Issue 4th Vol 12th June & September 2017 Ebong Prantik

~ÓÇ ˛≤Ãy!
hs˛Ñ˛
An International Research Refereed Journal
DIIF Approved Impact Factor : 2.29
Issue 4th Vol. 12th June & September, 2017
UGC Approved Journal No. 45563
¢¡ôyîÑ˛
xy!ü¢ Ó˚yÎ˚
~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛
Ebong Prantik
Issue : 4th Vol. 12th June & September, 2017
ISSN : 2348-487X
≤ÃÑ˛yü ≠ 18 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ñ 2017
≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛ ≠ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛

xy!ü¢ Ó˚yÎ˚
ˆÓ˚!ã‹Tyv≈˛ x!ö˛¢ È≠ â˛![˛ˆÏÓ!v˛¸Î˚yñ ¢yÓ˚îy˛ôÕ‘#ñ ˆ˛ôyÉ ÈÙÈ ˆÑ˛‹T˛ô%Ó˚ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 700 102
Ñ˛Ìy ÈÙÈ 9332358644ñ 9804923182
ÓyM˛È x!ö˛¢ ≠ ¶˛ÜÓyò˛ô%Ó˚ñ !Ó.~£zâ˛.£zv˛zñ ÓyÓ˚yí¢# ÈÙÈ 221 005
Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y Ó›˛ì˛úyñ ˆ¢yòyÓ˚˛ô%Ó˚ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 700 150
Website : www.ebongprantik.in
≤Ãy!Æfl˛iyò ≠ ˆîÛãñ ˆî Ó%Ñ˛ ˆfi›˛yÓ˚ Sî#˛ô%Vñ ˛ôy!ì˛Ó˚yõñ

ïƒyò!Ó®%ñ !ì˛ˆÏúy_õy Ó%Ñ˛ fi›˛úñ !îÎ˚y
õ%oí ≠ xòòƒy
Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y Ó›˛ì˛úyñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 700 150
ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ ÈÙÈ 9163931465
!Ó!òõÎ˚ õ)úƒ ≠ 250 ›˛yÑ˛y
† ˆúÖyÓ˚ îy!Î˚c ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !òãfl˛∫– ¢¡ôyîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !ú!Öì˛ xò%õ!ì˛ äÈyv˛¸y ~£z

˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xÇˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyÓ˚*˛ô ˛ô%òÓ˚&Í˛ôyîò Óy ≤Ã!ì˛!ú!˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy–
Ebong Prantik
Editorial Board
Executive Editor- Prof. Bratati Chakravarty
Associate Editor - Pronab Naskar
Editor- Dr. Ashis Roy
Co-Editor- Tumpa Bapari, Tapas Kr. Sardar, Sujay Sarkar
Advisory Board- Ranjushree Patra, Bibhabasu Dutta, Tarun Kr.
Mandal, Akash Biswas, Asish Kr. Sau, Mrinmoy Paramanik, Md.
Intaj Ali, Mohan Kr. Mayra
Expert Members-
Dr. Alokranjan Dasgupta (Hedelberg University)
Dr. Achinta Chatterjee (California University)
Dr. Alokesh Dutta Roy (Scientist/Pharmaceuticals,Boston)
Dr. Manas Majumdar (Calcutta University)
Dr. Samar Ghosh (Principal Scientist, FIE, ICAR/Govt.of India)
Dr. Subalkumar Maity (Ex-Scientist, Min. of Ayush)
Dr.Tarun Mukhopadhyay (Calcutta University)
Dr. Sanatkumar Naskar (Calcutta University)
Dr. Malbika Ranjan (Benaras Hindu University)
Dr. Geetika Ranjan (North-Eastern Hill University)
Dr. Soumitra Basu (Rabindrabharati University)
Dr. Himabanta Bandyopadyay (Rabindrabharati University)
Dr. Srutinath Chakraborty (Vidyasagar University)
Dr. Sucharita Bandyopadhyay (Calcutta University)
Dr. Bikash Roy (Gour Banga University)
Dr. Srabani Pal (Rabindrabharati University)
Dr. Monalisa Das (Kazi Nazrul University)
Dr. Mohinimohan Sardar (West Bengal State University)
Dr. Sk. Rafikul Hossain (Calcutta University)
Dr. Sandipkumar Mandal (Presidency University)
Dr. Uttamkumar Biswas (Presidency University)
Dr. Tania Hossain (Waseda University)
Dr. Soumitra Shekhar (Dhaka University)
Dr. Sumita Chatterjee (Banaras Hindu University)
Dr. Samaresh Debnath (Dhaka University)
Dr. Bhuina Iqbal (Chattagram University)
¢)!â˛˛ôe
¢¡ôyîÑ˛#Î˚ 7
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ≠ !Óhfl+˛ì˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y Á !Ó!â˛e ¢,!‹T
Óì˛ì˛# â˛e´Óì˛#≈ 9
Î%!_´ ì˛ˆÏÑ˛≈Ó˚ Ó,_yhs˛ Á úyúò
ˆõyòy!ú¢y îy¢ Á x!Ó˚!ãÍ ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ 20
Ñ˛îõì˛úyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛⁄
ˆ¢ÔÓ˚¶˛ !õe 26
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ¢õyãÓyhfl˛Óì˛y
ˆ¢!úõ Ó: õ[˛ú 46
òyÓ˚#Óyî# £z!ì˛£y¢ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛y ≠
ˆ≤Ã!«˛ì˛ x!Ó¶˛_´ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˆì˛¶˛yÜy xyˆÏ®yúò
~¢. ~õ. ¢yÓ˚ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆõyˆÏü≈î 65
òÓ#ò ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ãyÜÓ˚í ≠ Ó#Ó˚ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ¢Ó%ã˛ôe
ò®Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚y 69
˜â˛ì˛òƒ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈# ˜Ó°åÓ ïˆÏõ≈ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
!Óãú# ˆî 72
!mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫ˆÏîüÈÙÈ¢yïòy
˛ôpòy¶˛ ˆÓÓ˚y 77
Ó˝õ%Ö# ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yí#
÷¶˛◊# ˛ôye 81
¢_Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ≠ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ñ ã#ÓˆÏò
ÎˆÏüyîy ˆÓÓ˚y 88
xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#
ˆ¢yõy î_ 96
ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ~ÓÇ x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ≠ ¢ı˛yò# xyˆÏúyÎ˚
ü£#î%ú ã!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Úã#Óò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÛ
!ì˛úÑ˛ õ[˛ú 101
{ŸªÓ˚îü≈òñ õyÎ˚yñ ì˛s˛f Á Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ
!£Ó˚^˘È¬Î˚ ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ 118
ÚˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÛÓ˚ ˆü°Ï xïƒyÎ˚ ≠ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆò˛ôˆÏÌƒ
◊yÓí# ˛ôyú 135
Ó%k˛ˆÏòÓ Ó§%Ó˚ fl∫ï˛sf û˛yÓöy ≠ Ú≤ÃÌü ˛õyÌ≈Û öyê˛ˆÏÜ˛ Ü˛î≈ Ä Ü%˛hsˇ#
x!öÓ˚&k˛ öyÎ˚Ü˛ 144
ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚
ˆ¢Ô!¶˛Ñ˛ ˛ôy§ãy 154
Á¢õyò ≠ õòˆÏòÓ˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ì˛y õ%!_´Ó˚ ˆ¢˛ôy£z
ˆ¢Ôõ# Ó¢% 159
ºyhs˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ¢%ò#ˆÏúÓ˚ Ü“
üƒyõy◊# õ[˛ú 166
!Ó˛ôíˆÏòÓ˚ Óí≈õyúy ≠ ~Ñ%˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜ“
ˆÑ˛Ô!üÑ˛ õ[˛ú 171
˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛ ≠ ˆúyÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˝õy!eÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ
x!˛ô≈ì˛y õ[˛ú 178
ÓyÇúy ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü Á ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü“
¢%î#˛ô ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ 186
õ£yˆÏŸªì˛yˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Á ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“ xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ Á ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚
xÓ˚&íy¶˛ õ%ÖyI≈# 193
üD°Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ !ã˛!ë˛˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã§D
x!öˆÏü£Ï öflÒÓ˚ 202
ÚÚÓDÓyö#ÛÛ ≠ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yö ˆÜ˛!wÜ˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w
!Óû˛y£Ï öyˆÏÎ˚Ü˛ 211
x‹Tyîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ÓÜ#≈ £yDyõyÓ˚ !â˛eyÎ˚í
¢%!fl˛øì˛y ˆáy°Ï 226
xyõyÓ˚ xò%¶˛ˆÏÓ ¢%!â˛ey ¶˛Ryâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Úò#úá)!í≈ÛÓ˚ î!Î˚ì˛y
¢%ì˛˛ôy õ%Öyã#≈ 237
ˆîü¶˛yÜ ≠ òyÓ˚# ÓM˛ÈòyÓ˚ !â˛e ÈÙÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xò%¢ı˛yò
¢õˆÏÓ˚ü õ[˛ú 243
˜Ó£èÓ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ ◊#˛õyê˛ ◊#á[˛
!üï˛y°# !ÓŸªy§ 248
§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚ ã˛Î≈y˛õò ã˛ã˛≈y ≠ ≤Ã§D Ä xö%£ÏD
÷û˛y!¢£Ï àyˆÏÎ˚ö 258
!ŸÖ ›˜hßþöì_´îû xyöìœyöì„þ òþ™öìíîû þ™¤y‰þyœ#ó
!Ÿ…y £yœ”yîû 270
Óƒ!_´ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˜òÓ≈ƒ!_´Ñ˛ É ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !£Ó˚ß√Î˚ v˛zqy¢
¢%Ó˚!ãÍ ¢%ˆÏúÖy˛ô%e 275
!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ÓyÇúy Á ≤ÃÓy¢# ˛ô!eÑ˛y
!òì˛y£z ÜyˆÏÎ˚ò 295
Girls Working in Households : Some Reflections on
Girl Child Domestic Labour
Geetika Ranjan 307
Origin And Development of Tabla Baz and Gharana
of North-indian Music [From 18th To 20th Century A.d]
Partha Dey 318
Psychotherapeutic Impact of Rabindrasangeet On
Bengali Culture for stress Management
Siddhartha Sankar Deb 326
Labour Politics
Kashi Nath Mahaldar 336
Kajoli in ‘So Many Hungers’ By Bhabani Bhattacharya
Amit Kumar De 347
¢¡ôyîÑ˛#Î˚
Ú¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ ¢ÇÖƒyÛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z Óy xyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z Óy... ì˛yÓ˚
~Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ x!mì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˆ¢£z ¢ÇÖƒyÛ£z– xÌ≈yÍ î%£z ÈÙÈ!ì˛òÈÙÈâ˛yÓ˚.... ÚxB˛Û
Îy£zˆÏ£yÑ˛ òy ˆÑ˛ò ¢ÇÖƒy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õì˛ò !òˆÏãÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚– ÚäÈÎ˚ÈÙÈòÎ˚Û
xÌÓy ÚòÎ˚ÈÙÈäÈÎÛ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòƒÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÓü õy!òˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È
x¶˛ƒhfl˛ ã#Óò Îy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD– ÚäÈÎ˚ÈÙÈòÎ˚Û £ˆÏú£z xyîÓ˚ÈÙÈÖ%ò¢%!›˛ÈÙÈ
ÜyúyÜy!úÈÙÈõyÖyõy!Ö... xyÓ˚ ÚòÎÈ̊ÙÈäÈÎÛ˚ £ˆÏú£z ˆÎò ¶§˛y›˛yÓ˚ ›˛yò Ü,£# ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
¢ÇÖƒy òî#ˆÏì˛– ì˛Ó%Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈÈÙÈ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ÌyÑ˛y›˛y£z ˆÎò ¶˛!Óì˛Óƒ–
ˆõˆÏò ˆòÁÎ˚y õy!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎñ˚ ÚòÎ˚ÈÙÈäÈÎÛ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓÁ ˚ ~ˆÏÜyˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
£yˆÏì˛ £yì˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ñ Ñ§˛yˆÏï Ñ§˛yï !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÓÎ˚ˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ˆâ˛ÔÑ˛yˆÏ‡˛
~ˆÏ¢ ÎÖò î§yv˛¸y£z xyõÓ˚yñ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö Ñ˛# õãÓ%ì˛ !¶˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏäÈ ¢¡ôÑ˛≈=ˆÏúy– ÓÎ˚ˆ¢Ï Ó˚ £z!M˛È õyˆÏ˛ôñ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ Üy!í!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ¶˛D#ˆÏì˛
~Öò ì˛yÓ˚y ÚòˆÏÎ˚ òˆÏÎÛ˚ !òÓ˚yòÓπ£z–
≤ÃÓyˆÏîÓ˚ xyú˛ôÌ ïˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏÜyˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyâ˛õÑ˛y ˛ôy ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ !äÈ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚
ã!õˆÏì˛– x=!òì˛ ö˛¢ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ¢yòyú# xyˆÏúyÎ˚yí ã!õã%ˆÏv˛¸ó ÚîˆÏü !õ!ú
Ñ˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛yãÛ òÎ˚ˆÏì˛y ÚîˆÏüÓ˚ úy!‡˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÓyG˛yÛ xÌÓy Úîü â˛ˆÏe´ ¶˛ÜÓyò
¶)˛ì˛Û ~õòì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ì˛üì˛ ˆ¢yòyú# v˛z˛ôyîyò– ~¢Ó£z ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈
xò%°ÏD– ~¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%È !òˆÏÎ˚£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛ ˛ôÌâ˛úy– !£¢yÓ ˆõúy òy
ˆõúy ˆÎÖyˆÏò !£¢yˆÏÓÓ˚ Óy£zˆÓÏ £˚ z ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚– ì˛Ó%Á ˆÌˆÏõ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy Üy!í!ì˛Ñ˛
≤ÃÌy ˆõˆÏò xy!B˛Ñ˛ ¢õyïyò ˆÖ§yv˛¸yÓ˚ Ñ˛yã– £yãyÓ˚Á ì˛ÌƒÈÙÈ¢e) v˛zîy£Ó˚í
˛ôyˆÏÌÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ¢ÇÖƒy ˆ¢Ôï !òõ≈yí ÎˆÏK˛– ì˛Öò ¢ÇÖƒy xyÓ˚ ˆò£yÍ£z
¢ÇÖƒy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy– ¢ÇÖƒy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˜îò®#òñ ¢ÇÖƒy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yö˛ˆÏúƒÓ˚ ˆ¢y˛ôyòñ ¢ÇÖƒy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ¶˛yÓ#Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˛ôy
Óyv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ â˛˜ÏÓˆ˚ ÓÏ !ì˛ õs˛f–
18 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ñ˚ 2017
~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 9
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ≠ !Óhfl+˛ì˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y Á !Ó!â˛e ¢,!‹T

Óì˛ì˛# â˛e´Óì˛#≈*
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ S1847ÈÙÈ1919V ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ≤Ãïyò Á !Ó!ü‹T

ˆúÖÑ˛– ~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ @˘Ãs˛iÓ˚y!ã ≤ÃyÎ˚ î%ú≈¶˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– ≤ÃõÌòyÌ !Óü# õ£yüÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚
¢y!£ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ !Óî?˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Á ¢¡ôyîòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ S1967V ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒÈÙÈ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛úò
≤ÃÑ˛yü Á xò%ü#úˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌ!›˛ ≤Ãühfl˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîò– ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ◊k˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
ÚÓyÇúy ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ÓƒD¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ Óy Satirist’ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ ÚÚÓƒD!ü“#Ó˚
¢¡ô)í≈ Óe´ î,!‹T ú£zÎ˚y£z ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ ã!ß√Î˚y!äÈˆÏúòñ ~£z î,!‹TÓ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚#
ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ !ì˛!ò ~Ñ˛y£z– x˛ôÓ˚ Î§y£yÓ˚y ÓƒD Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏäÈòñ ÓƒD ì§˛y£yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛
x!ïÑ˛yÇü ˆ«˛ˆÏe£z tour de force, fl˛∫¶˛yÓ!¢k˛ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚ òˆÏ£–ÛÛ
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒÈÙÈ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ Ó˚DÓƒˆÏDÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚yˆÏú ≤ÃÓy!£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ x¢£yÎ˚ñ
!ò˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛ñ î!Ó˚oñ !òÓ˚ß¨ ˆîüÈÙÈÓy¢#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ õõì˛yñ ≤Ã#!ì˛ñ ¢£õ!õ≈ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ÄïyÓ˚yó
!òÓ˚hs˛Ó˚ Ñ˛úƒyí ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹TyÊ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ xò%¶,˛ì˛ ˆ¢£z !Ó!ü‹T ã#ÓòˆÏÓyï ì§˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!_´Üì˛
ã#ÓòÈÙÈx!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚£z ö˛ú◊&!ì˛– Ñ˛õ≈ã#ÓˆÏò S1868ÈÙÈ1896V Á!v˛¸Îy˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ˛ô!eÑ˛y ¢¡ôyîòy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò !ì˛!òñ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ !ü“¢Çeýhs˛ ¢yì˛!›˛ õ)úƒÓyò @˘Ãs˛i Óy ˛ô%!hfl˛Ñ˛y ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛!›˛
ºõíÑ˛y!£ò# ˆúˆÏÖò– ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÓÏ ü Ñ˛õ≈ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ S1892Vñ
ÚÑ˛B˛yÓì˛#Û ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ v˛õÓ˚&â˛!Ó˚ì˛ S1923V– î%!›˛
Ó£zÈÙÈ£z ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ x!Ófl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚–
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ãß√ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú 6 ◊yÓí 1264 ¢yˆÏú S1847V Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ£z
24 ˛ôÓ˚ÜòyÓ˚ Ó˚y˝ˆÏì˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ x¢FäÈú Ñ%˛ú#ò Óy·˛í ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚y˝ì˛y @˘Ãyõ Ñ˛!ÓÜyˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ãyâ˛#ò ˛ô#‡˛fl˛iyò– ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Á Ñ˛yÓƒâ˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïyÓ˚y xÓƒy£ì˛ !äÈú– ì§˛yÓ˚
!˛ôì˛yõ£ ¢%Ñ˛!Ó !äÈˆÏúò– !˛ôì˛y !ÓŸªΩ˛Ó˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ Á !äÈˆÏúò fl˛∫¶˛yÓÑ˛!Ó– x@˘Ãã Ó˚Dúyú
Á xò%ã £!Ó˚ˆÏõy£ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y !äÈú– !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ Ó˚Dúyú ¢%¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛!Ó–
x@˘Ãã Ó˚Dúyú Á xò%ã £!Ó˚ˆÏõy£ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y õye òÛÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ òì%˛ò Óí≈õyúy
xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Á äÈv˛¸yÈÙÈÜyò ˆ£§Î˚y!ú Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~£z Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íyõ)ˆÏú ¢Ω˛Óì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚
˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ Á ˛ôy!Ó˚˛ôy!Ÿª≈Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !äÈú– ˆ¢£z ¢ˆÏD !äÈú ì§˛yÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ ˆõïy–
≤ÃÌˆÏõ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛üyúy Á fl˛%ÒˆÏúñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ â%§˛â˛v˛¸yÓ˚ v˛ö˛ ¢yˆÏ£ˆÏÓÓ˚ fl˛%ÒˆÏú !ì˛!ò ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˆ◊!í
˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !ü«˛yúy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò S1859ÈÙÈ1862V– fl˛%ÒˆÏú v˛Óú ˆ≤ÃˆÏõyüò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ 7õ ˆ◊!í ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
*˛≤Ãy_´ò !Ó¶˛yÜ#Î˚ ≤Ãïyòñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ñ˛yü# !£®% !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

10 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ≠ !Óhfl+˛ì˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y Á !Ó!â˛e ¢,!‹T
òÓõ ˆ◊!íˆÏì˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈˆÏúò !ì˛!ò– ˆõïyÓ# £ˆÏúÁ fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈî ˛ôˆÏv˛¸
x!â˛ˆÏÓ˚£z– ˜Ñ˛ˆÏüyˆÏÓ˚ !˛ôì˛yõyì˛yÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒñ ≤ÃÓú xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ xò›˛òñ ≤’#£yÈÙÈõƒyˆÏú!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚
≤ÃˆÏÑ˛y˛ô !òˆÏãÓ˚ Á ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xß¨!â˛hs˛y ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌˆÏÑ˛ áÓ˚äÈyv˛¸y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ñ x!òÿ˛Î˚ì˛yÎ˚
¶˛Î˚ ˛ôyò!ò !ì˛!ò ~Ñ˛yÑ˛# ˛ôîÓˆÏãñ xãyòy !Ó˛ôîfl˛%ÒˆÏú ˛ôˆÏÌ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈò– ≤ÃÓú
Ñ˛‹T¢!£°%åì˛yñ xòõò#Î˚ ˆãîñ K˛yòì,˛°åì˛yñ !ÓK˛yòõòfl˛Òì˛yñ fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓòy!â˛hs˛yñ ¢,!‹Tõ)úÑ˛
Ñ˛yãÑ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD x¢yïyÓ˚í £*îÎ˚ˆÏÓ_yñ xyd¢¡øyòˆÏÓyï Á ˆÑ˛Ôì%˛Ñ˛!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚ =ˆÏí @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚
¢£yÎ˚¢¡∫ú£#ò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓyúÑ˛ e´ˆÏõ ü£Ó˚ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ¢%!≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ~ÓÇ
~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛iyÎ˚# äÈy˛ô ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Îyò–
¢ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆ¢Ï ñ ãyò%Îy˚ !Ó˚ 1858 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ñ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ£§ˆ›Ï ˛ñ ˛ôy£yv˛¸ÈÙÈãDú
ˆ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ñ xy¢yˆÏõ Ñ%˛!ú â˛yúyòÑ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛ÈÙÈÑ˛ˆÏ‹T v˛zk˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ñ ~Ñ˛ xyd#ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ õyò¶)˛ˆÏõ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈyò– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓyúÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ îú˛ô!ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ î%É¢y£!¢Ñ˛ñ
ˆÓ˚yõyM˛ÈÑ˛Ó˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚§y!â˛ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈyò– !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòyÎ˚ £z!ì˛ £ˆÏúÁ
~Ñ˛ ˆõÔúÓ#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˛ôy!ü≈ !ü«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ì˛!ò Óï≈õyˆÏò–
ã#!ÓÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ı˛yˆÏò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ£§ˆÏ›˛ ~Ñ˛fl˛iyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xòƒ fl˛iyˆÏò ˆÜˆÏäÈò !ì˛!ò– £zäÈy˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ñ
ÎˆÏüy£ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõyòƒ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~Ñ˛ xyd#ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆâ˛‹TyÎ˚ Ó#Ó˚¶)˛ˆÏõÓ˚ myÓ˚Ñ˛yÎ˚ñ ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
Ó˚y!òÜˆÏOÓ˚ v˛zÖv˛¸yÎ˚ 18 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÓì˛ˆÏò !ü«˛Ñ˛ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò S1866ÈÙÈ67V– ~ ¢õÎ˚ ¶˛Î˚yÓ£
î%!¶≈˛«˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î%!¶≈˛«˛ î)Ó˚#Ñ˛Ó˚íñ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ î!Ó˚oñ !òÓ˚ß¨ñ !ò˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
fl˛iyÎ˚# Ñ˛úƒyí¢yïò ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ õ)ú v˛zˆÏjüƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢yõyòƒ xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚£z
î%!¶≈˛«˛ÈÙÈ˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ~£z xyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹Ty xyã#Óò
ÓãyÎ˚ !äÈú–
ˆîˆÏÓwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyõs˛fˆíÏ ˛ô§!â˛ü ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÓì˛ˆÏò ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôyÓòy ˆãúyÓ˚
¢yãyì˛˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%ÈÑ˛yú !ü«˛Ñ˛ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Ó°Ï≈yÑyˆÏú ãúõ@¿ ~Ñ˛ fl˛iyˆÏò ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒ_ý
!ì˛ò x¢£yÎ˚y Ó,k˛yˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xy◊Î˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ òyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚yÜ¶˛yãò £ò– ì§˛yÓ˚
xò%˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ â˛úÍü!_´£#òy ˆ¢£z Ó,k˛yÓ˚y !òˆÏÖ§yã £ˆÏú ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !ò‹T%Ó˚ì˛yÎ˚
Ü¶˛#Ó˚ õõ≈y£ì˛ £ò– x“!îò ˛ôÓ˚ñ ˛ô%ˆÏãyÓ˚ ä%È!›˛Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ¢yãyì˛˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ≤ÃÓú
≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ î%ˆÏÎ≈yˆÏÜ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyõˆÏì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyíÓ˚«˛y £Î˚– ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú ~£z x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ !â˛e
~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈò !ì˛!ò ÚÓyDyú !ò!ïÓ˚yõÛ Ü“– ì§˛yÓ˚ ÓòãDˆÏú á%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy
ÚÑ˛B˛yÓì˛#ÛÓ˚ ˆÖì%˛ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏe äÈyÎ˚y ˆö˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ–
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢yãyì˛˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛Ó˚y £Î˚!ò xyÓ˚– x¢%fl˛i üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ xyd#ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ
Ü,ˆÏ£ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ ã#!ÓÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ı˛yˆÏò xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ xyd#ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ñ˛›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Îyò !ì˛!ò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚
ˆ£§ˆÏ›˛ñ õ£yò®y ¢§yì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚– ~ÓyÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ˛ô%!úˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢yÓÈÙÈ£z™ˆÏ˛ôÑ‰˛›˛Ó˚ñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
ÌyòyÓ˚ îyˆÏÓ˚yÜyÁ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò S1868ÈÙÈ70V Ñ˛›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò õye 15 !îò ˛Á!v˛¸Î˚y ¶˛y°Ïy !üˆÏÖ
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ≠ !Óhfl+˛ì˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y Á !Ó!â˛e ¢,!‹T ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 11
ˆòò– 1869 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÜ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Óy·˛¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ õ%Ö˛ôe v˛zÍÑ˛ú ˛ô!eÑ˛y Óy

v˛zÍÑ˛ú ÷¶˛Ñ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢¡ôyîòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ì˛!ò– ~ ¢õÎ˚ v˛z!v˛¸°ÏƒyÎ˚ ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°Ïy ≤Ãâ˛úˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ì˛!ò ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç£!ì˛ ¢yïˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~ Ñ˛yˆÏã !ì˛!ò ¢ö˛ú £ò!ò–
Ñ˛›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ƒyÓ˚ v˛z£!z úÎ˚yõ £yr›˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ òì%˛ò ˆõyv˛¸ xyˆÏò ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò– Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚
£yr›˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢ ~Ñ˛ˆÏüy ˛ô§!â˛ü ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÓì˛ˆÏò 1870 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆõ õyˆÏ¢ ˜eˆÏÑ˛yúƒòyÌ
ˆÎyÜ ˆîò– ~ÖyˆÏò ˆÓDú ˆÜˆÏã!›˛Î˚y¢≈ ¢ÇÑ˛úˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò 1875 ˛ôÎ≈hs˛– £yr›˛yÓ˚
!ÓˆÏúì˛ ˆÜˆÏú ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌˆÏÑ˛Á xyõs˛fí ãyòyò– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ)˛úì˛yÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚
ÎyÁÎ˚y £Î˚!ò–
~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ òì%˛ò â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚ !òˆÏúò ~v˛ÁÎ˚yv≈˛ ÓÑ‰˛ ¢yˆÏ£ˆÏÓÓ˚ xï#ˆÏò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚
v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü Ñ,˛!°ÏÓy!íãƒ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢– ~ÓyÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈ˆÏ«˛e xyÓ˚Á ≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ £ú–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !ü“oÓƒ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ e´ˆÏõ£z !ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏúò !ì˛!ò– î%fl˛i xÓˆÏ£!úì˛ !ü“#ˆÏîÓ˚
î%Ó˚Ófl˛iy ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúòñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò !ì˛!ò !ü“oÓƒ !Óe´ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– 1877ÈÙÈ78 ¢yˆÏú v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!ÿ˛õyM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ î%!¶≈˛«˛ÈÙÈ˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¢Óy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ
!ì˛!ò !ÓˆÏü°Ï v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ# £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
1881 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ ˆÎyÜ ˆîò– ~ ¢õÎ˚
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !ü“oÓƒˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏŸª ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ !îˆÏì˛ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢# £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò !ì˛!ò– !ü“ÈÙÈ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ @˘Ãs˛i !ì˛!ò ~ ¢õÎ˚ ˆúˆÏÖòñ ˆÎõò A Rough List Indian Manu-
factures : A Handbook of Indian Products (Art Manufactures and Raw
Materials); A Descriptive Catalogue of Indian Products : Contributed
to the Amsterdam Exhibition 1883; A List of Indian Economic Prod-
ucts £zì˛ƒy!î–
xyõfi›˛yÓ˚v˛yˆÏõÓ˚ !ü“ ≤Ãîü≈ò#ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎyÜîyˆÏòÓ˚
ãòƒ xyõs˛fí ãyòyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~ÓyÓ˚Á !ì˛!ò ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ ÓyïyÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò !ò–
1883 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ !ü“ˆÏõúyÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ˆÎyÜ ˆîò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛ôˆÏ«˛ ì˛_¥yÓïyÎ˚Ñ˛ Á !Óâ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô– ì˛ì˛!îˆÏò !ü“ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈò !ì˛!ò–
£z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ x@˘Ãã Ó˚DúyˆÏúÓ˚ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÎ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ äÈy˛ôyÖyòy Ö%ˆÏú
xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢Çfl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !ÓÖƒyì˛ Ú!ÓŸªˆÏÑ˛y°ÏÛ @˘Ãs˛i ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ~§ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎÔÌ ¢¡ôyîòyÎ˚ !ÓŸªˆÏÑ˛y°Ï 1õ Ö[˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ 1293
ÓDyˆÏ∑–
1886 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛ xyˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ !ü“ÈÙÈ≤Ãîü≈ò#ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
!ü“ÈÙÈ!Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛≤ÃyÆ ì˛_¥yÓïyÎ˚Ñ˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ ≤ÃÌõ !ÓˆÏîü Îyey Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– îü
õy¢ £zÁˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ü£Ó˚=!ú ˛ô!Ó˚îü≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ì˛!ò– !Ñ˛ä%È!îò ˛ôÓ˚ !ì˛ò ¢ÆyˆÏ£Ó˚ ãòƒ
¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ !ÓˆÏîü Îyò– Visit to Europe @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ì§˛yÓ˚ ºõíÈÙÈÑ˛y!£!ò ˆúˆÏÖò–
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ !Óúyì˛ÈÙÈÎyeyÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚_´ Ó˚Dúyú äÈy˛ôyÖyòy Á !ÓŸªˆÏÑ˛yˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ fl˛∫c òˆÏÜwòyÌ
Ó¢%ˆÏÑ˛ £hfl˛yhs˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ~!îˆÏÑ˛ £zÇúƒyu˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌˆÏÑ˛Á ≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛_
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òì%˛ò ÎˆÏK˛y˛ôÓ#ì˛ ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ~ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ)˛˛ôõ[%˛Ñ˛ì˛y ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ õˆÏò Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ˆ«˛y¶˛ÈÙÈÎs˛fíyÓ˚ ¢,!‹T
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ~Ó˚ ≤Ãõyí ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ 1888 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 24 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ ÓƒyDyˆÏúyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚y
£ˆÏú Change and Progress !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏˆÏí– x!ú!Öì˛ñ ¢%î#á≈ñ ˛ôy![˛ì˛ƒ˛ô)í≈ ~£z
¶˛y°Ïyí!›˛ !ì˛!ò ~Ñ˛ £yãyÓ˚ !ü!«˛ì˛ ˆ◊yì˛yÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò– ~£z ¶˛y°ÏˆíÏ !ì˛!ò ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò
Á ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚õ!% _´ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫yÜì˛ ãy!òˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èòñ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ì˛y Á !ÓK˛yò!ü«˛yÓ˚
=Ó˚&c ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò xyÓ˚ !ì˛Ó˚fl˛ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò Óí≈˜ÓÏ °Ïõƒñ xfl˛ô,üƒì˛y Á Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ì˛y
Á Ñ˛y˛ô%Ó˚&°Ïì˛yˆÏÑ˛ó xy£¥yò ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ¢Ó≈ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !õúòˆÏÑ˛– ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚
Óyhfl˛ÓÈÙÈã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ~£z õ)úƒÓyò ¶˛y°Ïí!›˛Ó˚ ãß√ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ≤ÃÌˆÏõ Daily
Post ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô%!hfl˛Ñ˛yÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïí!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚–
~ÖyˆÏò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ î,!‹T xyÑ,˛‹T £Î˚– ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïí!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò
ÓƒyDyˆÏúyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¶˛. ~õ. ¢îy!üÓ õ%î!úÎ˚yÓ˚– !ì˛!ò fl˛iyò#Î˚ Óy·˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ !äÈˆÏúò–
~Ó˚ xyˆÏÜ Ñ˛›˛ˆÏÑ˛ñ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ v˛zÍÑ˛ú ÷¶˛Ñ˛yÓ˚# ˛ô!eÑ˛y!›˛Á !äÈú Óy·˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚
õ%Ö˛ôye– ¢Ω˛Óì˛ Óy·˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú ~ÓÇ !ì˛!ò
!òˆÏãÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò Ó_´Óƒ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õM˛ÈÁ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ~ÖyˆÏò–
˛ôÎ˚úy ~!≤Ãúñ 1887 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y !õv˛z!ãÎ˚yˆÏõ ¢£Ñ˛y!Ó˚– !Ñ˛v˛zˆÏÓ˚›˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏî
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ ˆÎyÜ ˆîò– üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ x¢%fl˛iì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ 60 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ 1896 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !ì˛!ò
xÓ¢Ó˚ ˆòò– ~Ó˚ õïƒÓì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú î%Öy!ò õˆÏòy@˘Ãyö˛ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ì˛!ò Brass and Cop-
per Manufactures of Bengal ~ÓÇ Pottery and Glassware of Bengal
òyˆÏõ– ì§˛yÓ˚ !ü“¢Çeýhs˛ ˆ◊¤˛ @˘Ãs˛i Art Manufactures of India ~£z ¢õÎ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !ü“ÈÙÈ£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~£z xõ)úƒ @˘Ãs˛i!›˛£z ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ !â˛Ó˚fl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ
ÎˆÏÌ‹T !äÈúó !Ñ˛ls˛ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ ÌyõyÓ˚ õyò%°Ï !äÈˆÏúò òyó xÓ¢Ó˚ @˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ x«%˛]
Ñ˛õ≈«˛õì˛y xy◊Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ú ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ãÜÍˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏòÁ !ì˛!ò xõÓ˚ì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï ò–
v˛zjyõ Ñ˛“òyñ x¢Ω˛Ó á›˛òyÈÙÈ!Óòƒy¢ñ ≤ÃÖÓ˚ Ó%!k˛õ_yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xö%˛Ó˚hs˛ £y¢ƒÓ˚¢ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!ì˛!ò ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ òì%˛ò î,‹Tyhs˛ fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– xyÓ˚ ~ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ !ì˛!ò ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏúò
õyòÓÑ˛úƒyí Ñ˛õ#≈ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô–
!ÓK˛yòÈÙÈõòfl˛Ò ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ xÓ¢Ó˚ @˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚#ˆÏì˛ ã!õ !Ñ˛ˆÏò ¢yÓyò ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚
v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ# ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ â˛yˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– !Ñ˛ls˛ fl˛iyò !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¶%˛ˆÏúÓ˚
ãòƒ ˆ¢ Ñ˛yˆÏã !ì˛!ò ¢ö˛ú £ò!ò– ˛ô%Ó˚#Ó˚ î!Ó˚o î%ÉÖ# õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ÓˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ ˆîˆÏÖñ !ì˛!ò
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ xyd#Î˚ fl˛∫ãˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%Ó˚ˆÏòy ãyõyÑ˛y˛ôv˛¸ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ~ÓÇ !òˆÏã£z Ó£ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏò !Óì˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò ˛ô%Ó#˚ ˆÏì˛– Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ ¶˛yv˛¸y î%Éfl˛i xyd#Î˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ !îˆÏì˛ò !ì˛!ò–
≤ÃÌyÜì˛ !ü«˛yúy¶˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ ÎˆÏÌ‹T ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò–
¢ˆÏD ¢Ó ¢õÎ˚˛ ≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚ Ó£z˛ôe Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ò– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆîü#!ÓˆÏîü# ˛ôe ˛ô!eÑ˛yñ K˛yò !ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚
Ó£zñ !ÓÖƒyì˛ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ @˘Ãs˛iy!î !ì˛!ò !òÎ˚!õì˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ò– ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò v˛z˛ôyîyò @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò
!òˆÏãÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒÁ– ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ Ó£z ÚÑ˛B˛yÓì˛#Û ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ Úãß√¶)˛!õÛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚
ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖy !ÓK˛yò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛– !Ñ˛ä%È ≤ÃÓı˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xÓ¢Ó˚ @˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚
˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z ì§˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ¢y!£ì˛ƒ @˘Ãs˛i=!ú Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £Î˚–
˛ô%Ó˚#ˆÏì˛ 3 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ 1919 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ S17 Ñ˛y!ì≈˛Ñ˛ñ 1326V 73 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ £Î˚–
¢y!£ì˛ƒÑ˛õ≈ É
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛òyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ @˘Ãs˛i=!ú ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ xy›˛!›˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ñ˛B˛yÓì˛# S14 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ñ 1892Vñ
¶)˛ì˛ Á õyò%°Ï Sãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ñ 1898Vñ ˆö˛yÑ˛úy !îÜ¡∫Ó˚ S4 õyâ≈˛ñ 1901Vñ õ%_ýõyúy S7
ãyò%Îy˚ !Ó˚ñ 1902Vñ õÎ˚òy ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ S16 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ñ 1904V õãyÓ˚ Ü“ S13 ~!≤Ãúñ 1906V
˛ôyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íyõ S20 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ñ 1908V Á v˛õÓ˚&â˛!Ó˚ì˛ S10 xÜyfi›˛ñ 1923V– ãß√¶)˛!õñ
ÓDÓy¢# ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ xÓ!ü‹T !Ñ˛ä%È Ó˚â˛òy ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ˚&k˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
@˘Ãs˛iyÓú#ˆÏì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆÎõòñ ˆ¢Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìyñ Ó˚*˛ô¢# !£Ó˚ß√Î˚#ñ xyõyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z
xõ)úƒ õ!í £zì˛ƒy!î ~ÓÇ !ÓK˛yò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ≤ÃÓı˛yÓú#– ˛ôe ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚Á
!Ñ˛ä%È ÓƒDïõ#≈ Ó˚â˛òy @˘Ãs˛iyÜyˆÏÓ˚ xyãÁ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛!òñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆ¢=!úÓ˚
˛ô%òÓ˚&k˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y xyã ≤ÃyÎ˚ î%É¢yïƒ– !ÓK˛yò!ü«˛yñ ò#!ì˛!ü«˛yñ !ÓK˛yò ˆÓyï S1896V òyˆÏõ
Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛%Òú˛ôy‡˛ƒ ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛Á !ì˛!ò ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¶)˛ì˛ Á õyò%°Ïñ õ%_ýõyúyñ õãyÓ˚ Ü“ñ v˛õÓ˚&â˛!Ó˚ì˛ @˘Ãs˛i â˛yÓ˚!›˛ Ü“
¢ÇÑ˛úò– ¶)˛ì˛ Á õyò%°ÏÈÙÈ~ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ ˛Óv˛¸ Ü“ ¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÓyDyú !ò!ïÓ˚yõñ
Ó#Ó˚Óyúyñ ú%Õ‘% Á òÎ˚òâ§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ¢y– ì§˛yÓ˚ xyÖƒyòïõ#≈ Ü“@˘Ãs˛i=!úˆÏì˛ õ)ú Ñ˛y!£ò#Ó˚ ¢)ˆÏe
xyÓ˚Á xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÑ˛Ôì)˛£ˆÏúyj#˛ôÑ˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ xÓì˛yÓ˚íy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ü“ ÓúyÓ˚ ~£z Ó˚#!ì˛!›˛
ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎyãƒ– Ñ˛B˛yÓì˛#ñ õÎ˚òy ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ñ ˛ôyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íyõñ
ˆ¢Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Á ˆö˛yÑ˛úy !îÜ¡∫Ó˚ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ î%!›˛
Ó˚â˛òyˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢y˛ôõ Óv˛¸ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆ◊!íˆÏì˛Á Ó˚yÖy â˛ˆÏú–
ÓyÇúy¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ !Ó!ü‹T £y¢ƒÓ˚¢fl˛À¤˛yÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ áˆÏ›˛– ~£z !Ó!ü‹T
£y¢ƒÓ˚¢¢,!‹TÓ˚ õ)ˆÏú !äÈú ì§˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!â˛e x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f
˛õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛y– ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚*ë˛¸ñ Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚ñ xˆÏüy¶˛ò Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì§˛yÓ˚ !äÈú xyãˆÏß√Ó˚ á!ò¤˛
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Ôì%˛Ñ˛!≤ÃÎ˚ !Ó!ü‹T õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ =ˆÏí !â˛_ì˛ú !Ó°Ï!ì˛_´Û
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ñ !ì˛_´ì˛y Á @’y!òÓ˚ Ñ˛y!úõy ¢£yˆÏ¢ƒ î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò !ì˛!ò x˛ô!Ó˚¢#õ
≤Ã#!ì˛ñ Ñ˛yÓ˚&íƒñ õõì˛yÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈ ¢£ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ–
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ¢õyˆÏã ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ xòƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈxì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ñ ¶˛[˛y!õ
Ñ˛y˛ô%Ó˚&°Ïì˛yñ !ò¤%˛Ó˚ì˛yÈÙÈò,üÇ¢ì˛yñ Ñ)˛˛ôõ[%˛Ñ˛ì˛yÈÙÈÑ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚yFäÈß¨ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆúÖò# ïyÓ˚í
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ v˛zˆÏjüƒõ)úÑ˛ xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒÓ˚ õ)ˆÏú !äÈú õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
Ñ˛úƒyí ¢yïò– ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ÓƒD ¢y!£ì˛ƒ£z v˛zˆÏjüƒõ)úÑ˛ Ó˚â˛òy– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Îì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆîy°ÏÈÙÈe&!›˛ÈÙÈ!Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ÈÙÈx¢ÇÜ!ì˛ñ ÓƒD ˆúÖÑ˛Ó˚y ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜ xyÑ,˛‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò
~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yò– ì˛y£z ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ï!õ≈ì˛yÁ ~ˆÏ¢ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÁ
Ó˚DÓƒˆÏDÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆ¢£z ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ï!õ≈ì˛y ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ¢y˛ôˆÏÎyÜ#
¢%fl˛iÈÙÈfl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ¢õyãÈÙÈ!òõ≈yˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ !ì˛!ò xy£¥yò ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– õÎ˚òy ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ñ ˛ôyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚íyõñ Ó˚*˛ô¢# !£Ó˚^˘È¬Î˚#ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÓú v˛zˆj
Ï üƒõ)úÑ˛ì˛y !ü“¢,!‹TÓ˚ «˛!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èó xyÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛B˛yÓì˛#ñ
¶)˛ì˛ Á õyò%°Ïñ õ%_´õyúyñ v˛õÓ˚&â˛!Ó˚ì˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚!›˛ !ü“¢,!‹TˆÏì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛Óı˛Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢,!‹T
òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy=!úˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!ü‹T !üˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ v˛zß¨#ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– v˛zˆÏjüƒõ)úÑ˛ì˛y ˆÎÖyˆÏò
≤ÃÓúñ ÓƒˆÏDÓ˚ ì˛#«¯˛ì˛y Á ì˛#Óì˛yÁ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ≤ÃÖÓ˚ó ˆÎõòñ Ñ˛B˛yÓì˛#Ó˚ ì˛ò%Ó˚yÎ˚ Á °Ï§yˆÏv˛¸ŸªÓ˚ñ
õ%_´õyúyÓ˚ =Ó˚&ˆÏîÓÈÙÈâ˛!Ó˚e !ì˛ò!›˛– x˛ôÓ˚˛ôˆÏ«˛ ò#!ì˛Ñ˛Ìy Óy üy!hfl˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y
v˛zˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ ˆÎÖyˆÏò £y¢ƒÓ˚¢¢,!‹TˆÏÑ˛£z ≤Ãyïyòƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ÓƒˆÏDÓ˚
≤ÃÑ˛yü õ,î% Á !òÓ˚&_y˛ô– ˆÎõò òÎ˚òâ§˛yî Á v˛õÓ˚&ïÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚e î%!›˛–
≤ÃÌˆÏõ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ @˘Ãs˛i Ñ˛B˛yÓì˛#ˆÏì˛ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ áˆÏ›˛ x¢yïyÓ˚í ÓƒD!ò˛ô%í
!ü“#Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô– Ñ˛B˛yÓì˛# v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛ÌyÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚yò%¢yÓ˚#– ì˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛
Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛Ìy!›˛Ó˚ xˆÏüy¶˛ò fl˛iú ( Ó˚!¢Ñ˛ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ Ó˚&!â˛¢¡øì˛
~Ñ˛!›˛ òì%˛ò Ó˚*˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚ü#!úì˛ñ ˆüy¶˛òñ ¢%®Ó˚ £y¢ƒÓ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚
xÓì˛yÓ˚íy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ì˛!ò– Ñ˛B˛yÓì˛#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõyï≈ Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏü°Ï xÇˆÏü v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xy!DˆÏÑ˛
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòñ õyˆÏG˛Ó˚ v˛z!òü!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛Ìy
xò%¢yÓ˚#– ~£z xÇˆÏü !ì˛!ò ≤ÃÌõyˆÏï≈Ó˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛ÌyÓ˚ xy◊ˆÏÎ˚– ~£z xÇˆÏüÓ˚ ãv˛¸ Á õò%ˆÏ°Ïƒì˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyí#Ó˚y òyòyò x¢Ω˛Ó
á›˛òy!ÓòƒyˆÏ¢ xq(ì˛ Óy v˛zq›˛ Ó˚ˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢,‹T ˛ô÷ÈÙÈ˛ôy!ÖÈÙÈâ˛§ yîÈÙÈâ˛§ yˆÏîÓ˚ !¢˛ôy!£ÈÙÈ¶˛) ì˛
≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛Ó˚y !ÓˆÏü°Ï !ÓˆÏü°Ï õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚£z ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï– Ñ˛B˛yÓì˛#Ó˚ xy˛ôyì˛ xú#Ñ˛ fl˛∫≤¿îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
!îˆÏÎ˚ á›˛òyˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ~ÓÇ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ xòƒyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛#Ó xyáyì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õyãˆÏâ˛ì˛òy ãyÜyÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛B˛yÓì˛#Ó˚ !˛ôì˛y ì˛ò%Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈Ü,ï¯%ì˛y Á
ò#â˛ì˛y x!â˛hs˛yò#Î˚– xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆúyˆÏ¶˛ ÓyáˆÏÑ˛Á ãyõyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆ¢ xÓ˚y!ã òÎ˚– ~Ñ˛yïyˆÏÓ˚
Óhfl˛ïõ#≈ Á Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛Ìy◊Î˚# ~£z Ó˚â˛òy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ !â˛hs˛yü#ú õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ˆö˛yÑ˛úy !îÜ¡∫Ó˚ñ õÎ˚òy ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ Á ˛ôyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚

