and Y, vary from (2x2) to (3x3) dependingon the
where: connection type of the three-phasetransformer.
VpqTpre
LA : pre-fault line-to-line voltages between phasep
From (12) and the second equation of (1 l), we solve for
and phaseq of eachphaseat bus k. relationship between Vk and Vi, then substitute it into the first
s::,,, : nominal complex load betweenphasep and phase equation of (11):
qatbusk v, = -(Y,, + z &‘k) -’ YspVi (13)
If = typp - yps(7s~+ z &‘k1-I yqj lvi (14)
Using the above equations,ICBM provides lump equivalent
impedancematrices for laterals branching off the fault path Thus the equivalent impedanceseenfrom the primary side is:
and for loads connected along the fault path from initial Z eqi= typp - ypscy,s + zlk >-‘ysp I-’ (15)
condition values. ICBM models do not require detailed Similarly, if Vi is the secondary side voltage of transformer,
information about all network loads and branches; thus, equation (15) can be used to calculate the equivalent
modelscan be determinedquickly from pre-fault data. impedancematrix:
In order to obtain a network fault impedance matrix, the zeqi =(Y,, -ysptypp +Z~J’YpJ’ (16)
combination of ungrounded and grounded portions of the Equation (16) will be used to calculate the fault impedance
network must be achieved.Thus, transformermodeling is now matrix Z,
discussed.
III. So~u~o~Aao~mh4
The network models are easily incorporated into a
C. TransformerModeling [2]:
compensation-basedmethod for distribution system short
Transformer admittance matrices [8] vary in dimension circuit analysis.The stepsof the algorithm are as follows:
from (6x6) to (5x5) or (4x4) and correspond to transformer
connectiontypes. From the size of suchadmittancemodels,we Step 1. Solve for the pre-fault three-phase power flow
can see that they cannot be used directly with line or lateral solution.
impedance matrices which range from (3x3) if grounded or Step2. Input the fault information.
(2x2) if ungrounded. The system before transition of Step3. Find the path from the fault location to the root.
transformer is shown in Fig. 4. In order to use the two Step4. Use the pre-fault condition as the initial condition
compensation-basedmethods, a circuit equivalent model is and calculate Zla, and Z, for each bus in the fault
derived for transformerbranch here. path. DetermineZ,, if necessary.
Step5. Form the compensationfault impedancematrix Zp
Step6. Use a compensationmethod [l] [3] to calculateZf
Step7. Solve three-phasepower flow to obtain post-fault
voltages
Step8. Output the results of the short circuit calculation.

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 We note that expanding network modeling with pre-fault VI. BIOGRAPHIES
condition boundary matching does not significantly increase
the computationaleffort required by compensation-basedshort Karen Nan Miu received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
circuit analysis. Cornell University. She is currently an assistant professor at Drexel
University in the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Her
research interests include distribution system analysis, distribution
automation and optimization techniquesapplied to power systems.She is a
IV. CONCLUSION recipient of the 2000 NSF Career Award and the 2001 ONR Young
Investigator Award.
In this paper, equivalent impedance models for laterals,
loads and transformers for radial grounded; ungrounded Yiming Mao received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering
distribution networks were presented. The Initial Condition from SoutheastUniversity, China. He is currently working toward his Ph. D
Boundary Matching (ICBM) method was used to produce degree at Drexel University in the department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering. His areas of infereatsinclude power distribution systemanalysis
equivalent impedance matrices with respect to pre-fault and distribution protection system.
voltage and current conditions. These models are easily
incorporated into existing compensation methods without
significant effect on the computational burden. Thus, improved
modeling in short circuit analysis is attainable and may
produce better information for control and coordination of
distribution protection devices.

V. REFERENCES
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