Directions: To solve each problem, either type in appropriate formulas or use formulas from the

workbook Chapter 7. For each problem asking for a hypothesis test,

a. define the parameter(s) (where appropriate),

b. state the hypotheses,
c. calculate the P-value,
d. state the technical conclusion (reject H0 or do not reject H0),
e. state the final conclusion in non-technical terms, and
f. answer the follow-up question.

If you use formulas from the workbook Chapter 7, copy the work done and paste it into the space
provided.

If you choose to use other software, in some way clearly explain how you did the calculations.

When you are finished, submit this workbook to the homework drop box.

Grading: Problems 1 - 4 are worth 5 points each. Problems 5 - 9 are worth 2 points each.
las from the

nto the space

culations.

each.
 Problem 1: A clinical trial evaluates a new compound designed to improve wound healing in trauma patients. The
new compound is compared against a placebo. After treatment for 5 days with the new compound or placebo the
extent of wound healing is measured and the data are shown below. Is there a difference in the extent of wound
healing by treatment? (Hint: Are treatment and the percent wound healing independent?) Run the appropriate test
at a 5% level of significance. Based on this result, does the new treatment appear to be any different from the
placebo?

Percent Wound Healing

Treatment 0-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100%
w Compound (n=125) 15 37 32 41
Placebo (n=125) 36 45 34 10

Define the parameter(s)

No parameters

State the Hypotheses

H0: There is no difference between treatments and healing
H1: There is a difference between treatments and healing
State the Conclusion
Technical: Reject Ho in favor of H1
Non-technical: There appears to be a relationship between
treatment used and the extent of wound healing.
Answer to follow-up question: The test statistic was 28.33
which shows the difference between the variables. There
appears to be a significant difference in the extent of healing
between the treatments.

Observed
0-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100% Col 5 Col 6 Total
New Comp 15 37 32 41 125
Placebo 36 45 34 10 125
Row 3 0
Row 4 0
Row 5 0
Row 6 0
Total 51 82 66 51 0 0 250

Intermediate Calculations
Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5 Col 6
Row 1 4.3235294 0.3902439 0.030303 9.4215686
Row 2 4.3235294 0.3902439 0.030303 9.4215686
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6

p<.05
ma patients. The
d or placebo the
tent of wound
he appropriate test
ent from the

Expected
Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5 Col 6
Row 1 25.5 41 33 25.5
Row 2 25.5 41 33 25.5
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Test Statistic P-value
28.33 0.0000

df = 3
 Problem 2: The following data were collected in an experiment designed to investigate the impact of different positions of
mother during ultrasound on fetal heart rate. Fetal heart rate is measured by ultrasound in beats per minute. The study
includes 20 women who are assigned to one position and have the fetal heart rate measured in that position. Each woman
between 28-32 weeks gestation. The data are shown below. Is there a significant difference in mean fetal heart rates by
position? Run the test at a 5% level of significance. Based on this result, does position appear to effect fetal heart rate?

Back Side Sitting Standing

140 141 144 147
144 143 145 145
146 145 147 148
141 144 148 149
139 136 144 145

Define the parameters

µ1 = mean fetal heart rate (FHR) of all those on back
µ2 = mean FHR of all those on side
µ3 = mean FHR of all those sitting
µ4 = mean FHR of all those standing
State the Hypotheses
H0: µ1 =µ2=µ3=µ4 There is not a difference
H1: There is a difference as means are not all equal
State the Conclusion
Technical: Reject Ho in favor of H1
Non-technical:There is a statistically significant difference in the mean fetal heart rate by the four
positions.
Answer to follow up: Yes, position appears to effect fetal heart rate.

Back Side Sitting Standing

140 141 144 147
144 143 145 145
146 145 147 148
141 144 148 149
139 136 144 145

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1:back 5 710 142 8.5
Column 2:side 5 709 141.8 12.7
Column :sitting 5 728 145.6 3.3
Column 4:standing 5 734 146.8 3.2

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 96.15 3 32.05 4.628158845 0.0162974 3.2388715
Within Groups 110.8 16 6.925

Total 206.95 19

p<.05
 t of different positions of the
per minute. The study
at position. Each woman is
ean fetal heart rates by
effect fetal heart rate?

our
Problem 3: A clinical trial is conducted to compare an experimental medication to placebo to reduce the symptoms
of asthma. Two hundred participants are enrolled in the study and randomized to receive either the experimental
medication or placebo. The primary outcome is self-reported change of symptoms. The data are shown below. Is
there a difference in change in symptoms by treatment group? Run the appropriate test at a 5% level of
significance. Based on this result, does there appear to be a difference between the experimental medication and
the placebo?