˛ô!Ó˚ í yõ ≤ÃÓú v˛z ˆ Ï j üƒõ) ú Ñ˛ Ó˚ â ˛òy– ˆö˛yÑ˛úy !îÜ¡∫ ˆ Ï Ó ˚ Ó ˚ Ñ˛y!£ò# á›˛òyÓ˝ú Á
ˆÑ˛Ôì)˛£úˆÏúyj#˛ôÑ˛– Ó%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ !ÓÓy£ î%Ó≈úì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ ~ÖyˆÏò ÓƒD Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ¢Ω˛Óì˛
ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ≤ÃÌõ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãì˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ !â˛e ~§ˆÑÏ ˛ˆÏäÈò ˆúÖÑ˛ ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ !Ó®#Ó˚ Ú!îÜ¡∫Ó#˚
Óì˛Û ≤Ãâ˛úò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yãÜyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ–˚ õÎ˚òy ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ÷!â˛ÓyÎ˚@% ˘Ãhfl˛ üy÷!v˛¸Ó˚
Óï)ÙÈ!òÎ≈yì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ â)˛v˛¸yhs˛ î,‹Tyhs˛ !â˛!eì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˛ôyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íyˆÏõ !ì˛ò!›˛ !Ó˛ôÌÜyõ# á›˛òyÓ˚
Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ üy!hfl˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆúÖÑ˛ ˆîy°Ï#ˆÏîÓ˚– ~£z î%!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ òyòyò !ì˛_´ì˛yÓ˚
Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ fl˛∫Î˚Ç !Óâ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚ xÓì˛#í≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ~ÓÇ ˆîy°Ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚
üy!hfl˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– Ó˚*˛ô¢# !£Ó˚^˘È¬Î˚# ÜˆÏ“ ~£z üy!hfl˛Ó˚ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚!›˛ ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛ î#á≈ Á Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚– ~
ãyì˛#Î˚ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ Á üy!hfl˛îyò !ü“¢,!‹TÓ˚ «˛!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
Óyày!ú òyÓ˚#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¢õyãˆÏòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢%î#á≈Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õõ≈y!hs˛Ñ˛ !â˛e
˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ v˛õÓ˚& â˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï ÜˆÏ“– ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òì˛yhs˛ !ü÷ !ÓïÓy Ñ˛òƒyˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛yîü#Ó˚ !îò
!òÓ˚¡∫%ÈÙÈv˛z˛ôÓyˆÏ¢ ~Ñ˛yÑ˛# áˆÏÓ˚ Óı˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ õ,ì%˛ƒõ%ˆÏÖ ˆ‡˛ˆÏú ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ
¢õyãˆÏòì˛yÓ˚y !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ¢õyã!Ó!ïÓ˚ xò%üy¢ˆÏò ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ÜÓ≈ˆÓÏ yï Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È ì˛y ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ÷¶˛Ó%!k˛¢¡ôß¨ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚Á !Óâ˛!úì˛ñ êý!ïì˛ñ Óƒ!Ìì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
÷ï% x¢£yÎ˚ î%Ó≈ú õyòÓ¢õyã òÎ˚ñ xì˛ƒyâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ ˛ô÷¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Á ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚&íy ¢£yò%¶)˛!ì˛ fl˛∫ì˛Éfl˛≥)˛ì≈˛¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛zÍ¢y!Ó˚ì˛– õ%_´õyúy @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ¢%Óúâ˛w Üv˛¸Ü!v˛¸ ì˛yÓ˚
=Ó˚&ˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏò ã#Óhs˛ äÈyÜˆÏúÓ˚ â˛yõv˛¸y äÈyv˛¸yÓyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ x¢yïyÓ˚í !ò¤%˛Ó˚
≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˛ôy!Ó˚˛ô!yŸª≈Ñ˛ ¢õyãˆÏÑ˛ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò
˛ô%Cyò%˛ô%C¶˛yˆÏÓ– ÓƒDˆÏÑ˛Ôì%˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xy◊ˆÏÎ˚ ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ã#Óhs˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ
ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ–
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ £y¢ƒÓ˚ˆÏ¢ ÓƒD ˆÎÖyˆÏò !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y õ,î% Á !òÓ˚&_y˛ôñ ˆÑ˛Ôì%˛Ñ˛Ó˚¢ ¢,!‹TÓ˚£z
ˆÎÖyˆÏò ≤Ãyïyòƒó ˆ¢£zÖyˆÏò ì§˛yÓ˚ !ü“#¢_yÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ !ÓÑ˛yü– òÎ˚òâ§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ¢y Á v˛õÓ˚&â˛!Ó˚ì˛
~Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛‹T v˛zîy£Ó˚í– ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ xòòƒ î%!›˛ â˛!Ó˚e v˛õÓ˚&ïÓ˚ Á òÎ˚òâ§˛yî– !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛
v˛õÓ˚&ïÓ˚ x!Ófl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚– ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òyˆÏÑ˛ÔüˆÏú Ñ˛y“!òÑ˛ v˛õÓ˚& ã#Óhs˛ â˛!Ó˚e £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ–
õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ˆîy°Ïñ e&!›˛ñ ˆúy¶˛ÈÙÈÑ˛yõòyÈÙÈÓy¢òy!î ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v˛zˆj Ï ˆÏüƒ ï)ì˛≈ ñ ≤ÃÓM˛ÈÑ˛ñ fl˛∫yÌ≈˛ôÓ˚ñ
ˆúy¶˛# v˛õÓ˚&ÈÙÈâ˛!Ó˚e !ò!õ≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– v˛õÓ˚&ïÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ òyòyò Ñ%˛Ñ˛#!ì≈˛Ó˚ x˛ô)Ó≈ Ñ˛y!£ò#
î%Ü≈y˛ô)ãyÓ˚ îyúyˆÏò ÓˆÏ¢ òˆÏã£z Óı%˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÷!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãïyò ¢yì˛!›˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD xyÓ˚Á
xˆÏòÑ˛=!ú üyÖy Ü“ xyˆÏäÈ ~ˆÏì˛– Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ v˛zq›˛ˆÏcñ Ñ˛y!£ò#ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ x!¶˛òÓˆÏcñ
¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy£õyòì˛yÎ˚ñ ¢Ó˚¢ Ó%!k˛î#Æ £y¢ƒÓ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛#Ó ˆŸ’ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛°ÏyáyˆÏì˛ Ñ˛y!£!ò=!ú
˛ôÓ˚õ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛yÜƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– v˛õÓ˚&ïˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü‡˛ì˛yñ ≤ÃÖÓ˚ ¢yÇ¢y!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ó%!k˛ñ fl˛∫¶˛yÓ ˆúyú%˛ôì˛yñ
xˆÏÌ≈y˛ôyãˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ˛ôs˛iy xÓú¡∫ˆÏò ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛yâ˛ò£#òì˛yÓ˚ Á !Ó!â˛e ¢Ó x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚
òyòy xq(ì˛ Ñ˛y!£ò# ÷!òˆÏÎ˚ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ !òˆÏã ˆ£ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈòñ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ £y!¢ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– v˛õÓ˚&
òyòyò ˆîyˆÏ°Ï ˆîy°Ï# £ˆÏúÁ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚ üy!hfl˛ ˛ôyÎ˚!ò– ì˛yÓ˚ üy!hfl˛ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚
˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ fl˛f# ~ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ü#Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ G§˛y›˛yÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸–
v˛õÓ˚&ïˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyã=!Ó Ñ˛y!£!ò=!úÓ˚ Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ v˛zjyõì˛y x¶˛y!Óì˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ myÓ˚ Ö%ˆÏú
ˆîÎ˚ñ xÌâ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ x!ì˛ Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓy!â˛ì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ôÎ≈ Î%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛
!òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢˛ôˆÏ«˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ xy¢yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !£¢yÓ# Ó%!k˛Á Óì≈˛õyò– v˛õÓ˚&Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£!òˆÏì˛ Ñ%˛!õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛ ¢§yÁì˛yú Ó˚õí# õ)úƒÓyò Ü£òy ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì˛!Ó˚ì˛Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ !Ó!e´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ó v˛õÓ˚&Ó˚ Ñ˛y›˛y ˛ôv˛¸y
xï≈yÇü üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ÜÓ˚&Ó˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚yÇü Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ x˛ô)Ó≈ ã!›˛úì˛yÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ó äÈyú
ˆö˛ˆÏú ¶˛Î˚¶˛#ì˛ õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óyá ˛ôúyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ¢)«¯˛ üÓ˚#Ó˚ v˛õÓ˚&Ó˚ ÓyáÈÙÈäÈyˆÏú ≤ÃˆÏÓü áˆÏ›˛
~ÓÇ xyÓ˚Á òyòy xÑ˛“òyÎ˚ xyã=!Ó Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚ á›˛ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– v˛õÓ˚&Ó˚ Óúy ¢ß¨ƒy¢#ÈÙÈ¢B˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚
Ñ˛y!£!òˆÏì˛ ¢õ¢ƒy x!ì˛ ã!›˛ú– ¢ß¨ƒy¢#Ó˚ «˛õì˛yÓˆÏú v˛õÓ˚&ïˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ß¨ƒy¢#Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü
áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ !òˆÏãÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y v˛õÓ˚&Ó˚ ¢)«¯˛ üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ Óyïƒ £ˆÏÎ˚£z ¢ß¨ƒy¢#Ó˚
ãÓ˚yã#í≈ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy◊Î˚ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– v˛õÓ˚&Ó˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ x!ï!¤˛ì˛ ¢ß¨ƒy¢# v˛õÓ˚&Ó˚ Ü,ˆÏ£
x!ì˛ !Óúy¢Óƒ¢ˆÏò !îòÎy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ~õò !Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛òƒyˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓy£
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ !îˆÏò– v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ Ó%!k˛Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ¢)«¯˛üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ v˛õÓ˚&ïÓ˚ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ
¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ Ñ˛y!£ò# x!ì˛ õˆÏòyÓ˚õ– ¢ß¨ƒy¢#Ó˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢)«¯˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
v˛õÓ˚&ïÓ˚ xì˛ƒhs˛ õˆÏòyÑ˛ˆÏ‹T ¢%®Ó˚ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓyˆÏî !ÜˆÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ xyÑ%˛ú¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚
xyÓ˚yïƒy ˆîÓ# ãÜî¡∫yˆÏÑ˛ fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ£z Ñ˛õ≈Óì˚ ˛ Ñ˛y‡%˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò xÑ˛fl˛øyÍ
!Óüyú ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óyá ~ˆÏ¢ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛y‡%˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏÓ˚ !˛ôˆÏ‡˛ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
xòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛y‡%˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÌyÑ˛y ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ úƒyã!›˛ Ñ˛# ˆÖÎ˚yˆÏú ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ôyÑ˛
!îˆÏÎ˚ ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ›˛ˆÏò ïˆÏÓ˚– á›˛òyÓ˚ xyÑ˛!fl˛øÑ˛ì˛yÎ˚ ÚÚÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ¶˛Î˚ Ó˚£zú–...˛ôúyÎ˚ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Óyá
ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛!Ó˚ú–....x¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õì˛ Óyá ˆÎÓ˚*˛ô Óú ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛!äÈúñ ì˛y£yˆÏì˛ xyõyÓ˚ õˆÏò
££zú ˆÎñ ÎyÉÊ ˆúã!›˛ Óy !äÈ•!v˛¸Î˚y ÎyÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˜îˆÏÓÓ˚ á›˛òy ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ˆîÖÊ ~ì˛ ›˛yòy›˛y!òˆÏì˛Á
ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ úyD%ú !äÈ•!v˛¸Î˚y ˆÜú òy– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛ x¢Ω˛Ó á›˛òy á!›˛ú– ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ îyˆÏÎ˚ ˆáyÓ˚ì˛Ó˚
ÓˆÏú Óyá ˆü°Ï Ñ˛yˆÏú ˆÎõò ~Ñ˛ £§yâ˛Ñ˛y ›˛yò õy!Ó˚úñ xyÓ˚ â˛yõv˛¸y ££zˆÏì˛ ì˛y£yÓ˚ xyhfl˛
üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛y Óy!£Ó˚ ££zÎ˚y ˛ô!v˛¸ú– x!fl˛i õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ îÜîˆÏÜ ˆÜy›˛y üÓ˚#Ó˚ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ â˛õ≈ òy£zÊ
˛ôyÑ˛y xyˆÏõÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !îÑ˛›˛y ¢ÓˆÏú !›˛!˛ôÎ˚y ï!Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÎÓ˚*˛ô x§y!›˛›˛y £v˛¸yÍ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y Óy!£Ó˚
££zÎ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ äÈyú ££zˆÏì˛ üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛y ˆ¢£zÓ˚*˛ô Óy!£Ó˚ ££zÎ˚y ˛ô!v˛¸ú–... õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óyá
Ó˚&k˛ŸªyˆÏ¢ ÓˆÏò ˛ôúyÎ˚ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ú–... Óyáü)òƒ Óƒyáâ˛õ≈ ˆ¢£z fl˛iyˆÏò ˛ô!v˛¸Î˚y Ó˚!£ú– xyõyÓ˚ !Ñ˛
õ!ì˛ ££zúñ ÜÓ˚õ ÜÓ˚õ ˆ¢£z ÓyáäÈyˆÏúÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ xy!õ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛!Ó˚úyõ– Óƒyáâ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚
xyõyÓ˚ ¢)«¯˛ üÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ó‹T ££zÓy õye äÈyú›˛y ¢ã#Ó ££zú– Üy G˛yv˛¸y !îÎ˚y xy!õ v˛z!‡˛Î˚y
î§yv˛¸y£zúyõ–ÛÛ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ÓÓ˚ÎyˆÏeÓ˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛#ì˛ ¢ß¨ƒy¢#Ó˚ ˛ôúyÎ˚ò áˆÏ›˛ ~ÓÇ
!òˆÏãÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ v˛õÓ˚& Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓÓy£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ ˆ¢ Ñ˛y!£ò#Á x!ì˛
ˆÑ˛Ôì%˛Ñ˛≤Ãî–
v˛õÓ˚&ïˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óúy ~£z äÈyú äÈyv˛¸yˆÏòy ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ Ü“!›˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xò%Ó˚*˛ô ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü“ ˆÎyÜ#wòyÌ
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚Á xyˆÏÜ£z ÷!òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò Úxy°ÏyˆÏë˛¸ fl˛∫≤¿ xÌÓy ãyˆÏòyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆõúyÛ S1900V
@˘ÃˆÏs˛i– ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿ â˛ì%˛¶)≈˛ã òyˆÏõÓ˚ v˛zÕ‘%Ñ˛!›˛ ãyˆÏòyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏì˛ !îˆÏì˛
ì˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ x˛ô)Ó≈ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£ò# Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ.....~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ !üÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ xy!õ
~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚yày £!Ó˚í ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z– ì˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó≈yD !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆÎò õÖõˆÏú ë˛yÑ˛y– ~õò ¢%®Ó˚ â˛yõv˛¸yÖy!òÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ òy ˆúy¶˛ ãˆÏß√⁄ !Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ Á›˛y xyhfl˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ì˛y£z ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ úyÜúyõ– Î!î
=!ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £!Ó˚í!›˛ õy!Ó˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆì˛y â˛yõv˛¸yÓ˚ îö˛yÓ˚ö˛y–...£!Ó˚í Ö%Ó ˆõy›˛y ~Ñ˛›˛y ÜyˆÏäÈ
ˆ£úyò !îˆÏÎ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !äÈú– xy!õ ˛ôˆÏÑ˛›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚
ˆúˆÏã =!ú Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ– ... ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ £!Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆúã ö%§˛ˆÏv˛¸ ÜyˆÏäÈ !Ó§ˆÏï ˆÜú– xˆÏòÑ˛
›˛yòy›˛y!òˆÏì˛Á ˆ¢ ˛ôyúyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ú òy– ì˛Öò xy!õ ~Ñ˛Öy!ò ïyÓ˚yú ä%È!Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ òyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
õyG˛yõy!G˛ Öy!òÑ˛›˛y !â˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îúyõó xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ÜyäÈy ˆÓì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ö%Ó ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ õyÓ˚ˆÏì˛
úyÜúyõ– õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏ›˛ äÈ›˛ö˛›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÓâ˛yÓ˚y £!Ó˚í ˆ¢£z ˆâ˛Ó˚y òyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ö§˛yÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚
ÓyÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú– xyhfl˛ â˛yõv˛¸yÖyòy !òˆÏÎ˚ xy!õ Óyv˛¸# !ö˛Ó˚úyõ–ÛÛ Óúy Óy˝úƒ
ˆÎyÜ#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈˆÏúõyò%°Ï# !ò¤%˛Ó˚ì˛y xyˆÏäÈñ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ü“!›˛
xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛–
¢%!ÓòÎ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏ®ü ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ÚÜ!ØîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÜˆÏ“Û Á ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚
¢ı˛yò ˆõˆÏú– 1329 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ®ü ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ Ó˚yãy Ü!Øîy¢ S˜ÓüyÖVñ Ü!ØîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ü“
S˜ãƒ¤˛Vñ Ü!ØîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ö%ˆÏv˛¸y Sxy°Ïyë˛¸V ~ÓÇ Ü!ØîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆáyv˛¸y Sxy!ŸªòV !üˆÏÓ˚yòyˆÏõ
xyã=!Ó˛ô%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ Ó˚yãy Ü!ØîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ îü!›˛ !Ó!â˛e x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£!ò !ú!˛ôÓk˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
«%˛oÑ˛yÎ˚ ~£z Ü“=!ú ˛ôÓ˚õ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛yÜƒ– ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ˆòÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˛ôyÕ‘yÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ Ó˚yãy Ü!Øîy¢
ì˛yÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ £yì˛ ë%˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õyÇ¢ ˆ›˛ˆÏò ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆõyãy
ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õì˛ ˆòÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ â˛yõv˛¸yÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚í ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyÇ¢ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú– xyÓ˚
~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆÎyÜ#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Óí≈òyò%Î#˚ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ˆ¢yòy!ú Ó˚ˆàÏ Ó˚ ˆüÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚
!òÖ%§ì˛ â˛yõv˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yã≤Ãy¢yˆÏî ˆö˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– Ó˚yãy Ü!ØîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y ˆÎõò x¢yïyÓ˚íñ ì§˛yÓ˚
Óúy ˛ôyÜúy Ñ%˛Ñ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü“!›˛Á ˆì˛õ!ò xì%˛úò#Î˚–
Rudolph Erich Rapse- ~Ó˚ ˆúÖy The Adventures of Baron
Munchhausen @˘Ãs˛i!›˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ¢Ω˛Óì˛ ~§Ó˚y ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ãyõ≈yò ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~£z
Ó£z!›˛ 1876 ¢ˆÏò £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ úu˛ˆÏò ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚– ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ ~£z Ó£z!›˛
Ó˝¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íy !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ñ˛B˛yÓì˛#ˆÏì˛ ~£z Ó£z!›˛Ó˚ ≤ÃFäÈß¨ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ !òãfl˛∫ Ó˚â˛òyˆÏÑ˛Ôüú Óy x¢yïyÓ˚í ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ v˛zqyÓò# ü!_´Ó˚ =ˆÏí
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy=!ú ~Ñ˛yhs˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ì§˛yÓ˚£z !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢,!‹T–
˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“ x!ì˛≤ÃyÑ,˛ì˛ Óy xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ ¶)˛ì˛ˆÏ≤ÃˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛Ôì%˛Ñ˛Ñ˛y!£!ò=!ú

ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ v˛zqyÓò# ü!_´Ó˚£z ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yÎ˚Ñ˛– fl˛∫≤¿ îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xú#Ñ˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ºõíñ
â§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !üÑ˛v˛¸ñ Óyá ãyõy£zñ ~Ñ˛ ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛¡ôñ Óƒyà ¢yˆÏ£Óñ òÓ˚õ%[˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ úyÁõ%Ö#
òy!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛úõ%Ö#Ó˚ ¶§˛y›˛y ˆÖúyñ ¶)˛ˆÏì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛y¡ôyò# ˆÖyúyñ ¢yÓyò ˆõˆÏá ¢¶˛ƒ ¶˛Óƒ òÓƒ ¶)˛ì˛
£ÁÎ˚y £zì˛ƒy!î òyòy v˛zq›˛ñ x¶˛yÓò#Î˚ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚=!ú ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ â˛õÍÑ,˛ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛B˛yÓì˛#ñ ú%Õ‘%ñ Ó#Ó˚Óyúyñ õ%_ýõyúyñ õãyÓ˚ Ü“ ≤Ãõ%Ö xyÖƒyò=!úˆÏì˛ ~Ó˚ ¢Ó˚¢
î,‹Tyhs˛ xyˆÏäÈ– Î%!_´Óyî# ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ !òˆÏã ˆ¶˛Ô!ì˛Ñ˛ì˛yÎ˚ !ÓŸªy¢# !äÈˆÏúò òy– ˆ¶˛Ô!ì˛Ñ˛ Ó˚¢
¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛Á !ì˛!ò â˛yò!ò– òyòyÓ˚*˛ô ¶)˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xÓì˛yÓ˚íy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ !ì˛!ò ˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ó˚¢£z
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòñ õyòÓãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy£z ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ¶,˛ì˛ƒÓ˚y õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õì˛£z £yˆÏ¢ñ
Ñ§˛yˆÏîñ ¶˛Î˚ ˛ôyÎ˚ñ ¶˛yúÓyˆÏ¢ñ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ x¢%Ö ÓyïyÎ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ â˛[%˛Ó˚ ˆòüyÁ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
fl˛∫¶˛yÓ Á xyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏí õyòÓ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚£z ˆÑ˛Ôì%˛Ñ˛Ñ˛Ó˚ !Ó¢î,üì˛y Óy !ÓÑ,˛!ì˛ v˛zFä¥Èy!¢ì˛ £y!¢Ó˚ ãß√
ˆîÎ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚y ≤Ãïyòì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ £˚ z ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï– ˆÜ§yˆÏÜy ¶)˛ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚
¢¡ôyîÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚&!â˛£#òñ !õÌƒy◊Î˚# ¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒD Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò !ì˛!òñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¶)˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚
Ñ§˛yâ˛y ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ¢õyˆÏã !Óúyì˛Îyeyã!òì˛ ãy!ì˛â%˛ƒ!ì˛Ó˚ ¶˛Î˚ˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ô£y¢
Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò– !ÌˆÏÎ›˚ ˛yÓ˚# ¶)˛ì˛ñ ¶%˛ì˛ì˛_¥!ÓÍ ˛ô![˛ì˛ Á xòƒyòƒ ˆ¶˛Ô!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã¢D=!úˆÏì˛Á ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ x¢ÇÜ!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛£z ÓƒD Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒˆÏDÓ˚ G§˛yG˛ ¡‘yòñ ˆÑ˛Ôì%˛Ñ˛£z
≤Ãïyò–
ì˛ˆÏÓ ¶)˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ÜˆÏ“ ˆ¶˛Ô!ì˛Ñ˛ Ó˚¢¢,!‹TˆÏì˛ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ ˆÎ x˛ôyÓ˚Ü !äÈˆÏúò òy ì˛yÓ˚Á
î%!›˛ÈÙÈ!ì˛ò!›˛ î,‹Tyhs˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–˛õ%_ýõyúyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛ò ~ì˛ !òî≈Î˚ ££zˆÏú Ü“!›˛ˆÏì˛ ÜyÈÙÈäÈõäÈõ
xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˆ¶˛Ô!ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚¢ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˛ô)ãyÓ˚ ¶)˛ì˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆ¶˛Ô!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛y!£ò#!›˛Á ˆÓü
ÜyΩ˛#Î≈˛ô)í≈– !˛ôˆÏ‡˛ ˛ôyÓ≈ˆÏò â˛#ˆÏò ¶)˛ì˛ Ü“!›˛Á ≤Ã¢ˆÏD fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ~£z Ü“
!ì˛ò!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆ¶˛Ô!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü Á ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ ¶)˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ x!hfl˛c Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ ~=!ú Óƒ!ì˛e´õ#
Ó˚â˛òy–
¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈÓ˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ !Ó!ü‹T Ó˚#!ì˛!›˛ £ú Ü“Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Óy
Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ≤Ãyâ˛ƒ Ü“Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜƒ xò%Üyõ# !äÈˆÏúò !ì˛!ò– ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒñ
ˆÎõòñ Ñ˛Ìy¢!Ó˚Í¢yÜÓ˚ñ ˆÓì˛yú˛ôM˛È!ÓÍü!ì˛ñ ˛ôM˛Èì˛s˛fñ îüÑ%˛õyÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ñ Ñ˛yî¡∫Ó˚#ˆÏì˛ñ ~õò
!Ñ˛ õ£y¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ õ£yÑ˛yˆÏÓƒ xÌÓy !¢®Óyî òy!ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£!òõyúyÎ˚ Óy xyÓ˚Óƒ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ü“ü,CúyÎ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎy!ãì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ó˝ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ñ˛y!£!ò– ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ~£z ˙!ì˛ˆÏ£ƒÓ˚
xò%¢yÓ˚#– Ü“Ñ˛ÌÑ˛ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢)ˆÏe xˆÏòÑ˛ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ˆÑ˛Ôì)˛£ˆÏúyj#˛ôÑ˛
ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ xÓì˛yÓ˚íy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ õyúy ˆÜ§ˆÏÌˆÏäÈò– v˛õÓ˚&ïÓ˚ñ òÎ˚òâ§˛yîñ ú%Õ‘%ñ ¢%Óúâ˛w Üv˛¸Ü!v˛¸
≤Ãõ%Ö â˛!Ó˚e=!úˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˝ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ xÓì˛yÓ˚íy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xì˛ƒhs˛ î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD–
~=!ú xÖ[˛ Ü“ !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆÎõòñ ¢Ó˚¢ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ü“ !£¢yˆÏÓÁ ˆì˛õ!ò ¢¡ô)í≈ Á Ó˚ˆÏ¢y_#í≈–
ì˛y£z ≤ÃõÌ !Óü# ~=!úˆÏÑ˛ ÚÚ›˛yòy ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆö˛ˆÏõ Ó§yïyˆÏòy ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢õ!‹TÛÛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò–
Ñ˛B˛yÓì˛#ñ õÎ˚òy ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ñ ˛ôyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íyõ £zì˛ƒy!î v˛z˛ôòƒy¢=!úˆÏì˛Á ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
Ü“Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚– õ%?˛ ˆ◊yì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ÓˆÏ¢ xhs˛Ó˚D ¶˛!DˆÏì˛ ¢£ã ¢Ó˚ú ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚
ˆÑ˛Ôì)˛£ˆÏúyj#˛ôÑ˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ õã!ú!¢ xy¢Ó˚ Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò !ì˛!ò–
≤Ã¢Dì˛ Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢õÑ˛yˆÏú !£®#¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÁ xò%Ó˚*˛ô
î,‹Tyhs˛ fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò Ñ˛yü#Ó˚ ˆîÓÑ˛#ò®ò Öe# ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ â˛wÑ˛yhs˛y S1888V
~ÓÇ 6 Ö[˛ â˛wÑ˛yhs˛y ¢hs˛!ì˛ ÈÙÈ ˆì˛– ~£z Ü“Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ xyÑ˛°Ï≈í ~ì˛ ≤ÃÓú ˆÎ
x!£!®¶˛y°Ï#Ó˚y ~ÓÇ x“!ü!«˛ì˛ Óy x!ü!«˛ì˛ !£!®¶˛y°Ï#Ó˚y Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ !£!® ¶˛y°Ïy ˆüÖyÎ˚
≤ÃÓ,_ £ò ~ÓÇ ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛y ~ì˛ ≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚ ˆÎ â˛wÑ˛yhs˛y Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢
üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¢õyÌ≈Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– â˛wÑ˛yhs˛y õ)úì˛ ˆ≤ÃõÑ˛y!£!ò– !Ñ˛ls˛ òyòy xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ x¶˛y!Óì˛ñ
ˆÑ˛Ôì)˛£ˆÏúyj#˛ôÑ˛ á›˛òyó Ñ˛y!£!òÈÙÈ!ÓòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xq(ì˛ «˛õì˛yó !Ófl˛øÎ˚Ñ˛Ó˚ñ v˛zjyõ Ñ˛“òy!îÓ˚
˜Ó!üˆÏ‹Tƒ õ)úÑ˛y!£ò#!›˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢¡ô,_´ ˆÎ v˛zÍ¢%Ñ˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ì˛y xyÑ,‹T
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖ– ¢õÑ˛yú#ò Î%Ü ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ñ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ õ)úƒ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢Á x≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Óì≈˛õyò
~ÖyˆÏò–
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒÓy£# ~£z ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ xy¢Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˆÜˆÏäÈñ
!Ñ˛ls˛ Ü“Ñ˛ÌÑ˛ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ ˆÎ Ñ˛Ìy ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï òñ ì˛y Ó˝ !Ó!â˛e x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚
ˆüˆÏ°Ï õ%_ýõyúy @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ¢%Óúâ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ õ%Ö !îˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò Ó!úˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚ¶˛yúÓ˚*˛ô ˆúÖy˛ôv˛¸y
ãy!ò òyñ üyfl˛f ãy!ò òyñ ãy!ò ˆÑ˛Óú ~£z ˆÎñ ¢ì˛ƒ Á ˛ôˆÏÓ˚y˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ£z£y£z ïõ≈ñ £z£y£z Ñ˛õ≈–ÛÛ
~£z xyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ v˛z!_´ Óy v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ólfl˛ì˛ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚£z ã#Óò¢Oyì˛ !òãfl˛∫ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛–
!òˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈ã#ÓˆÏò Óy ¢y!£ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~£z õò%°ƒÏ ïˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚£z !ì˛!ò ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò–
20 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛
Î%!_´ ì˛ˆÏÑ˛≈Ó˚ Ó,_yhs˛ Á úyúò

ˆõyòy!ú¢y îy¢* Á x!Ó˚!ãÍ ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈**
úyúˆÏòÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò ˆÎõò õ%_´ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ó®òy xyˆÏäÈ ˆì˛õ!ò ãyì˛˛ôyì˛ ¢¡ô!Ñ˛≈ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿Á
xyˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢õyã!ÓK˛yò#Ó˚y ˆÎõò ¶˛yˆÏÓò ˆì˛õò ö˛õ%≈úy ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôs˛iyÎ˚ ÖyˆÏ›˛!ò– ãyì˛˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚
!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# xyˆÏ®yúò Üv˛¸ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî# õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚y ≤ÃÌˆÏõ îˆÏú Óy ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚ ¢ÇáÓk˛ £Î˚ñ
ì˛y ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ãyˆÏì˛Ó˚£z ¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈñ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ò#!ì˛ÈÙÈ!òˆÏ°Ïï myÓ˚y ¢ÇÑ˛#í≈ì˛y
~ˆÏ¢ ÎyˆÏFäÈ– ãyˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó§yïò î%Óú
≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ~§Óy˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ãyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ô%òã≈ß√ !îˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢¡±îyÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈#ˆÏì˛ xÓú%Æ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎõò ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ¢yˆÏ£Óïò#ñ
Ñ˛ì˛≈y¶˛yãy ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ¢¡±îyÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ úyúò Á ÓúÓ˚yõ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óv˛¸ ¢ì˛ƒ
ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˆÜˆÏäÈò– Ñ˛Ó#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚Á ÓúÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ~£z ˆÎñ “It is difficult to change
social customs, and that is generally necessary to respect them, but the true
human reality is a different one, one in which each human being is judged
on his own merits, not those of his birth in a particular family.” (The Kabir-
panth and social protest, David N. Lorenzen, pg. 292-303)
ÓyÇúy ì˛Ìy òî#Î˚yÎ˚ ˆÜÔíïõ≈=!ú v˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô xò%õyò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ £Î˚ˆÏì˛y
xhs˛ƒã Óyì˛ƒ õyò%°Ï @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õ[˛ˆÏú ¢õyã Á xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ !Ó˛ôß¨ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Óv˛¸ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ Óy
v˛zFâ˛ÓˆÏí≈Ó˚ ¢õyã˛ô!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xy◊Î˚ ˛ôyò!òñ ~õò!Ñ˛ ˆãyˆÏ›˛!ò õyò!ÓÑ˛ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛– ö˛úì˛
~§Ó˚y xˆÏòÑ˛=!ú ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú xÓfl˛iyò Á !ÓÑ˛“ ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢ı˛yˆÏò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ ˆÎõò Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚
ÓîˆÏú ü)oñ üyˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ ÓîˆÏú =Ó˚&ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yñ õ)!ì˛≈Ó˚ ÓîˆÏú õyò%°Ï ¶˛ãòñ ¶˛yÓÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ÓîˆÏú
ˆî£Óyîñ õˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ÓîˆÏú ü)o ˆòì,˛cñ üyˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ ÓîˆÏú =Ó˚&ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛‹Tyñ õ)!ì˛≈Ó˚ ÓîˆÏú õyò%°Ï
¶˛ãòñ ¶˛yÓÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ÓîˆÏú ˆî£Óyîñ õˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ÓîˆÏú Üyò £zì˛ƒy!î ~£z¢Ó ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í
ú«˛í– ~£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ¢!ß¨!£ì˛ ãò˛ôî ã#ÓˆÏò ˜â˛ì˛òƒ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ v˛zîyÓ˚ ã#ÓòˆÏÓyï £Î˚ˆÏì˛y
ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓ˚yâ˛òy !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúy õ)!ì˛≈ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Î%!_´ ~ÓÇ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúy
£z£ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !Óö˛úì˛y !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓÔk˛!â˛hs˛yÓ˚ Ó#ã– ≤Ã¢Dì˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Öƒ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#
ˆÓyÓ˚£yòv˛zj#ò Öyò ãy£yD#Ó˚ xòƒ ~Ñ˛›˛y !îÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓˆÏäÈò– ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ÈÙÈ ÚÚÑ,˛!°Ïã#Ó#
ãò¢yïyÓ˚í ¢Æîü üì˛y∑#ˆÏì˛ õõ≈y£ì˛ !Ófl˛øˆÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆÓÔk˛ !Ñ˛ÇÓy Óy·˛íƒ Î%ˆÏÜ
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ fl˛iyò ˆÎõò !äÈú ˆì˛õò£z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ... õyò!ÓÑ˛ì˛yÓyî ïõ≈≤Ãì˛ƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
õyïƒˆÏõ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ v˛zqy!¢ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˙ ïõ≈ ≤Ãì˛ƒÎ˚£z ¢õyã ã#ÓˆÏò ÓM˛ÈòyÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢ygs˛òy
ã%!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˙ ïõ≈ ≤Ãì˛ƒÎ˚£z «˛!ì˛˛ô)Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ygs˛òy ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈ õyò!ÓÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ– ... ˆÎ Ñ,˛!°Ï
*!Ó¶˛yÜ#Î˚ ≤Ãïyòñ ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°Ïy Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒ !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ñ˛yã# òãÓ˚&ú !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ Á **¢£Ñ˛yÓ˚#
xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ õyòÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏúã
Î%!_´ ì˛ˆÏÑ˛≈Ó˚ Ó,_yhs˛ Á úyúò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 21
xì˛#ˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢ñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyò òÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyò
ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ x!hfl˛c ˆò£zñ ˆúyÑ˛ã ïƒyòÈÙÈïyÓ˚íyÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã#Óò ãv˛¸yˆÏòyñ
xÌâ˛ ˙ ïƒyòÈÙÈïyÓ˚íy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y ~ˆÏò !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy ì˛y£z... ˆî£ ì˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ £yú ïˆÏÓ˚
¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ ã#ÓòÎy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õ%õ)°Ï%≈ ˆâ˛‹Ty–ÛÛ SÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛¢ÇÜ#ì˛ Á ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüñ £y!ÓÓ%Ó˚ Ó˚£õyòñ ÓyÇúy ~Ñ˛yˆÏv˛õ#ñ ë˛yÑ˛yV
ÓúÓ˚yõ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇáÓk˛ ˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò v˛zFâ˛ÓˆÏí≈Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ñ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛üyfl˛f
xyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛Ñ˛ Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛– ÓúÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢yïò¢!Dò# Ó·˛õyˆÏúyò#Ó˚
¢ˆÏD Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò ˛ô![˛ì˛ ˆÎyˆÏÜwòyÌ ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈– ì§˛yˆÏì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ
“The most important feature of this cult was the hatred that the taught
his followers to entertain towards Brahmins.”
Sòî#Î˚y ˆãúyÓ˚ !¢k˛ˆÏÎyÜ#ñ xyÎƒ≈yÓì˛≈ñ 1õ Ó°Ï≈ñ 5ÈÙÈ6 ¢ÇÖƒyñ 1317V
!ì˛!ò xyˆÏÓ˚y ú«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ
“They are known not only by the absence of sect marks on their
person, but also by their refraining from mentioning the name of any
God or Goddess at the time of asking for alms.”
Sòî#Î˚y ˆãúyÓ˚ !¢k˛ˆÏÎyÜ#ñ xyÎ≈ƒyÓì˛≈ñ 1õ Ó°Ï≈ñ 5ÈÙÈ6 ¢ÇÖƒyñ 1317V
~Ñ˛Ìy Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛£z ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ Óyv˛zˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ÇK˛y xyã ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ £Î˚!ò– Ó˚yë˛¸ xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚
Óyv˛zú ÓúˆÏì˛ õ)úì˛ ˜Ó°åÓ ãy!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚y Ó˚yˆÏë˛¸Ó˚ ãòã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xˆÏFäÈîƒ–
!¶˛«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Á ˆõúy õˆÏ£yÍ¢ˆÏÓ ˜Ó°åÓ ¢õyˆÏÓˆÏü xyˆÏ¢ò– xÌâ˛ òî#Î˚y ÈÙÈ õ%!ü≈îyÓyˆÏî
~§Ó˚y ≤Ãïyòì˛ !ò¡¨ ÓˆÏí≈Ó˚ î!Ó˚o Ñ,˛!°Ïã#Ó#– Ó˚yˆÏë˛¸Ó˚ Óyv˛zúˆÏîÓ˚ Óyv˛zúÈÙÈ˜ÏÓ°åÓ ÓˆÏú ˆÎõòñ
ˆì˛õ!ò õïƒÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈ÓˆÏD Óúy £Î˚ Óyv˛zúÈÙÈö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚– ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Óyv˛zˆÏúÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ôñ fl˛∫¶˛yÓñ
ã#ÓòÎy˛ôòñ !e´Î˚yÑ˛Ó˚í !Ó!â˛e Á ã!›˛ú– òyòyïyÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢!ß¨˛ôyˆÏì˛ Óí≈õÎ˚ Á !Ó¶˛y!ãì˛–
õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òyòy ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ Á ¢£!ãÎ˚yñ òyÌ ˛ôs˛iñ ì˛s˛f Á ¢%!ö˛Óyî !õˆÏú !õˆÏü
˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Óyv˛zúÈÙÈö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ÈÙÈîÓ˚ˆÏÓ!üˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ ãÜÍ– òyòy !ÓŸªy¢ Á ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛
¶˛y°Ïƒ– ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢õ,k˛ ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢¡ôß¨ v˛zqy¢ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Óyv˛zú–
úyúˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˛ôîyÓ!úˆÏì˛ ÚÓyv˛zúÛ ü∑!›˛ !Óü,Cú ¢yïòy xˆÏÌ≈ ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
¢%ö˛# ü∑ Óy ¢%ö˛# ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒ ì§˛yÓ˚y îyÓ# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò– ~ ˛ôs˛iyÓ˚ ¢yïòyÎ˚ ì˛_¥K˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ
~ÓÇ ¢yïòyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò =Ó˚& =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈– ~§Ó˚y =Ó˚& ˛ôyÓ˚õƒÓyî#ñ =Ó˚&£z ˆÜÔÓ˚ñ õ%!ü≈î£z òÓ#ñ
ˆÖyîy– ~§Ó˚y xyd ì˛ˆÏ_¥ Óy !¢k˛ £ÓyÓ˚ ¢yïòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ì˛y£z ãyì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôyì˛ÈÙÈˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ fl˛iyò ˆò£z–
Óyv˛zú ¢yïòy õ)úì˛ ˆîüã Á ¢%ö˛#ì˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ¢õ!ß∫ì˛ ¢yïòy– !Ñ˛ls˛ ÁÎ˚y£yÓ# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚
ö˛ˆÏú Óyv˛zˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yïò¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛ ˆîü#Î˚ ì˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yãò áˆÏ›˛– ~ ÜyˆÏò ˆ£îyˆÏÎ˚!ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛
¶˛yÓ Á ¢%ö˛#ì˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xÓì˛yÓ˚íy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Óyv˛zú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ üyÖyÓ˚
¢)â˛òy £Î˚– Óyv˛zˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢yïòÈÙÈ¶˛ãˆÏò ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ v˛zay!˛ôì˛ £ˆÏú ˆ¢=ˆÏúyÓ˚
22 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Î%!_´ ì˛ˆÏÑ˛≈Ó˚ Ó,_yhs˛ Á úyúò
¢%â˛yÓ˚& ÓƒyÖƒyÓ˚£z x˛ôÓ˚ òyõ !Óâ˛yÓ˚Üyò– ë˛yÑ˛y Á ~Ó˚ ¢!ß¨!£ì˛ xM˛ÈˆÏú Óyv˛zú Üyò !Óâ˛yÓ˚Üyò
òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– xyÓyÓ˚ ›˛yDy£zú Á õÎ˚õò!¢ÇˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õyM˛ÈˆÏú ~ ãyì˛#Î˚ Üyò ö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚yú#
~ÓÇ ˛ô)Ó≈ !¢ˆÏúˆÏ›˛ Óyv˛zúy Üyò òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ S¶˛yÓ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ñ ï%Îy˚ ãy!Ó˚ñ ü∑Üyò Á ö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚#Üyò
Óyv˛zú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚£z !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚*˛ôV– !Óâ˛yÓ˚Üyò ÓúˆÏì˛ xydì˛s˛fñ ˛ôÓ˚ì˛_¥ñ =Ó˚&ì˛_¥ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚–
~ÖyˆÏò !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢k˛yhs˛ £ú xydì˛_¥ xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ =Ó˚&ì˛ˆÏ_¥ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ !Ñ˛ÇÓy !‡˛Ñ˛
ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆŒÏ ›˛y– xÌ≈yÍ =Ó˚&Ó˚ !òˆÏîˆ≈ üÏ â˛úˆÏú xydì˛_¥ñ ˛ôÓ˚ì˛_¥ fl˛∫FäÈ¶˛yˆÏÓ ïÓ˚y ˛ôv˛¸ˆÓÏ – ü!Ó˚Îˆ˚ ìÏ ˛
=Ó˚& Óy õ%!ü≈î x@˘Ã£ò#Î˚– õyÓ˚ö˛Í ~Ñ˛yhs˛¶˛yˆÏÓ =Ó˚&ˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛– úyúò˛ôs˛iy £z£ã#ÓˆÏò£z ˆÑ˛Óú
!ÓŸªy¢#ñ ˛ô)Ó≈ Á ˛ô)∂≈ˆÏß√ xyfl˛iy£#ò– ì˛y£z £z£ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%Ö Á ˆî£ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí ì§˛yÓ˚
¢yïòyÓ˚ õ)úÑ˛Ìy S~Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ˆÓÔk˛ ¢yïòì˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ì˛Ìy ¢£!ãÎ˚y ˛ôs˛iyÓ˚ !õú ú«˛ƒí#Î˚V–
ÚÚÓyv˛zú ¢yïòyÓ˚ ú«˛ ~ÓÇ v˛zˆÏjüƒ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓòÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã¢DˆÏÑ˛
ãyòˆÏì˛ £Î˚– Óyv˛zú ì˛ˆÏ_¥ Óúy £Î˚ ˆÎ ¢Ó≈ãò Ó˚ˆÏãÈÙÈÓ#ã ãyì˛ñ õÓ˚íü#ú ~ÓÇ ¢õî%ÉÖ
¢%Ö ¢¡ôß¨– !Ñ˛ls˛ x£Ç ˆâ˛ì˛òyÎ˚ õyò%°Ï !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ¶˛yˆÏÓó xòƒyˆÏ˛ô«˛ x!ïÑ˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆ¶˛yÜ
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– ¢õyˆÏã ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ¢Çáyì˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ ì,˛!ÆÓ˚ ì˛_¥ òy ãyòyÎ˚ õyò%°Ï xì,˛Æ
ÌyˆÏÑ˛– x!ïÑ˛ì˛Ó˚ ïòñ ¶)˛!õ¢ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆ¢ !òˆÏãÓ˚ îÖúîy!Ó˚ ≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– õ,ì%˛ƒñ
Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ õy!úÑ˛yòy¢õ)£ õ%ˆÏäÈ ˆîÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ xyFäÈß¨ì˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢%ˆÏÖÓ˚
õÓ˚#!â˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˛˛ôÿ˛yîïyÓˆÏò õyò%°Ï ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%Ö xyòˆÏ®Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó!M˛Èì˛ £Î˚– ì˛yÓ˚
!˛ô˛ôy¢y ˆõˆÏ›˛ òy– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%Ó˚*˛ô Óyv˛zˆÏúÓ˚ ˆò!ì˛Óyâ˛Ñ˛ ~ Ó_´Óƒ–ÛÛ Sü!_´òyÌ
G˛yñ =Æ ˆî£ÈÙÈ¢yïòy ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õyãì˛_¥ñ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Óyv˛zú ö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ñ ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ô!íñ ˛ô,¤˛y
96V
úyúòˆÏÑ˛ Î!î ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Óyv˛zúÈÙÈö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ ¢yïòy ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óv˛¸ ì˛_¥ Óúy £Î˚
ì˛yˆÏì˛ !Óì˛ˆÏÑ˛≈Ó˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy Ñ˛õ– ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò ≤ÃÑ˛yü¶˛D#Ó˚ Ó!ú¤˛ì˛yñ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ î,ë˛¸ì˛yñ Î%!_´Ó˚
xfl˛f üy!íì˛ Á v˛zIµú– Óƒ!_´Üì˛ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ xyÓ˚ xydfl˛i x!¶˛!òˆÏÓüñ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y
ì˛y§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚ Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Á !òˆÏãÓ˚ ïõ≈#Î˚ xÓfl˛iyòˆÏÑ˛ Î%!_´ ì˛Ñ˛≈ !îˆÏÎ˚ õãÓ%ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– !£®% Á £z¢úyõ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ äÈeäÈyÎ˚y ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ !ì˛!ò îÓ˚ˆÏÓü Óy ö˛!Ñ˛!Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ !Öúyö˛Í
!òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò Óyhfl˛ÓˆÏÓyï ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z– ¶˛yÓÓyî ˆÜÔí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî# Î%!_´ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢õÌ≈Ñ˛ Óy !ü°Ïƒ
›˛yòˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú îˆÏú– ~£z Ñ˛yã ¢£ã !äÈú òy– ~£z ¶˛yÓÈÙÈxyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÜñ xy‡˛yˆÏÓ˚y
üì˛Ñ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Úò!¢£ì˛Û òyõy ãyì˛#Î˚ ò#!ì˛üyˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy ˆúÖy Ó˚#!ì˛ â˛yú% !äÈú ~ÓÇ ÚˆÓüÓ˚yÛ
Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ü!Ó˚Î˚ÍÓyî#Ó˚y @˘ÃyˆÏõ @˘ÃyˆÏõ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– xyÓyÓ˚ xyïyÈÙÈõ%¢úõyòÓ˚y
SÎ§yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ü#ì˛úyñ ˆîÁÎ˚y!úñ ˆ£y!úñ ¶˛y£z !mì˛#Î˚yñ ˛ôyúy˛ôyÓ≈íñ ú«˛#ÓyÓ˚ õyòyñ
ÜÓ˚&˛ô)ãyÈÙÈ~¢Ó ≤ÃÌy !äÈúV ~ÓÇ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y Óv˛¸ xÇü ˛ô#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ îÓ˚ÜyÎ˚ £ì˛ƒy !îˆÏì˛òñ
õyòì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛òñ Óy!ì˛ !îˆÏì˛ò– ˛ô#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ%!Ó˚î S!ü°ÏƒV £ÓyÓ˚ Óƒ@˘Ãì˛y !äÈú ~ÓÇ £z¢úy!õ
Ó˚#!ì˛Ñ,˛ì˛ƒ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ ãyòˆÏì˛ò£z òy– Ó˚!ö˛v˛z!jò xy£õˆÏîÓ˚ ˆúÖy Ú¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Ólfl˛Óyî ≤Ã¢ˆÏDÛ
S1987V ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ñ Ó˝ ˆâ˛‹TyˆÏì˛Á @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ !ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ £z¢úy!õ

xyâ˛Ó˚íÓyˆÏî î%Ó˚hfl˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚!ò–
Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ Á xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ xı˛!ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ úyúˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ î%j%Ó˚ ÜyˆÏò £ì˛ƒy ˆîÁÎ˚yñ Ñ˛Óâ˛
ˆÓâ˛yñ ì˛y!Óã ˆîÁÎ˚yñ ÷‹Ò ˜ÓÓ˚yÜƒñ ˛ôyÌÓ˚˛ô)ãyñ !úD˛ô)ãyñ !¢!ß¨ ˆîÁÎ˚y £zì˛ƒy!î !òˆÏÎ˚
!£®%ÈÙÈõ¢% úõyò !ò!Ó≈ˆüÏ ˆÏ°Ï ˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ Á ïõ≈£#òì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî xyˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛yÓ˚í úyúò˛ôs˛iy
!ÓÑ˛“ ~Ñ˛ ¢%î,ë˛¸ õyòÓì˛yÓyˆÏî î#Æ– ãß√ÈÙÈõ,ì%˛ƒñ ˛ôy˛ôÈÙÈ˛ô%íƒñ ì˛#Ì≈ÈÙÈÓì˛ñ ¢ì˛ƒÈÙÈ!õÌƒyñ ¢Ó£z
õyòÓˆÏîˆÏ£ ¢yïƒ ~õò ¢yïòyÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚y ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛–
ÚÚòy ˆãˆÏò ÓˆÏ·˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í / ˆòyv˛¸y˛ô)ãyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛úò–
òy ˆãˆÏò ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ / !üÓ!úD ˛ô)ˆÏã £Î˚ ¢ì˛#––ÛÛ
xÌÓyñ
ÚÚõyò%°Ï ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˛ô)ˆÏã õ!ú ÖˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˆÓy®y–ÛÛ
v˛z!òü üì˛Ñ˛#Î˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ Ó˝ˆÏáy!°Ïì˛ v˛zFâ˛ÓÜ≈#Î˚ xydì%˛!‹TÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü @˘Ãyõ#ò òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚
ˆÎ £z!ì˛£y¢ úyúò ≤Ãõ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ õyòÓ˛ôs˛iyÎ˚ ãy!Ó˚ì˛ !äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ñ Óyí# ÎÌyÌ≈ õ)úƒ xyãÁ
ˆ˛ôˆÏúy !Ñ˛⁄
Óyv˛zú ö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õyòÓì˛yÓyˆÏîÓ˚ !¶˛!_ ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD â˛yÓ≈yÑ˛ Óy ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !ü«˛y ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚
¢O#!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ô òy ˆîˆÏÖ ~§Ó˚y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¶˛ãòyÎ˚ Ó˚y!ã òò–
ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ÈÙÈ
ÚÚÎy£y ˆî!Ö!ò òÎ˚ˆÏò / ì˛y£y ¶˛!ãÓ ˆÑ˛õˆÏò⁄ÛÛ
ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ ÈÙÈ
ÚÚ˛ôyˆÏÓ ¢Ó Óì˛≈õyˆÏò / ≤Ãy!Æ Îy£yÁ ã#ÓˆÏò–ÛÛ
â˛yÓ≈yÑ˛˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ~§Ó˚y ÓˆÏúò ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛£z ~Ñ˛õye xò%õyò– ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ â˛ú!ì˛ Ñ˛Ìy £úÈÙÈ
ÚÚxyõyˆÏîÓ˚ xò%õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌ òÎ˚ñ Óì˛≈õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌ–ÛÛ
ÚÚxò% ÈÙÈ õyò ÈÙÈ xò%õyò– ¢£ã Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈# K˛yò ÈÙÈ xòƒ ˆÑ˛yò K˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈#
K˛yò– xÌ≈yÍ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô)Ó≈Óì˛≈# ≤Ãì˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶˛≈Ó˚ü#ú xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛Ó˚Ñ˛õ K˛yò– Úâ˛Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢Ç!£ì˛yÛ
xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ xò%õyò !äÈú !ì˛ò ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ÈÙÈ Ñ˛yÓ˚í xò%õyòñ Ñ˛yÎ≈ xò%õyò Á ¢yõyòƒî,‹T xò%õyò–ÛÛ
SÓyv˛zúˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎÔòã#Óò Á ãß√!òÎ˚s˛fòñ Üífl˛∫yfl˛iƒñ ˜ÓüyÖÈÙÈ˜Ïãƒ¤˛ñ 1391V
ì˛ˆÏÓ úyúòÜ#!ì˛Ó˚ xò%õyˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ !¶˛ß¨– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ÚÓì˛≈õyòÛ xyÓ˚ Úxò%õyòÛ
!ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ î%!›˛ xyúyîy õyÜ≈– Óì˛≈õyò £ú ÈÙÈ £z£ã#Óòñ ˆî£ñ Ÿªy¢ÈÙÈ≤ÃŸªy¢ñ ãß√ÈÙÈõ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ â˛y!Óñ
Ó,®yÓòÈÙÈÓ˚yïyñ Ñ,˛°å £zì˛ƒy!î– xò%õyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ òyõ xy®y!ã ˛ôÌ– Óyv˛zúˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ñ
ÚÚˆÎÁ òy xy®y!ã ˛ôˆÏÌÛÛ
ÓÓ˚Ç ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ ~£z ¢Ó xò%õyòˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆ¢›˛y£z ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛–
ÚÚÑ˛yÜˆÏã !â˛!ò ü∑ ˆúÖy ÎyÎ˚ / ˆ¢Á Ñ˛yÜã â˛y!›˛ˆÏú !Ñ˛ õ%Ö !õ!‹T £Î˚⁄ÛÛ
24 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Î%!_´ ì˛ˆÏÑ˛≈Ó˚ Ó,_yhs˛ Á úyúò
~£z¢Ó !Óì˛Ñ˛≈ Á ≤ÃŸ¿Óyí úyúò˛ôs˛iyÓ˚ ˛ô«˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– Î%!_´ ~Ó˚ õ)ú xfl˛f
Îy ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yˆÏòy Î%ˆÏÜ ≤Ãy¢!DÑ˛– ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò ¢õyãÈÙÈ£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ÎyÓ˚y xy@˘Ã£# ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò
v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚í !õúˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– úyúò˛ôs˛iyÓ˚ õ)úÑ˛Ìy õyò%°Ï xyÓ˚ ã#Óò Ó˚£ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
¢õyïyòÈÙÈ!òÎ˚s˛fí ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôs˛iy– úyúò î%!›˛ ÜyˆÏò fl˛ô!ï≈ì˛ x£ÇÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ
1– ÚÚˆÏîÓ ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ Óy¢òy ˆÎ / õyò%°Ï ãˆÏß√Ó˚ úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚–ÛÛ
2– ÚÚxòhs˛Ó˚*˛ô ¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ¢y§£z / ÷!ò õyòˆÏÓÓ˚ v˛z_õ !Ñ˛ä%È òy£z–ÛÛ
~£z õyòÓãˆÏß√Ó˚ ˆÎ õ)ú Ólfl˛ ˆ¢£z ã#ÓòÓ˚¢ Óy Ó#ã xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Óyv˛zúÈÙÈö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ÈÙÈ¢£y!ãÎ˚yÓ˚y
Ó˝!îò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú â˛y!Ó˚â˛w ¢yïòy– ~£z â˛yÓ˚â˛w £ú ÈÙÈ õúñ õ)eñ
Ó˚ãñ Ó#Î≈– ~£z ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ¢yïÑ˛Ó˚y ¢yïòyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ â˛y!Ó˚â˛w ~Ñ˛ˆÏe @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
~£z x¶˛ƒy¢ˆÏÑ˛ ˆõÔúÓ#Ó˚y Úá,íƒÛñ ÚÑ˛îÎ≈Ûñ ÚãáòƒÛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò– ¢¶˛ƒÓ˚&!â˛ Á v˛zFâ˛ ¢õyã õM˛È
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ õ#õyÇ¢y Ñ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛!‡˛òñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í â˛y!Ó˚â˛w ¢yïòy Ö%Ó ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ≤ÃÌyñ ì˛ˆÏÓ xÓüƒ£z
ˆÜy˛ôò ~Ó˚ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ Á ≤ÃÑ˛Ó˚í– Öy!òÑ˛›˛y ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ Ó%!k˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á ãy!Ó˚ì˛– ~Ó˚ fl˛∫˛ôˆÏ«˛
Óúy ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÈ ÚÚ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ì˛ƒ ~£z ˆÎñ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ î%!›˛ ˆâ˛ì˛Ñ˛ ~!r›˛ˆÏãò xyˆÏäÈ Îy üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï ˛ôk˛!ì˛Ó˚ SV xhs˛¶%˛≈_´ òÎ˚– ~£z î%!›˛ £ú ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ãú#Î˚ ˛ôîyÌ≈ Óy x◊&
~ÓÇ Ó#Î≈– ~£z î%!›˛Ó˚ xÇü ˆÑ˛yòe´ˆÏõ Ó˚ˆÏ_´ !õúˆÏú !ÓˆÏü°Ï ~!r›˛Ó!v˛ v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ¢Ω˛Óì˛ ˙ Ó#Î≈˛ôyòÓ˚ì˛ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ó#Î≈ myÓ˚y£z üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ~!ß∫!v˛ v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
ì˛yˆÏì˛ ÷eýí%Ó˚ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò xÓüƒ£z x“ £ˆÏÓ– ì˛y£z ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ñ Óyv˛zúˆÏîÓ˚ ¢hs˛yò ¢ÇÖƒy x“–
ì˛ˆÏÓ fl˛øÓ˚íˆÏÎyÜƒñ òyÓ˚# Ñ˛ÖòÁ ~£z Ó#Î≈ ˛ôyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy–ÛÛ SÓyv˛zúˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎÔòã#Óò Á
ãß√!òÎ˚s˛fíñ Üífl˛∫yfl˛iƒñ ˜ÓüyÖÈÙÈ˜Ïãƒ¤˛ñ 1391V–
ì˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛y ¢£ã £Î˚ ¢yïòyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜÜì˛ !îÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆõÔúÓ#Ó˚y ˆÎ Ólfl˛ˆÏÑ˛
x˛ô!Óe ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ì˛y ˛ô!Óeñ ˆÑ˛òòy ì˛yÈÙÈ£z ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢– ~ÖyˆÏò£z úyúˆÏòÓ˚ õyòÓã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
˛ô!Óeì˛y !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ Î%!_´ xÑ˛y›˛ƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ÚÚÓyv˛zúõˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ Á ¢yïòyÓ˚ ˛ôÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyÑ˛yˆÏú£z
¢%Üõ !äÈú òy– üyfl˛fyâ˛yÓ˚# !£®% xyÓ˚ üÓ˚#Î˚ì˛˛ôs˛i# õ%¢úõyò v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Óyv˛zú
xÓK˛yÈÙÈ!ò®yÈÙÈ!ò@˘Ã£ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏm°ÏÈÙÈx!Óâ˛yÓ˚ xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ì§˛yÓ˚y ˆÓüÓ˚yñ
ˆÓîy!ì˛ñ òyv˛¸yÓ˚ ö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚ !£®%ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Óyì˛ƒñ ˛ô!ì˛ì˛ñ Ñ˛îyâ˛yÓ˚#ñ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ !â˛!£´ì˛–
!ü!«˛ì˛ãˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íyÁ xò%Ñ)˛ú !äÈú òy– òî#Î˚yÈÙÈÑ˛y!£ò#Ó˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ Ñ˛yõ!Ó˚˛ô%Ó˚ â˛!Ó˚ì˛yÌ≈ì˛y
¢yïòyÛ£z Óyv˛zú ¢yïòyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ ÓˆÏú õhs˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– !Ó°Ïyî !¢ı%˛ Öƒyì˛ õ#Ó˚ õüyÓ˚Ó˚ö˛
ˆ£yˆÏ¢òÁ Óyv˛zúˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ á,íyÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ â˛!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ ~Ó˚y xy¢ú üÎ˚ì˛yòñ Ñ˛yˆÏö˛Ó˚ñ
ˆÓ{õyò/ì˛y !Ñ˛ ˆì˛yõÓ˚y ãyò òyÛ S¢D#ì˛ ú£Ó˚#V– ~ äÈyv˛¸y Óyv˛zúÈÙÈö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ òyòy ˛ô§%!Ì ˛ô%!hfl˛Ñ˛y– ≤Ãî_ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ òyòy !Óïyò xyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏì˛yÎ˚y–ÛÛ SxyÓ%ú
xy£¢yò ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#ñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏü Óyv˛zúˆÏîÓ˚ â˛yú!â˛eñ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Óyv˛zú ö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ñ ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ô!íñ
˛ô,¤˛yÈÙÈ214V–
xyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óì˛≈õyò ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Óyv˛zú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãy¢!DÑ˛ì˛y ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ì˛y xò%¢ı˛yò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú xyõÓ˚y ú«˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎñ Î%!_´ ÈÙÈ ì˛ˆÏÑ˛≈Ó˚ !òÓ˚hs˛Ó˚ ˆÖúy ~£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ü!«˛ì˛
õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ xyãÁ ¶˛y!ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú– ≤ÃyÓ!ı˛Ñ˛ xy£õî !õò£yãÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ xyõÓ˚y ~Ñ˛õì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛£z ˛ôy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ÚÚxyõÓ˚y ãy!ò xyï%!òÑ˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏò ãÜÍ ¢¡ô!Ñ˛≈ì˛ Ó˝Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚
fl˛∫!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï fl˛iyò ˛ôyÎ˚ñ fl˛∫!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ õˆÏì˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ !fl˛iÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ì˛yÓ˚
˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚ñ Î!îÁ Óy ì˛y ¢Ω˛Ó˛ôÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛c ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ ≤Ãy@˘Ã¢Ó˚ì˛y
!òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ£z ÈÙÈ Î%!_´Ó˚ ˆ£cy¶˛y¢ ~Öò ~ì˛ ≤ÃÓú ˆÎ !òÉ¢ÇüÎ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ xâ˛ú...–ÛÛ
Sxy£õî !õò£yãñ Óyv˛zúÜyò ÈÙÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õïƒ!Ó_ ¶˛yÓòyñ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Óyv˛zú ö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ñ ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛
!Ó˛ô!íñ ˛ô,¤˛yÈÙÈ157V–
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ì˛y£z xyõÓ˚y xyã ÓúˆÏì˛£z ˛ôy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãïyò
ïyÓ˚y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óú!äÈ ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ ≤Ãy!ì˛¤˛y!òÑ˛ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛– úyúˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌ
ãyì˛˛ôyì˛ õyˆÏò òyñ !£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢úõyò ˆ¶˛î Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyñ ÓÓ˚Ç ≤ÃK˛yÓ˚ ¢yïòyÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚
¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óv˛¸ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ ¢yïòyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ õyò%°Ï Ñ˛ì˛î)Ó˚ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏúy ì˛y !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y– ~Ñ˛Ìy ì˛y£z xyõÓ˚y xyã ÓúˆÏì˛£z ˛ôy!Ó˚ÈÙÈ
ÚÚãyˆÏÜy ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Óyv˛zú
ì˛_¥ ÜyˆÏò õ_ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏD îyÁ õˆÏòÓ˚ ¶%˛ú–ÛÛ
~£z ≤ÃÓı˛!›˛ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ì˛Ìƒ¢)ˆÏe v˛z!Õ‘!Öì˛ @˘Ãs˛i Á ˛ô!eÑ˛y=!ú äÈyv˛¸yÁ xòƒyòƒ
ˆÎ¢Ó @˘Ãs˛iy!îÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ ˆòÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢=!ú £ˆÏúy ÈÙÈ
Ñ˛V xyÓ% ì˛y!úÓ ¢Éñ úyúò üy£ Á úyúò Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yñ ÓyÇúy ~Ñ˛yˆÏv˛õ#ñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ !mì˛#Î˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íñ
2001–
ÖV ¢%ï#Ó˚ â˛e´Óì˛≈#ñ Óyì˛ƒ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ úyúòñ ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ô!íñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2004–
ÜV ¢%ï#Ó˚ â˛e´Óì˛≈#ñ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Óyv˛zú ö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ñ ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ô!íñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2009–
áV ü!_´òyÌ G˛yñ ö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ úyúò ÈÙÈ ˆîü Ñ˛yú !ü“ñ Óí≈ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 2007–
àV ö˛Ó˚£yî õã£yÓ˚ñ ¢y§£z!ãÓ˚ ˜îòƒÜyòñ õyÁúy Óyîy¢≈ñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ 2016–
Ñ˛îõì˛úyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛⁄
ˆ¢ÔÓ˚¶˛ !õe*
â˛§yî v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ö%˛ú ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛îõì˛úyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛⁄ £y!ì˛ òyâ˛ˆÏäÈ ˆáyv˛¸y òyâ˛ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢yòyõ!íÓ˚ ˆÓ–
~£z Ó˝ú ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ äÈv˛¸y!›˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛›%˛ ì˛!úˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓy ÎyÑ˛– ÈÙÈ˛ôpyñ ¢ı˛ƒyõyú!ì˛ñ
Ó˚ãò#Üı˛yñ @’ƒy!v˛Áúy¢ñ õ%òöœ˛yÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ≤Ããy!ì˛Ó˚ ö%˛ú Ó˚yˆÏì˛ ö%˛›˛ˆÏúÁ ì˛yÓ˚
¢yˆÏÌ Úâ§˛yî Á‡˛yÛÓ˚ Óy ÷Ñœ˛˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Óy Ñ,˛°å˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ¢¡ôÑ˛≈ ˆò£z– xyÓyÓ˚
£y!ì˛ Óy ˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛õye ¢yÑ˛≈yˆÏ¢Ó˚ õM˛È äÈyv˛¸y òy!â˛ˆÏÎ˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆì˛õò òyõv˛yÑ˛ ˆò£z– £‡˛yÍ
ì˛yÓ˚y Ñ˛îõì˛úyˆÏì˛£z Óy ÎyˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛òÊ ....ˆõy›˛ Ñ˛Ìyñ ~£z ˛ôˆÏÌ ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢%!ÓˆÏï £Î˚ òy–
!ÓmIˆÏòÓ˚y ÓˆÏúòñ Ú≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ äÈv˛¸y=!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y ≤Ãïyòì˛ ˆÎõò ˛ôy£z ˜îò!®ò
xyâ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈxyâ˛Ó˚íÈÙÈÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ñ Ó˚#!ì˛ÈÙÈò#!ì˛ñ ¢%ÖÈÙÈî%ÉÖñ xyüyÈÙÈˆÓîòyÓ˚ ˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÓyî ÈÙÈ ˆì˛õ!ò
Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú ¢Ç!«˛Æ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ £z!ì˛£y¢Á–Û1 ÈÙÈ~£z òãˆÏÓ˚ äÈv˛¸y!›˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ ÓƒÌ≈– !ÓmIˆÏòÓ˚y
xyÓ˚Á ÓˆÏúò ˆÎñ xy˛ôyì˛ÈÙÈxyã=!Ó úyúÑ˛õúÈÙÈò#úÑ˛õúñ ¢yì˛ ¶˛y£z â˛¡ôyñ v˛y!úõÑ%˛õyÓ˚
Óy !üÎ˚yú ˛ô![˛ì˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛Ìy=!úÁ ˆÎÖyˆÏò xyã=!Ó òÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç ˆ¢=!úÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
ïÓ˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ üy¢Ñ˛ÈÙÈ≤Ããyñ òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ïñ £zì˛ƒy!î ¢¡ôÑ˛≈ñ ˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ £z!ì˛£y¢ Á ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ õ)úƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ õò@˘Ãy£# äÈ!Ó–2 xì˛~Ó ~£z Úâ§˛yî v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ö%˛ú ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈÛ ÈˆÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ xÌ≈£#ò äÈv˛¸y ÷ï% úá% £y¢ƒÓ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ~ì˛!îò !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏäÈñ ÈÙÈõyòˆÏì˛ Ñ˛‹T £Î˚–
ì˛y£ˆÏú Ñ˛#⁄ ÈÙÈÎ!î Óúy £Î˚ñ ~£z xy˛ôyì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏ¶˛yúyˆÏòy äÈv˛¸y xyîˆÏì˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
Á xÌ≈˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ !îüy ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆ¢ÛÑ˛Ìy õy!ã≈ì˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚ Ñ˛‹TÑ˛!“ì˛
xyÓ˚ fl˛ô‹T ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚ Ü§yãyÖ%!Ó˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ñ ¢!ì˛ƒ£z !Ñ˛ ì˛y£z⁄ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Ó ˆîˆÏü£z
£z!ì˛£y¢ˆÏÑ˛ äÈv˛¸yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ó˚#!ì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎõòñ £zÇúƒyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ü,£Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚
S1642ÈÙÈ49V ¢õÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yúˆÏâ˛fi›˛yÓ˚ ü£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ î%Ü≈ÈÙÈ≤Ãyâ˛#ˆÏÓ˚ £y¡ô!›˛ Á v˛y¡ô!›˛ òyõÑ˛ î%£z
!ÓüyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yõyò fl˛iy˛ôò Á 1648 ¢yˆÏú ˆ¢£z î%Ü≈ÈÙÈ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ïπÇ¢ £ˆÏú Ñ˛yõyòî%!›˛Ó˚ Ü!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
˛ôv˛¸yñ ÈÙÈ~£z á›˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ú£y¡ô!›˛ÈÙÈv˛y¡ô!›˛Û äÈv˛¸y!›˛Ó˚ ¢,!‹T– ÚãƒyÑ‰˛ xƒy[˛ !ãúÛ äÈv˛¸y!›˛ ¢,!‹T
£ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ö˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ Ó˚yãy ˆ°Ïyv˛¸°Ï ú%£z Á Ó˚yí# õyÓ˚#Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£ò# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– ˆõyÍ¢yˆÏ›˛≈Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ !ÓÓ˚£Ü#!ì˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢,!‹T £Î˚ Ú›%˛£zÇÑ˛ú‰ ›%˛£zÇÑ˛ú‰Û äÈv˛¸y– 1665ÈÙÈ66 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛Î˚yÓ£ ˆ≤’ˆÏÜ úu˛ˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛
ú«˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ £Î˚– ~£z ˆ≤’ˆÏÜ xyeýhs˛ˆÏîÓ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ ö%˛¢Ñ%˛!v˛¸ v˛z‡˛ì˛– ~Ñ˛
!ÓˆÏü°Ï ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ö%˛ú ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ì˛ ~Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yÎ˚– ÈÙÈ~£z Ñ˛y!£ò# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z
Ú!Ó˚ÇÜy !Ó˚ÇÜy ˆÓ˚yˆÏã¢‰Û äÈv˛¸y!›˛–...
*ˆ˛ôüyÎ˚ £z!O!òÎ˚yÓ˚ñ ˆòüyÎ˚ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛–