Change in Symptoms
Treatment Much Worse Worse No change Better Much Better
Experimental 10 17 35 28 10
Placebo 12 25 42 12 9

Define the parameter(s)

No parameters
State the Hypotheses
H0: There is no difference in symptoms by treatment
group
H1: There is a difference in symptoms by treatment
group
State the Conclusion
Technical: Reject H0 in favor of H1
Non-technical: There appears to be a significant
difference in symptoms by treatment group.

Answer to follow-up question: Yes, based on the data,

with a test statistic of 8.79, there appears to be a
significant difference between the experimental
medication and the placeblo.

Observed
Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5 Col 6 Total
Row 1 10 17 35 28 10 100
Row 2 12 25 42 12 9 100
Row 3 0
Row 4 0
Row 5 0
Row 6 0
 Total 22 42 77 40 19 0 200

Intermediate Calculations
Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5 Col 6
Row 1 0.0909090909 0.7619048 0.31818182 3.2 0.0263157895
Row 2 0.0909090909 0.7619048 0.31818182 3.2 0.0263157895
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
 uce the symptoms
the experimental
shown below. Is
evel of
medication and

Expected
Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5 Col 6
Row 1 11 21 38.5 20 9.5
Row 2 11 21 38.5 20 9.5
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Test Statistic P-value
8.79 0.0664

df = 4
 Problem 4: Suppose a hypertension trial is mounted and 18 participants are randomly assigned to one of the comparison tr
Each participant takes the assigned medication and their systolic blood pressure (SBP) is recorded after 6 months on the ass
treatment. The data are given below. Is there a difference in mean SBP among treatments? Run the appropriate test at α =
on this result, does the new medication appear to be any different from the standard treatment and the placebo?

Standard Treatment Placebo New Treatment

124 134 114
111 143 117
133 148 121
125 142 124
128 150 122
115 160 128

Define the parameters

µ1 = mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) of all those
on standard treatment
µ2 = mean SBP of all those on placebo
µ3 = mean SBP of all those on new treatment
State the Hypotheses
H0: µ1 =µ2=µ3 There is not a difference in means
H1: There is a difference as means are not all equal
State the Conclusion
Technical: Reject Ho
Non-technical:There is a statistically significant difference in the
mean SBP among treatments.
Answer to follow up: Informally we can compare sample
means. Formally answering this question is beyond the scope
of this class.

Standard T Placebo New Treatment Anova: Single Factor

124 134 114
111 143 117 SUMMARY
133 148 121 Groups Count Sum
125 142 124 Standard Treatment 6 736
128 150 122 Placebo 6 877
115 160 128 New Treatment 6 726

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df
Between Groups 2376.7778 2
Within Groups 846.16667 15

Total 3222.9444 17
d to one of the comparison treatments.
ed after 6 months on the assigned
n the appropriate test at α = 0.05. Based
t and the placebo?

Average Variance
122.66667 67.466667
146.16667 76.966667
121 24.8

MS F P-value F crit
1188.3889 21.066575 4.406E-05 3.6823203
56.411111
Problem 5: An investigator wants to estimate caffeine consumption in high school students. How many students
would be required to ensure that a 95% confidence interval estimate for the mean caffeine intake (measured in mg) is
within 15 mg of the true mean? Assume that the standard deviation in caffeine intake is 68 mg.

Calculations

n=(Z ơ/E)² n=(1.96X68/15)² n=78.85 0r 79.

Thus, 79 students were needed.

However, to ensure that 79 students are in the study, need to enroll at least 83 students. This
was obtained by: N x (% retained)=desired sample size.

Nx.95 =79 N=79/.95=83

many students
measured in mg) is
Problem 6: Consider the study proposed in problem 5. How many students would be required to estimate the
proportion of students who consume coffee? Suppose we want the estimate to be within 5% of the true proportion
with 95% confidence.

Calculations

n=p(1-p) (Z/E)₂

n=.5(1-.5) (1.96/.05)²

.25(39.2)²=384.2

Need to survey at least 385 students to estimate the proportion of students who drink coffee.
stimate the
true proportion

ee.
Problem 7: A crossover trial is planned to evaluate the impact of an educational intervention program to reduce
alcohol consumption in patients determined to be at risk for alcohol problems. The parameter of interest is the mean
reduction in number of drinks per day. To get the desired margin of error, statisticians determine the necessary sample
size is n = 150. However, researchers anticipate that 20% of the participants will drop out over the course of follow-up.
How many participants should be enrolled?