Ñ˛îõì˛úyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛⁄ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 27
Úâ˛y§î v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ö%˛ú ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈÛ äÈv˛¸y!›˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò !ÓˆÏü°Ïƒ ˛ôî=!úÓ˚ ì˛Í¢õ Ó˚*˛ô £ú â˛w
Sâ§˛yîVñ ˛ô%‹ô Sö%˛úVñ Ñ˛î¡∫ SÑ˛îõVñ £hfl˛# S£y!ì˛Vñ xŸª Sˆáyv˛¸yVñ fl˛∫í≈ÈÙÈõy!íÑ˛ƒ Sˆ¢yòyõ!òV Á
!ÓÓy£ SˆÓV– ~£z ü∑=!úÓ˚ !e´Î˚yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ú%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ äÈv˛¸y!›˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ xÌ≈– !Ñ˛ls˛ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
moon, flower, elephant, horse... Ó%G˛ˆÏú£z Ü[˛ˆÏÜyú– SÎy £ú ÓˆÏú£z ¢õ¢ƒyÊV
Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ñ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÎÖò v˛z‡˛úñ ˆ¢Û˛ôˆÏÌ£z ˆ£§ˆÏ›˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÑ˛–...
!ÓˆÏîü# ˛ô![˛ì˛ Á S!ÓˆÏîü# !ü«˛yÎ˚ !ü!«˛ì˛V !Ñ˛ä%È ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˛ô![˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆ¢ÔãˆÏòƒ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ xyãÁ ~Ñ˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ï§yïy– !¢ı%˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛y xyÓ˚ ˜Ó!îÑ˛ Óy xyÎ≈ƒ SÚxyÎ≈Û
òÎ˚V ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ˆÏÑ˛£z ˆîÖy ÎyÑ˛– Óúy £úñ !¢ı%˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛y xˆÏòÑ˛ v˛zß¨ì˛ !äÈúñ ˆ¢£z
ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ÚÓ!£Ó˚yÜì˛Û xyÎ≈ƒÓ˚y òy!Ñ˛ !äÈú xò%ß¨ì˛– ≤ÃÌõ!›˛ òÜÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yñ xyÓ˚ xyÎ≈ƒÓ˚y
òÜÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï#– Óúy £úñ xyÎ≈ƒˆÏîÓ˚ G˛!›˛Ñ˛y xye´õˆÏí !¢ı%˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛y ïπÇ¢ £Î˚– xyÓ˚ ~£z
¢¡ô)í≈ !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ≤Ãïyò Î%!_´ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ £z!ì˛£y¢!ÓîˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò Ó˚£zú ÈÙÈ ˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ãyòy xyÓ˚ òy ãyòy–
î%ÉÖãòÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜy›˛y !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí!›˛£z ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚!ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛yÎ˚ ˛ô)í≈– ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ ˆîÖ%ò òyñ îyÓ˚&í
v˛zß¨ì˛ !¢ı%˛¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ !òîü≈ò !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ áÓ˚Óy!v˛¸ñ Ó˚yhfl˛yáy›˛ñ £y¢˛ôyì˛yúñ fl˛ÿòyÜyÓ˚ñ £zì˛ƒy!î
˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜú xÌâ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È î%ˆÏÓ≈yïƒ !ú!˛ô äÈyv˛¸y ~Ñ˛!›˛Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒÑ˛#!ì˛≈ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜú òyÊ xyÓ˚
ˆÓîñ ˛ô%Ó˚yíñ v˛z˛ô!ò°Ïîñ Ó˚yõyÎ˚íñ õ£y¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyñ ÈÙÈ ˆ¢£z xyÎ≈ƒÓ˚y òy!Ñ˛ Úxò%ß¨ì˛ÛÊ
ì˛yÓ˚y òy!Ñ˛ òÜÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# !äÈúñ xÌâ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ xˆÏÎyïƒyñ £!hfl˛òy˛ô%Ó˚ñ £zw≤Ãfl˛iñ õÌ%Ó˚yñ
myÓ˚Ñ˛yñ £zì˛ƒy!î òÜˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ SÑ˛y“!òÑ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏúÁV Óí≈òy ˆÓü fl˛∫ì˛Éfl˛≥)˛ì˛≈– ~õò!Ñ˛ ˆÓˆÏîÁ
òÜÓ˚ÈÙÈõ£ˆÏcÓ˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í ˆò£yÍ Ñ˛õ òÎ˚– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Ñ˛ÖòÁ Óúy £ˆÏFäÈ ÈÙÈ Úˆ£ x!@¿Ê ì%˛!õ
õò%°ƒÏ ÜˆÏíÓ˚ lfl˛!ì˛¶˛yãòñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì%˛!õ x!ì˛!ÌÓ˚ òƒyÎ˚ xyõy!îˆÏÜÓ˚ !≤ÃÎñ˚ òÜÓ˚#!fl˛iì˛ !£ˆÏì˛y˛ôˆÏî¤˛y
Ó,ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ òƒyÎ˚ xy◊Î˚ˆÎÏ yÜƒ ~ÓÇ ˛ô%eÓÍ ˛ôyúò#Î˚Û Óy Úˆ£ x!@¿ñ ì%˛!õÁ ˆ¢Ó˚*˛ô x!õì˛ ˆì˛ãÓˆÏú
x˛ô!Ó˚!õì˛ xˆÏÎ˚y!ò!õ≈ì˛ S!òÓ˚y˛ô_y îyòÑ˛yÓ˚# xÇü myÓ˚y !ò!õ≈ì˛V òÜÓ˚# myÓ˚y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓy˚ Ûñ Ñ˛ÖòÁ Óúy £ˆÏFäÈÈÙÈ ÚòÜˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ òƒyÎ˚ ¢õ%Iú õ£y˛ôÓ≈ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ â˛y!Ó˚!îˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÓy!£ì˛ Óy!Ó˚Óy˚ !ü
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒ Ñ˛í≈˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚&òÛ3ñ £zì˛ƒy!î £zì˛ƒy!î– ~Ó˚˛ôˆÏÓ˚Á xyÎ≈ƒˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛ÌyÑ˛!Ìì˛
òÜÓ˚ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢D v˛z‡˛ˆÏú ˆõyÕ‘y òy!¢Ó˚&!jˆÏòÓ˚ ë˛ˆÏà ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £zˆÏFäÈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÈÙÈ ~›˛y
Î!î ˆÓv˛¸yú £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú õyÇ¢ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ xyÓ˚ ~›˛y Î!î õyÇ¢ £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆÓv˛¸yú ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚Ê⁄
xy¢ˆÏú !¢ı%˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛y xyÓ˚ ˜Ó!îÑ˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜyv˛¸yˆÏì˛£z xyúyîy ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
ÎÖò ˜Ó!îÑ˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ˛ô%Ó˚yì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ !òîü≈ò ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜú òyñ ì˛Öò ãÓÓ˚î!hfl˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
@˘Ãyõ#í ÓˆÏú îy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ú– ò£zˆÏú ˆÎ ãy!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢ÓÑ˛!›˛ v˛zß¨ì˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚
ãòÑ˛ Óúy £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚y Ñ˛ÖòÁ òÜÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚⁄
Úˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ òyâ˛Û ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& ÎÖòñ ˆáyv˛¸yÎ˚ â˛v˛¸yÓ˚ Ü“ òy ÷òˆÏú òˆÏ›˛ÜyäÈÈÙÈ!›˛
õ%ˆÏv˛¸yˆÏÓ òy–...
28 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛îõì˛úyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛⁄
ÓyÓ% òì%˛ò ˆáyv˛¸y !Ñ˛ˆÏò !òˆÏãÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢yã ˛ôÓ˚yˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏúò– ¢õhfl˛ ¢yã
ˆÑ˛yòÁõˆÏì˛ ˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ ~§ˆÏ›˛ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ñ ~Ñ˛ â˛yÑ˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏú v˛z‡˛ú ÈÙÈ ÚÓyÓ%ñ ¢yã v˛zúˆÏ›˛y
£ˆÏúy ˆÎÊÛ ÓyÓ%Ó˚Á ¢ˆÏ®£ £!FäÈúñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛y£z ÓÛˆÏú ¢yõyòƒ â˛yÑ˛Ó˚ ¶%˛ú ïÓ˚ˆÏÓÊ ÈÙÈ !ì˛!ò â˛ˆÏ›˛
!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÓúˆÏúò ÈÙÈ Úv˛zˆÏŒ›˛y £ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛ò ˆÓ˚ ˆäÈy›˛ˆÏúyÑ˛⁄Û â˛yÑ˛Ó˚ Óúú ÈÙÈ ÚxyˆÏK˛ñ ~ !îÑ˛›˛y
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ñ ÁÈÙÈ!îÑ˛›˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ !˛ôˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛–Û ÓyÓ% ïõˆÏÑ˛ ÓúˆÏúò ÈÙÈ
ÚÓƒy›˛y õ)Ö≈– ì%˛£z Ñ˛# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãyò!úñ xy!õ ˆÑ˛yò !îˆÏÑ˛ õ%Ö Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ Ó¢Ó⁄Û...
¶,˛ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ K˛yòñ £z!ì˛£y¢ Óy ˙!ì˛£ƒ ≤Ã¶%˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ£yòì˛Ó˚ £ˆÏú ≤Ã¶%˛ ì˛y ˆÑ˛yòÁ!îò£z
ˆõˆÏò ˆÏòÎ˚ òy– ~ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ~Ñ˛îy ≤Ã¶%˛Ó˚y ~ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ˆúÖyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ÎˆÏÌ‹T£z ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈò– Ólfl˛ì˛Éñ xyÎ≈ƒ xyÜõí ì˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¢£fl˛Ày!ïÑ˛ ≤Ãõyí Á üì˛y!ïÑ˛ @˘Ãs˛i xyˆÏäÈ–
˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ ¢¡Ày›˛ îyÓ˚yÎ˚%ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢õy!ï xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ £ˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ
ˆúÖy xyˆÏäÈ Ú~Ñ˛ãò ˛ôyÓ˚¢#Ñ˛ñ ~Ñ˛ãò ˛ôyÓ˚¢#ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ô%eñ ~Ñ˛ãò xyÎ≈ƒñ xyÎ≈ƒÓÇˆÏüyq(ì˛Û–
ÈÙÈxyÎ≈ƒ xyÜõí ì˛ˆÏ_¥Á !äÈú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ïyE˛y– £yú xyõˆÏúÓ˚ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛Ó˚yÁ ~£z ì˛_¥ˆÏÑ˛
òyÑ˛â˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Î!îÁ ˆõÑ‰˛ú ¢yˆÏ£ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ!ì˛≈ì˛ !ü«˛yÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ Ó˝ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ xyãÁ ¢ì˛ƒ!›˛
õyòˆÏì˛ â˛yò òy–
ÚxyÎ≈ƒÛ ü∑!›˛ ãy!ì˛Óyâ˛Ñ˛ òÎ˚ñ =íÓyâ˛Ñ˛– }ˆÏ@ªî S1.51.8V xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ Ú!Ómyò‰Ûñ
xò%¤˛yì˛yÛ– xõÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛y°Ï !›˛Ñ˛y xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ Úv˛z˛ôã#Óƒì˛y ˆ£ì%˛ v˛z˛ôÜõÛ– ¢£ã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÓúˆÏúñ ã#!ÓÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÜ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ xy¢y õyò%°Ïãò– SxyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚
¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆõãÓyÓ% ˆäÈy›˛ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü xyÎ≈ƒñ xyÓyÓ˚ Óv˛¸ÓyÓ% ˆõãÓyÓ%Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü xyÎ≈ƒ–V ~£z ÚxyÎ≈ƒÛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Úxy!ÎƒÛñ xyÓ˚ Úxy!ÎƒÛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ¢¡øyò#Î˚ Óƒ!_´ˆÏîÓ˚
òyõ Óy ¢ˆÏ¡∫yïˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï Úã#Û Î%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ó˚#!ì˛–4
¢y¡±!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏú ¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛# òî#Ó˚ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò Ü!ì˛˛ôÌ xy!Ó‹,Òì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆîÖy ˆÜˆÏäÈ
ì˛ÌyÑ˛!Ìì˛ Ú!¢®% ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÛÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ˛ô%Ó˚yì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ fl˛iyò !¢ı%˛ òÎ˚ñ ¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛# òî#Öyì˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚
xÓ!fl˛iì˛– }ˆÏ@ªî ã%ˆÏv˛¸ òî# ¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛#Ó˚ Ó®òyˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ î%!›˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛y
xy¢ˆÏú ~Ñ˛£z– S~£z ì˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xyÓ˚Á x¢ÇÖƒ Î%!_´ xyˆÏäÈ– !òÓı˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD Ó§yïyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ
ˆ¢£z xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ¢ÇÎì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ú–V
~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ñ ÚxyÎ≈ƒ xye´õˆÏí !¢ı%˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôì˛ˆÏòÛÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy– õˆÏ£ˆÏOyîyˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÆ ˆì˛!eü
Óy ¢y£z!eü!›˛ Ñ˛B˛yú !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˝£zúyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ£Ó ¢Ó≈≤ÃÌõ ~£z =ãÓ!›˛
Ó˚!›˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– õˆÏ£ˆÏOyîyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢yˆÏv˛¸ ˛ô§yâ˛ ú«˛ ÓÜ≈ ö%˛›˛ñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Óy!v˛¸Ó˚
¢ÇÖƒy ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢yˆÏv˛¸ îü £yãyÓ˚– ~Ó˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy !äÈú !ì˛!Ó˚ü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛!Õ‘ü £yãyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ–5
ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò õye ˆÜy›˛y !ì˛!Ó˚ˆÏüÑ˛ Ñ˛B˛yú ˆÑ˛yò Î%!_´ˆÏì˛ ‘large scale destruction and
abolition of Indus Valley Civilisation’ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãõyí £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ ÈÙÈ ì˛y ¢!ì˛ƒ£z !Ófl˛øÎ˚Ñ˛Ó˚–
SÚãyõy !Ñ˛!òˆÏì˛ ˆÜúyõñ ˛ôy£zúyõ ~Ñ˛˛ôy!›˛ ˆõyãyó ~Öò ¶˛y!ÓˆÏì˛!äÈñ ˙ˆÏ›˛ˆÏÑ˛£z Ñ˛y!›˛Î˚y
äÈ§y!›˛Î˚y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õˆÏì˛ ãyõy Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˛ô!Ó˚ÓÛ– ÈÙÈ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚–V
Ó˚£zú ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ãyòy xyÓ˚ òy ãyòy– ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ˜Ó!îÑ˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ xˆÏŸªÓ˚
v˛zˆÏÕÖ‘ xyˆÏäÈñ xyÓ˚ !¢ı%˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÎ˚ ˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇÑ˛yú ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !òñ ì˛y£z Úˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ÛˆÏÑ˛
î%£z ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ !Ó¶˛yãò ˆÓ˚Öy ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó¢y £ú– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˜Ó!îÑ˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ˆì˛y ˆîÓì˛yñ x¢%Ó˚ñ
˜îì˛ƒñ îyòÓñ £hfl˛˛˛ôî!Ó!ü‹T òyÜñ ÜÓ˚&v˛¸ ˛ô«˛#ñ äÈyÜõ%[˛ñ î«˛ñ Î«˛ñ Ó˚y«˛¢ñ !Ñ˛ß¨Ó˚ñ Üı˛Ó≈ñ
˛ôy!Ó˚ãyì˛ ˛ô%‹ô ÈÙÈ ~ˆÏîÓ˚Á v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö xyˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚&Ó˚ÈÙÈ£z ã#ÓyŸ¬ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !ò
S˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÁ òÎ˚VÊ ~!îˆÏÑ˛ =ãÓ˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢%Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛yv˛y›˛yÎ˚ !¢ı%˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚yì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ ¢y£zˆÏ›˛
ˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ Ñ˛B˛yú ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ÚxˆÏŸªÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ÛÈÙÈì˛ˆÏ_¥Á î%ú%!ò ˆúˆÏÜˆÏäÈ Ó£z!Ñ˛– ì˛y£ˆÏúÁñ
ÎyÓì˛#Î˚ ˆÓyG˛y ˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ÈÙÈ£z !˛ôˆÏ‡˛ â˛y˛ôú ˆÑ˛ò⁄ ÈÙÈ v˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÖ§yˆÏã ÓÓ˚Ç ÚúyÜyõ £yˆÏì˛Û
˜Ó!îÑ˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ë%˛!Ñ˛–
˜Ó!îÑ˛ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ Úˆáyv˛¸yÛ Óy Úˆáy›˛Ñ˛Û ˆò£zñ xyˆÏäÈ ÚxŸªÛ– ˆÓˆÏîÓ˚ Ó%Í˛ô!_ @˘Ãs˛i !òÓ˚&_´–
ˆ¢£z !òÓ˚&_´ ÓˆÏúñ ÈÙÈ ÚÓƒyÆƒÌ≈Ñ˛ xü‰ ïyì%˛Ó˚ v˛z_Ó˚ E˛ò‰ ≤Ãì˛ƒˆÏÎ˚ xŸª üˆÏ∑Ó˚ !ò‹ô!_–6 xŸª
òyõ ˆÑ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £ú⁄ xŸª ˛ôÌ ÓƒÆ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xŸª õ£yˆÏ¶˛yãò £Î˚– xŸª â˛úò˛ô›%˛ £Î˚– xŸª
˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ Ñ%˛!›˛ú ≤ÃˆÏîü¢õ)ˆÏ£ xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢ Îyì˛yÎ˚yì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xŸª !òˆÏãÓ˚ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
¶˛#!ì˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xŸª â˛yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃK˛y Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–Û ÈÙÈ~ÖyˆÏò ~Ñ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒÁ ˆáy›˛Ñ˛
Óy ˆÑ˛yòÁ £zì˛Ó˚ ã#ˆÏÓÓ˚ £z!Dì˛ ˆò£zñ xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛ä%È =í Óy ˜Ó!üˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛úò– ÓyÇúyÎ˚
ÚxŸªÛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛!›˛ xÌ≈ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ÈÙÈ Úâ˛yÓ˚ ãy!ì˛ ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ãy!ì˛Û7Ê ÈÙÈ xŸª
ì˛y£ˆÏú ˛ô%Ó˚&°ÏÊ !Ñ˛ls˛ñ ~ ˆÑ˛õò ˛Úô%Ó˚&°ÏÛ⁄
xŸª =È xü‰ + Ó– xÌ≈yÍ Úxü‰Û Óy ≤Ãy!Æñ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛yÜñ úy¶˛ñ Óƒy!Æñ Ó˚yü#Ñ˛Ó˚í SÓ˚yü
Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ˛ô%O#Ñ˛Ó˚íV8 £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ !e´Î˚yÓ˚ ÚÓ£òÑ˛yÓ˚#Û SÓV– ¢£ã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓúˆÏúñ ÚxŸªÛ !ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛
Á v˛zâ%§˛ ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ)˛›˛ò#!ì˛Ñ˛Üíñ ÈÙÈÎyÓ˚y Ó%!k˛ÓˆÏú Ñ%˛!›˛ú ≤ÃˆÏîü¢õ)ˆÏ£ xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢ Îyì˛yÎ˚yì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ,˛ì˛Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ SxyÑ,˛!ì˛V myÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛#!ì˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛ôÓ˚yõˆÏü≈Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
â˛yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ SÓ˚yãyÓ˚V ≤ÃK˛y Ó!ï≈ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¢Çáyì˛ Óy Ñ)˛›˛ò#!ì˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚Ó˚yãƒ @˘Ãy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ
fl˛∫Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ Ó˚yãˆÏÑ˛y°Ï ïò¢¡ôî ˛ô%O#¶)˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ¢#õy ÓƒÆ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚...– ÈÙÈ~£z ≤Ã!e´Î˚yˆÏÑ˛£z
ÚxŸªˆÏõï9 ÎK˛Û ÓˆÏú– SxyÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÁ x!ì˛ˆÏ¶˛yãòñ â˛úò˛ô›%˛ì˛yñ £zì˛ƒy!î
=í ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ñ ì˛y£z ˆ¢£z ≤Ãyí#ˆÏÑ˛Á ÚxŸªÛ òyõ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚–V
~ÓyÓ˚ £y!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÖ§yã–... Ñ˛!Ó ¢ˆÏì˛ƒwòyÌ î_ !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúòñ Ú!îÜÜã ˆì˛yõyÓ˚
!Ñ˛B˛Ó˚ fl˛ÿˆÏòÛ– xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ◊ˆÏk˛Î˚ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ã˜ÏòÑ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏÑ˛
ÓúˆÏì˛ ÷ˆÏò!äÈ Úüõ≈yã# Ó£Í ÓˆÏv˛¸ £hfl˛# ˆÌÛ– ˆÑ˛ Óy Ñ˛yÓ˚y ~£z Üã xyÓ˚ £hfl˛#⁄ ÈÙÈ !îÑ˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !îÜÜã– x‹T!îÜÜã ˛ô%Ó˚yí xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ x‹T!îÑ˛ Ó˚«˛yÑ˛yÓ˚# £hfl˛#Üí– ˛ô)Óπ≈ñ
˛ô!ÿ˛õñ v˛z_Ó˚ñ î!«˛íñ {üyòñ ÓyÎ˚%ñ ˜ò}ì˛ Á x!@¿ ÈÙÈ ~£z xy›˛!îÑ˛ Ó˚«˛yÑ˛yÓ˚# £hfl˛#Ó˚y £ˆÏúò
˙Ó˚yÓì˛ñ ˛ô%[˛Ó˚#Ñ˛ñ Óyõòñ Ñ%˛õ%îñ xOòñ ˛ô%‹ôîhs˛ñ ¢yÓπ≈ˆÏ¶˛Ôõ Á ¢%≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛– ÈÙÈ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
Ö%§ˆÏã ˆîÖy ÎyÑ˛–10È...
!îÑ˛òyõ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ £hfl˛#òyõ £hfl˛#òyõ¢õ)ˆÏ£Ó˚ xÌ≈ Á !e´Î˚y!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ÓƒyÖƒy

˛ô)Óπ≈ ˆÎ fl˛iyò/Ñ˛yú/˛ôye ˙Ó˚yÓì˛ Ú£zÓ˚yÓÍÛ ££zˆÏì˛ ãyì˛/v˛zq(ì˛– S£zÓ˚yÓÍ
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óì˛≈õyò fl˛iyò/ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £zÓ˚yÓì˛#– £zÓ˚yÓì˛# È=È ãòïyÓ˚yñ
Ñ˛yú/˛ôye v˛zq(ì˛ ãúïyÓ˚yñ ˛ôíƒïyÓ˚y–V ÚÜíÈÙÈ˛ô!ì˛Û Óy
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Sfl˛øì˛≈Óƒ ÈÙÈ ÚÜíÈÙÈ£zˆÏüÛÓ˚ ˆîˆÏ£ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õhfl˛Ñ˛ !Óîƒõyò–
˛˛ô)Ó≈!îÑ˛ñ ˛ô)Ó≈Ñ˛yúñ ˛ ¢j≈yÓ˚ñ õã%Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ îú˛ô!ì˛–
˛ô)Ó≈˛ô%Ó˚&°ÏV
˛ô!ÿ˛õ Îy ˛ôÿ˛yˆÏì˛ Óy ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xOò Ñ˛yãú– ¢õ%!â˛ì˛ !ÓîƒyÓ%!k˛Ó˚ ãòò SxOV
â˛úõyò SxòV Îy£yˆÏì˛– î«˛K˛yò#–
v˛z_Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ Sv˛zì‰˛V ¢yÓπ≈ˆ¶Ï ˛Ôõ ¢Óπ≈ Óy ¢Ó≈ ¶)˛!õ ££zˆÏì˛ ãyì˛– ¢Óπ≈¶)˛!õÓ˚
ì˛yv˛¸ò Sì˛V Ó˚ˆÏ£ x!ï˛ô!ì˛– ¢¡ôî ¢,ãò Á !Óì˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò
SÓ˚V Îy£yˆÏì˛– !Î!ò–
ãÓyÓñ ˆ◊¤˛c–
î!«˛í SK˛yò òÎ˚ñV Úî«˛Ûì˛y Óyõò ÖÓ≈yÑ,˛!ì˛– ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ SÓyõV
¢!e´Î˚ S£zV ¶˛yˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚y â˛úõyò SxòV– ò‹T Óy xïÉ˛ô!ì˛ì˛
ÚxòÛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ!îˆÏÑ˛– Óy·˛í–
¢)Î≈ƒ Óy Ó˚y‹T…˛ô%§!ãÓ˚
Úõ%ÖyˆÏ˛ô«˛#Û £ˆÏú
ˆÎ!îˆÏÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛
õã%Ó˚# Óy î!«˛íy
ˆãyˆÏ›˛–
{üyò v˛z_Ó˚ Á ˛ô)ˆÏÓπ≈Ó˚ ¢%≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ v˛z_õ/¢yï% S¢%V ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ Îy£yÓ˚–
ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈î!% ›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ S≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ = Ú≤Ã!ì˛Û/¢,!‹T/˛ôîyÌ≈ˆÏÑ˛ ¢!e´Î˚Ñ˛yÓ˚#–
fl˛iyò/Ñ˛yú/˛ôye– ˆÎ ü∑ñ !â˛£´ñ !â˛eñ £zì˛ƒy!î myÓ˚y ¢,‹TãÜÍˆÏÑ˛
!òÎ˚hs˛y– ˙ŸªÎ≈ü#ú– õˆÏòyãÜˆÏì˛ ¢!e´Î˚/!â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–V
˛≤Ã¶%˛cü#ú– {ŸªÓ˚–
S{ŸªÓ˚ È= K˛yò#ñ
fl˛∫Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚í«˛õ–V
ÓyÎ˚% v˛z_Ó˚ Á ˛˛ô!ÿ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ô%‹ôîhs˛ ˛ô%ˆÏ‹ôÓ˚ òƒyÎ˚ îhs˛ ÎyÓ˚– !ÓîƒyïÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï–
ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈î!% ›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ ˜ãòïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ òÓõ ì˛#Ì≈B˛Ó˚– !ì˛!ò Ú¢%!Ó!ïòyÌÛ
fl˛iyò/Ñ˛yú/˛ôye– ˆÎ òyˆÏõÁ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ~Ñ˛ãò !¢k˛ Á x!Ó˚£hs˛–
≤ÃÓy!£ì˛ ¢_y ≤ÃÓy£ Sîhs˛ È= îõò!e´Î˚y ì˛y!v˛¸ì˛ ÎyˆÏì˛– ˛ô%‹ôÈÙÈ
˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢ÇÓyî Ó£ò ü∑!›˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ–V
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ¢ÇÓyî õyïƒõ–
SÚÓyì˛y¢Û xˆÏÌ≈ ÓyÎ˚%
¢ÇÓyî Ó£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
Üı˛ñ ì˛y˛ôñ Ü!ì˛ ....
~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ–V
˜ò}ì˛ î!«˛í Á ˛ô!ÿ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ%˛õ%î ˛ôp– Ñ%˛ÈÙÈˆì˛ S˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛V Úõ%îÛ !Î!ò–
ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈î!% ›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ ¢#õyúAáˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ òì%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zqî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò
fl˛iyò/Ñ˛yú/˛ôye– !Î!ò–
òƒyÎ˚ ¢¡øì˛ Óy
≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ Ó˚#!ì˛ Ó˚ˆÏ£
ˆÎ!îˆÏÑ˛–
x!@¿ î!«˛í Á ˛ô)ˆÏÓπ≈Ó˚ ˛ Ñ%˛õ%î ˆŸªì˛˛ôp– òyÜ!ÓˆÏü°Ï– ˛ô%[‰˛ È+ {Ñ˛–È
ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈î!% ›˛Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ ˆ¶˛yÜoÓƒ ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ S˛ô%\VÈÙÈ~Ó˚
fl˛iyò/Ñ˛yú/˛ôye– x!ï˛ô!ì˛–
Ñ˛õ≈ÎˆÏK˛ ¢Ó≈≤ÃÌˆÏõ
ÎyˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò–
ü!_´– ◊õ–
£y!ì˛ ˆì˛y î)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆúãÈÙÈÁ xyÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ òy– ÓÓ˚Ç ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈñ ~£z ÚÓˆÏv˛¸
£hfl˛#ÛÈÙÈÓ˚y Ó˚#!ì˛õì˛ Úõ£y =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ Óƒ!_´ÛÊ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ äÈv˛¸y!›˛ˆÏì˛ ì˛y£ˆÏú ~£z ÜíƒõyòƒÓ˚y
Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ Ñ)˛›˛˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Úòyâ˛Û Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈúÊ SÎ!îÁ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ Áãò Ó%ˆÏG˛ Úòyâ˛Û ü∑!›˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢ˆÏB˛yâ˛ £ˆÏFäÈ–V
!Ñ˛ls˛ñ ˆÑ˛ò⁄ xyÓ˚ î!«˛í!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚«˛yÑ˛yÓ˚# £hfl˛# Î!î Óyõò £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ÚÓyõò £ˆÏÎ˚
â§˛yˆÏî £yì˛Û fl˛ôï≈yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ÈÙÈ£z Óy ˆÑ˛ò⁄ ÈÙÈ ã!›˛ú ≤ÃŸ¿– ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ xyˆÏÜ Úâ§˛yîÛˆÏÑ˛ ãyòy
îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚Á xyˆÏÜ v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈî!«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢Çáyì˛›˛y ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÑ˛– xÜì˛ƒyñ Ú˛ô÷˛ô!ì˛ÛÓ˚ fl˛øÓ˚í
!¶˛ß¨ Ü!ì˛ ˆò£z–
ÓD#Î˚ ü∑ˆÏÑ˛y°Ï Ú˛ô÷Û üˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ¢ÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ Îy xyˆÏäÈ ì˛y Úã#ÓÈÙÈãls˛Û òÎ˚ñ
ÚˆÎ x!ÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ˆîˆÏÖÛÊ Ú˛ô÷Û ¢ˆÏ¡∫yïò ˆÎ ˆõyˆÏ›˛£z ì%˛FäÈyˆÏÌ≈ òÎ˚ñ xŸª xyÓ˚ £hfl˛#Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛ˆÏÎ˚
ì˛y £z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ ˆ›˛Ó˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y !ÜˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ˛ô÷ˆÏîÓ˚ xyâ˛yÓ˚ Óy Ú˛ôŸªyâ˛yÓ˚ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ãyòˆÏú ˛ô÷ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xyâ˛yÓ˚ˆÏ¶˛îì˛s˛f xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˜Ó!îÑ˛ xyâ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛£z ˛ôŸªyâ˛yÓ˚ ÓˆÏú–11 õ£y!òÓπ≈yíì˛s˛f
xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ñ ÈÙÈÚ...!e¢ı˛ƒy ã˛ô Á ˛ô)ãyñ !ò¡ø≈ú Ófl˛f ˛ô!Ó˚ïyòñ ˆÓîüyˆÏfl˛f î,ë˛¸ K˛yòñ =Ó˚& Á
ˆîÓì˛yˆÏì˛ ¶˛!_´ñ õˆÏs˛f î,ë˛¸ !ÓŸªy¢ñ !˛ôì,˛ Á ˆîÓ˛ô)ãyñ ÷!k˛ Á !òì˛ƒÑ˛yÎ≈ƒñ £zì˛ƒy!î xyâ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈˆÏÑ˛
˛ôŸªyâ˛yÓ˚ ÓˆÏú–Û ÈÙÈ~=!ú xyÓ˚ Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ñ £y!ì˛ÈÙÈˆáyv˛¸y Óy ÜÓ˚& äÈyÜˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛¡ø òÎ˚–
Ú˛ô÷ÛÓ˚ ˆ¢£z Úx!ÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ˆîÖyÛÈÙÈˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆÓyG˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÑ˛– ÈÙÈáÓ˚¶˛!ì˛≈ äÈyˆÏeÓ˚
õˆÏ ï ƒ ÷ï% ≤ÃÌõ fl˛i y òy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ # ˆÏ Ñ ˛ ˆÓˆÏ ä È ˆòÁÎ˚ y £ú Ú!ÓˆÏ ü °Ï ¶˛yˆÏ Ó ˆîÖyÛ– xyÓ˚
≤ÃÌõÈÙÈ!mì˛#Î˚ÈÙÈxÑ,˛ì˛Ñ˛yˆÏÎÓ≈ ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ¶˛î òy ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ñ ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛£z äÈye !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆîÖy £ú x!ÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï
ˆîÖy– ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ñ ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò ˆîÖy– ~£z Ú¢yõƒ˛ôs˛i#ÛˆÏîÓ˚ x!ï˛ô!ì˛ S˛ô÷ÈÙÈ˛ô!ì˛V !äÈˆÏúò
K˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !üÖy S!üV Ó£òÑ˛yÓ˚# SÓV Óy K˛yòÓyî# Ú!üÓÛÈÙÈˆ◊í#Ó˚ õyò%°Ïãò– ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛ ~£z îü≈òÈÙÈ£z
!äÈú ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ !òÎ˚õ– ì˛Öò î«˛ì˛y˛ôs˛i#Ó˚y !äÈú K˛yò˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Üyõ#– ˆÑ˛yòÁ Óy·˛ˆÏíÓ˚
˛ôˆÏ«˛ Sv˛zÍÑ,˛‹TV K˛yò ˆäÈˆvÏ ˛¸ S!òÑ,˛‹TV î«˛ì˛yÎ˚ â˛â˛≈y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õã%Ó#˚ Óy î!«˛íy @˘Ã£í !äÈú Óy·˛íƒïˆÏõÓ≈ ˚
!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ xyâ˛Ó˚í– ì˛y£z ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Óyõò Óúy £ì˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ñ ~Ñ˛¢õÎ˚ S˛ô%Ó˚yí Ó!í≈ì˛ î«˛ÎˆÏK˛Ó˚
¢õÎ˚V ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !òÎ˚õ=!ú ˛ôyˆÏŒ›˛ ˆÜú– ~ÓyÓ˚ !üÓì˛yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !îüyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ Úî«˛ì˛y Á
î!«˛íyÈÙÈ!ò¶˛≈Ó˚Û !îüy ˆÑ˛ Ú¢!‡˛Ñ˛Û Óy ‘right’ Sî!«˛í / v˛yòV Óúy £ú– ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏòy !îüy!›˛ £ú
Ú˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒ_´Û Óy ‘left’ SÓyõV– ÚK˛yòÓyî# ¢yõƒì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôs˛iyÛ ~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒ_´ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ÓˆÏú
ì˛yÓ˚ òyõ £Î˚ ÚÓyõ˛ôs˛iyÛ– xyãÁ ˆÎÛÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí S≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓñ £Î˚ˆÏì˛y òy Ó%ˆÏG˛£zV ¢õyã Óy
¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Sõ)úˆÏfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛V ÌyÑ˛y õyò%°Ï Úî!«˛íyÑ˛yú#ÛÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÚÓyõyÑ˛yú#ÛÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãy
£Î˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚–12
~£z £!hfl˛ Óy ÜãÜˆÏíÓ˚ v˛zayò˛ôÌ !Ñ˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ õ¢,í !äÈú⁄ ÈÙÈòy– ˛ô%Ó˚yí Óy õ£y¶˛yÓ˚ì˛
xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ î#á≈!îò ïˆÏÓ˚ ÚÜãÈÙÈÑ˛FäÈˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ m®µÛ â˛ˆÏú!äÈú– ~Ó˚y !äÈú ~Ñ˛£z ˆÜyˆÏeÓ˚ õ%!ò–
~ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ ¢)e !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Ñ˛yü#îy¢# õ£y¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ÓˆÏúñ ÚïˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ˆîy§ˆÏ£ ££zú
!ÓˆÏFäÈîÛ– ÜãÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ xyõÓ˚y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈ– ˆÑ˛ ~£z Ñ˛FäÈ˛ô⁄ ÈÙÈÚÑ˛FäÈÛ ˆÑ˛ ˛ôyúòÑ˛yÓ˚#
S˛ôV– Ñ˛FäÈÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ Ú¢_¥yˆÏÑ˛ S¢yî,ˆÏüƒñ Ñ˛y!äÈõV Óy ¢,!‹Tü#ú ¢_¥yˆÏÑ˛ S¢yî,ˆÏüƒñ !úDÈÙÈˆÎy!òV
Ó˚ « ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ # – ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ¢, ! ‹T ˆ Ï Ñ ˛ Óy ¢, ! ‹T ü #úì˛yˆÏ Ñ ˛ Ó˚ « ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ # K˛yò– SÚ¢Ó˚ fl ˛∫ ì ˛ƒyhfl˛
Ñ˛FäÈy˛ô#ÛÈÙÈ˜ÏÓãÎ˚hs˛#V– ˆ¢ÛÎ%ˆÏÜ K˛yò õyˆÏò ˆÓîñ ÈÙÈ Îy ã#Óò Á ¢õyãˆÏÑ˛ â˛ì%˛ˆÏÓ≈îñ â˛ì%˛Ó˚y◊õñ
â˛ì%˛ÓÜ≈ñ â˛ì%˛Óí≈ £zì˛ƒy!î Úâ˛ì%˛˛ô≈ˆÏîÛ S˛ôî È= ˛ôyúò îyòÑ˛yÓ˚#V ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚¶%˛_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ~£z
Úâ˛ì%˛˛ô≈î !Ó!ü‹T Ó˚«˛yÑ˛yÓ˚# K˛yòÛ SÑ˛FäÈ˛ô Óy Ñ)˛¡ø≈VÈÙÈˆÏÑ˛ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy!îˆÏì˛ Ú¢õ%oõs˛iòÛ Óy
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ò / ˛ô%ò!Ó≈òƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Sfl˛øì˛≈Óƒ ≠ ãò¢õ%oñ Üí¢õ%o £zì˛ƒy!î üˆÏ∑
Ú¢õ%ˆÏoÛÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚V–...
Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ñ ÚÜãÈÙÈÑ˛FäÈˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ m®µÛ Óy ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ÜíõyòƒˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ˆÓîK˛yò#ˆÏîÓ˚ m®µ

x!õõyÇ!¢ì˛ xÓfl˛iyˆÏì˛£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Úxy£zò Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ =Ó˚&¶˛yÓ˚ Ó£òÑ˛yÓ˚# ¢_¥yÛ Óy ÚÜÓ˚&v˛¸Û @˘Ãy¢
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ SÜÓ˚&v˛¸ ≠ =Ó˚&Ç ¶˛yÓ˚Ç ¢õy¢yîƒ v˛zU˛#òÉ–... Ñ˛!Ìì˛ xyˆÏäÈñ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ Óy xy£zˆÏòÓ˚
xïÉ˛ôì˛ò ì˛Ìy xïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ Óy xòƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x¶%˛ƒayò £ˆÏú xy£zòÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ Óy ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ˛ô%òÉfl˛iy˛ôò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÚÚxy£zòÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ïπãyïyÓ˚#ÛÓ˚ Óy ÚÜÓ˚&v˛¸ïπˆÏãÛÓ˚ xy!Ó¶˛≈yÓ £Î˚–13V
K˛yòâ˛â˛≈y £…y¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏú !òì˛ƒòì%˛ò xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ Ó˚&k˛ £Î˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ e´õyÜì˛ î«˛ì˛yÓ˚
â˛â˛≈yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢õyˆÏã v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí e´õü Óyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– xyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏòÓ˚ Óyv˛¸!ì˛ Óy
v˛zÍÓ,_ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚ ˛ôˆÏíƒ– ˛ôíƒ £ú Ú˛ô%‹ôÛ– ÈÙÈ !òÓ˚&ˆÏ_´ ÎyˆÏÑ˛ Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
ÚÎyK˛Û Óy ÚÎK˛ SÑ˛õ≈ÎK˛V ££zˆÏì˛ ãyì˛ / !ÓÑ˛!üì˛Û– ö%˛ú ö%˛›˛ˆÏú Óy Ú˛ô%ˆÏ‹ôÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yüÛ £ˆÏú
Óyì˛y¢ Óy ÓyÎ˚% ÜˆÏı˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÓyî ~ˆÏò ˆîÎ˚ SÚx‹T!îÑ˛ Á x‹T!îÜÜãÛ ì˛y!úÑ˛yÈÙÈ!›˛
ˆîÖ%òVñ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆÎõò xyãÁ òì%˛ò ˛ôíƒ ~ˆÏú£z ¢ÇÓyîõyïƒõ ì˛yÓ˚ ÖÓÓ˚ xyˆÏò– ˆÎ ˛ô%‹ô Óy
˛ôíƒ ¢#õyhs˛ Úˆ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚Û ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ãˆÏß√ˆÏäÈ Sãyì˛V ˆ¢£z ÚÓ˚Æy!òˆÏÎyÜƒ ˛ôˆÏíƒÛÓ˚ òyõ
Ú˛ôy!Ó˚ãyì˛Û– v˛zÍÑ,˛‹T ˛ôíƒ Óy ˛ô%‹ô õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏò ˛ôíƒ!›˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÚÑ˛yõòyÓ˚ v˛zîÎ˚Û á›˛yÎ˚ñ ì˛y£z
ˆ¢ ÚÑ˛yõÈÙÈv˛z!î!ì˛Û SÎy Ó˝ õ%Ö á%ˆÏÓ˚ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã#ˆÏì˛ ‘commodity’ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ !Ìì%˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–V
˛ô%ˆÏ‹ôÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ÚÑ˛yõòyÛÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ˛≈ xyˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú£z Ñ˛yõˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ïò%Ó˚ òyõ Ú˛ô%‹ôïò%Û– ≤Ãyí#ÜˆÏ¶˛≈
Sv˛zÍ˛ôß¨V ¢hs˛yÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢£z ‘placenta’ Óy Ü¶˛≈˛ô!Ó˚fl˛ÀÓˆÏÑ˛ xyãÁ @˘ÃyõyM˛ÈˆÏú
Úö%˛úÛ Óúy £Î˚– xyÓ˚ v˛z!qˆÏîÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ ÚÑ˛õ≈ÎK˛ ˆÏÌˆÏÑ˛ ãyì˛Û £ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Ú˛ô%‹ôÛ–
ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ˛ôíƒ xyÓyÓ˚ ãß√¢)ˆÏe£z xòƒ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ˛ôˆÏíƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ÷ï% ì˛yÓ˚ xydyÓ˚£z òÎ˚ñ
üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Á !Ó!òõÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ñ ÈÙÈ ì˛y ˆ¢ x˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôíƒ!›˛ v˛z_õ Óy xïõñ ÎyÈÙÈ£z ˆ£yÛÑ˛ òy
ˆÑ˛ò– ˛ôˆÏíƒÓ˚ ~£z Óyhfl˛ÓˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ x¶˛yÓñ ˛ôˆÏíƒÓ˚ õy!úÑ˛ ì˛y ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏíƒÓ˚ Úõ)úƒÛ
!òï≈yÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ– ˛ôˆÏíƒÓ˚ S˛ô%ˆÏ‹ôÓ˚V !Óe´Î˚õ)úƒ myÓ˚y ¢¡ôî x!ã≈ì˛ £Î˚– ì˛y£z ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚
ˆîÓì˛y Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÌÓ˚ òyõ Ú˛ô%‹ôÑ˛Û– ÚˆÏ¢yòyõ!íÓ˚ ˆÓÛ xy¢ˆÏú ˆ¢yòyÈÙÈõy!òÑ˛ Á òyòy!Óï
õ)úƒÓyò Ólfl˛Ó˚ !Ó!òõÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏíƒÓ˚ õ)úƒ !òï≈yÓ˚í Á !Óe´ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ú!ÓÓy£Ûñ õyˆÏò Ú¢yõy!ãÑ˛ â%˛!_´
Ó˚â˛òyÛ–
ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆÓyG˛y ˆÜúñ ˛ôíƒ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Á !Óe´Î˚ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ÜíƒõyòƒÓ˚y Á
Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ Ñ)˛›˛˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛Üí Úì˛yúÓyîƒ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ S≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãòõì˛ñ fl˛∫ì˛É≤ÃˆÏíy!îì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚V Üye!òˆÏ«˛˛ôÛ
Óy ò,ì˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈú– ~£z Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ fl˛iyò Ñ˛îõì˛úy Óy ÚÑ˛î¡∫Ó,ˆÏ«˛ÛÓ˚ ì˛ú– ≤ÃÌˆÏõ£z ÓˆÏú Ó˚yÖy
¶˛yú ˆÎñ Ú˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ôÛ xˆÏÌ≈ ÚÑ˛îõÛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ Ó%Í˛ô!_ xòƒ– ~£z !òÓˆÏı˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ì˛y x≤Ãy!DÑ˛–
ÚÑ˛î¡∫Ó,ˆÏ«˛ÛÓ˚ Ñ˛î¡∫ÈÙÈü∑!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yàˆÏú ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÚÑ˛!î +È x¡∫ Sx¡∫â˛VÛ– ÚÑ˛!îÛñ xÌ≈yÍ
ÚÑ˛îÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢!e´Î˚ì˛y 9£zV– ÚÑ%˛Û ~Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ÚxÛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ÚÑ˛îÛ £Î˚ Sv˛zîy£Ó˚í ≠ Ñ%˛ È+È xß¨
=È Ñ˛îß¨V– ÚÑ˛î‰Û =ˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚Ñ˛/Óy£Ñ˛ ¢_y ì˛yÓ˚ îü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ £Î˚ Ö%Ó ¶˛yú xÌÓy Ö%Ó
ÖyÓ˚y˛ôñ ÈÙÈ îü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ @˘Ã£íˆÏÎyÜƒì˛yÓ˚ ¢#õyÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚–
!Ñ˛ls˛ñ ÚÖ%ÓÛ ˆÑ˛yòÁ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy xyÑ,˛!ì˛ Óyâ˛Ñ˛ ü∑ òÎ˚– xˆÏB˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚
¶˛yúÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ïòydÑ˛ xòhs˛Ó˚y!ü Óy ÖyÓ˚yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ }íycÑ˛ xòhs˛Ó˚y!ü xÓ!ï–
Sxòhs˛Ó˚y!üˆÏÑ˛ !£®%Ü!íì˛ îü≈ˆÏò ÚÖ£Ó˚Û Óy Úü)òƒ £Ó˚Û ÓˆÏú– Ö È=È õ£yü)òƒñ xyÑ˛yüV ~Ñ˛
Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ñ ˆ¢ ¶˛yú Óy ÖyÓ˚y˛ô ÈÙÈ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ x¢#õ– ÈÙÈ~ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛õò Ñ˛ÌyÊ ˆÑ˛yòÁ
Óyhfl˛Ó ¢_yÓ˚ ˆì˛y ~õò x¢#õì˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚Öy!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆÓyG˛yÓ˚
ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÑ˛ñÈÙÈ
ÖyÓ˚y˛ô ¶˛yú
Ö%Ó ÖyÓ˚y˛ô @˘Ã£íˆÏÎyÜƒ ¢#õy Ö%Ó ¶˛yú
¢#õy£#ò ÖyÓ˚y˛ô ˆÓ!ü ÖyÓ˚y˛ô ˆÓ!ü ¶˛yú ¢#õy£#ò ¶˛yú
~ÓyÓ˚ Úx¡∫ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ôyúy– x¢#õ xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ Îì˛›%˛Ñ%˛ xÇü xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ Óy ˆÓyˆÏï
ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Úx¡∫ÈÙÈÓ˚Û ÓˆÏú– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ñ x!hfl˛cò SxV ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢#õyÎ˚ò Sõ‰V ˆÑ˛ Ó£ò SÓV
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ/Îy– ì˛yÓ˚ õyˆÏòñ ÚÑ˛îÛÈÙÈˆÏì˛ x¢#õì˛yÓ˚ xy¶˛y¢ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ÚxˆÏ¡∫ÛÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ˆ¢£z
ˆ¢£z îüy á%â˛ú– @˘Ã£íˆÏÎyÜƒì˛yÓ˚ ¢#õyÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ £ˆÏúÁ ÚÑ˛î¡∫Û ~Ñ˛!›˛ £z!wÎ˚@˘Ãy£ƒ xyÑ˛yÓ˚–
v˛z!qî Ñ˛îõÜyäÈ Óy Ñ˛î¡∫Ó,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ö%˛ú S˛ô%‹ôÊV ˛ô%ˆÏãyÎ˚ úyˆÏÜ òy Óy Ú@˘Ã£íˆÏÎyÜƒì˛yÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Û–
xyÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò ˆ¢Û ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ãòƒ òÎ˚ñ Ó˚Æy!òÓ˚ ãòƒ–14 Sfl˛øì˛≈Óƒ ≠ Ñ˛y!£ò#
xò%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢õyˆÏã x@˘Ã£í#Î˚ñ xÑ˛yõƒ Á !ò!®ì˛ Ó˚yïyÈÙÈÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ÚÓ˚y¢ú#úyÛÓ˚
ãòƒ Ñ˛îõì˛úyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓˆÏäÈ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–V xò%õyò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ~Ñ˛¢õÎ˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó_ÓyòÓ˚y
Ó˚Æy!òõyˆÏòÓ˚ õ£yá≈ ˛ôíƒ Óy ÚÑ˛î¡∫Ó,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˛ô%‹ôÛ e´Î˚ Á ≤Ãîü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãyâ%˛Î≈
Óy xy!¶˛ãyì˛ƒ ãy!£Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– ÈÙÈ¢Ω˛Óì˛Éñ ~£z ≤ÃÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ñ ˛ô%ˆÏãyÎ˚ òy úyÜˆÏúÁñ õ[˛˛ô¢IyÎ˚
Óy ˆ«˛e!ÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï xD¢IyÎ˚ ÚÑ˛îõö%˛úÛ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛–
!Ñ˛ä%È xyˆÏÜ îü≈òˆÏÑ˛ ÚxÇˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÛÎ˚ Óy ÚˆÓ˚Öy!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõÛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆâ˛‹Ty
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ÈÙÈ ~Ñ˛òãˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y xq$ì˛ ˆ‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏì˛£z ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ñ mathematicsÙÈ~Ó˚ äÈye
õyˆÏe ãyˆÏò ÈÙÈ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ xyˆÏîƒy˛ôyhs˛ philosophy Óy îü≈ò–15 mathematicsÈÙÈ~Ó˚
ÜíòyÈÙÈ¢Çeýhs˛ xÇˆÏüÓ˚ òyõ ÚÜ!íì˛Û Á ì˛yÓ˚ îü≈ò Óy philosophy £ú ÚxÇÑ˛Û– ÚxÇÛ
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xÇÑ˛– ˆ¢£z ÚxÇÛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÚxÇÓ˚*˛ô#!òÛ xÌ≈yÍñ ÚˆÎ Ó˚*˛ô x!ì˛¢)- Á Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚Û–
ÚxÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !e´Î˚y!¶˛!_Ñ˛ xÌ≈ ÚÓ˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ì˛yÛ– ÚÇÛ ˆÑ˛ ÈÙÈˆîÓòÜÓ˚# £Ó˚ˆÏö˛ ˆúÖy £Î˚ Ú!Ó®%ÛÓ˚
õyïƒˆÏõ Sv˛zîy£Ó˚í ≠ x£ÇÑ˛yÓ˚ ÈÙÈ E˘k=+FfiV– ~£z Ú!Ó®%Û xÇˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ñ Ú˜îá≈ƒñ ≤Ãfl˛iñ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y£#ò
Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ x!hfl˛cÛ– fl˛øì˛≈Óƒ ≠ ÚxÇÓ˚*˛ô#!òÛÈÙÈÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ òyõ Ú!Ó®%Óy!¢ò#Û–
ÚÇÛ äÈyv˛¸yÁ àñ ~åñ íñ ò Á õ ÈÙÈˆÏÑ˛ SÓí≈=!úÓ˚ ¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ xòƒ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ÓˆÏí≈Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ
Î%_´ £ˆÏúV ˆîÓòÜÓ˚# !ú!˛ôˆÏì˛ Ú!Ó®%ÛÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– v˛zîy£Ó˚í ≠ ¢Aá - ıFkfFñ
Ó˚Oò - fik°FŒFñ x[˛ - Ek∞ñ ¢hs˛ - ıFk∂Fñ ¢Ω˛Ó - ıFk⁄FÊF £zì˛ƒy!î– àñ ~åñ íñ ò Á õ
ïπ!ò=!úÓ˚Á !e´Î˚y!¶˛!_Ñ˛ xˆÏÌ≈ Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ì˛y !Óîƒõyò– à È=È Ñ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚£¢ƒñ ~å =È â˛Î˚òÓ˚£¢ƒñ

í =È ›˛B˛yÓ˚Ó˚£¢ƒñ ò È= òyÑ˛Ó˚íÈÙÈxòyÑ˛Ó˚í Ó˚£¢ƒ Á õ =È ¢#õyÎ˚ò Ó˚£¢ƒ– ì˛y£z ÚxÇÑ˛Û
üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÎ !ÓÑ˛“ Óyòyò!Ó!ï ÚxB˛Ûñ ÈÙÈˆÏ¢ÖyˆÏòÁ ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ì˛y Óy îü≈ò v˛zˆÏÓ ÎyÎ˚ òy– ÈÙÈ~
ˆì˛y ˆÜú xÇˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ îü≈ò– xyÓ˚ îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ xÇÑ˛⁄ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚yâ˛!Ó˚ì˛ xyïyÓ˚ñ ÈÙÈ
Ñ˛yÓƒñ òy›˛ƒñ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ £zì˛ƒy!î £yˆÏõüy£z ≤ÃÌõñ !mì˛#Î˚ñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚... ÚxÇˆÏÑ˛Û Ú!Ó¶˛_´Û Óy
Ú!Ó¶˛y!ãì˛Û £Î˚–
≤Ã¢ˆÏD !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy!¢ñ Ó˚Æy!òˆÏÎyÜƒ ˛ôíƒ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Á !Óe´Î˚ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏú ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ÜíƒõyòƒÓ˚y
~ÓÇ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛ Á Ñ,˛›˛˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛Üí ~£z ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏú ì˛yú ˆõúy!FäÈú– !Ñ˛ls˛ñ ì˛yÓ˚
¢yˆÏÌ Úâ˛y§î Á‡˛yÛÓ˚ Ñ˛# ¢¡ôÑ˛≈⁄ÈÙÈ~£z â˛y§î Ö%§ãˆÏì˛ xyÑ˛yˆÏü òÎ˚ñ Úõ£yÑ˛y!ÓƒÑ˛Û £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢
ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–...
÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛ ˆÜy¤˛#Ók˛ ã#Ó õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ÎyÓì˛#Î˚ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò !äÈú ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢¡ô!_– î«˛ì˛y
Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢yˆÏÌ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Óyv˛¸ˆìÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˛ôyüy˛ôy!üñ !Ó!òõÎ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ ˆÑ˛òyÈÙÈˆÓâ˛y
â˛yú% £Î˚– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢,!‹T £Î˚ v˛zm,_ ïò¢¡ôî– xy!î õ%oy !äÈú ÜÓ˚&ñ ì˛y£z ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Óúy £ì˛
ˆÜyÈÙÈïò– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ õ%oy !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆ¢yòyñ Ó˚*˛ôyñ ì˛yõyñ Ñ˛!v˛¸ñ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
ïò¢¡ôî ˆÎ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô£z ÌyÑ%˛ò òy ˆÑ˛òñ ì˛yÓ˚ õy!úÑ˛ !äÈú ¢õyãñ ˆÑ˛yòÁ Óƒ!_´ òÎ˚– ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚
ì˛yˆÏì˛ ¢õyò x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚– ì˛ì˛!îˆÏò Ó˚y‹T…ÈÙÈÓƒÓfl˛iy ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ïò¢¡ôî
˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ú Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ ïò¢¡ôˆÏî– Óí≈y◊õ ≤ÃÌy â˛yú% £úñ ÈÙÈˆÏÜyv˛¸yˆÏì˛ ì˛y !äÈú Ñ˛yãÈÙÈ!¶˛!_Ñ˛ñ
ãß√ÈÙÈ!¶˛!_Ñ˛ òÎ˚– ì˛Öò õyò%°Ï ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yã xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ïò¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôì˛ñ
Sõy!úÑ˛yòy òÎ˚V– ì˛Öò Óƒ!_´ÈÙÈõy!úÑ˛yòy !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ ú%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ â%˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ úy!úì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ
¢õyã ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Úî%Ü≈ı˛Û !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆîÖì˛– ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y Ú¢%ÜˆÏı˛ÛÓ˚ õÎ≈yîy ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–16
˛ô%úhfl˛ ˆÜyˆÏeÓ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ îy!Î˚c !äÈú ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ïõ¢¡ôî Ó˚«˛y Á ¢õ,k˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚–
ÚÓ˚«˛yõÉ £z!ì˛ ÎÓ˚&_´õ Ó˚y«˛¢yˆÏhfl˛ ¶˛Óls˛ ÓÉ– Î«˛yõÉ £z!ì˛ ÎÓ˚&_´õ Î«˛y ~Ó ¶˛Óls˛ÓÉ––Û
SÓyÕ√#!Ñ˛ Ó˚yõyÎ˚íñ v˛z_Ó˚Ñ˛y[˛ñ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ¢Ü≈–V !Ñ˛ls˛ñ ¢õ,k˛Ñ˛yÓ˚# Óy Î«˛Ó˚y SÎ«˛Ó˚yã È= Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚V
¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ñ˛úƒyíÑ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y ¶%˛ˆÏú ÷ï% Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ˆ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢¡ôî Óy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú–
SÚÎˆÏÖÓ˚ ïòÛ Ñ˛Ìy!›˛Ó˚ v˛zÍ˛ô!_ ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛–V ~!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛yÑ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚y SÓ˚«˛Ó˚yã =È Ó˚yÓíV
Ó˚!«˛ì˛ ïò !òˆÏã£z ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ ˆö˛úˆÏúñ xÌ≈yÍ ÚÓ˚«˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ£z ¶˛«˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚Û ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ú!òÈÙÈïòÛ
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò £Î˚–
Ó˚yõyÎ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ xy!î òyõ Úˆ˛ôÔúhfl˛ÈÙÈÓï Ñ˛yÓƒÛ– ~£z õ£yÑ˛yˆÏÓƒ ÚúyDˆÏúÓ˚ ö˛úyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ãß√Û17
ÈÙÈ ˆ¢£z ÚÑ,˛!°ÏÈÙÈv˛zÍ˛ôyîòÛ ˆÑ˛ £Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÚÓ˚yÓíÛ òyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢_y– ÎyˆÏÑ˛ Óï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ÚÓ˚yõÛ
òyõÑ˛ ¢_y ÓúˆÏäÈòñ ÈÙÈ ÚˆÏì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛ v˛zk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Á v˛zˆÏjüƒ !¢k˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆì˛yõyˆÏì˛
xyõyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò xy¢!_´ ˆò£z– ˆÎÖyˆÏò £zFäÈy ÎyÁ– â˛y£zˆÏú ú«˛í Óy ¶˛Ó˚ì˛ ÈÙÈ ÎyˆÏÑ˛
ˆ˛ôˆÏú ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ¢%Öñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓÓ˚í ˆÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚y–Û18 ~£z v˛z!_´ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £z!Dì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ
Ó˚yÓíÓˆÏïÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ ˛ô!bˆÏ≤Ãõ ÈÙÈ ~£z ïyÓ˚íy!›˛ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛#–
Ó˚«˛Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ ≤Ã¢D ÎÖò ~úÈÙÈ£zñ ì˛Öò ÓˆÏú Ó˚yÖy ¶˛yú ÚÓ˚y«˛¢Û xyÓ˚ Úx¢%Ó˚Û !Ñ˛ls˛ ~Ñ˛
òÎ˚– ì˛y£z ÓˆÏú ¢yõƒ˛ôs˛i# Úx¢%Ó˚ÛˆÏÑ˛ xyÓyÓ˚ Ú˜Ïîì˛ƒÈÙÈîyòÓÛ Ó%ˆÏG˛ Ó¢ˆÏúñ ÚˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ £z!ì˛£y¢Û
˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚ ÚxˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛y!£ò#ÛˆÏì˛–... Úx¢%Ó˚Û üˆÏ∑Ó˚ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ¢ı˛yˆÏò Ú!òÓ˚&_´Û ¢£ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
üyfl˛f Ö%§ˆÏv˛¸ Îy ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ì˛y £ú ÈÙÈ ÚÎyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ≤Ãyíü!_´Ó˚ ≤Ãyâ%˛Î≈ñ ÚˆÎ ¢%Ó˚ õyˆÏò òyÛñ ÚˆÏÎ
£zw!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï#Ûñ ÚˆÎ ¢Ó≈îy x!fl˛iÓ˚Ûñ Ú£zˆÏwÓ˚ myÓ˚y !Óì˛y!v˛¸ì˛Ûñ £zì˛ƒy!î– ~Ó˚y ˆ¢£z xy!î ¢yõƒÓyî#ñ
ÎyÓ˚y xÓüƒ£z ≤Ãyíü!_´ˆÏì˛ ¶˛Ó˚˛ô%Ó˚ñ ˆÑ˛òyˆÏÓâ˛yÈÙÈ!ò¶˛≈Ó˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Ú¢%Ó˚Û õyˆÏò òyñ õy!úÑ˛yòyÓ˚
S≤Ã¶%˛ˆÏcÓ˚V !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï#– ˆÑ˛yòÁ ì˛Ó˚ú ˆÎõò ì˛yÓ˚ Ú¢yõƒ˛ôs˛iyÛ S¢ˆÏõyFâ˛ü#úì˛yV Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ
¢Ó¢õÎ˚ Ü!ì˛ü#úñ ~Ó˚yÁ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢yõƒ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ¢îy x!fl˛iÓ˚– fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ£z
ì˛yÓ˚y Úõy!úÑ˛yòyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy¢# ≤Ã¶%˛Û Óy Ú£zˆÏwÛÓ˚ myÓ˚y !Óì˛y!v˛¸ì˛– ì˛yÓ˚y ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã¶%˛ˆÏcÓ˚ Úfl˛∫ˆÏÜ≈Û
xyáyì˛ £yòˆÏì˛ ÎyÎ˚– õãyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy £úñ }ˆÏ@ªˆÏîÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢Æõ õ[˛ˆÏú ≤ÃyÎ˚ !eü ÓyÓ˚
x!@¿ñ Ó˚&oñ !õeÈÙÈÓÓ˚&íñ ÓyÎ˚%ñ ≤Ãõ%ÖˆÏÑ˛ x¢%Ó˚ Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈÊ x¢%Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ◊k˛yÙÈÁ ≤Ãîü≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y
£ˆÏFäÈ–19 °Ï¤˛ xïƒyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ £zwÈÙÈx¢%Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy– ≤Ã¶%˛cÓyî#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ
~£z úv˛¸y£zÈÙÈ~ x¢%Ó˚Üí ˆ£ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ö˛ˆÏú Î%k˛ãÎ˚#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛ õyˆÏe£z ÚÓÓ≈Ó˚Ûñ ˆì˛õò£z
ì˛yÓ˚y ÚÓÓ≈Ó˚ñ ò,üÇ¢ñ ¶˛Î˚B˛Ó˚ÛÈÙÈãyì˛#Î˚ £z!ì˛£y¢Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ‘blasphemy’ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚–
¢Ω˛Óì˛Éñ =ÆÎ%ˆÏÜ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ÚxõÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛y°ÏÛÈÙÈ!›˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Úx¢%ˆÏÓ˚ÛÓ˚ xÌ≈ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ¢Ó≈≤ÃÌõ
ˆîÓÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï#20ñ ˜îì˛ƒñ îyòÓñ îò%ãñ ˜îˆÏì˛Î˚ ÈÙÈ ü∑=!ú !ú!˛ôÓk˛ £Î˚– ≤ÃŸ¿ £úñ Úx¢%Ó˚ÛÜí
ÚxÈÙÈ¢%Ó˚Û ˆÑ˛ò⁄
Ú¢%Ó˚Û ÓúˆÏì˛£z õyÌyÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ Ú¢Æ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ÛÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy– ˆ¢£z ¢Æ¢%Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ú¢yÈÙÈˆÓ˚yÈÙÈÜyÈÙÈõyÈÙÈ˛ôyÈ ÙÈ
ïyÈÙÈ!òÛÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏ õ £z ˆÑ˛ò ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ y £Î˚ ñ ÚáyÈÙÈˆÏ › ˛ÈÙÈâ˛ÈÙÈˆÏ ú ÈÙÈˆÏ ï yÈÙÈ˛ôyÈÙÈò# Óy
ÚˆÓyÈÙÈõyÈÙÈˆÏö˛ÈÙÈˆÏúÈÙÈãyÈÙÈ˛ôyÈÙÈò#Û Óy xòƒ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ï§yˆÏâ˛ òÎ˚ ˆÑ˛ò⁄ÈÙÈ~£z ¢Æ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô ò#ˆÏâ˛
ˆîÁÎ˚y £ú–ÈÙ
xyÓ˚Á !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y ÎyÑ˛21óÈÙÈ

Ñ˛!ÕÒ˛ô%Ó˚yí xò%ÎyÎ˚# ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢yì˛!›˛ xˆÏŸªÓ˚ òyõ °Ïv˛¸ãñ }°Ï¶˛ñ Üyı˛yÓ˚ñ õïƒõñ
˛ôM˛Èõñ ˜ïÓì˛ Á !ò°Ïyî– ~ÖyˆÏò ïõ≈ ü∑!›˛ Ú!Ó˚!ú!ãÎ˚òÛ xˆÏÌ≈ òÎ˚ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !òÎ˚õ Óy
xy£zòÈÙÈüC , úy xˆÏÌ–≈ fl˛øì˛≈Óƒ ≠ xyãÁ !Óâ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Úïõ≈yÓì˛yÓ˚Û ¢ˆÏ¡y∫ ïò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Úxy£zòÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚
ö˛yÓ˚!¢ ≤Ã!ì˛ü∑ ÚÑ˛yò%òÛ– õãyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìyñ ÚÑ˛yò%òÛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛!›˛ xÌ≈ Ó#íyÈÙÈãyì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚
¢%Ó˚Îs˛fÊ22 Ú¢yÛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ú!òÛ fl˛∫Ó˚ e´õüÉ â˛v˛¸yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚– xÌ≈yÍñ Ú¢%Ó˚Û £ú ~õò ~Ñ˛
Úxy£zò ÓƒÓfl˛iyÛñ ÈÙÈˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò#Ó˚ ÚÜúyÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚Û ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õ– xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚Ñ˛ Óy
v˛zqyÓÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ î«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü Úâ˛v˛¸yÛ– ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚Á â˛v˛¸y fl˛∫Ó˚ ïòˆÏúy¶˛# K˛yòÓyî# xyÓ˚
Ñ˛y§â˛yõyò ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ â˛v˛¸y fl˛∫Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛ÈÙÈÑ˛) ›˛˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á òyòy!Óï ÜíƒõyòƒˆÏîÓ˚–
ÈÙÈ~ ˆÎò ~Ñ˛ ˛ôíƒÓyî# ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ xyîü≈ !â˛eÊ ~£z ¢õyã !äÈú ÚˆîÓì˛yÛˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Ñ)˛ú–
ì˛ˆÏÓñ ˜Ó!îÑ˛ ˆîÓì˛y Á ˆ˛ôÔÓ˚y!íÑ˛ ˆîÓì˛y !Ñ˛ls˛ ~Ñ˛ òÎ˚– ˆÓˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò ˆîÓì˛y £ˆÏúò £zwñ
ÓÓ˚&íñ x!@¿ñ ¢)Î≈ñ Ó˚&oñ !õeÈÙÈÓÓ˚&íñ ÓyÎ˚% £zì˛ƒy!î– Úˆ¢yõÛ òyõÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö ˛ôyÁÎ˚y
ˆÜˆÏúÁ ˆ¢ â˛wˆÏîÓì˛y òÎ˚– â˛w ˆ˛ôÔÓ˚y!íÑ˛ ˆîÓì˛y–... ˆÓüñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ÚxÈÙÈ¢%Ó˚Û Ñ˛yÓ˚y⁄ ì˛yÓ˚y
ÌyÑ˛ì˛£z Óy ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ ÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ˆÖy§ãyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ e´õ!ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ xïƒyÎ˚=!ú
ˆÓyG˛y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚óÈÙÈ
~ÓyÓ˚ fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÑ˛ñ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆ¢Ï ƒÓ˚ ¢¡Ày›˛ îyÓ˚yÎ˚ˆ% ¢Ï Ó˚ ¢õy!ïÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy=!úñ Ú~Ñ˛ãò ˛ôyÓ˚!¢Ñ˛ñ
~Ñ˛ãò ˛ôyÓ˚¢#ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ô%eñ ~Ñ˛ãò xyÎ≈ƒñ xyÎ≈ƒÓÇˆÏüyq(ì˛Û– ~£z îyÓ˚yÎ˚%¢ ì˛Ìy xy!î
˛ôyÓ˚!¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ òyõ Úõyãîy Î˚yfl˛¨/Î˚™ÛñÈÙÈˆÏÎ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ !äÈˆÏúò ãÓ˚yÌ%‹T– ãÓ˚yÌ%ˆÏ‹T…Ó˚
ˆÜyˆÏeÓ˚ òyõ Ú!fl˛ôì˛yõyÛ– xyÓyÓ˚ xÌÓ≈ˆÓÏ ˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ≈Ó ¢Ç!£ì˛y xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ x¢%ÓÈ˚ ÙÈ=Ó˚& ÷eýâ˛yˆÏÎÓ≈ ˚
ˆÜyeÈÙÈÁ !fl˛ôì˛yõyÊ
}ˆÏ@ªˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢)ˆÏe Ú≤Ã¶%˛cÑ˛yÓ˚#Û Óy Ú£zwÛ òyõÑ˛ ¢_yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Ú˛ôyü≈ÓÛ òyõÑ˛ ~Ñ˛
ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ õì˛!ÓˆÏÓ˚yïñ Î%k˛ £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö xyˆÏäÈ– ¢Ω˛Óì˛É ˜Ó!îÑ˛ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆü°Ï!îˆÏÑ˛ ~£z
˛ôyü≈ÓÓ˚y ~Ñ˛¢õÎ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õyì,˛¶)˛!õ äÈyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £Î˚– ~£z ˛ôyü≈ÓÜí£z xy!î ˛ôyÓ˚!¢Ñ˛–
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈@˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ òyõ ÚxyˆÏÓhfl˛yÛ Óy ÚxyÎ≈ƒˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛iyòÛ– xyˆÏÓhfl˛y xò%ÎyÎ˚# ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ãß√fl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚
òyõ Ú£Æ!£®%Û S¢Æ!¢ı%˛ Óy v˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛V23– £zwˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y üÎ˚ì˛yò ÓˆÏú SxyˆÏÓhfl˛yñ 10/
9V– xyˆÏÓhfl˛yÎ˚ ¢õhfl˛ Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ î%!›˛ â˛y!úÑ˛y ü!_´Ó˚ !òˆÏî≈ü ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ÈÙÈÚxy˝Ó˚ õyãîyÛ S÷¶˛
ü!_´V Á ÚxDÓ˚ õ£zò%ƒÛ Sx÷¶˛ ü!_´V– xyˆÏÓhfl˛y Á ˆÓîñ î%!›˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏúÁ
~£z ¶˛y°Ïyî%!›˛Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢ ~Ñ˛– ˆÎÛÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ~£z î%!›˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ xãfl˛À üˆÏ∑ ïπ!òÜì˛ Óy ÚˆÏö˛yˆÏòy!›˛Ñ˛Û
¢yî,üƒ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– xyˆÏÓhfl˛yÓ˚ Úxy˝Ó˚Û Á ÚxDÓ˚ õ£zò%ƒÛ ÈÙÈ }ˆÏ@ªˆÏîÓ˚ Úx¢%Ó˚Û Á Úx!DÓ˚y õ%!òÛ–
x!DÓ˚y õ%!ò òyõÑ˛ ¢_y !äÈˆú Ï ò ˆîÓ˛ô)ãyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ =Ó˚&ñ fl˛∫¶˛yÓì˛£z ì˛yÓ˚ /ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyîü≈ ˛ôyü≈ÓˆÏîÓ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !äÈú x@˘Ã£í#Î˚–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ÷¶˛ÈÙÈx÷ˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓhfl˛y Á }ˆÏ@ªˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyò ¢¡ô)í≈ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛– ~£z
˜ÏÓ˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛#⁄ ÈÙÙÙ Ñ˛!Ìì˛ xyˆÏäÈñ £zw Á ì˛yÓ˚ xò%Üyõ#Ó˚y !äÈˆÏúò Ú¢õyã¶)˛!õÓ˚
v˛zÓ≈Ó˚ì˛y Ó,!k˛Ó˚Û ãòƒ ˛ô÷Ó!ú Óy ˛ô÷ˆÏõïÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ñ ˛ôyü≈Ó Óy xy!î ˛ôyÓ˚!¢Ñ˛Ó˚y !äÈˆÏúò
~£z ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~£z ¢yõyòƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ~ì˛ !Óüyú ~Ñ˛ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛# !òˆÏãÓ˚ õyì,˛¶)˛!õ
ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ÙÙÙÈ ~£z !òÓˆÏı˛ xyˆÏúy!â˛ì˛ ÚxŸªÛñ Ú£hfl˛#Ûñ ÚxãÛñ ÚÓ,°ÏÛ Á ÚˆõïÛ
üˆÏ∑Ó˚ !e´Î˚y!¶˛!_Ñ˛ xÌ≈=!ú !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ ~£z !ÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ õ)ú Ñ˛yÓ˚í
˛ô÷£ì˛ƒy òÎ˚ñ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ Ó˚#!ì˛ò#!ì˛–
˛ôÓ˚÷˛ô%Ó˚# SˆÏ˛ôˆÏüyÎ˚yÓ˚Vñ õyo S!õ!v˛Î˚yVñ ˛ô,Ì% Sö˛y!Ì≈Î˚yVñ Ñ%˛Ó˚&◊y¶˛ò SˆÏÖyÓ˚y¢òVñ Ó‚#Ñ˛
SÓú‰ÖVñ ˛ôyÓ˚¢ƒ S£zÓ˚yòV £zì˛ƒy!î fl˛iyˆÏò ˛ôyü≈ˆÏÓÓ˚y äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˛ ÷ï% ˛ôyü≈ÓÜí
~Ñ˛õye ÚxÈÙÈ¢%Ó˚Û⁄ ˛ô%Ó˚yí xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ x¢%Ó˚Ó˚yã Ó!úÓ˚ ˛ô§yâ˛ ˛ô%ˆÏeÓ˚ òyõ xDñ ÓDñ Ñ˛!úDñ
˛ô%\ Á ¢%·˛– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ òyˆÏõ£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ òyõÑ˛Ó˚í £Î˚– xD õyˆÏò ˛ô)Ó≈ !Ó£yÓ˚ñ ÓD õyˆÏò
î!«˛í ÓyÇúyñ Ñ˛!úD õyˆÏò v˛z!v˛¸°Ïƒyñ ˛ô%\ õyˆÏò v˛z_Ó˚ ÓyÇúy Á ¢%·˛ ÈÙÈ î!«˛íÈÙÈ˛ô!ÿ˛õ
ÓyÇúy– £zwÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛îú â˛ˆÏú !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú xyÎ≈ƒyÓˆÏ_≈Ó˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛ˆÏõ xyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛îú

!ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈– ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ãÓ˚yÌ%fl˛T…#Î˚ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ v˛zayò £ˆÏú xòƒ!îÑ˛ ì˛s˛f¢yïòyÓ˚ ˛ô#‡˛fl˛iyò
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
ˆîÓì˛y õyˆÏò£z Ú÷¶˛Û xyÓ˚ x¢%Ó˚ õyˆÏò£z Úx÷¶˛ÛÈÙÙÙ~£z ˛ô)Ó≈Ñ˛!“ì˛ ïyÓ˚íy ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚â˛òy=!úˆÏì˛ v˛z!§ Ñ˛ !îˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ÷¶˛ÈÙÈx÷ˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ˆõyˆÏ›˛£z ~Ñ˛˜ÏÓ!˚ ÖÑ˛
òÎ˚– ˆÎõòñ =Ó˚&˛ôb#Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !úÆ £ÁÎ˚y Ú=Ó˚&ì˛Ó˚Û ˛ôy˛ô– ˆÑ˛Ô!›˛ˆÏúƒÓ˚ xÌ≈üyˆÏfl˛f ~Ó˚ üy!hfl˛
¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛– ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛ !mì˛#Î˚ !òÑ,˛‹Tì˛õ ˛ôy˛ô ÚÓ·˛£ì˛ƒyÛ– ÈÑ˛y!£ò# xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ £zw ~£z î%£z
˛ôyˆÏ˛ô£z î%‹T– x£úƒyÓ˚ xyÖƒyò Á ïƒyòõ@¿ !ÓŸªÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ S!ÓŸªÑ˛õ≈yÓ˚ ˛ô%eV £ì˛ƒyÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£ò#
fl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚– xˆÏòƒÓ˚ ì˛˛ô¢ƒy ¶˛D Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ fl˛∫Ü≈ˆÏÓüƒyˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚íÈÙÈÁ £zˆÏwÓ˚
Ñ˛õ òÎ˚– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã‚yîñ Ó!ú ≤Ãõ%Ö x¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ïõ≈˛ôÓ˚yÎ˚íì˛y !ÓÖƒyì˛– ì˛yÓ˚Ñ˛y¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ì˛ò
˛ô%e Óy õ!£°Ïy¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛˛ô¢ƒyÁ fl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚–...
}ˆÏ@ªˆÏî Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ˆÏüy S£yãyÓ˚ÈÙÈÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚V ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã¶%˛cÑ˛yÓ˚# Óy £zwÈÙÈ¢_yÓ˚ ˆ¢yõÓ˚¢
ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óy ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢yõÓ˚¢ v˛zÍ¢Ü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ü ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– SÚˆ¢yõÛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
xÌ≈ Úâ˛wÛV ˆ¢yõÓ˚¢ õyîÑ˛ì˛y xyˆÏò– ≤Ã¶%˛cÑ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ õyîÑ˛ì˛y !Ñ˛ˆÏ¢ £Î˚⁄ ÈÙÈ ≤Ã¶%˛ˆÏc Óy
Óƒ!_´õy!úÑ˛yòyÎ˚– SãÓ˚yÌ%‹T#… Î˚Óy˚ Ú£yÁõyÛ Óy ˆ¢yõÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#–V ˆÓˆÏî Úˆ¢yõÛ ˆ¢yõÓ˚¢–
!Ñ˛ls˛ñ Óy!íãƒì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ Î%ˆÏÜ Óƒ!_´õy!úÑ˛yòy Á Óƒ!_´˛ô%§!ãÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢yˆÏÌ ~£z ˆ¢yõ
Úâ˛wˆÏîÓì˛yÛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ v˛zˆÏÕ‘!Öì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ˆ°Ïyú!›˛ Ñ˛úy– ˆîÖy ÎyÑ˛ Ñ˛# Ñ˛#24óÈÙÈ
Ñ˛úy Ñ˛úyÈÙÈòyˆÏõÓ˚ !e´Î˚y!¶˛!_Ñ˛ xÌ≈ / ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈
xõ,ì˛y xõÓ˚c îyòÑ˛yÓ˚# Úxõ,ˆÏì˛ÛÓ˚ ÚxyïyÓ˚Û SxyV– ÎK˛ˆÏüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚yv˛yüy!î
Sõò%¢Ç!£ì˛yVñ ïòñ á,ì˛ñ xß¨ !Ó°Ïõyeñ ¢%Ó˚yñ x!ì˛!Ó°Ï £zì˛ƒy!î–
SÓ!íˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òyõ ÚxõÓ˚cÛ ˛ôyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôíƒñ ¢¡ôî Á Óy!íãƒ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚
õyïƒˆÏõV–
õyòîy õyò îyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy / ˆÎ– ˆÑ˛Ôú#òƒñ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ôñ ˆÜy§¢y / =ˆÏõyÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î îyò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy / ˆÎ–
˛ô)°Ïy Ú˛ô)°ÏÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ S≤ÃîyòÑ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ !îüy@˘Ãhfl˛ ü!_´Ó˚V xyïyÓ˚ SxyV– SÚ˛ô)°ÏÛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
xyï%!òÑ˛ Úˆ˛ôy°ÏyÛV ïò¢¡ôî Óy K˛yò¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w–
ì%˛!‹T ¢ˆÏhs˛y°Ï Óy ≤Ã#!ì˛Ó˚ ¢!e´Î˚ì˛y S£zV ÎyÛˆÏì˛–
˛ô%!‹T ¢¡ô)í≈ì˛yñ ¢ls˛!‹Tñ ˛ô)í≈ì˛y £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ ¢!e´Î˚ì˛y S£zV ÎyÛˆÏì˛–
Ó˚!ì˛ Ó˚ì˛ È+È £z S¢!e´Î˚òV– Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈ !òÎ%_´/!úÆ/x!˛ô≈ì˛ (invested) Óy ÚÓ˚ì˛Û
£ÁÎ˚y– Sfl˛øì˛≈Óƒ ≠ xyÓ˚!ì˛ñ !ÓÓ˚!ì˛ñ x!ÓÓ˚ì˛ñ Ñ˛õ≈Ó˚ì˛ £zì˛ƒy!î ü∑=!ú–V
ï,!ì˛ ¢%Öñ xy◊Î˚ñ üÓ˚íñ Óƒ!¶˛â˛yÓ˚¶˛yÓ !ÓˆÏü°Ï– õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ Ó!®ˆÏcÓ˚ Sï,ì˛V