Calculations

Nx(% retained)=desired sample size

Nx(80%)=150
N=150/.80=187.5

188 students should be enrolled.

am to reduce
terest is the mean
necessary sample
ourse of follow-up.
Problem 8: The mean body mass index (BMI) for boys age 12 is 23.6. An investigator wants to test if the BMI is higher
in 12-year-old boys living in New York City. How many boys are needed to ensure that a two-sided test of hypothesis
has 80% power to detect a difference in BMI of 2 units? Assume that the standard deviation in BMI is 5.7.

Calculations

Parameter = mean BMI of all boys age 12 in NYC

Claim=μ≠23.6
Hₒ=μ=23.6
H₁=μ≠23.6

n=(z₁-ₐ/₂ + z₁-)²
ES where ES= │μ₁-μₒ│
ơ
= 2/5.7=3.5
=(1.96 + .84)²
.35 =(2.8)²
.35

=(8)² =64

A sample of at least 64 boys is needed.

f the BMI is higher
est of hypothesis
is 5.7.
Problem 9: In the worksheet CI Simulation of the Excel workbook Chapter 8, change the population parameters and
the confidence level to assorted values. Each time press the F9 key several times to repeat the simulation. Compare the
confidence level to the proportion of confidence intervals that contain μ. In your own words, state what the confidence
level means when constructing a confidence interval estimate of a population parameter.

Answer

The higher the confidence level, the larger the margin of error and wider the confidence interval.The positive is
the more confident that µ is in the interval. The negative is the wider range of values means less precise estimate of µ.
The smaller the sample size, the larger the margin of error, the wider the confidence interval and less precise the estimat
The larger the sample size, the smaller the margin of error and narrower the confidence level and more precise the
estimate.

The larger the standard deviation, the larger the margin of error, wider the confidence interval and less precise the
estimate. The smaller the standard deviation, the smaller the margin of error, narrower the confidence interval and more
precise the estimate.

Thus, to get good results of hypothesis testing, need a large sample size.

Proportion of Confidence Population Parameters Confidence Level Intervals that contain µ µ = 120 σ = 10 0.95 0.947
Limit Upper Limit Contains µ? 1 124 119 110 121 122 128 120.50 6.14 6.45 114.05 126.95 1 2 121 115 132 122 134
3 130 102 109 131 121 136 121.52 13.46 14.13 107.39 135.65 1 4 112 107 121 121 120 117 116.31 5.81 6.10 110.2
122.91 5.52 5.79 117.12 128.70 1 6 131 116 107 132 81 113 113.17 18.66 19.58 93.59 132.75 1 7 124 123 101 125 1
127.87 1 8 125 110 138 124 112 125 122.22 10.20 10.70 111.51 132.92 1 9 123 120 137 121 124 121 124.40 6.55 6
125 120 132 119.14 8.49 8.91 110.23 128.05 1 11 114 102 118 112 105 119 111.56 6.88 7.22 104.35 118.78 0 12 12
10.72 102.70 124.13 1 13 127 101 128 122 107 105 115.05 11.99 12.58 102.46 127.63 1 14 122 128 123 131 123 111
132 86 102 126 119 126 115.02 17.54 18.41 96.61 133.43 1 16 128 123 143 122 105 136 126.35 13.28 13.93 112.41

Sorry-I could not get this table to paste/format correctly

 on parameters and
mulation. Compare the
e what the confidence

The positive is
precise estimate of µ.
less precise the estimate.
d more precise the

d less precise the

dence interval and more

= 120 σ = 10 0.95 0.9475 Sample # Sample s E Lower

2 121 115 132 122 134 123 124.31 7.09 7.44 116.87 131.76 1
116.31 5.81 6.10 110.21 122.41 1 5 131 121 115 122 121 127
5 1 7 124 123 101 125 122 108 117.24 10.13 10.63 106.61
124 121 124.40 6.55 6.87 117.53 131.27 1 10 110 116 111
2 104.35 118.78 0 12 127 105 102 113 109 124 113.41 10.21
22 128 123 131 123 111 122.73 6.82 7.16 115.57 129.89 1 15
6.35 13.28 13.93 112.41