¢!e´Î˚ì˛y S£zV ÎyÛˆÏì˛–
ü!üò# ÚüüÈÙÈ=íÛ Óy o&ì˛ / xyÑ˛!fl˛øÑ˛ / Súy!ö˛ˆÏÎ˚ úy!ö˛ˆÏÎ˚V xyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó,!k˛Ó˚ / £…yˆÏ¢Ó˚
=í ¢!e´Î˚ ÎyÛˆÏì˛– SÚüüÑ˛ Óy ÖÓ˚ˆÏÜyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !â˛£´ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏú
â˛y§ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ òyõ üüïÓ˚Ûñ ÈÙÈ~£z ˆãyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ÓƒyÖƒy!›˛
xyï%!òÑ˛ Î%ˆÜÏ Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò– â§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !˛ôˆÏ‡˛ xyˆÏúyÈÙÈäÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÖúyˆÏÑ˛ ÷ï% ÖÓ˚ˆÜÏ y¢
ˆÑ˛òñ xyÓ˚Á xˆÏòÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ÈÙÈ£z xyÓÎ˚Ó !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– xy˜ÏüüÓ
Úâ§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó%!v˛¸ÛÓ˚ Ü“ ˆüyòyˆÏòyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ñ ~Ñ˛õye ~£z ÚüüïÓ˚Û ü∑!›˛Ó˚ òƒyÎƒì˛y
Ú≤ÃõyíÛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆ¢£z Ó%!v˛¸ £‡˛yÍ ÖÓ˚ˆÏÜyˆÏ¢ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚ÊV
â˛!wÑ˛y xyò®îy!Î˚ò#ñ !ÓüîÓƒyÖƒy £zì˛ƒy!î–
Ñ˛y!hs˛ ÚÑ˛yhs˛Û SÑ˛yõ ì˛y!v˛¸ì˛ £Î˚ ÎyÛˆÏì˛ Óy ÎyÛˆÏÑ˛ ¢Óy£z Ñ˛yõòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚V ÈÙÈ ~£z ¢!e´Î˚ì˛y
S£zV ÎyÛˆÏì˛–
ˆãƒyÍfl˛ÿ ˆãƒy!ì˛Î%≈_´ Ñ˛yú– !òãfl˛∫ òÎ˚ñ ÈÚÈÙÈã!òì˛Û Óy ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ xyˆÏúy–
◊# x¶%˛ƒîÎ˚ñ Ó,!k˛ñ v˛zîÎ˚ñ ˙ŸªÎ≈ƒñ ≤Ã¶%˛¶˛yÓñ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü–
x«˛îy Úx«˛Û îyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy / ˆÎ– x«˛ = Îy ÓƒyÆ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
˛ô)í≈y Ú˛ô)í≈Û SxyÓ˚!_´ñ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ì˛yñ xyÑ˛°Ï≈í £zì˛ƒy!îV ÈÙÈ ~Ó˚ xyïyÓ˚ SxyV–
˛ô)íy≈ õ,ì˛y ˛ô)í≈ È+ xõ,ì˛yñ Óy Úxõ,ì˛yÛ ÈÙÈ Ñ˛úyÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ Ó˚*˛ô / ¶˛yÓ–
~Ñ˛›%˛ Ö§%!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖˆÏú ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ñ â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ˆ°ÏyˆÏúy!›˛ Ñ˛úy Óƒ!_´ÈÙÈ˛ô%§!ãÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ =í Óy
˜Ó!ü‹TÈÙÈÓyâ˛Ñ˛– v˛zÍ¢ÓÈÙÈxò%¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏú õïƒ!ÓˆÏ_Ó˚ xyì˛B˛ v˛zˆÏoÑ˛Ñ˛yÓ˚# ü∑ Úâ˛§yîyÛÈÙÈÓ˚
!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z Óƒ!_´ÈÙÈ˛ô%•!ãÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Úâ˛y§ˆÏîÛÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ˛≈ £yˆÏv˛¸ÈÙÈ£yˆÏv˛¸ ˆ›˛Ó˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚Ê
Ó˝ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe£z ~£z xò%¤˛yò=!ú ¢¡ôß¨ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ Úâ˛wyì˛˛ôÛ Óy Úâ§˛yˆÏîyÎ˚yÛÓ˚ ì˛úyÎ˚– ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
v˛z˛ô@˘Ã£ â§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyì˛˛ô Óy ˆÓ˚Ôo ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy– ~£z ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ £ú ÈÙÙÙÈ Óƒ!_´ ˛ô%§!ãÓ˚
äÈeäÈyeyÎ˚ xò%¤˛yò ¢¡ôß¨ Ñ˛Ó˚y– Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ñ xy!îˆÏì˛ ~£z Óƒ!_´ÈÙÈ˛ô%§!ãÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚#Ó˚y !òˆÏãÓ˚
òyˆÏõ Úâ§˛yîÛ Óy Úâ˛wÛ ü∑=!ú ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛–25 Sfl˛øì˛≈Óƒ ≠ Úâ§˛yî ¢îyÜÓ˚Û òyõ!›˛–V Ú≤Ãâ˛!úì˛
≤ÃÌyÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ â˛úˆÏúÛ Óy ÚÓyõòÛ £ˆÏú Óƒ!_´ÈÙÈ˛ô%§!ãÓ˚ Óy Ó!íÑ˛ÈÙÈ˛ô%§!ãÓ˚ òyÜyú ˛ôyÁÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ òy–
!Ñ˛ls˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ £úñ Óƒ!_´ ˛ô%§!ãˆÏÑ˛£z Ó!íÑ˛ ˛ô%§!ã Óúy £ˆÏFäÈ ˆÑ˛ò⁄ ÙÙÙ ˛ô%§!ãÓ˚ v˛zÍˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí– !Óe´Î˚ˆÏÎyÜƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ Ú˛ôíƒÛ£z ˆ£yÑ˛ !Ñ˛ Ú◊õÛ xÌÓy ÚˆõïyÛñ ˛ô%§!ã v˛z˛ôyã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚
ˆÑ˛yòÁ òy ˆÑ˛yòÁ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˆÎ Ñ˛õ≈!›˛ ¢¡ôyîò £ˆÏFäÈ ì˛y £ú Óy!íãƒ– ~õò!Ñ˛ xyãÁ ÎyÓ˚
◊õ xyˆÏäÈ ˆ¢ ◊õ !Ó!e´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆõïy xyˆÏäÈ Èˆ¢ !Ó!e´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆõïy xyÓ˚ Óy!Ñ˛Ó˚y !Ó!e´
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z î%£z ˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ◊õ Á ˆõïyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜ v˛zÍ˛ôy!îì˛ ˛ôíƒ–
â˛w ˆÎõò Óƒ!_´ÈÙÈ˛ô%§!ãÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ñ ˆì˛õ!ò ¢)Î≈ƒ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ ˛ô%§!ãÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛– ˛ôì˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ñ õ%oyÎ˚
Óy !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤Ãy¢yˆÏî Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Ú¢)ˆÏÎ≈ƒÛÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ xì˛#ˆÏì˛ ˆì˛y ÓˆÏ›˛£zñ xyãÁ
ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ˛ô%Ó˚yí Á õ£yÑ˛yÓƒmÎ˚ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ¢)Î≈ƒÓÇˆÏüÓ˚ S£z«¥˛yÑ%˛V Ó˚yãc !äÈúñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
â˛wÓÇˆÏüÓ˚ SÎyîÓ Á Ñ%˛Ó˚&ÓÇüV– xÌ≈yÍñ xy!î ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ Ú˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛!“ì˛ÈÙÈxÌ≈ò#!ì˛Û ÈÙÈ
(Planned Economy) ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ÓƒÓfl˛iy â˛yú% !äÈúñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˛ôÓ˚Ó≈!ì˛Ñ˛yˆÏú
ÚÓyãyÓ˚ÈÙÈxÌ≈ò#!ì˛ (Market Economy) ÈÙÈ ãyì˛#Î˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy â˛yú% £Î˚–
õ£y¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yõâ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ S¢)Î≈ƒÓÇüV |ò!eüì˛õ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï Ó,£mú ˆÑ˛ÔÓ˚Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛
ˆÎyÜ ˆîÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Î%ˆÏk˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ú!òÈÙÈïòÛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ÙÙÙ~Ó˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ £úñ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˛ô%§!ã ~Ñ˛¢õÎ˚
ÓyãyÓ˚ÈÙÈxÌ≈ò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ì˛y Ú!òÈÙÈïòÛ Óy ïò£#ò £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ~ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò
xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Óƒ!_´ / Ó!íÑ˛ÈÙÈ˛ô%§!ãÓ˚ Ó˚õÓ˚õy e´õüÉ Óyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆÓÔk˛Î%ˆÏÜ ˆ◊¤˛#ÈÙÈˆÏ◊í#Ó˚
v˛zayˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ì˛y â˛Ó˚ˆõÏ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ˆÓÔk˛Î%ˆÜÏ Ó˚ ˛ôì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÓÏ y˚ !£ì˛ì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏú !£®%Îˆ% ÜÏ Ó˚
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆ¢£z Ó˚õÓ˚õy Ñ˛ˆÏõ ÎyÎ˚– Óy!íˆÏãƒÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ ¢õ%oÎyey Óy ÚÑ˛yúy˛ôy!òÛ ïõ≈#Î˚
¶˛yˆÏÓ !ò!°Ïk˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒñ õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜ ÷Ó˚& £ÁÎ˚y ˜Ó°åÓ xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛
ˆÜy§v˛¸y !£®%Ó˚y ˆõyˆÏ›˛£z ¶˛yú ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˆòÎ˚ !ò– á›˛òyâ˛ˆÏe´ñ ¢ÇÖƒy=Ó˚& ˜Ó°åÓˆÏîÓ˚ ã#!ÓÑ˛y !äÈú
Óy!íãƒ–
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ äÈv˛¸y!›˛ ì˛y£ˆÏú Ó!íÑ˛ Óy Óƒ!_´ÈÙÈ˛ô%§!ãÓ˚ äÈeäÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ñ !ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛ÈÙÈÑ)˛›˛˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á
òyòy!Óï ÜíƒõyòƒˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ˛ôÔˆÏÓ˚yÉ!£ˆÏì˛ƒ Ó˚Æy!ò Óy ˜ÓˆÏî!üÑ˛ Óy!íˆÏãƒÓ˚ ÚˆÜÔÓ˚ÓÜyÌyÛ– !Ñ˛ls˛ñ
~£z äÈv˛¸y!›˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚Á î%!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛yhs˛Ó˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–ÈÙÈ ˆÎÖyˆÏò Úˆ¢yòyõ!íÓ˚ ˆÓÛ ü∑Óı˛!›˛Ó˚
˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÚˆÖ§Ñ˛!üÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎÛ˚ ñ Á xyˆÏÓÑ˚ ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Úˆáyõ›˛y ì%˛ˆÏú ˆîÛ ü∑Óı˛=!ú
ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ò⁄
ˆüÎ˚yú/!üÎ˚yú/ü,Üyú x˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy ˛ô!Ó˚◊õ ú∏˛ ˛ö˛ú â%˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ x¶˛ƒhfl˛–
fl˛∫¶˛yÓüì˛Éñ ˆ¢ Úâ˛y§î v˛z‡˛ˆÏúÛ SÓƒ!_´ / Ó!íÑ˛ ˛ô%§!ãÓ˚ v˛zîÎ˚ £ˆÏúV £§yÑ˛v˛yÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
~äÈyv˛¸y Úü,ÜyúÛ ü∑!›˛ !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yúÈÙÈ£z ï)ì˛≈ì˛yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢¡ô!Ñ˛≈ì˛– ˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ äÈv˛¸y ˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚
ÜyÌyñ ˆúyÑ˛õ%ˆÏÖ£z ì˛yÓ˚ ¢,!‹Tñ ˆúyÑ˛õ%ˆÏÖ£z ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚– ˆúyÑ˛ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ Ó˚Ñ˛õ
v˛zayòÈÙÈ˛ôì˛òñ ïyÓ˚y Óîú ˆúyÑ˛â˛«%˛Ó˚ xhs˛Ó˚yˆÏú ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy– ˆÓî!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# Óy!í!ãƒÑ˛ ¢õyãì˛ˆÏs˛f
Óy!íãƒÑ˛ˆÏõ≈ ï)ì˛≈ì˛yÓ˚ xò%≤ÃˆÏÓü áˆÏ›˛!äÈú– ö˛ˆÏú Óy!íˆÏãƒÓ˚ !â˛e Á â˛!Ó˚eñ î%£zÈÙÈ£z ÓîúyˆÏì˛
÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– È~£z ˛ôyúyÓîˆÏúÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚y ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ äÈv˛¸y!›˛Ó˚ ÓÎ˚yˆÏò–
xyÓ˚ Úˆáyõ›˛y ì%˛ˆÏú ˆîÁÎ˚yÛñ xÌ≈yÍ Ú¢Ó xyv˛¸yú â%˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÁÎ˚yÛ Óy Ú˜Ïî!£Ñ˛/õyò!¢Ñ˛
¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛zúD £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÛ ˆÎ ˛ôíƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ Óv˛¸Óyv˛¸ˆhÏ s˛Ó˚ xÓüƒΩ˛yÓ# ˛ö˛úñ ÈÙÈxyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛
îy§!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛y xyÓ˚ òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò £Î˚ òy– !ü“!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
xyï%!òÑ˛ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛ ˛ôíƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛y˛ô e´õüÉ ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– õyò!¢Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛zúD £ÁÎ˚y òy £Î˚
ì˛Ñ˛≈yï#ò !Ó°ÏÎ˚ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ îüˆÏÑ˛ S≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚ òy £ˆÏúÁV ˆî£ˆÏÑ˛ !òÓ˚yÓÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛y
Á ¢õyˆÏã ì˛yÓ˚ @˘Ã£íˆÏÎyÜƒì˛y ˆÎ e´õüÉ ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢õÌ≈òˆÏÎyÜƒ òy!Ñ˛ !ò®ò#Î˚ñ
ˆ¢£z ì˛ˆÏÑ˛≈ òy ˆÜˆÏúÁ Úˆáyõ›˛y ˆì˛yúyÛÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ ˆò£z–
õyòÓ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ £yÓ¶˛yÓ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y Ó˚¢yÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ fl˛∫ÎÇ˚ !e´Î˚ xò%õy˛ôò (Titration) ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚
õˆÏì˛y– ÈxˆÏ¡‘Ó˚ Üyë˛¸c Îì˛ ÓyˆÏv˛¸ñ ≤ÃüõˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ì˛ì˛ Ñ˛v˛¸y «˛yÓ˚ ˆÎò xy˛ôòy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ãß√
ˆòÎ˚Ê ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ˆ«˛ˆÏe£z ˆ£yÑ˛ òy ˆÑ˛òñ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚í Îì˛ v˛zß√%_´ £Î˚ñ
xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ îú £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ì˛ì˛›˛y£z Ñ˛RÓ˚˛ô!s˛i– È ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛£yÓ˚y ïy!õ≈Ñ˛ Óy Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ÎyÈÙÈ£z ˆ£yÛÑ˛
òy ˆÑ˛òñ ì˛yÓ˚y î§yì˛ÈÙÈòÖ ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ G§˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– î%ÉÖãòÑ˛ £ˆÏúÁ ~!›˛£z £Î˚ˆÏì˛y fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛
˛≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y– ≤Ãyâ˛#ò £z!ì˛£y¢ @˘Ãs˛i Óy ¢y¡±!ì˛Ñ˛ì˛õ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôeñ ¢Ó≈e£z ~£z xy§â˛v˛¸ÈÙÈÑ˛yõˆÏv˛¸Ó˚
îyÜÊ ~£z î%£z îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ~Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛ !Ñ˛ !òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ì˛y Óy v˛zîy¢#ò ÌyÑ˛yÁ
~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ£˚ z Óƒ!_´Üì˛ !¢k˛yhs˛– Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ SÓ˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚V Ú!òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏÓy≈ Fâ˛ !ÓÑ˛yü á›˛yˆÏòy
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢Ó≈òyü Ñ˛Ó˚y ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y›˛y£z Óƒ!_´fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–Û ì˛yÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛⁄... ˆúy¶˛ÈÙÈˆÏÑ˛ xyÑ˛yA«˛y xyÓ˚ ˆ¶˛yÜÈÙÈˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãy!Æ ¶˛yÓyÓ˚ ¶%˛ú– ü!_´ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚˛
¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ñ ÚüÓ˚#Ó˚ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆì˛y £y§ÈÙÈÑ˛Ó˚y õ%[˛ xyÓ˚ xyãyò%ú!¡∫ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ˛ô›˛ÛÊ ¢õyˆÏã xy=ò
úyÜˆÏú ÜyˆÏÎ˚ x§yâ˛ úyÜˆÏÓ£z– Èì˛y£z !òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ì˛y Óy v˛zîy¢#òì˛y Ö%Ó ~Ñ˛›˛y Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ î,!‹TˆÑÏ ˛yí òÎ˚–
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ e´õ!ÓÑ˛yü Á õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ú¶˛yÜƒÛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛£z ïyÓ˚yÎ˚– ¢òyì˛ò
Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ õyò%°Ï ÎyÓì˛#Î˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õyò ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ú¶˛yÜÛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!òì˛– ~£z Ú¶˛yˆÏÜÛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ¢¡ôî !äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ Ú¶˛yÜƒÛ { ¶˛yÜ‰È È+ Î SÎyÁÎ˚yò / ˆÎyÜƒì˛y / Î%ã‰
ïyì%˛V}– ¢òyì˛ò Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ K˛yò#ÈÙÈÑ˛õ≈#Ó˚ ˆÎÔÌ¢õyˆÏã õyò%°Ï !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ SÑ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚V !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚
Á Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí xò%ÎyÎ˚# ¶˛yÜ ˆ˛ôì˛– ì˛Öò Ú¶˛yÜƒÛ £ú ÚÑ˛õ≈ö˛úÛ–
˜Ó!îÑ˛ Î%ˆÏÜ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !äÈú Óí≈y◊õ xò%ÎyÎ˚#– â˛ì%˛≈Óí≈ñ xÌ≈yÍ Óy·˛íñ «˛!eÎ˚ñ
˜Óüƒ Á ü)o ÎÌye´ˆÏõ ¢yîyñ úyúñ £ú%î Á Ñ˛yˆÏúy ÓˆÏí≈Ó˚ !ì˛úÑ˛ ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– !òãÈÙÈ!òã
ˆÜy¤˛# Óy ˆÜye xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z !ì˛úˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òÑ˛üy ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò £ì˛– xyãÁ ˜Ó°åÓˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ
≤ÃÌy ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– !ì˛úÑ˛ xy§Ñ˛y £Î˚ Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏú Óy úúyˆÏ›˛– ˆ¢ÛÎ%ˆÏÜ !ì˛úÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xÓfl˛iyò Á ˆ¢£z ¢yˆÏÌ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛›%˛Ñ%˛ Ú¶˛yÜÛ ì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓñ
ì˛yÓ˚ !òí≈Î˚ £ì˛– ì˛y£z ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ú¶˛yÜƒÛÈÙÈˆÏÑ˛ Úúúy›˛!úÖòÛ Óy ÚÑ˛˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ÖyÛ
!£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y ÷Ó˚& £ú–
Óy!íãƒì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ Î%ˆÜÏ ÷Ó˚& £ú Ú¶˛yÜƒÛÈÙÈ~ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ú@˘Ã£ÈÙÈò«˛ˆÏeÛÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ– ~£z Ú@˘Ã£ÈÙÈò«˛eÛÓ˚y
£ˆÏúò ¢)Î≈ƒ SÓ˚y‹T…#Î˚ ˛ô%§!ãVñ â˛w SÓ!íÑ˛ ˛ô%§!ãVñ Ó%ï Sâ˛wÓÇü Óy Ó!íÑ˛˛ô%§!ãÓ˚ ˛ô,¤˛ˆÏ˛ôy°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yì˛yVñ õDú S!â˛Ó˚≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ xyâ˛yÓ˚ñ Îy Ñ˛úƒyíÑ˛yÓ˚#Vñ Ó,£fl˛ô!ì˛ SÚ¢%Ó˚Û Óy Óy!íˆÏãƒÓ˚
v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ# xy£zòÈÙÈÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ =Ó˚&ÜíVñ Ó˚y˝ SÓ˚y‹T…#Î˚ ˛ô%§!ã Á Ó!íÑ˛ ˛ô%§!ã ÈÙÙÙ v˛z¶˛Î˚ˆÏÑ˛£z ˆÎ
Ú@˘Ãy¢Û Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !Óü,CúyVñ ü!ò SÎyÓ˚ î,!‹T ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏú !Ñ˛ä%È òy !Ñ˛ä%È õ)úƒ ˆâ˛yÑ˛yˆÏì˛£z
£Î˚ñ ÈÙÈã!Ó˚õyòyñ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ / ÷ÕÒ ¢Ç@˘Ãy£Ñ˛Vñ £zì˛ƒy!î–26
!üÑ˛v˛¸!äÈß¨ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÜyäÈ Ó§yˆÏâ˛ òy– £z!ì˛£y¢ÈÙÈ!Óâ%˛ƒì˛ £ˆÏú ¢%fl˛i ¶˛yˆÏÓ Óy§â˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy
¢õyãÁ– ì˛ˆÏÓ Ú£z!ì˛£y¢Û !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ xyõÓ˚y Îy õ%Öfl˛i Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆ¢£z ¢Ó ì˛Ìƒ¢õ,k˛
Óƒ!_´òyõ Á ¢yúÈÙÈì˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÖÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ ~£z äÈv˛¸y!›˛ Óy ì˛yÓ˚ Ü¶˛≈fl˛i xÌ≈ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ò%ƒ∂ òÎ˚–
!Ñ˛ls˛ñ ˆ¢ !Ñ˛ xÓˆÏ£úyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚⁄ xì˛#ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚üÉ£z xyõÓ˚y ¢%!ÓïyãòÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ö˛yˆÏÓ˚™ ˆö˛ˆÏõ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúòÛ ÈÙÈ Ó_´Óƒ!›˛ ˆÎ õ%£)ˆÏì˛≈ õ)úì˛É Úõ%Öfl˛iˆÏÎyÜƒÛ ì˛ˆÏÌƒ Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚ñ ˆ¢£z õ%£)ì˛≈
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyï£Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÓˆÏâ˛ì˛ò ïyÓ˚íyÁ ãß√yÎ˚ ˆÎ Ñ˛!úD xye´õí xì˛#ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ
Óì˛≈õyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï !Ñ˛ä%È =Ó˚&c ˆò£z– ¢¡Ày›˛/Óyîüy£‰/Ó˚yãy/òÓyÓÈÙÈˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ Ñ˛y!£ò#ˆÏì˛ Óy
fl˛iyòÈÙÈÑ˛yúÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ õyeyÎ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ¢#õyÓk˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú ˛ô%òÓ˚yÓ,!_ÛÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ãyòˆÏúÁ £Î˚ˆÏì˛y
ì˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ó%ˆÏG˛ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ !ò–
ÚÑ˛yúe´ˆÏõ ¢Ó xúB˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ£z ïπÇ¢ £Î˚ñ !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yú Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛Óú ÓyÜ‰ÈÙÈxúB˛yÓ˚£z–Û27...
Óy!íãƒì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ¶˛yÜƒ ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛ xyãÁ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fÑ˛– Èö˛úyö˛úÁ ˆÓyï£Î˚
xãyòy Óy xˆÏâ˛òy òÎ˚– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô !ú!˛ôÓk˛ Óy
ÓyÑ˛ƒÓk˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈò– Üì˛yò%ÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢£z £z!ì˛£y¢ Óy K˛yò¶˛y[˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ~Öò
˛ô%òÓ˚&k˛yÓ˚ Óy £*îÎ˚Dõ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó !Ñ˛òyñ ˆ¢ !¢k˛yhs˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚£z–
ì˛Ìƒ¢)e ≠
1– ¢)e ≠ ÚÓyÇúy äÈv˛¸yÎ˚ ¢õyãÈÙÈ¶˛yÓòyÛ ÈÙÈ ˆîÓy!ü°Ï Ó¢%–
2– !Óhfl˛y!Ó˚ì˛ xïƒÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ô!‡˛ì˛Óƒ ≠ ÚˆÏÜy˛ôyú Ó˚yÖyú m®µ ¢õyã ≠ v˛z˛ô!òˆÏÓüÓyî Á
ÓyÇúy !ü÷¢y!£ì˛ƒÛ ÈÙÈ xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ !üÓyã# ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚–
3– xïy !£ !Ó«¥˛#ˆÏv˛ƒy£!¢ !≤ÃˆÏÎ˚y ˆòy x!ì˛!ÌÉ– Ó˚^ÈªÉ ˛ô%Ó˚#Ó ã)Î≈É ¢)ò%í≈ eÎ˚Î˚yÎƒÉ–– ÈÙÈ }ˆÏ@ªîñ
6.2.7–... ÎÌy ÓÉ fl˛∫y£y@¿ˆÏÎ˚ îyˆÏüõ ˛ôÓ˚#úy!¶˛á,ì˛≈Ó!qÿ˛ £˜ÏÓƒÉ– ˆì˛!¶˛≈ˆÏòy xˆÏ@¿
x!õ˜Ïì˛õ≈ˆÏ£y!¶˛É üì˛Ç ˛ô)!¶˛≈Ó˚yÎ˚¢#!¶˛!ò≈ ˛ôy!£–– ÈÙÈ }ˆÏ@ªˆÏîñ 7.3.7–... ü,ß∫gs˛y˛ôÉ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y ò
üºyÉ ˛ô!Ó˚ fl˛À%ˆÏâ˛y ÓÓ,£yí¢ƒyˆÏoÉ– ÈÙÈ }ˆÏ@ªˆÏîñ 5.41.12–
4– ¢)e ≠ Indigenous Indians : Agastya to Ambedkar by Koendraad
Elst.
5– ì˛Ìƒ¢)e ≠ Dept. of Archaeology and Museums, Govt. of Pakistan,
Oxford University Á National Geographic.
6– ÚxŸªÉ Ñ˛fl˛øyî÷ˆÏì˛£ïπyòÇ õ£yüˆÏòy ¶˛Óì˛#!ì˛ Óy––Û ÈÙÈ !òÓ˚&_´–
7– Ú...â˛y!Ó˚ ãy!ì˛ òy!Î˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ÷ò£ òyÎ˚Ñ˛– üü õ,Ü Ó,°Ï xŸª ¢ˆÏhs˛y°ÏîyÎ˚Ñ˛–...Û ÈÙÈ Ó˚yÎ˚ =íyÑ˛Ó˚
¶˛Ó˚ì˛â˛w SÓ˚¢õOÓ˚#ñ Ú˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï ãy!ì˛ Ñ˛ÌòÛV– Ñ˛!Ó ¶˛Ó˚ì˛â˛w ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ Á ôyÓ˚!¢Ñ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚
¢%˛ô![˛ì˛ !äÈˆÏúò– ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !äÈú ¢Ç!«˛Æ¢yÓ˚ ÓƒyÑ˛Ó˚í Á x!¶˛ïyò–
8– Úxü‰Û üˆÏ∑Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ãòƒ o‹TÓƒ ≠ ÓD#Î˚ ü∑ˆÏÑ˛y°Ï ÈÙÈ £!Ó˚â˛Ó˚í ÓˆÏ®y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚–
9– ÚˆõïÛ õyˆÏò£z !Ñ˛ls˛ !òäÈÑ˛ ÚõyÌy ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆòÁÎ˚yÛ òÎ˚– á›˛òyâ˛ˆÏe´ñ Úv˛zÍ¢Ü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÛ õyˆÏòÁ
÷ï% ÚÓ!ú ˆîÁÎ˚yÛ òÎ˚– Úˆõï‰ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÌ≈ Ú¢DõÛ– S≤Ããy˜ÏÎ˚ Ü,£ˆÏõ!ïòyõ ÈÙÈ Ó˚á%ÓÇüV
¢Dõ ¶˛yÓÜì˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢,!‹Tü#ú !e´Î˚y– ì˛y£z õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢,!‹Tü#úì˛y Sˆõï‰V ~Ó˚ xyïyÓ˚
SxyVÈÙÈˆÏÑ˛ ÚˆõïyÛ Óúy £Î˚–
10– ¢)e ≠ !òÓ˚&_´ñ xõÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛y°Ïñ ˆ˛ôÔÓ˚y!íÑ˛ x!¶˛ïyò ÈÙÈ ¢%ï#Ó˚â˛w ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ ÓD#Î˚ ü∑ˆÏÑ˛y°Ï ÈÙÈ
£!Ó˚â˛Ó˚í ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ÓD#Î˚ ü∑yÌ≈ˆÑÏ ˛y°Ï ÈÙÈ Ñ˛!úõ Öyò Á Ó˚!Ó â˛e´Óì˛≈#ñ äÈyeˆÏÓyï x!¶˛ïyòñ
¢Ç¢î ÓyÇúy x!¶˛ïyòñ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ ÓyÇúy x!¶˛ïyò ÈÙÈ xˆÏüyÑ˛Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚–
11– ˆÓˆÏîy_´ò ÎyãˆÏîÓ#Ç Ñ˛yõ¢ÇÑ˛“˛ô)Óπ≈Ñ˛¡ø≈– ¢ ~Ó ˜Ó!îÑ˛yâ˛yÓ˚É ˛ôŸªyâ˛yÓ˚É ¢ v˛zâ˛ƒˆÏì˛––
12– ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢õhfl˛ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˛ ~£z ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !îüy ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò xyˆÏÜÈÙÈ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú– ˆÎÛÑ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ
ˆîü=!ú xyúyîy £ˆÏúÁ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õ£yÑ˛yÓƒñ ïõ≈@˘Ãs˛i Óy ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛y!£ò#=!úˆÏì˛
xq(ì˛ ¢yî,üƒ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ö˛Ó˚y¢# !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆ¢ÛˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ¢£z xy!î £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚
˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yãì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ Á ˛ô%§!ãÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈Ñ˛Ó˚y xy£zò¢¶˛yÓ˚ v˛yò!îˆÏÑ˛ñ xyÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
¢õì˛yÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ˛ô%!§ ãÓyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï#Ó˚y xy£zò¢¶˛yÓ˚ Óyõ!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó¢ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ˆ¢£z
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆõÓ˚&î%!›˛Ó˚ òyõÁ ‘rightist’ Sî!«˛í˛ôs˛i#V Á ‘leftist’ SÓyõ˛ôs˛i#V
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Óyõ!îÑ˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ v˛z_Ó˚!îÑ˛ÈÙÈÁ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚– v˛z_Ó˚ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ xyˆÏÓÑ˚ ˛!›˛ xÌ≈ ˆ◊¤˛c– ˆÎ
ïyÓ˚y Óy ˛ôs˛iy ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒ_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ◊¤˛ Óúy Î%!_´ Î%_´ òÎ˚– ì˛y£z ÚÓyõ!îÑ˛Û ÓúˆÏì˛
Úv˛z_Ó˚!îÑ˛Û ˆÓyG˛yˆÏúÁ Úv˛z_Ó˚˛ôs˛iyÛ Óy Úv˛z_Ó˚˛ôs˛iyÛ ü∑=!ú ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £Î˚ òy–
13– ÚÎîy Îîy !£ ïõ≈¢ƒ @’y!ò¶˛≈Ó!ì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛– x¶%˛ƒayòõïõ≈¢ƒ ì˛îydyòÇ ¢,ãyõƒ£õ‰– ˛ô!Ó˚eyíyÎ˚
¢yï)òyÇ !ÓòyüyÎ˚ â˛ î%‹,Òì˛yõ‰– ïõ≈¢Çfl˛iy˛ôòyÌ≈yÎ˚ ¢Ω˛Óy!õ Î%ˆÏÜ Î%ˆÏÜ–ÛÈÙÈ◊#õqÜÓîÜ#ì˛y–
S!Ó°%åÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚ òyõ ÜÓ˚&v˛¸ïπã–V
14– ¢)e ≠ ÓD#Î˚ ü∑ˆÏÑ˛y°Ï Á ÓD#Î˚ ü∑yÌ≈ˆÑÏ ˛y°Ï
15– ¢ˆÏ®ˆÏ£Ó˚ xÓÑ˛yü òy £ˆÏú ˛ô!‡˛ì˛Óƒ G. H. HardyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘A Mathematician’s Apol-
ogy’, Edwin A. Abbott ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘Flatland : A Romance of Many Dimen-
sions’, Imre LakatosÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ‘Proofs and Refutations’ £zì˛ƒy!î–
16– Óƒ!_´ÈÙÈõy!úÑ˛yòyÓ˚ î%Ü≈ı˛ Á ¢%Üı˛ Ñ˛#⁄ .... Ú!äÈÉñ ˆúyÑ˛›˛y !îòÓ˚yì˛ ÷ï% ›˛yÑ˛yÈÙÈ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ÛÊ
ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ £ú Óƒ!_´õy!úÑ˛yòyÓ˚ î%Ü≈ı˛ˆÏÓyï– xyÓ˚ ÚÓy£‰ñ ˆúyÑ˛›˛y ˆì˛y xˆÏòÑ˛ ›˛yÑ˛y
Ñ˛y!õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈÊÛÈÙÙÙ~ £ú Óƒ!_´õy!úÑ˛yòyÓ˚ ¢%Üı˛ˆÏÓyï– Óƒ!_´õy!úÑ˛yòyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚
~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò õ£y¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Ó!í≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÚõÍ¢Üı˛yÛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ú˛ôpÜı˛yÛÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚
Ñ˛y!£ò#ˆÏì˛–
17– ¢#ì˛yÓ˚ òyõÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏí Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛ÌyÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ü ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ¢#ì˛y Ó¢%ı˛Ó˚yÈÙÈÑ˛òƒyñ ˆ¢ £úˆÏÓ˚Ö S£ú/
úyDˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÓ˚Öy–V £ú Óy úyDˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÓ˚Öy ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ã!õˆÏì˛– ˆ¢£z ã!õÓ˚ õy!›˛ ä%È§ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ö˛ú
£úñ ÈÙÈ ˆ¢£z ÚÑ%˛õˆÏv˛¸yÛÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ òyõ Ú¢#ì˛yö˛úÛ– ¢#ì˛y˛ô%ˆÏeÓ˚ òyõ úÓ Á Ñ%˛ü– ÚúÓÛ
üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÌ≈ Úü¢ƒˆÏFäÈîòÛ xyÓ˚ ÚÑ%˛üÛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ xòƒyòƒ xÌ≈=!ú £ú ÚòÓãyì˛ ïyòÛñ
Ú!ÓˆÏü°Ï ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ì,˛í £zì˛ƒy!î SÓD#Î˚ ü∑ˆÏÑ˛y°ÏV– }ˆÏ@ªˆÏî ¢#ì˛y òyõ!›˛Ó˚ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ xyˆÏäÈ– ¢#ì˛y
ˆ¢ÖyˆÏòÁ £úˆÏÓÖ˚ ó õ)!ì˛≈õì˛# Ñ,˛!°Ï◊#– xÌÓ≈ˆÓÏ ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Ô!üÑ˛ ¢)e S14.7V xò%ÎyÎ# ¢#ì˛y
Ú˛ôã≈òƒ ˛ôb#Û Óy ÚˆõáÈÙÈ˛ôb#– ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ÒÓ˚ =£ƒ¢)e xò%ÎyÎ˚# ¢#ì˛y Ú£zw˛ôb#Û– Ú£zw ÈÙÈ !Î!ò
≤Ã¶˛% c Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ Û SÓD#Î˚ ü∑ˆÏÑ˛y°ÏV– Ñ˛!Ìì˛ xyˆÏäÈñ üì˛ xŸªˆÏõï ÎK˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï £zwc úy¶˛ £Î˚–
xÌ≈yÍñ ~Ñ˛üì˛ÓyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óy˚ ãƒ @˘Ãy¢ñ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ó˚yãˆÏÑ˛yˆÏ°Ï ïò¢¡ôî ˛ô%O#Ñ˛Ó˚íñ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ¢#õy
ÓƒyÆÑ˛Ó˚íñ S!òÓˆÏı˛ ÚxŸªÛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ ˆîÖ%òV £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤Ã¶˛% c úy¶˛ £Î˚– Ñ,˛!°Ï!¶˛!_Ñ˛
¢õyˆÏã £zwc Óy ≤Ã¶%˛c úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ Ñ,˛!°ÏÈÙÈ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ Úfl˛∫yõ#Û/õy!úÑ˛ £ÁÎ˚y– ¢#ì˛yÓ˚
ÚÑ,˛!°Ï◊#ÛÈÙÈÓ˚*˛ôˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yõyÎ˚í Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
18– ÚÎîÌ≈Ç !ò!ã≈ì˛y ˆõ cÇ ˆ¢y£Î˚õy¢y!îì˛Ç õÎ˚y– òy!hfl˛ ˆõ cÎƒ!¶˛‹∫ˆDÏ y ÎˆÏÌ‹TÇ Üõƒì˛y!õ!ì˛–
ì˛î¢ƒ ÓƒÓ£*ì˛Ç ¶˛ˆÏo õˆÏÎ˚ì˛Í Ñ,˛ì˛Ó%!k˛òy– ú«˛ˆÏí ÓyÌ ¶˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ%˛Ó˚& Ó%!k˛Ç ÎÌy¢%Öõ‰––Û
ÈÙÈÓy˚ õyÎ˚í 6/115/21ÈÙÈ22–... Óy Ú¢)Îƒ≈ ÓÇˆÏü ãß√ñ îüÓ˚ˆÌÏ Ó˚ ò®ò– ˆì˛yõy ˆ£ò òyÓ˚#ˆÏì˛
òy!£Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò– ˆì˛yõyˆÏÓ˚ ú£zˆÏì˛ ˛ô%òÉ üB˛y £Î˚ õˆÏò– ÎÌy ì˛Ìy ÎyÁ ì%˛!õ ÌyÑ˛ xòƒ
fl˛iyˆÏò– ~£z ˆîÖ ¢%@˘Ã#Ó ÓyÓ˚íÙÈx!ï˛ô!ì˛– £z£yÓ˚ !òÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ÌyÑ˛ Î!î úÎ˚ õ!ì˛– úB˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛˛ô!ì˛
~£z Ó#Ó˚ !Ó¶˛#°Ïí– £z£yÓ˚ !òÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ÌyÑ˛ Î!î úÎ˚ õò– ¶˛Ó˚ì˛ üe&á¯ õõ ˆîˆÏü î%£z ¶˛y£z– £zFäÈy
£Î˚ ÌyÑ˛ !ÜÎ˚y ì˛y£yˆÏîÓ˚ ‡˛y§£z––ÛÈÙÙÙÑ,˛!_Óy¢# Ó˚yõyÎ˚í–
19– Úá,ì˛≤Ã¢ˆÏ_y x¢%Ó˚É ¢%ˆÏüˆÏÓy Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚y ïì˛≈y Ófl˛∫Á x!@¿ÉÛ ÈÙÈ }ˆÏ@ªîñ 5.15.1–
20– ˆîÓì˛y ÈÙÈ ÚÎyÓ˚ îyˆÏò xyõÓ˚y ì%˛‹T ££zÛ Óy !òÓ˚&_´ õˆÏì˛ ÚˆÎ ˙ŸªÎ≈ ~ÓÇ {!∞ì˛ Ólfl˛=!ú îyò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ Û– fl˛øì˛≈Óƒ ≠ !˛ôì,˛ˆÏîÓñ õyì,˛ˆÏîÓ#ñ ˛ô!ì˛ˆÏîÓì˛yñ ÜíˆÏîÓì˛yñ £zì˛ƒy!î ü∑=!ú– ˆúÖÑ˛
Ñ˛úˆÏõÓ˚ îyˆÏòñ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ Ó£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îyˆÏòñ ÜyÎ˚Ñ˛ Óy òì˛≈Ñ˛ õˆÏM˛ÈÓ˚ îyˆÏòñ e´#v˛¸y!Óî õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚
îyˆÏò... ì%˛‹T £Î˚ ÓˆÏú Ñ˛úõˆÏÑ˛ñ Ó£zˆÏÑ˛ õM˛ÈˆÏÑ˛ñ õy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛....ÚˆîÓì˛yK˛yˆÏò ≤ÃíyõÛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
Ó˚#!ì˛–
21– ¢)e ≠ ÓD#Î˚ ü∑ˆÏÑ˛y°Ïñ ÓD#Î˚ ü∑yÌ≈ˆÑÏ ˛y°Ï–
22– ¢)e ≠ ÚÓyÇúy ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ xyÓ˚!Ó ö˛yÓ˚!¢ v˛zî%≈ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ x!¶˛ïyòÛÈÙÈˆõy£y¡øî £yÓ˚&ò Ó˚!üî–
23– ˛ô)Ó≈ÓD#Î˚ ¢£ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xyM˛È!úÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏ°Ïƒ ÚüÛñ Ú°ÏÛ Óy Ú¢Û ˆÑ˛ Ú£Û v˛zFâ˛yÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛y ˆîÖy
ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎõò Ú¢Ñ˛úÛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ú£Ü‰ÜúÛñ Ú¢Ñ˛yúÛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ú£Ñ˛yúÛñ Ú¢ˆÏòÛ S¢ˆÏDV ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ú£ˆÏòÛ
Ú¢v˛¸Ñ˛Û ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ú£v˛¸Ñ‰˛Ûñ Úˆ¢£z !îˆÏÑ˛Û ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ú£!îˆÏÑ˛Û... So‹TÓƒ ≠ ÚÓyÇúy ~Ñ˛yˆÏv˛õ#
ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ xyM˛È!úÑ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ x!¶˛ïyòÛV– ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe òì%˛ò ü∑=!ú xy!¶˛ïy!òÑ˛
fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛Á ˛ôyÎ˚– ÈÙÈ ˆÎõò Ú¢Æy£Û ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ú£ÆyÛ–
24– ¢)e ≠ ˆ˛ôÔÓ˚y!íÑ˛ x!¶˛ïyòñ ÓD#Î˚ ü∑ˆÏÑ˛y°Ïñ ÓD#Î˚ ü∑yÌ≈ˆÑÏ ˛y°Ï–
25– ã#!ÓÑ˛y xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôîÓ#≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ xyÓ˚Á v˛zîy£Ó˚í ≠ î%£z/!ì˛ò/â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ˆÓî xïƒÎ˚òÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚
˛ôîÓ# £Î˚ !mˆÏÓî#/!eˆÏÓî#/â˛ì%˛ˆÏÓî≈ #– Ñ˛yÓƒ/ÓƒyÑ˛Ó˚í/ì˛Ñ˛≈üyfl˛f/òƒyÎ˚üyˆÏfl˛f ˛ô![˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôîÓ#
£Î˚ Ñ˛yÓƒì˛#Ì≈/ÓƒyÑ˛Ó˚íì˛#Ì≈/ì˛Ñ˛≈yúB˛yÓ˚/òƒyÎ˚ì˛#Ì≈– ~Ñ˛£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¢òñ ¢yõhs˛ñ ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ#ñ
Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yãñ â˛e´Óì˛≈#ñ !ÓŸªy¢ñ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ õ[˛úñ £yúîyÓ˚ñ õã%õîyÓ˚ñ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó#˚ ñ ˛ô%ÓÑ˚ ˛yÎ˚fl˛iñ Ó!íÑ˛ñ
¢îyÜÓ˚ñ ˆÜy˛ôñ ¢y§˛ô%£zñ ÜyˆÏÎ˚òñ ˆÜy˛ôyúòñ ˆõyîÑ˛... ˛ôy!¢≈ˆÏîÓ˚ îyÓ˚&ÁÎ˚yúyñ fl˛;$˛ÁÎ˚yúyñ
Óy›˛y!úÁÎ˚yúy £zì˛ƒy!î ˛ôîÓ#Ó˚ ¢,!‹T– ~õò!Ñ˛ñ £z!Oò#Î˚ÓÈ˚ ÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ü∑Á ˛ôîÓ#ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛
£ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èñ ÎÌyñ ÈÙÈ ö˛yÓ˚&Ö‰ £z!Oò#Î˚Ó–˚ S¢)e ≠ ÚxyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôîÓ#Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢Û ÈÙÈ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛ŸªÓ˚ Ó¢%–V
26– ¢)e ≠ ÓD#Î˚ ü∑ˆÏÑ˛y°Ïñ ÓD#Î˚ ü∑yÌ≈ˆÑÏ ˛y°Ï–
27– Ú...ÓyˆÏíƒÑ˛y ¢õúB˛ˆÏÓy˚ !ì˛ ˛ô%Ó&˚ °ÏÇ Îy ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛y ïyÎ≈ˆìÏ ˛ «˛#Î˚ˆhÏ s˛ Öú% ¶)˛°Ïíy!ò ¢ì˛ì˛Ç Óy@¶)˛°ÏíÇ
¶)˛°Ïíõ‰––Û ÈÙÈ ¶)˛ì,˛≈£!Ó˚ÛÓ˚ ò#!ì˛üì˛Ñ˛ S19V–
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ¢õyãÓyhfl˛Óì˛y
ˆ¢!úõ Ó: õ[˛ú*
Literature is the mirror of life”ÈÙÙÙÙÈ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤ÃÓyˆÏî ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛

£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Î!îÁ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ xì˛ ¢Ó˚ú òÎ˚ñ ~Ó˚ xhs˛!ò≈!£ì˛ Ó_´Óƒ!›˛ xòƒÓ˚Ñ˛õ– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD
î%ãò ˆòyˆÏÓúãÎ˚# ¢y!£!ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòy ÎÌyÌ≈– ~Ñ˛ãò £ˆÏúò Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ S1913ÈVñ xòƒãò
£ˆÏúò £zì˛yú#Ó˚ ú£z!ã !˛ôÓ˚yòˆÏîˆÏúy S1934V– ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈî˛ô≈ˆÏí ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ £*îÎ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛
xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ˆäÈy›˛ òî#Ó˚ ¢#õyòy äÈy!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ Óƒ!‹TÓ˚ ¢õ%ôÏ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ˆõúyˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚–
¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚ !eÑ˛yú îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛– õyò%°Ï ì˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ñ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
fl˛ô®òˆÏÑ˛ñ xì˛#ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ !â˛ˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ñ Ó%ˆGÏ ˛ !òˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ñ ì˛Öò£z ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚–
õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ xì˛#ì˛ £z!ì˛£y¢â˛yÓ˚íy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õyòÓ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ õòòü#ú xydyò%ü#úòÈÙÈ xò%ïyÓˆÏòÓ˚
˛ôÌ ïˆÏÓ£˚ z ~!ÜˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ¢y!£ì˛ƒñ !Óì˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È x˛ôyÓ˚ xyò®– ¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ xyòˆÏ®Ó˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú ¢y!£ì˛ƒ fl˛À‹TyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y§Ó˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ ãÜÍ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È @˘Ã£í
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ñ Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ myÓ˚y òì%˛òˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚– ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ Ó˚yãƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£
Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ¢M˛ÈÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ~ÓÇ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ì˛y£z ÓˆÏú ¢y!£ì˛ƒ !‡˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛Ó˚
xy!¢≈ òˆÏ£–Û S¢y!£ì˛ƒ ≠ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ñ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌV Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ õˆÏò
≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò– ~£z ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò õ)ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˝ î)ÓÓ˚ ì≈˛#–
ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛y xÓyhfl˛Ó òÎ˚– ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò Óyhfl˛Ó £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛y ˆò£yÍ v˛z˛ôyîyò–
¢y!£ì˛ƒ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y £ú ãÜÍ Á ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y !ÓˆÏü°Ï î,!‹T¶˛!D ~Ñ˛›˛y !ÓˆÏü°Ï
Ó˚#!ì˛– Óyhfl˛Ó ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ òÓ˚òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ã#Óò !â˛e x§yÑ˛ˆÏú Óy ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ î,üƒ Á á›˛òyÓ˚ ˝Ó˝ Óí≈òy
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆúÏ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ Óí≈òy !òÖ§ì% ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï £z ÎÌyÌ≈ !üˆÏ“Ó˚ õÎ≈yîy ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy– ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛
~Ñ˛›˛y !ÓˆÏü°Ï î,!‹T¶˛!D ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ õyò%°ñÏ á›˛òyñ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ î,üƒÈÙÙÙÙÈ ¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%È£z ÎÖò ~Ñ˛›˛y
!ÓˆÏü°Ï ã#ÓòˆÏÓyïˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛Öò£z ì˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ îyü≈!òÑ˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓy˛ôß¨ !ü“#Ó˚
!ü“– ~ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !üˆÏ“ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ !ÓŸªãò#ò õ)úƒ– Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò
Ú!Ó˚Î˚y!úãˆÏõÓ˚ ˆîy£y£z !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ ¢hfl˛y Ñ˛!Óc xì˛ƒhs˛ ˆÓ!ü â˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xy›˛≈ ~ì˛
¢hfl˛y òÎ˚–Û ‘Relaism is letirature is an attitude which purports to depictlis
and to reproduce nature. in all as pecto, as facthfully as possible’
(Encyclopade of leterature)– ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ Óyhfl˛ÓÓyîˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ õ%ˆÏÖ î§yv˛¸
*¢£Ñ˛yÓ˚# xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& õ£y!ÓîƒúyÎ˚ ˆ˛ôy›≈˛ ˆÓœÎ˚yÓ˚ñ xy®yõyò–
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ¢õyãÓyhfl˛Óì˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 47
Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò £zì˛yú#Ó˚ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ñ ˆòyˆÏÓúãÎ˚# ˛ú%£z!õ !˛ôÓ˚yòˆÏîˆÏúy S1849V– ì˛y§Ó˚ ≤ÃŸ¿

˛xyˆÏ›˛≈Ó˚ òyˆÏõ xy¢ˆÏúÓ˚ òÑ˛ú ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ úy¶˛ !Ñ˛⁄ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ Ú≤ÃyÑ,˛ì˛ ¢ì˛ƒÛ ~ÓÇ Ú¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
¢ì˛ƒÛÈÙÈ~£z î%£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyÌ≈ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– !˛ôÓ˚yòˆÏîˆÏúyÁ Úî,‹T Óyhfl˛ÓÛ ~ÓÇ Ú!üˆÏ“Ó˚
Óyhfl˛ÓÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ôyÌ≈ˆÑÏ ˛ƒÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò– !˛ôÓ˚yòˆÏîˆÏúy !Ó°ÏÎ!˚ ›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ‘Actuabtg’ Á ‘Realite’
üˆÏ∑Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ ã#ÓˆÏò Îy áˆÏ›˛ ì˛y ‘Actuality’ xyÓ˚ !üˆÏ“ ˆÎ ã#Óò
≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôyÎ˚ ì˛y ‘Keality’– Art actralÈÙÈˆÏÑ˛ realÈÙÈ~ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛!Ó ÎÖò ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛
ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ólfl˛ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y§Ó˚ Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ myÓ˚y òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ì˛Öò ì˛y xyˆÏ›˛≈ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛
£Î˚– ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ã#Óò actuality xyÓ˚ xy›˛≈ £ˆÏFäÈ realty/actiual á›˛òyÓú# !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ real
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈‹T ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú Óy !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
á›˛òyˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ô‹T Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
°Ïy›˛ÈÙÈ¢_Ó˚ îüÑ˛ xyÓ˚ òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ actual á›˛òyÓ˚ ≤ÃÖÓ˚ v˛z_yˆÏ˛ô
real £ˆÏÎ˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ã#Óhs˛ î!úú £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ˆÏäÈ ì˛y£zÈÙÈ£z ~ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ õ)ú ¶˛Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛w–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# xòƒˆÏÑ˛yˆÏòy á›˛òy Óy xyˆÏ®yúò£z ~ì˛ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ v˛zÍ¢y£ v˛zj#˛ôòyÎ˚ v˛z_yú
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò £Î˚ òy– ~ì˛ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ãòõyòˆÏ¢ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ S¶˛yú !Ñ˛¡∫y ÖyÓ˚y˛ôV !Óhfl˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢,!‹T £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ¶˛Î˚B˛Ó˚ v˛zß√yîòy– v˛zˆÏm!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú ˆÜy›˛y ˆîü–
¢õyã ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿ˆÏÑ˛ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ úy!úì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚&ˆÏíƒÓ˚ x¢#õ ü!_´ˆÏÑ˛ SˆÏ¢ ü!_´ ¢,!‹T
òy ïπÇˆÏ¢ ÓƒÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y ÓúˆÏÓ ¢õÎ˚V ¢_Ó˚ îüÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ îüÑ˛ñ
x@¿%ƒîÜ#Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ îüÑ˛– ¢õÌ≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ÓúˆÏÓò õ%!_´Ó˚ îüÑ˛ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓ˚&k˛Óyî#Ó˚y ÓúˆÏÓò
¢s˛fyˆÏ¢Ó˚ îüÑ˛– xyõÓ˚y ÓúÓ !ÓˆÏü°Ï îüÑ˛– òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ õy£ydƒ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Óy
!ò®y≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy›˛y£z ~ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ òÎ˚– ÷ï%õye !òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ ¶˛y°ÏƒÑ˛yÓ˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ °Ïy›˛ÈÙÈ¢_Ó˚
îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õyã ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ (actiual) ˆÑ˛õò !äÈú xyÓ˚ ì˛y ¢õyã î˛ô≈ˆÏí (real)
!Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢!›˛£z ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚y õ)ú ú«˛ƒ–
¢yõyòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛iyò òyõ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ˆÏäÈ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õ≈¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛yò òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ñ îy!ã≈!úÇ ˆãúyÓ˚ !ü!ú=!v˛¸ õ£Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚
òyõ– ã!õîyÓ˚ Ó%!k˛õyò !ì˛Ó˚!Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ xï#òhfl˛ òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸Ó˚ !‡˛Ñ˛y≤Ããy !ÓÜú !Ñ˛°ÏyíˆÏÑ˛
¶˛yÜâ˛y°Ï# ÓˆÏú v˛zˆÏFäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ !ÓÜú !Ñ˛°Ïyí Ó%!k˛õyò !ì˛Ó˚!Ñ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ õ%ˆÏ™ö˛ xyîyúˆÏì˛
õyõúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãÎ˚# £ˆÏÎ˚ xyîyúˆÏì˛Ó˚ !v˛e´# !òˆÏÎ˚ 13 ~!≤Ãú 1967 ã!õˆÏì˛ â˛y°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
ˆÜˆÏú Ó%!k˛õyò !ì˛Ó˚!Ñ˛ ˆúyÑ˛ãò !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÜú !Ñ˛°ÏyˆÏíÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ £yõúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õyÌy ö˛y!›˛ˆÏÎ˚
ˆîÎ˚– !ÓÜú !Ñ˛°ÏyˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ SxyãÑ˛yú 24ˆõ 1992VÈÙÈ Úˆãyì˛îyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ =[˛yˆÏîÓ˚ úy!‡˛Ó˚
áyˆÏÎ˚ õyˆÏ‡˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆÜúyõ– ÖÓÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ›˛ ˆÜúñ ãDˆÏúÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc üÛˆÏÎ˚ üÛˆÏÎ˚ â˛y°Ï# úy!‡˛ £yˆÏì˛
ˆÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏúñ ˆãyì˛îyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ =[˛yÓ˚y ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyúyú– ãDú úy!‡˛Ó˚ îyÜ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ xyõyˆÏÑ˛
48 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ¢õyãÓyhfl˛Óì˛y
ã!õÓ˚ îÖú !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú– ì˛Öò ãDˆÏúÓ˚ òyõ ÷òˆÏú£z ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ £y›≈˛ xƒy›˛yÑ˛ £ì˛– !‡˛Ñ˛
£ú ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˆîˆÏÓ òy– ˆÑ˛y!›˛Î˚yñ úyú!ãñ ˆäÈy›˛ õ!íÓ˚yõñ ë˛yÑ˛òy ≤Ã¢yî
ˆãyì˛ÈÙÈ â˛y!Ó˚!îˆÏÑ˛£z ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚Óy˚ @˘Ãyõ ˆäÈˆvÏ ˛¸ ü£ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyúyˆÏì˛ úyÜú– xyÁÎ˚yã v˛z‡˛ˆÏúyÈÙÙÙÙÈ
ÚúyDú ÎyÓ˚ ã!õ ì˛yÓ˚–Û 24ˆõ ¢Ñ˛yˆÏú ÖÓÓ˚ ˆ˛ôúyõ £y!ì˛!Ö°ÏyÓ˚ Óv˛¸ G˛v˛¸%ˆÏãyˆÏì˛ ˛ô%!úü
~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– â˛yÓ˚!îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ õy‡˛ ˆîÔˆÏv˛¸ ˆ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ £yãyÓ˚ £yãyÓ˚ â˛y°Ï# ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈú
£y!ì˛!á°ÏyÎ˚– ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ˛ô%!úü ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ â˛y°Ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ ïÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ê ˛ô%!úüˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y @˘ÃyˆÏõ£z
ë%˛Ñ˛ˆÏì˛ ˆîÓ òy– ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ â˛y°Ï#Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ £Î˚ úy!‡˛ òÎ˚ ì˛#Ó˚ ïò%Ñ˛– ›%˛Ñ%˛!Ó˚Î˚y â˛y ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚
◊!õÑ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈˆú Ï ò– ÖÓÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚yÁ £y!ì˛!á°ÏyÎ˚ ãˆÏv˛¸y £ˆÏÎ˚ â˛y°Ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü úy!‡˛
£yˆÏì˛ îy§v˛¸yˆÏúò– â˛y°Ï#Ó˚y !áˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛úú ˛ô%!úüˆÏÑ˛– £yãyÓ˚ £yãyÓ˚ â˛y°Ï#ÈÙÈ◊!õÑ˛ñ úy!‡˛ xyÓ˚
ì˛#Ó˚ ˆîˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%!úüÓ˚y Ó®%Ñ˛ ˆö˛ˆÏú ˛ôyúyú– £z™ˆÏ˛ôQÓ˚ ˆ¢yòõ ÁÎ˚yÇ!î Á òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸
ÌyòyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò x!ö˛¢yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛Ó%ˆÑÏ ˛ ì˛#Ó˚ !Ó•ïú– ˆ¢yòõ ÁÎ˚yÇ!î õyÓ˚y ˆÜú– 25 ˆõ ≤Ã¢yîˆÏ£yˆÏì˛
õ!£úy ¢õyˆÏÓü v˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú xyˆÏ®yúò Ñ˛Ìy ÓúyÓ˚ ãòƒ– ˆ¢£z ¢õyÓˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ£yì˛y ˆÓ¶˛y£z
ˆãyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã‚yî !¢Ç£– ~ÖyˆÏò ˛ô%!úü £‡˛yÍ =!ú â˛yúyÎ˚– 11 ãò !ò£ì˛ £ò– ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
7 ãò õ!£úy Á 2!›˛ !ü÷– ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ü÷ !äÈú ≤Ã‚yî !¢ÇˆÏ£Ó˚ fl˛f#Ó˚ !˛ôˆÏ‡˛ Ó§yïy xÓfl˛iyÎ˚–
Ó˚y£zˆÏö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ =!ú ≤Ã‚yˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛f# ïˆÏúŸªÓ˚# ˆîÓ#Ó˚ Ó%Ñ˛ ˆ¶˛î Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !˛ôˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ÓyFâ˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛Á Ö%ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ÛÈÙÈ ~£z á›˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ xyÓ˚ ÷ï%õye fl˛iyò òyõ ÌyˆÏÑ˛!òñ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ˆÏäÈ
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õ≈¢M˛ÈyúˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ≤ÃÓíì˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛yò– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏúy ~Ñ˛ õì˛yîˆÏü≈Ó˚ òyõ–
òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!e´Î˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc !äÈˆÏúò ãDú ¢y§Áì˛yúñ â˛yÓ˚& õã%õîyÓ˚ñ
Ñ˛yò% ¢yòyúƒ ≤Ãõ%Ö– ~Ó˚y ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z !äÈˆÏúò !¢.!˛ô.xy£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ü¶≈˛¢õ)!aì˛ !¢.!˛ô.xy£zS~õV
¢î¢ƒ– òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !¢.!˛ô.xy£zS~õ.VÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xhs˛≈!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï â˛Ó˚õ
˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈyÎ˚– î#á≈!îò ïˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õì˛yîü≈Üì˛ ˆÜy¤˛# m®µ â˛úyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 1964
˛ôy!›≈˛ !Ó¶˛y!ãì˛ £Î˚– Ú¢ÇˆÏüyïòÓyî#Û xyÖƒy !îˆÏÎ˚ !¢.!˛ô.xy£z ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ ˜ì˛!Ó˚
£Î˚ !¢.!˛ô.xy£z.S~õV– 1969 !¢.!˛ô.xy£z S~õV ~Ó˚ â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#Ó˚y ÚòÎ˚yÈÙÈ¢ÇˆÏüyïòÓyî#Û
xyÖƒy !îˆÏÎ˚ òì%˛ò îúÜ‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï ò !¢.!˛ô.xy£z S~õ.~úV– !mì˛#Î˚ ÓyÓ˚ ˛ôy!›≈˛ !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚
!˛ôäÈˆòÏ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈú 1967 òÑ˛üúyÓy!v˛¸Ó˚ xyˆÏ®yúò– 1967 !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò Ó˚yˆÏãƒ
≤ÃÌõ Î%_´ö˛ˆÏr›˛ xÈÙÈÑ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢# ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ÓyÇúy Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ãˆ¢Ï Ó˚ xãÎ˚ õ%Öyã≈# õ%Öƒõs˛f#Ó˚
ˆòì,˛ˆÏc Î%_´ö˛r›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !¢.!˛ô.xy£z S~õV xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸Ó˚ ¢ÇáˆÏ°Ï≈
!¢.!˛ô.xy£z S~õV ~Ó˚ â˛Ó˚õ˛ôs˛i#Ó˚yÈÙÙÙÙÈ â˛yÓ˚& õã%õîyÓ˚ñ Ñ˛yò% ¢yòƒyúñ ¢%ü#ì˛ú Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#
≤Ãõ%Ö üy¢Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ °Ïv˛¸ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ xyüB˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyhs˛É˛ôy!›≈˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛
!¢.!˛ô.xy£zS~õVˆÑ˛ ÚòÎ˚yÈÙÈ¢ÇˆÏüyïòÓyî#Û xyÖƒy !îˆÏÎ˚ 22 ~!≤Ãú 1969 õyÁ ˆ¢ÈÙÈì˛% ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚
!â˛hs˛yïyÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤Ãy!íì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ !¢.!˛ô.xy£z S~õ.~úVÈÙÈÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– Î!îÁ 1ˆõ 1969
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ ãò¢¶˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛yò% ¢yòyúƒ xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôy!›≈˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#Ó˚y ¢Ç¢î#Î˚ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ˛ôÌ Óã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy£¥yò ãyòyÎ˚ ¢üfl˛f ˆÜ!Ó˚úy Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚
õyïƒˆÏõ Ñ,˛!°Ï !Ó≤’ˆÓÏ Ó˚– òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yö˛ˆÏúƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y Ñ,˛!°Ï !Ó≤’ˆÓÏ Ó˚ v˛zj#˛ôòy
äÈv˛¸yˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ≤Ãïyò üe& !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õy!Ñ≈˛ò ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyîñ ˆ¢y!¶˛ˆÏÎì˚ ˛ ˆüyïòÓyîñ
ã!õîyÓ˚ ˆ◊í# xyÓ˚ xyõúyì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ Ó%ˆã Ï y≈ Î˚y ˆ◊í#ˆÏÑ˛– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¢üfl˛f ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ£z ~Ñ˛õye
˛ôÌ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ !â˛!£´ì˛ £Î˚– ¢õyã ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ v˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢yv˛¸y !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ £yãyÓ˚
£yãyÓ˚ v˛zIµú ì˛Ó˚&ˆÏíÓ˚y G§˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏúy òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛– ì˛yÓ˚y õ%_ýM˛Èú Üv˛¸yÓ˚
v˛yÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Öì˛õ x!¶˛ÎyˆÏò ˆòˆÏõ Üíì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !ÓˆÏoy£ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢_Ó˚ îüÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛
õ%!_´Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ !úÆ £Î˚– ~Ó˚ ˛ôyŒ›˛y !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Ó˚y‹TÎ… s˛fÁ ¢%˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛!“ì˛
¶˛yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ £ì˛ƒy SÜí£ì˛ƒyV ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ì˛y£z ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ ¶˛Î˚yÓ£ ¢ÇáˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ Ó˚*˛ô ˆòÎ˚– ¢ÇáˆÏ°≈Ï
Ñ˛õˆÏÓü# ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˛ô§yâ˛ £yãyÓ˚ ì˛Ó˚&íÈÙÈì˛Ó˚&í#Ó˚ ≤Ãyí £yÓ˚yÎ˚– ÓyÇúy ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚ Ó˚_ý_´ Óïƒ¶)˛!õˆÏì˛–
Ó#¶˛Í¢ îõòò#!ì˛Ó˚ ö˛úfl˛∫Ó*˚ ˛ô 1972 õïƒÓì≈˛# ¢õˆÏÎ˚ S28 ã%úy£z â˛yÓ˚& õã%õîyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õ,ì˛% ƒV
fl˛∫≤¿¶˛D £ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò !hfl˛!õì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢– ¢_Ó˚ îüÑ˛ òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúò !â˛!£´ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚ õ%!_´Ó˚ ¢s˛fyˆÏ¢Ó˚ îüÑ˛ñ xyüyÈÙÈ£ì˛yüyÓ˚ îüÑ˛ñ fl˛∫≤¿ÈÙÈfl˛∫≤¿¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ îüÑ˛– Ó˚_ý_´ Óïƒ¶)˛!õÓ˚
îüÑ˛–
òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸Ó˚ xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ¢Çá°Ïñ≈ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyîÈÙÈ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ïñ õ%_ýM˛Èú Ü‡˛òñ
Öì˛õ x!¶˛Îyòñ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ õ!ò°Ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ õ)!ì≈˛ ¶˛yàyñ îõòò#!ì˛ñ îõòò#!ì˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ £zì˛ƒy!î
á›˛òy ˆõ 1967 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ã%úy£z 1972 ~£z ˛ô§yâ˛ ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ
¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ≤Ãy¢!DÑ˛ ˆ¢£z actual mcedents =ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú
ïÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ òyòy ¢ÇÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˆ¢=ˆÏúy ˆÑ˛yò¶˛yˆÏÓ real £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ
ì˛y xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚≠ÈÙÙÙÙÈ
24 ˆü ˆõ 1969 ÙÙÙ òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ˆìÏ ˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Ù˛ô%!úü ¢ÇáˆÏ°≈Ï !ì˛ò ãò ¢§yÁì˛yú
õ!£úy ¢£ 1 ãò ˛ô%!úü £z™ˆÏ˛ôQˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Sˆ¢yòõ ÁÎ˚yÇ!îV õ,ì˛%ƒ £Î˚–
25 ˆõ 1967 ÙÙÙ ˛ô%!úüÓy!£ò# ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏüyï !ãáyÇ¢yÎ˚ v˛zß√_ £ˆÏÎ˚ xÑ%˛fl˛iˆÏúÓ˚
â˛y!Ó˚!îˆÏÑ˛ xyâ˛õÑ˛y xye´õí â˛yúyˆÏú òyÓ˚# Á !ü÷¢£ 11 ãˆÏòÓ˚ õ,ì˛%ƒ £Î˚–
30 ˆõ 1967 ÙÙÙ òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ á›˛òy ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ õ%Öƒõs˛f#Ó˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈˛ôk˛!ì˛Ó˚
¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ !¢.!˛ôxy£z.S~õV ~Ó˚ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ @˘Ã£í–
15 ã%ò 1967 ÙÙÙ òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸Ó˚ ˛ôyŸªÓì˛≈# ïy˛ôyÑ%˛!â˛ˆÏì˛ ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ Óy!£ò#
2 ãò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
28 ã%ò 1967 ÙÙÙ !¢.!˛ô.xy£z.S~õV ~Ó˚ ¢yÆy!£Ñ˛ Úˆîü!£˜Ïì˛°Ï#Û îÖˆÏúÓ˚
ˆâ˛‹TyÎ˚ òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD õ)úˆÏfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôy!›≈˛ ˆòì˛,ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢Çá°Ï≈–

29 ã%ò 1967 ÙÙÙ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y !ÓŸª!îƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !Ó.!˛ô.~¢.~ö˛ Ñ˛õ≈# Á ÚäÈye
¢Ç@˘ÃyõÛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ x!òú !ÓŸªy¢ Á ì˛%£#ò ˆÓÓ˚y òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i# äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚
myÓ˚y ≤Ã£*ì˛–
2 ã%úy£z 1967 ÙÙÙ !¢.!˛ô.xy£zS~õV õ%Ö˛ôe ÚÜíü!_´ÛˆÏì˛ õ%ãö˛‰≥Ó˚ xy£ˆÏõˆÏîÓ˚
òyõ ¢y«˛!Ó˚ì˛ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛#Î˚ñ ÚÓı˛%Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy!›≈˛ Óv˛¸Û ÓyÑ˛ƒ!›˛ ≤ÃÓyˆÏî ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛–
18 ã%úy£z 1967 ÙÙÙ ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yïÓy!£ò# Á ˛ô%!úü !õ!úì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüƒ òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚ ã˜ÏòÑ˛ ÓÓ˚Ñ˛y õy!ãˆÏÑ˛ !˛ô!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
19 ã%úy£z 1967 ÙÙÙÙ òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ Ö!v˛¸Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ !ì˛òü !Ó.~¢.~ö˛ Á
!¢.xyÓ˚.!˛ô.~ö˛ ~Ó˚ x!¶˛Îyò–
14 ˆõ 1968 ÙÙÙÙÙ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ 5 ˆòì˛y ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚
7 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚ 1968 ÙÙÙ Ú˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ =!úÛˆÏì˛ òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸Ó˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ˆòì˛y ÓyÓ%úyú
!ÓŸªÑ˛õ≈y !ò£ì˛–
1 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ 1968 ÙÙÙÙ òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸Ó˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢ÇáˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ˆò˛ôˆÏÌƒ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yò%
¢yòƒyú ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚–
5 ãyò%Îy˚ Ó˚# 1969 ÙÙÙ Ó®#õ%!_´Ó˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ !õ!äÈú–
14 õyâ≈˛ 1969 ÙÙÙ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i# Á !¢.!˛ô.xy£zS~õV
˛ôs˛i# äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Çá°Ï≈ÙÙÙÙ!ò£ì˛ Ñ,˛°å Ó˚yÎ˚ òyõÑ˛ äÈye–
15 õyâ≈˛ 1969 ÙÙÙ Ñ˛!ö˛Ù£yv˛zˆÏ¢ òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ £yõúyñ Ñ˛ˆÏúãˆfl˛ÒyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚
Ñ˛,°å Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢¶˛y–
26 õyâ≈˛ 1969 ÙÙÙÙ ˆãƒy!ì˛ Ó¢% òÑ˛üyú Óy!v˛¸ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ã!v˛¸ì˛
114 ›˛y õyõúyÓ˚ ¢Ó›˛y£z ≤Ãì˛ƒy£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏî≈ü ˆîò–
3 ~!≤Ãú 1969 ÙÙÙ Ñ˛yò% ¢yòƒyú ¢£ 22 ãò òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò
Î%_´ ˆòì˛yÓ˚ õ%!_´–
8 ~!≤Ãú 1969 ÙÙÙ Ñ˛y!ü˛ô%Ó˚ Üyò Á ˆüú ö˛ƒyQ!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y Óy!£ò# 5
◊!õÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ =!ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £ì˛ƒy–
9 ~!≤Ãú 1969 ÙÙÙ Ñ˛ú°åòÜˆÏÓ˚ !¢.!˛ô.xy£z.S~õV ˆòì˛y ~õ.~ú.~ xõ,ˆìÏ ˛®%
õ%Öyã≈# äÈ%!Ó˚Ñ˛y£ì˛–
19Ù22 ~!≤Ãú 1969 ÙÙÙ Ó!£fl˛Ò,ì˛ !¢.!˛ôxy£z.S~õV ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛
‘All India co-ordination committiee of Communist Revolutionar-
ies’ ~Ó˚ ˆÜy˛ôò ˆ≤’òy!Ó˚ ˆ¢üò Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ ÙÙÙÙ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚ òì˛%ò îú
!¢.!˛ô.xy£zS~õ.~úV–
1 ˆõ 1969 ÙÙÙ ü!£î !õòyˆÏÓ˚ !¢.!˛ô.xy£zS~õ.~úV îˆÏúÓ˚ xyd≤ÃÑ˛yüÙÙÙÓ_ý

â˛yÓ˚& õã%õîyÓ˚ñ Óò!Ó£yÓ˚# â˛e´Óì˛≈#S¢õÓ˚Vñ Ñ˛yò% ¢yòƒyú–
8 ˆõ 1969 ÙÙÙÙ fl˛∫Óy˚ ‹Tõ… s˛f# â˛ƒyÓò òÑ˛üyúˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ¢Ó≈îú#Î˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚
xy£¥yò ãyòyÎ˚– Ñ˛yò% ¢yòƒyú ÓˆÏúò ÙÙÙ Ú!£Ç¢yÓ˚ ãÓyÓ xyõÓ˚y !£Ç¢y !îˆÏÎ˚£z
ˆîÓ–Û
14 ˆõ 1969 ÙÙÙ xı…˛≤ÃˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ Öy¡øy¢ ˆãúyÎ˚ òÑ˛üyú ¢£õõ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y
Ìyòy xye´õˆÏí !ò£ì˛ 2 Á xy£ì˛ 4†
25 ˆõ 1969 ÙÙÙ Ú˛ô!ÿ˛õÓDÛ !Ó≤’Ó# Î%ÓäÈye ≤Ãlfl˛!ì˛ Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó˚ ¢¶˛yÎ˚ ¢üfl˛f
Ñ,˛!°Ï !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ v˛yÑ˛–
20 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ 1969 ÙÙÙ ˆõ!îò#˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆv˛ÓÓ˚yÎ˚ Úõ%_ýM˛úÛ Üv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÎyÁÎ˚y
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ äÈyeÙ˛òÑ˛üyú ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Sx¢#õ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ v˛zÍ˛ôˆÏú®% â˛e´Óì˛≈#...V
˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ö˛!úì˛ Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚í !£¢yˆÏÓ ã˜ÏòÑ˛ ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ Ö%ò–
19 õyâ≈˛ 1970 ÙÙÙ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD Ó˚y‹T…˛ô!ì˛ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy–
26 õyâ≈˛ 1970 ÙÙ xı…˛≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü ˛ô%!úü 69 ãò òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#ˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
21 ~!≤Ãú 1970 ÙÙÙ òÑ˛üyúˆÏîÓ˚ îõˆÏò ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD ˛ô%!úü ˆ¢ú Ü‡˛ò–
27 ~!≤Ãú 1970 ÙÙÙ !¢.!˛ô.xy£zS~õ.~úV~Ó˚ ÚˆîüÓì˛#Û Á Ú!úÓyˆÏÓ˚üòÛ
˛ô!eÑ˛y Ñ˛yÎ≈yúˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ ì˛Õ‘y!üÙÙ 25 ãòˆÏÑ˛ ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚–
5 ˆõ 1970 ÙÙÙ ˆÓú%ˆvÏ ˛¸Ó˚ úyúÓyÓy Ñ˛ˆÏúˆÏãÓ˚ äÈyeˆÏòì˛y Ó˚!Ó Ó¢%ˆÑÏ ˛ òÑ˛üyúÓ˚y
£ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
6 ˆõ 1970 ÙÙÙ òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#Ó˚y ˝Ü!úÓ˚ ¶˛oÑ˛yú#ˆÏì˛ !Ó.!˛ô.~¢.~ö˛ Ñ˛õ≈#
xõú ò®#ˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
25 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 1970 ÙÙÙ Ñ˛ˆÏúã fl˛T…#ˆÏ›˛ !îòî%˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüƒ ˛ô%!úü 4 òÑ˛üyú
ˆòì˛yˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
26 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ 1970 ÙÙÙ Ñ˛ˆÏúã ˆfl˛ÒyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚ òÑ˛üyúÓ˚y !Óîƒy¢yÜÓ˚ Á ≤Ãö%˛Õ‘
â˛w Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãhfl˛Ó˚ õ)!ì˛≈Ó˚ õhfl˛Ñ˛ x˛ô£Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
19 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ 1970 ÙÙÙ ÓyÓ˚y¢yˆÏì˛Ó˚ xyõv˛yày Á xòƒyòƒ fl˛iyˆÏò £yì˛Ù˛ôy î!v˛¸
!îˆÏÎ˚ Ó§yïy xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ 11 ãò õ,ì˛ Î%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õ,ì˛ˆÏî£ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚–
16 !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ 1970 ÙÙ ˆõîò#˛ô%Ó˚ ˆãˆÏú ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ =!úˆÏì˛ 16 ãò òÑ˛üyú
Ó®# !ò£ì˛–
30 !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ 1970 ÙÙÙ ÎyîÓ˛ô%Ó˚ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚
ˆü°Ï!îˆÏò v˛z˛ôyâ˛yÎ≈ v˛. ˆÜy˛ôyú ˆ¢ò òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y !ò£ì˛–
15 ˆö˛Ó&Î˚yÓ˚# 1971 ÙÙÙ Ó˚!ÓõyïÓ î_ ÜyˆÏv≈˛ò ˆúˆÏò 6 òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i# Î%ÓÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛
˛ô§y!â˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õyÌyÎ˚ î§yv˛¸ Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !˛ôäÈò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛¢ˆÏD =!úÓ°Ï≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô%!úü
ò,üÇ¢¶˛yˆÏÓ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
13 õyâ≈˛ 1971 ÙÙÙÙ òÑ˛üyú ˆòì˛y ¢%ü#ì˛ú Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#Ó˚ ã#ÓòyÓ¢yò–
6 ~!≤Ãú 1971 ÙÙÙ Ó£Ó˚õ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛ ˆòì˛y ¢ˆÏhs˛y°Ï ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ äÈ%!Ó˚Ñ˛yáyˆÏì˛
!ò£ì˛–
18 ˆõ 1971 ÙÙÙÙ îõîõ ˆ¢r›˛∆yú ˆãˆÏú òÑ˛üyúÓ®#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛yÓ˚yÓ˚«˛#ˆÏîÓ˚
¢Çá°Ï≈ñ 33 Ó®#Ó˚ ˛ôúyÎ˚òñ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ =!úˆÏì˛ !ò£ì˛ 14 ãò Ó®# Á 1 ãò
Ñ˛yÓ˚yÓ˚&k˛–
1 ã%ò 1971 ÙÙÙ ˆÑ˛yß¨ÜˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òÓ@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛yòy£z˛ô%Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏúy!òˆÏì˛ ˆòyÎ˚y˛ôyv˛¸yÎ˚
£yÁv˛¸yÓ˚ òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i# 9 ãò Î%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ â˛y˛ôy ˆîÁÎ˚y Ü!úì˛ õ,ì˛ˆÏî£
v˛zk˛yÓ˚–
29 ã%ò 1971 ÙÙÙÙ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD Ó˚y‹T…˛ô!ì˛ üy¢ò â˛yú%
12 xyÜfi›˛ 1971 Á 13 xyÜfi›˛ 1971 ÙÙÙ ÓÓ˚yòÜˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ ˆòì˛y
!òõ≈ú â˛ƒy›˛yã≈# Ö%òñ ˙!îò ¢ı˛ƒy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛y£z£˛ô%Ó˚ ÓÓ˚yòÜÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏú Óy!v˛¸
Óy!v˛¸ ë˛%ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%!úü Á =u˛yÓ˚y ì˛y[˛Ó â˛yúyÎ˚ ÙÙÙÙ üì˛y!ïÑ˛ òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i# Î%ÓÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛
Ö%ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖ xyúÑ˛yì˛Ó˚y õy!ÖˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãyõy!íÑ˛ áy›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˝Ü!ú òî#ˆÏì˛ ¶˛y!¢ˆÏÎ˚
ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
9 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 1971 ÙÙÙ !üÓ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛
¢Çá°Ï≈ÙÙÙ !ò£ì˛ 2 Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢# Á 4 òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#–
10 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 1971 ÙÙ !üÓ˛ô%Ó˚ Á Óƒy›˛Ó˚y Ìyòy ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ¢Çá°Ï≈ÙÙÙÙ!ò£ì˛ 6
Sõì˛yhs˛Ó˚ 11 ãòV
28 ã%úy£z 1972 ÙÙÙ Ó®# â˛yÓ˚& õã%õîyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ñ˛yˆÏú xyüB˛yãòÑ˛ xÓfl˛iyÎ˚
~¢.~¢.ˆÏÑ˛.~õÙ~ Ó!ì˛≈ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ˙ !îò ì˛§yÓ˚ õ,ì˛%ƒ £Î˚–
Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ÈÙÈ õÓ˚íã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Üîƒõ£yÑ˛yÓƒ
òÑ˛üyú Óy!v˛¸ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ã#Óhs˛ î!úú Úõ£yÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÌÏ Ó˚ ˆáyv˛¸yÛ S1976V– òÑ˛üyú
Óy!v˛¸ ¢ÇáˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ xòƒì˛õ â˛!Ó˚e !ÓÜú !Ñ˛°Ïyò– ¢ÇáˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ 25 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 24 ˆõ 1992 ˜î!òÑ˛
xyãÑ˛yú ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ !ÓÜú !Ñ˛°ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z!_´ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈£z v˛z!Õ‘!Öì˛– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò£z ˆ¢£z â˛Ó˚õ !îˆÏòÓ˚
S24 ˆõ 1967Vñ xÑ%˛fl˛iˆÏúñ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ £z!ì˛Ó,_ £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ actual fact ¢yõˆÏò
~ˆÏˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢£z Ö[˛ Ö[˛ á›˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãDú ¢§yÁì˛yúˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚&!£ì˛ò Ñ%˛Ó˚!õÓ˚
˛ôyˆÏü ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ fl˛ô‹T £ˆÏÓ–†ì˛Ó˚y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¶˛Î˚B˛Ó˚ î§yì˛yú Ó˚&!£ì˛ò Ñ%˛Ó˚!õÓ˚
ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Üîƒ õ£yÑ˛yÓƒ ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒy¢– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚ õ)ú ˆ«˛e¶)˛!õ òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸– ¶)˛!õ£#ò
¶)˛!õ ˛ôyÎ˚ / ãòõã%ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yãƒ â˛yúyÎ˚ÙÙÙÙ ~ fl˛∫≤¿ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ã#Óò ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õÎ˚îyˆÏò
òyˆÏõ Ó˚&!£ì˛ò Ñ%˛Ó˚!õ– Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ Ó˚&!£ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãyò Ñ˛Ó%ú– Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ úv˛¸y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– @˘Ãyõ !îˆÏÎ˚ ü£ˆÏÓ˚ ˆáÓ˚yñ õ%_ýM˛ú ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˆÎyk˛y
Ó˚&!£ì˛ò Ñ%˛Ó˚!õ– ì˛Ó˚y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ â˛y ◊!õÑ˛ xyÓ˚ ¶)˛!õ£#ò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆòì˛y !îÓyÑ˛Ó˚ ÓyÜâ˛#ñ ¶˛Óyò#
Ó˚yÎ˚ ≤ÃõÖ% Sxy¢ˆÏú â˛yÓ˚& õã%õîyÓ˚ñ Ñ˛yò% ¢yòƒyúV– Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛Ù˛ô%!úü ¢ÇáˆÏ°≈Ï Ó#Ó˚ ˆÎyk˛y ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚
õÎ˚îyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚_ý_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˆ¢ ˆãúÓ®#– Ö%ò
îÖú ú%‡˛ñ xy=ò úyÜyˆÏòy xÓ˚yãÑ˛ì˛y ¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚y– ~ÓÇ ¢ˆÏÓ≈y˛ô!Ó˚ Ó˚yãˆÏoy!£ì˛y Óú˛ô)Ó≈Ñ˛
Ó˚y‹T…«˛õì˛y îÖú ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛Ó˚ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ ö§˛y!¢ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y â˛yã≈ Ü‡˛ò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ó˚&!£ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛– ~Ñ˛ ˆãú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xòƒ ˆãˆÏú fl˛iyòyhs˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ÖòÓy !òã≈ò ˆ¢ˆÏú Ó®#– ˆãú ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
ˆü°Ï!îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛§yÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛yòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ ˆãúÖyòy– ~ÖyˆÏò Ó˚&!£ì˛ò ì˛yÓ˚ òyˆÏõ Ú!ã®yÓyîÛ
ïπ!ò ÷òˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– fl˛∫!hfl˛Á ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢ fl˛∫!hfl˛ ˆÓ!ü!îò fl˛iyÎ˚# £Î˚!ò– ˆãˆÏúÓ˚
!¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Á Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ úy£zò Sx¶˛ƒhs˛Ó˚#í m®µV
ˆòì˛,c ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ òì˛%ò !â˛hs˛y¶˛yÓòy ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô#v˛¸y !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆãˆÏúÁ ˆ¢ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛y £ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚– Ñ%˛¤˛ˆÏÓ˚yÜ@˘Ãhfl˛ Ó˚&!£ì˛ò ˆãú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ Óy!v˛¸ ˆö˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˆîˆÏÖ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛òy
ãÜÍ Á õyò%°Ï=ˆÏúy ¢Ó ˛ôyˆÏŒ›˛ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ~õò!Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛f# õDúyÁ ˛ôyˆÏŒ›˛ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ~Ñ˛
¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ì˛Ó˚y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¶˛Î˚B˛Ó˚ î§yì˛yú Ó˚&!£ì˛ò xyã Ñ%˛¤˛ˆÏÓ˚yÜ#ñ !òÉ¢Dñ !Ó°Ïyî@˘Ãhfl˛ñ £ì˛yüyÎ˚
!òõ!Iì˛ ÓƒÌ≈ òyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ¢õy!Æ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏe !òÑ˛°Ï Ñ˛yˆÏúy
xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚&!£ì˛ò xyà%ú£#ò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛y !›˛ˆÏ˛ô áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ£§ˆÏ›˛
â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ˆõ!â˛ òî#Ó˚ ˛ôyü !îˆÏÎ˚ !î!áÓ˚ ë˛yú% ã!õÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛– ~Ñ˛›˛y ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ v˛yú !îˆÏÎ˚ õy!›˛
ˆÖ§yâ˛yˆÏì˛ ˆÖ§yâ˛yˆÏì˛ v˛yú ÓƒyˆÏÓ˚ú ~Ñ˛›˛y Ó®%Ñ˛ Á Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛›˛y ˆ›˛y›˛y ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛yò £yˆÏì˛
ì˛ã≈ò#Ó˚ xÓ!ü‹T !ì˛ò ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ~Ñ˛¶˛yÜ !›˛∆ÜyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ó§y›˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏ˛ô ì˛ã≈ò#Ó˚ â˛y˛ô
!îú– !›˛∆ÜyÓ˚!›˛ òv˛¸úñ ãˆÏu˛Ó˚ ü∑ £ú– Ó˚&!£ì˛ò £§y˛ôyˆÏFäÈñ ¢Ó≈yˆÏD îÓ˚îÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ áyõ G˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ–
õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ã¶˛›˛y Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢ xyˆÏhfl˛ xyˆÏhfl˛ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ú– Ó®%Ñ˛›˛y
Ó˚£zú ì˛yÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏü õy!›˛ˆÏì˛– Ñ˛yì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ õyÌy›˛y Ó˚yÖú ˆãyv˛¸y ÓƒyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚– ˛ô%FäÈ£#ò
úyú ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛y Ó%ˆÏã ~ˆÏú– ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò ~Öò ~Ñ˛!›˛ õye ¢ygs˛òyñ ˆ¢ x˛ôõyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚
x!¶˛üÆ xy◊Î˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ Ü¶˛#Ó˚
á%õ xy¢ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚–
òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôã#Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛Ó˚y ì˛§yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ
Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èòñ ˆ¢£z ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ ¢Ó≈yˆÏ@˘Ã v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ òyõ !òÇ¢ˆÏ®ˆÏ£ ¢õˆÏÓü˚ Ó¢%Ó˚ Úõ£yÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚
Ó˚ˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆáyv˛¸yÛ– òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸Ó˚ ˆ«˛e¶)˛!õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛y!£ò# !òˆÏÎ˚ xyüyÙ£ì˛yüyñ fl˛∫≤¿ Á fl˛∫≤¿¶˛Dñ
¢ö˛úì˛yÙÓƒÌ≈ì˛yÓ˚ Üîƒõ£yÑ˛yÓƒ ~£z Ó˚â˛òy– 1967 ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈# !¢.!˛ô.xy£zS~õV ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
õì˛yîü≈Üì˛ mˆÏ®Óµ ˚ äÈ!Ó v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢£z ¢ˆÏD ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ ˆõy£ò ˆäÈe#Ó˚ v˛yÑ˛¢y£zˆ›Ï ˛
ˆäÈˆÏú Óv˛¸Ñ˛y ˆäÈe#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚&!£ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Óı˛%c ~ÓÇ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ◊í#üe& £ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛y xy¢ˆÏú ÚÓı˛%Ó˚
ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy!›≈˛ Óv˛¸ÛÙÙÙ ~ ˆfl˛‘yÜyòˆÏÑ˛£z fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyÓ˚ 28 ã%úy£z 1972 â˛yÓ˚&
õã%õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ,ì˛%ƒ ~ÓÇ ~£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ òÑ˛üyú îõò ò#!ì˛Ó˚ Ó#¶˛Í¢ì˛yÎ˚ ~ xyˆÏ®yúò e´õü
!hfl˛!õì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÓƒÌ≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ õ%!_´Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿– ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒÑ˛yÓ˚
!ÓŸªy¢áyì˛Ñ˛ì˛yñ ˆÜy¤˛#mˆÏ®Óµ ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛FäÈ!Ó Á v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Óì˛≈õyò Ó˚!£ì˛òÓ˚y ~Ñ˛›˛y ¢Í Á xyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛
fl˛∫≤¿ !òˆÏÎ˚£z ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ Óì˛# £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !Ñ˛äÈ% !òÉfl˛∫yÌ≈ Ó!úîyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ñ˛äÈ% îÉ¢y£!¢Ñ˛
äÈ!Ó xyÓ˚ £ì˛yüy Á fl˛∫≤¿¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛ äÈyv˛¸y ÓƒÌ≈ òyÎ˚Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÓ˚ !Ñ˛£z Óy ÌyÑ˛ú⁄ ¢õˆÏÓ˚ü
Ó¢% òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ# ã#Óò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò Ñ%˛!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚&!£ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
Üîƒõ£yÑ˛yÓƒ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ actual ˆÑ˛ real Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛%ˆÏúˆÏäÈò– ì˛ˆÏÓ actual art ~ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ
real £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ˆ¢£z ˛ôÌ ïˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏÜyˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ !ü“ïõ≈ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y x«%˛ß¨ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ì˛y !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
îyÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚– òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢Ù¶)˛ˆÏÜyú ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ ~ì˛ ã#Óhs˛ ›˛y›˛Ñ˛y î!úú
ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ≤Ã!ì˛FäÈ!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛y ¢!ì˛ƒ£z xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈–
2. 20 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ 1969ñ ˆõ!îò#˛ô%Ó˚ ˆv˛ÓÓ˚yÎ˚ Úõ%_ýM˛úÛ Üv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÎyÁÎ˚y Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚
äÈyeÙòÑ˛üyú ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Sx¢#õ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ Á v˛zÍ˛ôˆÏú®% â˛e´Óì˛≈#ñ fl˛∫í≈y!õe ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛⁄V
˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ö˛!úì˛ Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚í !£¢yˆÏÓ ã˜ÏòÑ˛ ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ Ö%ò ÙÙÙ ~£z á›˛òyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛∫í≈!õe Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Ú@˘ÃyˆÏõ â˛ˆÏúyÛS1972V v˛z˛ôòƒy¢– oÓƒõ)úƒ Ó,!k˛ñ î%ò≈#!ì˛ xyÓ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓyãyÓ˚#Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ãíÜí ÎÖò ˆ«˛yˆÏ¶˛ ö§%˛¢ˆÏäÈ ì˛Öò òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#Ó˚y õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛e¶)˛!õ ¢¡ô)í≈ ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ñ ~£z ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õˆÏì˛£z Ñ,˛!°Ï !Ó≤’Ó ¢yö˛úƒ úy¶˛
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ~ÓÇ ò#!ì˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò ü!_´ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛
ˆ◊í#ˆÏÑ˛ £y!ì˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ Ó%!G˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢ˆÏD !òˆÏÎ˚ î#á≈Ñ˛yú ïˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ Úõ%_ýM˛úÛ
¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÓñ @˘Ãyõ !îˆÏÎ˚ ü£Ó˚=ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ !áˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– !Ó≤’ˆÓÏ ÓÏ ˚ üe& ì˛Ìy ˆ◊í#üe&ˆÏÑ˛
Öì˛õ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Ú@˘Ãyõ !îˆÏÎ˚ ü£Ó˚ ˆáˆÏÓ˚yñ õ%_ýM˛ú ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏúyÛÙÙÙ òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚
v˛yˆÏÑ˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ òyˆÏõ ¢õyˆÏã v˛zIú ˆõïyÓ# £yãyÓ˚ £yãyÓ˚ ì˛Ó˚&í G˛§y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ xydîyˆÏò–
ˆ¢£z xydîyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò ˆòì˛,cfl˛iyò#Î˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ˜¢!òÑ˛ !äÈˆÏúò v˛zÍ˛ôˆÏú®% â˛e´Óì˛≈#
Sfl˛∫í≈!õeV– ì˛§yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ã#Óò x!¶˛K˛ì˛yñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ö˛!úì˛ Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚í £zì˛ƒy!îˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆö˛ˆÏõ Ó®# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Actual ˆÑ˛ real ~ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì˛≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ fl˛iyòñ
˛ôye˛ôye#Ó˚ òyõ– !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ òyˆÏõ Ú@˘ÃyˆÏõ â˛ˆÏúyÛ xy£¥yˆÏò ¢yv˛¸y !îˆÏÎ˚£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚
â˛!Ó˚e Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y !ÓŸª!ÓîƒúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôM˛õÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ v˛zIµú äÈye x!òÓ˚&k˛ ÓyÜâ˛# ü£Ó˚ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y
ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ì˛yúv˛yÇÓ˚y @˘ÃyˆÏõ ~ˆÏ¢ ÚÓ˚á%Û äÈpòyˆÏõ £#ˆÏÓ˚ò òyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ Ü,£!ü«˛Ñ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ
Ó¢Óy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÑ˛– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÏ õÓ˚&¶)˛!õ£#ò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !õˆÏü ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚
õˆÏs˛f î#!«˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢üfl˛f ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõñ ˆ◊í#üe& Öì˛õ x!¶˛ÎyˆÏò ˆòˆÏõ ã!õîyÓ˚ ¢#ì˛yòyÌ
õy£yˆÏì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ö%ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ñ î!úúîhfl˛yˆÏÓã ˛ô%!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚ñ ïyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜyúy ˆ¶˛ˆÏà â˛y°Ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛
!Ó!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚– ì˛yúv˛yÇÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢üfl˛f x!¶˛ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ î%£z ˆòì˛y ÙÙÙÙ Ó˚á% ÁÓ˚ˆÏö˛ x!òÓ˚&k˛ ÓyÜâ˛#
~ÓÇ ¢ì˛ƒÓyò– ¢ö˛ú Öì˛õ x!¶˛ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¢ì˛ƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z!_´ÙÙ ÚÑ˛õˆÏÓ˚v˛Üí Á Óı˛%Üí–
õ£yãˆÏòÓ˚ ~£z¢Ó î!úú xyã !Ì!Ñ˛ Óy!ì˛ú £!Î˚ ˆÜú– xyã !Ì!Ñ˛ ì˛yúv˛yÇÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú
¢¡ô!_Ó˚ õy!úÑ˛ ¢#ì˛yòyÌ òÎ˚ñ õy!úÑ˛ Ü§yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢Ñ˛ú ÜÓ˚#Ó õyò%°Ï– xyã !Ì!Ñ˛ Ü§yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
¢Ñ˛ú ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ Ü§yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãíÜí–Û Ó˚á% ¢ì˛ƒÓyòˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢yö˛úƒ ˛ôyŸªÓì˛≈# xòƒyòƒ
@˘ÃyˆÏõ â˛y°Ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛Á v˛zI#!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ á›˛òyÎ˚ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ì˛yúv˛yÇÓ˚y
˛ôy!›≈˛ £zv˛z!òˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ¢î¢ƒ üyúÓò#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õ£#ò â˛y°Ï# Ö§%ˆÏv˛¸y– ö˛ˆÏÓ˚fi›˛ Üyv≈˛ñ Ó˚«˛# Óy!£ò#ˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛
@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ôÌ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÎ˚ Ö§%ˆÏv˛¸y ö˛ˆÏÓ˚fi›˛ Üyv≈˛ˆÏÑ˛ !Ó°Ïì˛#Ó˚ õyÓ˚ˆÏú Ó˚«˛y Óy!£ò# Ö§%ˆÏv˛¸yˆÏÑ˛
=!ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¢ì˛ƒÓyò Ö§%ˆÏv˛¸yÓ˚ õ,ì˛ˆÏîˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏü î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈÙÙÙÙ ÚÖ§%ˆÏv˛¸yÓ˚ õ,ì˛%ƒ
ˆõyˆÏîÓ˚ ãÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú–Û Ñ˛õˆÏÓ˚v˛ Ö§%ˆÏv˛¸yÓ˚ ãµúhs˛ !â˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
Úx◊&ÙÓ˚_´Ùfl˛∫ˆ≤Ï ¿¶˛Ó˚yÛ ¢üfl˛f ãòì˛yÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ò#Ó˚Óì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó˚áÓ% ˚ õˆÏò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ ˆâ˛Î˚yÓ˚õƒyˆÏòÓ˚
Ñ˛ÌyÙÙÙÚÓ˝ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xydì˛ƒyˆÏÜÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú£z ãÎ˚# £ˆÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xyã xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ £zFäÈy–Û ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢ö˛úì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ ¢õyÆ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ õˆÏs˛f v˛zIµ#!Óì˛ v˛zIµú ì˛Ó˚&íˆÏîÓ˚ ¢!e´Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ äÈ!Ó £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢–
~ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ xy¢ˆÏú òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ì˛_¥ Á ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ !îò!ú!˛ô– Ó˚á%
ÁÓ˚ˆÏö˛ x!òÓ˚&k˛Ó˚ v˛z°å !îò!ú!˛ô !Ñ˛ fl˛∫í≈!õˆÏeÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ !îò!ú!˛ô òÎ˚⁄ v˛zÍ˛ôˆÏú®% â˛e´Óì˛≈#
!òˆÏã£z òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòì˛y ˜¢!òÑ˛– Implimentation of an action of Naxal
squad ~ actual diary ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏì˛ Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ This is the
real life of Naxal period. Óyhfl˛Ó ã#Óò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò !òˆÏÎ˚ !òãfl˛∫ ã#Óò x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÎ˚
fl˛∫í≈!õe ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õyã î˛ô≈ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ ì˛%ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛y ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚
ã#Óhs˛ î!úú–
3. 31 õyâ≈˛ 1972 Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˜î!òÑ˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ !üˆÏÓ˚yòyõ ÎyîÓ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ¢s˛fy¢ñ
!ì˛ò !îˆÏò 2 ãòˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy– v˛z!Õ‘!Öì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏîò!›˛ £úÙÙÙÚÜì˛ 27 õyâ≈˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢#Ó˚y
~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ =u˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ¶˛Î˚yÓ£ ¢s˛fyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– !ã ÓœˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
òò#ü)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸ xye´õí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ !ã!ò¢˛ôe ú%‡˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ¢Óy£zˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ˆîÎ˚– òò#ü)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ 88 ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó,k˛ !˛ôì˛yˆÏÑ˛Á ˆÓ˚£y£z ˆîÎ˚!ò– ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚Á Ñ%˛!Í¢ì˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚
ÜyúyÜy!ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ Ñ,˛°å â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛Á ì˛yÓ˚y £yõúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÚÑ,˛°å â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚
õ%[%˛ â˛y£zÛÙÙÓˆÏú ïπ!ò ˆîÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓyõy õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓyõyÎ˚ Ñ,˛°å â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ 16 ÓÍ¢ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô%e
xy£ì˛ £Î˚– fl˛f#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚Á xüyú#ò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– x‹Tõ◊í#Ó˚ äÈye ÓyÓú% â˛e´Óì˛≈#ˆÏÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛#°Ïí¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢õhfl˛ ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏÑ˛ ï!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏúñ òy
!îˆÏú £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ– ˛ôÓ˚!îò !òãÜ,ˆÏ£ ÓyÓú%ˆÏÑ˛ õ,ì˛Ófl˛iyÎ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Üì˛ 29 õyâ≈˛
Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å v˛z˛ô!òˆÏÓˆÏüˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛˛ôò îyüˆÏÑ˛ ì˛%ˆÏú !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ñ%˛!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÙÙÙÙ ~£z
actual á›˛òy!›˛ 1972 !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòy_Ó˚ S11 õyâ≈˛V ÎyîÓ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óhfl˛#í≈ xM˛ú ã%ˆÏv˛¸–
¢s˛fyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ Ñ,˛°å â˛e´Óì˛≈# !òˆÏã£z ˙ actual á›˛òyˆÏÑ˛ real Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ì˛%ˆÏúˆÏäÈò ì˛§yÓ˚ Úxõyò!ÓÑ˛Û S1973V v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ Ñ˛,°å â˛e´Óì˛≈#
!úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ÙÙÙ Úv˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ ÎÖò !úÖ!äÈ ì˛Öò ¢Ófl˛∫≈ ˆÖyÎ˚yˆÏòy xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ xyõyÓ˚ fl˛f#
î%ˆÏÓúy ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ãú ˆö˛úˆÏäÈò– ˆ¢£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ ˆõïƒ îy!Î˚c Ë Ñ˛ì˛≈ÓƒˆÏÓyï ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢
ˆúÖy–Û Úxõyò!ÓÑ˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ Û72 !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yúy˛ôy£y!v˛¸ ˆîÔÓ˚yˆÏdÓ˚
ã#Óhs˛ î!úú– ¢õyãì˛s˛f# Ñ˛yúyâ§˛yî üy!hs˛Ó˚«˛y Óy!£ò# ˜¢!òÑ˛ñ ˛ôyv˛¸y˛ôyú Á ì˛yÓ˚ îúÓú
v˛y_ýÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¶˛y£zˆÏ˛ôyñ xì˛#òˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏúã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ £yì˛Ùõ%Ö ˆÓ§ˆÏï ˆÑ˛yõˆÏÓ˚
î!v˛¸ ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yúyâ§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú õDúÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yì˛ îü›˛yÎ˚– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛yúyâ§˛yî
£yˆÏì˛ õyÇ¢ Ñ˛y›˛y îy !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ%˛!‡˛Ó˚ õyˆÏ‡˛ Ñ˛y›˛ˆÏì˛ Îy!FäÈú ì˛Öò Ñ˛yúyâ§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛f# !ì˛Ó˚& ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚
Óyïy !îˆÏÎ˚Á xy›˛Ñ˛yˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú ˆ¢ ˛ôyÜú £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– v˛y_ýÓ˚ ˆÓyÏ¢ ˛ôyÜú £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y
!ì˛Ó˚&ˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ ˆÜˆÏú Ñ˛yúyâ§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õy ãyòyÎ˚ Ñ˛yú Ó˚yˆÏe ì˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú
Ñ˛%!‡˛ õyˆÏ‡˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˛ô§y‡˛y Ñ˛y›˛ˆÏú !ì˛Ó˚& Ó˚_´ Ó˚_´ ÓˆÏú !â˛ÍÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ¢yõƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚
¢õÌ≈Ñ˛ üy!hs˛ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ¢s˛fyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– üy!hs˛ÓyÓ% ¢yõƒÓyî#ñ ì˛§yÓ˚ fl˛f#Á
¢õÎ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏú !õ!›˛Ç !õ!äÈˆÏú ÎyÎ˚ñ Óv˛¸ ˆäÈˆÏú Ñ˛ˆÏúã £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÙÙ !ì˛òãòˆÏÑ˛£z ˛ôyv˛¸y˛ôyú
üy!hfl˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏÑ˛ fi›˛ƒy¡ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆÓÔˆÑ˛ úy!Ì ˆõˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ !ã!ò¢˛ôe ¶˛yàâ%˛Ó˚
Á ú%‡˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ üy!hs˛ÓyÓ% ÌyòyÎ˚ v˛yÎ˚Ó˚# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú ÌyòyÓ˚ Óv˛¸ îyˆÏÓ˚yÜy ˆâ˛Î˚yÓ˚
ˆäÈˆvÏ ˛¸ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ üy!hs˛ÓyÓ%Ó˚ î%£z ÜyˆÏú â˛v˛¸ ˆõˆÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈÙÙÙÚÚüyúyÓ%ˆvÏ ˛¸yÊ ˆäÈˆú
Ï ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ ÈyÊ v˛yÑ˛yì˛ Óy!òˆÏÎä˚ ÈÊ xyÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢äÈ v˛yÎ˚Ó#˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛⁄ÛÛ Ñ˛ÌÑ˛ v˛y_ýÓ˚ ˆÓy¢ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛£z ÷!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ¶˛ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ £ì˛ƒyÑ˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ á›˛òy– ¢D#Ó˚y ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú ¶˛ˆÏÓüÁ ˛ôyv˛¸y
äÈyˆÏv˛¸ÙÙÙ ~£z x˛ôÓ˚yˆÏï ˛ôyv˛¸y˛ôyúÓ˚y Óı˛%ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˆÖ§yã ÖÓÓ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
ãµyúyõÎ˚¶˛yˆÏÓ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¶˛ˆÏÓüˆÏÑ˛ Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÓyÓú%ñ Ñ˛yúyâ§˛yîñ Ñ˛yòy x!ãì˛ xyÓ˚ üy!hs˛õÎ˚ÓyÓ% ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚
fl˛∫Î˚Ç Ñ,˛°å â˛e´Óì˛≈#ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏú actual !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ real £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y fl˛ô‹T £ˆÏÓ– v˛zˆÏÕ‘Öƒ
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ãÓ˚&Ó˚# xÓfl˛iy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !ò!°Ïk˛ ˆáy°Ïíy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– (The Statesman-8th April 1976, colm-4, page-3V Ó˚_ý_´ Óïƒ¶)˛!õÓ˚ fl˛ô®ò
¢õyã î˛ô≈ˆÏí ˆÎ Ñ˛ì˛ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛FäÈ!Óì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z
ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚– v˛y_ýÓ˚ ˆÓy¢ñ üy!hs˛ÓyÓ% Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ ¶˛ˆÏÓüñ xì˛#òñ òyv˛Yñ £#Ó˚& ≤Ãõ%Ö
!Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢s˛fyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó!ú £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏä ì˛y ˆÎõò ˆîÖyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆì˛õ!ò ¶˛Î˚B˛Ó˚ Ó#¶˛Í¢ì˛yñ
xõyò!ÓÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ !òîü≈òÚxõyò!ÓÑ˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒy¢– Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢Çá°Ï≈ñ ¢s˛fyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆÜy›˛y
ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÚÓïƒ¶)˛!õÛˆÏì˛– Úxõyò!ÓÑ˛Û ˆ¢£z Óïƒ¶)˛!õÓ˚ fl˛ô®ò–
4. 17 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ 1970 ˆÓˆÏúáy›˛yÎ˚ !¢.xy£z.!›˛ £yv˛z!¢ÇˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ 556 ›˛y öœ˛ƒyˆÏ›˛ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚
ì˛Õ‘y!üÙÙÙÙ ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ 100 ãòñ ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 4 ãòˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüƒ =!ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ö%ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ÙÙÙÙ
~ á›˛òy ≤Ã!ì˛FäÈ!Óì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ üB˛Ó˚ Ó¢%Ó˚ ÚÑ˛õ%ƒ!ò¢Û S1974V v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢– ¢õyã ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ˆÏòÓ˚
fl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿ ã#Óò ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ Óì˛# £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÙÙÙ xˆÏüyÑ˛ ˆÓy¢ S~.!ÓVñ ˆÜÓ˚yñ !òÓyÓ˚íñ ˆ¢yòyñ òyr›˛%ñ
òˆÏÓ˚ò ≤Ãõ%Ö– üy¢Ñ˛ òÑ˛üyú îõˆÏò ˆÓˆÏúáy›˛y xM˛ˆÏú xˆÏüyÑ˛ ˆÓy¢ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÖ§yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓˆÏúáy›˛y Ó!hfl˛ˆÏì˛ ~.!ÓÓ˚ ¢£ˆÏÎyk˛y ˆ¢yòyˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ £ì˛ƒyÓ˚ Óîúy
!òˆÏì˛ ~.!Óñ ˆÜyÓ˚yñ !òÓyÓ˚íñ ¢%Ñ%˛Ó˚y Ók˛˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛Ó˚– ˆ¢£z ÓîúyÓ˚ ö˛úfl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô !òÓyÓ˚í Á ¢%Ñ%˛
~Ñ˛ãò ˛ô%!úü Ñ˛òˆÏfi›˛ÓúˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛
˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛Ó˚#í !â˛eÁ– ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ ˆüyïòÓyî#ˆÏîÓ˚ !ò˛ôyì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏú–
˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ úy£zòñ xƒyÑ˛üˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌ Á ˛ôs˛iy ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ó%!G˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚–
¢%Ñ%˛ñ Ó%ˆÏv˛¸yñ !òÓyÓ˚í ¢£ 13 ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ !Ñ˛ˆÏüyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òÌÓ˚ ˆî£ ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆüyÎ˚yˆÏòy– ˆÜyÓ˚yñ
òyr›˛%ñ òˆÏÓ˚òîy ˆãúÓ®#– ˆãˆÏúÁ ì˛yÓ˚y õì˛yîü≈Üì˛ úv˛¸y£z â˛yúyÎ˚ñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ òì˛%ò !îüy
Ö§%ˆÏã ˛ôyÎ˚– ÚÑ˛õ%ƒ!ò¢Û Ó˚_ý_´ Óïƒ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ›˛y›˛Ñ˛y î!úú–
5. ÚÚ¢_Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛[˛ x!¶˛áyì˛ xyõyˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˙ Ó£z ˆúÖyÎ˚ ~
xyˆÏ®yúò xyõyˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ !Ñ˛äÈ% ˆüÖyÎ˚ÁÛÛÙÙÙ Ú£yãyÓ˚ â%˛Ó˚y!üÓ˚ õyÛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD
Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#Ó˚ x!¶˛Óƒ!_´– ÙÙÙ ¢_Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛[˛ x!¶˛áyˆÏì˛Ó˚
ö˛ú õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#Ó˚ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ Ú£yãyÓ˚ £yãyÓ˚ â%˛Ó˚y!üÓ˚ õyÛ ~ S1974V òÑ˛üyú
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ ˛ô%e£yÓ˚y õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏdy˛ôú!∏˛– Ú£yãyÓ˚ £yãyÓ˚ â%˛Ó˚y!üÓ˚
õyÛÙÙÙv˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õ)ú á›˛òyÙÙÙ Óì˛#Ó˚ õ,ì˛%ƒ £ˆÏúÁ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ â˛!Ó˚e Óì˛#Ó˚ õyñ
¢%ãyì˛y– òì˛%ò ¢õyã Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ G§˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ Óì˛# â˛ƒy›˛yã≈#Ó˚ õ,ì˛%ƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Óì˛#£z
!äÈú ¢%ãyì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛õye ò#úõ!í– Óì˛#Ó˚ õ,ì˛%ƒ õy ¢%ãyì˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ÓîˆÏú ˆîÎ˚– ¢%ãyì˛y
Óì˛#Ó˚ Ö%ˆÏòÓ˚ á›˛òy ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ¢õ%Ó˚ õyÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ – ¢õ%Ó˚ õy ãyòyÎ˚ñ Ó˚yì˛ ÓyˆÏÓ˚y›˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ áyì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ â˛yúyáÓ˚!›˛ˆÏì˛ â˛y!Ó˚!îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !áˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛úˆÏú Óì˛#Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌyõˆÏì˛y
â˛yÓ˚ãˆÏò£z £yˆÏì˛ £yì˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆfl˛‘yÜyò !îˆÏÎ˚ îÓ˚ãy Ö%ˆÏú ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏú Ö%ò#Ó˚y ¢õ%ñ ˛ôyÌ≈ñ
!Ó!ãì˛ñ Óì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ Ö%ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛ô%e£yÓ˚y õy ¢%ãyì˛y Óì˛#Ó˚ áÓ˚ñ ãyõyñ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü ¢ygs˛òy Ö§%ˆÏã
ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ !Ó¶˛yãòñ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ !ÓŸªy¢ £yÓ˚yˆÏòyñ ºyì˛,Óïñ ˆ◊í#üe&
!òïò ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ¢_Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óyhfl˛Ó ã#Óò !â˛eˆÏÑ˛ !ÓŸªhfl˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛%ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y
ˆîÓ#– ˆ◊í#üe&ˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÓy !îÓƒòyÌ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Óì˛#Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒñ ÙÙ Ú!îÓƒòyÌ
â˛ƒy›˛yã≈# ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Óƒ!_´ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ xyõyÓ˚ üe& òò– v˛z!ò ˆÎ¢Ó Ólfl˛ Á õ)ˆÏúƒ !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ
ˆ¢=ˆÏúyˆÏì˛Á xòƒ Ó˝ãòÁ !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z õ)úƒˆÏÓyï ÎyÓ˚y úyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢£z ◊í#›˛y£z
xyõyÓ˚ üe&– v˛z!ò ˆ¢£z ˆ◊í#Ó˚£z ~Ñ˛ãò–Û Óì˛#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÓyÓy ˆ◊í#üe&– ~õò!Ñ˛ !òïòÎˆÏK˛Ó˚
õ%ˆÏÖyõ%!Ö î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚Á Óì˛#ˆÏîÓ˚ î,Æ ˆfl˛‘yÜyòÙÙÙÚ!ã®yÓyî Î%Ü Î%Ü !ãÁ–Û òyõÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏí£z fl˛ô‹T
ˆú!ÖÑ˛y £yãyÓ˚ !ì˛Ó˚y!ü ãˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Óì˛#Ó˚ õ,ì˛%ƒ ¢%ãyì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ú£yãyÓ˚ â%˛Ó˚y!üÓ˚ õyÛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ì˛%ˆÏúˆÏäÈò– òÑ˛üyú îõòò#!ì˛Ó˚ ö˛úfl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô ¢_Ó˚ îüÑ˛ ¢õ@˘Ã ÓyÇúy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ Óïƒ¶)˛!õ–
Ú£yãyÓ˚ â%˛Ó˚y!üÓ˚ õyÛ ˆ¢£z Óïƒ¶)˛!õÓ˚£z fl˛ô®ò–
òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúòñ òÑ˛üyú îõòñ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛Ó˚#í õì˛yîü≈ m®µñ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
≤Ã!ì˛ !ÓŸªy¢áyì˛Ñ˛ì˛yñ ºyì˛,£ì˛ƒy ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ¢yõ@˘Ã#ˆÏÑ˛ á›˛òyÓú#ˆÏì˛ ¢_Ó˚ îüÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
Óïƒ¶)˛!õˆÏì˛– ˆ¢£z Óïƒ¶)˛!õÓ˚ refelect v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ì˛y ˛ô§yâ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢
!îˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖyˆÏòy £ú– ~«˛ˆÏí ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“ ˆ¢£z Óïƒ¶)˛!õÓ˚ â˛yú!â˛e !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ ì˛y
Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈy›˛Ü“ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÙÙÙÙÙ
Ö. ˆäÈy›˛Ü“ÙÙ !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ !¢®% îü≈ò
1. òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛Ó˚#í õì˛yîü≈Üì˛ m®µñ
òÑ˛üyú !òïò ÎˆÏK˛Ó˚ xyÓˆÏ£ ~Ñ˛ ü!£ˆÏîÓ˚ õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏdy˛ôú!∏˛Ó˚ Ü“ ¢õˆÏÓ˚ü Ó¢%Ó˚ ÙÙÙ
Úü!£ˆÏîÓ˚ õyÛ– £Ó˚≤Ã¢yîÙ!ÓõúyÓ˚ !ì˛ò ˆäÈˆÏú Ñ,˛˛ôyúñ îÎ˚yúñ Óyîú– ÓyÓy £Ó˚≤Ã¢yî Á !ì˛ò
¶˛y£z Ñ,˛˛ôyúñ îÎ˚yú Á ÓyîúÙÙÙ ~£z â˛yÓ˚ãò â˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛– òÑ˛üyúÑ˛õ≈# ÓyîúˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚y
!˛ô!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆõˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ü!£î ÓyîˆÏúÓ˚ õ,ì˛%ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ ˆäÈˆú
Ï Ó˚y ˆfl˛‘yÜyò !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ÚÑ˛õˆÏÓv˚ ˛
Óyîú !ã®yÓyî– Ö%ò Ñ˛y Óîúy Ö%ò–Û ÓyîˆÏúÓ˚ õ,ì˛ˆÏî£ !áˆÏÓ˚ !äÈú ÓyîˆÏúÓ˚ Óı˛%Ó˚y£zñ ÁÓ˚
˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y– î%£z ¶˛y£z Á ÓyÓy òÎ˚ ÁˆÏÑ˛ ÁÓ˚ Óı˛%Ó˚y£z Ÿ¬üyˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ÓyîúˆÏîÓ˚
Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ â˛yÓ˚ãˆÏòÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ñ ˛ôÌ Á ˛ôs˛iy £zì˛ƒy!î !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yú òy õ® ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚
â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ÓyÜ!Óì˛u˛yñ Îy xy¢ˆÏú ¢õÑ˛yú#ò Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=ˆÏúyÓ˚ òyòy mˆÏ®µÓ˚ äÈ!Ó£z fl˛ô‹T–
ÓyîˆÏúÓ˚ Ö%ò £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ü!£î ˆÓ!î ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– !Óõúy
~Öò ü!£ˆÏîÓ˚ õy– ÚˆÑ˛yˆÏòy òy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛£z ÓyîˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˚_´ ˆúˆÏÜ xyˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢›˛y
ˆÑ˛yò ˛ôy!›≈˛⁄ Ñ,˛˛ôyúñ îÎ˚yúñ £Ó˚≤Ã¢yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy£z xyˆÏÜ õˆÏò xyˆÏ¢– ÁÓ˚y ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈñ
ÓyîˆÏúÓ˚ õÓ˚í ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– xÌâ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y !ÓõúyÓ˚ fl˛∫yõ#Ù˛ô%e– Óyîú !Ñ˛ £Ó˚≤Ã¢yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú !äÈú
òy⁄ Ñ,˛˛ôyúñ îÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛y£z !äÈú òy⁄ ˆÑ˛Óú !Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ ˆäÈˆÏú⁄ ÁˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&k˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚
ˆäÈˆÏú ~Ñ˛›˛y⁄ Óyîú !Ñ˛ ~£z ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Óú !ÓõúyÓ˚£z ˆäÈˆÏú⁄ ì˛y£z Î!î £Î˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ !Óõúy
xyã ÁˆÏîÓ˚ v˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢yv˛¸y ˆîˆÏÓò òy– ì˛y£z ˆì˛y !Óõúy ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛yÑ˛yv˛y!Ñ˛ˆÏì˛Á !òÓ˚&_Ó˚–
¢yïyÓ˚í ¢Ç¢yÓ˚# Ü,£Óï) !Óõúy ì˛yÓ˚ 18 ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆäÈˆÏú ÓyîˆÏúÓ˚ õ,ì˛%ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Úü!£ˆÏîÓ˚ õyÛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ– ~ Ü“ xy¢ˆÏú ˛ô%e£yÓ˚y ~Ñ˛ õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Îs˛fíyÑ˛yì˛Ó˚ «˛õy£#òyÓ˚
xydˆÏ˛ôyú!∏˛Ó˚ Ü“– òÑ˛üyú îõòÙ!òïò ÎˆÏK˛Ó˚ !ÓŸªhfl˛ ≤Ã!ì˛FäÈ!Ó Úü!£ˆÏîÓ˚ õyÛ Ü“–
2. õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#Ó˚ ˆúÖy ÚˆîÔ˛ôî#Û Ü“!›˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ òÑ˛üyú îõˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôyü!ÓÑ˛ äÈ!Ó– 10
ã%úy£z 1971 ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ òÑ˛üyú îõˆÏò ˆõ!îò#˛ô%Ó˚ Á Ó§yÑ%˛v˛¸yˆÏì˛ !õ!ú›˛y!Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
òÑ˛üyúÑ˛õ≈# ˆîy˛ô!î ˆõˆÏG˛òñ ÓÎ˚¢ ¢yì˛yüñ fl˛∫yõ# î%úò‰ õy!G˛ S!ò£ì˛V... ˆõyfi›˛ òˆÏ›˛y!Ó˚Î˚y¢
ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈˆÏú– úÇ ÁÎ˚yˆÏr›˛v˛...–Û ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚Ùã!õîyÓ˚ Öì˛õ x!¶˛ÎyˆÏò ˆòì˛,c !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ î%úò Á
ôy˛ôî# ˆõˆÏG˛ò– ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ ã!õîyÓ˚ ÓyÑ%˛=!úÓ˚ ¢)Î≈ ¢yv˛zˆÏÑ˛ Ö%ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú òÑ˛üyú îõˆÏò
!õ!ú›˛y!Ó˚ ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ x˛ôyˆÏÓ˚üò ÓyÑ%˛=!úˆÏì˛ ôy˛ô!î ˆõˆÏG˛òÓ˚y !ò£ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛yò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ£§ˆÏ›˛ ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ˛ôúì˛yÑ%˛!v˛¸ˆÏì˛– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ ˆÓŒ›˛ ~ ì˛yÓ˚y
Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– òyõ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ôy˛ôî# Á î%úòyÓ˚ òyõ £ˆÎ˚ˆÏäÈ v˛z!˛ô ˆõˆÏG˛ò Á õyì˛Ç
õy!G˛– !õ!ú›˛y!Ó˚ G˛yv˛¸ÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ãDú Ñ˛v˛zò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î%úò õy!G˛ˆÏÑ˛ =!ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
î%úò‰Ù~Ó˚ õ,ì˛ˆÏî£ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ›˛y˛ô !£¢yˆÏÓ ö§˛yî ˛ôyì˛ˆÏú ôy˛ôî#ˆÏÑ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ÓƒÌ≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
G˛yv˛¸ÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ãDˆÏúÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ôy˛ôî# ˆõˆÏG˛ò xƒy!≤ÃˆÏ£ˆÏu˛v˛ £Î˚– ~Ñ˛á^˘›˛y ˆãÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
ˆ¢òyòyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xv≈˛yÓ˚ÙÙÙÚÁˆÏÑ˛ Óy!òˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~¢– v%˛ !î !òv˛zö%˛ú–Û ÓyòyˆÏòyÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
ôy˛ôî# ˆÓyˆÏG˛ÙÙÙÚÁÓ˚ î% £yì˛ î% Ö§%ˆÏ›˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ î% ˛ôy î% Ö§%ˆÏ›˛yÎ˚ Ó§yïy– ˛ôyäÈy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!òˆÏâ˛ â˛›˛â˛ˆÏ›˛ Ñ˛# ˆÎò– ÁÓ˚£z Ó˚_´– ÷ï% õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ ˆò£z– ¶˛#°Ïí ˆì˛‹Ty– ˛ôyˆÏäÈ ãú
ÓˆÏú ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ ˆ¢£z ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚ î§yì˛ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˆ‡§˛yˆÏ›˛ â˛yˆÏ˛ô– Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎy!òmyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚_´fl˛ÀyÓ– Ñ˛ì˛ãò
ÁˆÏÑ˛ Óy!òˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú⁄Û â˛yÓ˚Ù˛ô§yâ˛ÙäÈÎ˚Ù¢yì˛ñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ôy˛ôî#Ó˚ ˝ü !äÈú òy– Ü“ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï
ôy˛ôî# v˛zúD– v˛zÓ˚& Á ˆÎyò#ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏü â˛y˛ô â˛y˛ô Ó˚_´– hfl˛ò î%!›˛ «˛ì˛– ôy˛ôî# î%£z õ!î≈ì˛ hfl˛ˆÏò
ˆ¢òyòyÎ˚Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ‡˛úˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ~£z ≤ÃÌõ ˆ¢òyòyÎ˚Ñ˛ !òÓ˚fl˛f ›˛yˆÏÜ≈ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛
¶˛Î˚ ˛ôyòñ ¶˛#°Ïí ¶˛Î˚ ˛ôyÎ˚–Û ôy˛ôî#Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô%!úüÙˆÏ¢òy ≤Ãüy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôyü!ÓÑ˛ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ñ
¶˛Î˚B˛Ó˚ñ xõyò!ÓÑ˛– Ü“ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï !ÓÓfl˛f ôy˛ôî#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî xòƒõyey !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– òÑ˛üyú îõˆÏòÓ˚
˛ôyü!ÓÑ˛‰¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚ !òïòÎˆÏK˛Ó˚ ã#!Óì˛ î!úú Úôy˛ôî#Û–
3. 25 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 1970 ÙÙÙÙ Ñ˛ˆÏúãfl˛T…#ˆÏ›˛ !îˆÏò î%˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüƒ ˛ô%!úü â˛yÓ˚ òÑ˛üyú
Î%ÓÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
26 ˆ¢ˆÏ˛≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 1970 ÙÙÙ üƒyõ˛ô%Ñ%˛ˆÏÓ˚ Sv˛z_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yúÑ˛yì˛yV ˛ô%!úü ¢yˆÏã≈r›˛ õˆÏòyÓ˚Oò
õ%Öyã≈# äÈ%!Ó˚Ñ˛y£ì˛ñ
17 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ 1970 ÙÙÙ ˆÓˆÏúáy›˛yÓ˚ !¢.xy£z.!›˛ £yv˛z!¢ÇˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ 556!›˛ öœ˛ƒyˆÏ›˛ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚
ì˛Õ‘y!üÙÙÙˆÏ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ 100 ãò ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 4 ãòˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüƒ =!ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ö%ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
20 ˆö˛Ó&Î˚yÓ˚# 1971 ÙÙÙ üƒyõ˛ô%Ñ%˛ˆÏÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚yv≈˛ ÓœÑ˛ ˆòì˛y ˆ£õhs˛ Ó¢% !ò£ì˛–
28 ˆö˛Ó&Î˚yÓ˚# 1971 ÙÙÙ ˆ¶˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÎyîÓ˛ô%Ó˚ !ÓŸª!îƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ äÈyeyÓy¢ !áˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú
!¢.xyÓ˚.!˛ô.~ö˛ÙÙÙ60 ãò äÈye ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ñ ˆÓˆÏúáy›˛yñ !õ~åyÓyÜyòñ Ñ%˛u˛%ÓyÜyòñ 95 òŸªÓ˚
â˛v˛¸Ñ˛v˛yày ˆÓ˚yv˛ Ó!hfl˛ Ñ§˛y›˛yì˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ !áˆÏÓ˚ ì˛Õ‘y!ü Á ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚# x!¶˛ÎyòÙÙÙ~£z ¢Ñ˛ú ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛
á›˛òyÓ˚ !îò!ú!˛ô ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆö˛ˆÏõ ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈò ¢®#˛ôò â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ì˛§yÓ˚ ÚxÇ÷ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ 2ˆÏ›˛yÙ1›˛y
Ñ˛Ìy Îy xy!õ ãy!òÛ ÜˆÏ“– ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ xÓfl˛iy ¶˛yú òy £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yàyˆÏÓÔ!î ì˛!v˛¸ÍˆÏÑ˛ xÇ÷ˆÏîÓ˚
Óy!v˛¸ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôy‡˛yÎ˚– ì˛!v˛¸ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ õ%ˆÖÏ xÇ÷ ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ xÓfl˛iy ÷ˆÏò v˛z!m@¿ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÓÏ yïÓyÓ%Ó˚
ˆäÈˆÏú õòy òÑ˛üyúñ ˆ¢ Ñ˛¡ôyv˛zˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yˆÏú !úÖˆÏäÈÙÙÙÙÚ!£Ç¢yÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ xyõÓ˚y !£Ç¢y
!îˆÏÎ˚£z ˆîÓ–Û ~£z Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ xyÓˆÏ££z ì˛!v˛¸Í õ,ì˛ÓÍñ õòy !ò£ì˛– xÇ÷ ~Ñ˛ ˆü°Ï Ó˚yˆÏì˛
äÈyˆÏî ˆÜˆÏú ÙÙÙÙÙÚäÈyˆÏîÓ˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò õòyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ äÈy˛ô xÇ÷ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– !îòâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏÜ
÷Ñ˛ˆÏòy Ó˚_´ ˆ˛ö§˛y›˛y ˆö§˛y›˛y ãú ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ £z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ£z ì˛yãy £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xÓfl˛iyÓ˚
¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ xÇ÷ Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÃÑ˛y[˛ «˛ì˛õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ õì˛ò ¢yîy ¢yîy â˛y˛ô
Ó˚ˆÏ_´ !Ñ˛ú!Óú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ– òÑ˛üyú îõˆÏòÓ˚ !Óïπhfl˛ äÈ!Ó ¢®#˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ ~ Ü“!›˛–
4. !¢k˛yÌ≈ ¢y£yÓ˚ ÚˆäÈy›˛ ÓÑ%˛ú˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌyÛ ÜˆÏ“ òÑ˛üyúÑ˛õ≈# ˆÜy˛ôyú ˆ£õhs˛
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ó£Ó˚õ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆfi›˛üˆÏò ˆòˆÏõ v˛z!Ñ˛ú Îì˛#ò õ%Öyã≈#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆîÖy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈#
Ühs˛Óƒ !Ó˚ˆÏî˛ô%Ó˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈˆÏäÈ– ˛ôˆÏÌ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãüy¢ò Á üy¢Ñ˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛yÖˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ï%ˆÏúy
!îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ Óí≈òy xyˆÏäÈ– xy˛ôyì˛ !òÓ˚#£ ˆÜy˛ôyúÙˆÏ£õhs˛ !Ó˚î˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ¢üfl˛f !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚
Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛# !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ÓyÓ%ˆÏîÓ˚ hfl˛)˛ô ˆÜˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– !v˛ˆÏö˛™ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛ãò Á ˛ô%!úü ≤Ãüy¢ÏòˆÏÑ˛
ˆÓyÑ˛y Óy!òˆÏÎ˚ !ÓˆÏî˛ô%Ó˚ ¢üfl˛f ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ ≤Ãhfl˛%ì˛– ˆ¢£z v˛zÍÑ˛Z˛yÓ˚ Ü“ ÚˆäÈy›˛ ÓÑ%˛ú˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌyÛ–
5. xƒyÑ˛üò òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ ˆáyˆÏv˛¸ú xÜ≈yòy£zãyÓ˚ ˆÜÔì˛õ !ÓŸªy¢– ì˛yÓ˚ ÖÓÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚
˛ô%!úü x!¶˛ÎyˆÏò òyˆÏõ– ˆÜÔì˛õ Ñ˛yú#õ!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zˆÏŒ›˛y!îˆÏÑ˛ Î%ÓÑ˛ ¢!õ!ì˛Ó˚ õyˆÏ‡˛ ãú¢yÎ˚
Üyò ÷ò!äÈú– òyâ˛ÙÜyò ãú¢yÓ˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò !Üã!Üã Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%!úü
ˆÜÔì˛õˆÏÑ˛ =!ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ú...~Ñ˛›˛y Ó%ˆÏv˛¸yÓ˚ ã%ˆÏì˛yÎ˚ Ó˚_´ !äÈ›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆúˆÏÜˆÏäÈñ Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y›˛y
ˆ˛ôFäÈyÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆõˆÏÎ˚ î§yˆÏì˛ î§yì˛ ˆúˆÏÜ xK˛yò £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=ˆÏúy
ˆõˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ÓyFâ˛y Ñ§˛yîˆÏäÈ– ~õì˛yÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛›˛y !Ñ˛äÈ%›˛y xv≈˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!â˛Õ‘yÎ˚ÙÙÙÚ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Óú%òÙÙÙãú¢y ö˛ú¢y ÌyõyˆÏòy â˛úˆÏÓ òyñ Üyò ˆ£yÑ˛ñ Üyò
â˛ú%Ñ˛ÙÙÙÙxyõÓ˚y úyü ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Îy!FäÈÙÙ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Óú%ò–ÛÙÙÙ˛ô%!ú!ü ¢s˛fyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~£z
äÈ!Ó ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ òÓyÓ˚&í ¶˛Ryâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÚˆÖ§yâ˛v˛¸Û ÜˆÏ“–
Ü. òy›˛Ñ˛ ÙÙÙ ¢õyãã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚DõˆÏM˛Ó˚ !õ!◊ì˛ !ü“
1. â˛ˆÏúy ¢yì˛yˆÏÓ˚ S1970V ÙÙÙ !Óãò ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈– òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ ¢ÇáˆÏ°≈Ï ¶)˛!õ£#ò xy!îÓy¢#
Ñ˛,°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ˛ô%!ú!ü ¢s˛fyˆÏ¢ Óy!v˛¸ áÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú ãDˆÏú ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏúñ ˆ¢=ˆÏúyÓ˚ îÖú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ì˛§yÓ% ÜyˆÏv˛¸ ¢üfl˛f ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ˜¢!òÑ˛Ó˚y– õy£zˆÏÑ˛úñ !Óú£òñ ˆ¢yõ ≤Ãõ%Ö xy!îÓy¢# Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y
≤Ã¶˛yì˛ õã%õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆòì˛,ˆÏc ¢üfl˛f xyˆÏ®yúò ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏú ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï Óy!£ò#–
ãDˆÏú xÓfl˛iyòÓ˚ì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï Óy!£ò#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ãòì˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ îy!Î˚c ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ≤Ã¶˛yì˛
õã%õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛f# Ñ˛y!ú®#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚– ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ˆúyˆÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ ˛ô%!úü Ñ˛y!ú®#ˆÏÑ˛
ïˆÏÓ˚ñ =!ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛y!ú®#Ó˚ õ,ì˛%ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yì˛ õã%õîyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛õò ˆÎò ˛ôyˆÏŒ›˛
ÎyÎ˚– ˆ¢ !òˆÏã£z ÓúˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ÙÙÙÚ~ £Î˚ òy Ñ˛y!ú®#– ì˛%!õ ¢yõˆÏò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ xy!õ ˆ¢!îòÁ
!â˛òˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚!òñ xyãÁ !â˛òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚!äÈ òy– ì˛%!õ ãDˆÏú ÎyÁ– úv˛¸y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ÖòÁ xˆÏòÑ˛
Óy!Ñ˛–Û â˛ˆÏúy¢yÜˆÏÓ˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÷ï% ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ òÎ˚ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúò£z ~Ñ˛ú£õyÎ˚
õˆÏM˛ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
2. ˆãyäÈò î!hfl˛îyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÚxyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ fl˛ôy›≈˛yÑ˛y¢Û S˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ô ≤ÃÌõ x!¶˛òÎ˚ 1 xyÜfi›˛
1977V– Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ xhs˛!Ó≈ˆÏÓ˚yïñ !Ó¶˛yãòñ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ !ÓŸªy¢£#òì˛yñ
ºyì˛,£ì˛ƒyÙÙÙ¢_Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~ ¢õhfl˛ á›˛òyÓú#Ó˚ !ÓŸªhfl˛ òy›˛ƒÓ˚*˛ô ÚxyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ fl˛ôy›≈˛yÑ˛y¢Û–
˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ â˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏ®ˆÏ£ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ !òˆÏî≈ˆÏü fl˛%Òú õyfi›˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãö%˛Õ‘ ÓyÓ% Ö%ò £ò– ≤Ãö%˛Õ‘ õy£z!ì˛Ó˚
Ö%òˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ xhs˛!Ó≈ˆÏÓ˚yï òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò xyˆÏ¢– ˆ¢r›˛ ˆÎyˆÏ¢ö˛
fl˛%ÒˆÏú xy=ò úyÜyˆÏòyñ ≤Ãö%˛Õ‘ õy£z!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ö%ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £zì˛ƒy!î á›˛òy ¢õyã˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈òÑ˛yõ# ˜¢!òÑ˛
x!òÓ˚&k˛ õò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏúñ ˆ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ ˆòì˛,ˆÏcÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !â˛!£´ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚ !ÓŸªy¢áyì˛Ñ˛ñ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ â˛Ó˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ !Ñ˛äÈ%!îˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ x!òÓ˚&k˛Á Ö%ò £ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚£z ˛ôy!›˛≈Ó˚ ¢£ˆÏÎyk˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ x!òÓ˚&k˛Ó˚ ¢£ˆÏÎyk˛y !Ñ˛ls˛ Öì˛õ x!¶˛ÎyˆÏò
!ÓŸªy¢# x!òÓ˚&k˛ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ x!òÓ˚&k˛Ó˚ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy!›˛
ˆÓü ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈˛ô)í≈ÙÙÙÙ ÚÚˆì˛yõÓ˚y !Ó≤’Ó Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆÑ˛ ˆì˛yõyˆÏîÓ˚ üe&ñ ˆÑ˛ ˆì˛yõyˆÏîÓ˚ !õe
ˆì˛yõÓ˚y ãyò òy– Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏD !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ Óyî !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ñ ˆ¢ ïyÓ˚íy ˆì˛yõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆò£z–
ˆÎ˛ôˆÏÌ ˛ôy!›≈˛ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈñ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ~ì˛ Óv˛¸ ˆõ!üòy!Ó˚ ¢Óy£zˆÑÏ ˛ !›˛ˆÏ˛ô õyÓ˚ˆÓÏ Ê... ¶˛Óá%!Ó˚ ˆäÈˆú
Ï ˆÏîÓ˚
~Ñ˛›˛y xÇü ˆÎ úv˛¸y£zˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ xy!õÁ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ÁˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
ˆâ˛‹Ty ˆò£zñ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ÓƒÓfl˛iy ˆò£z– ~ ˛ôˆÏÌ ~ü‰›˛y!ÓœüˆÏõr›˛ £yãyÓ˚
ˆÓˆÏòyãú ë%˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏÓ– ˆ¢!îò ì˛yÓ˚y õyÌy â˛yv˛¸y !îˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓñ ˆ¢!îò xy!õ ì˛%!õ ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ–ÛÛÙÙÙ fl˛ô‹T ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ x!òÓ˚&k˛ !¢!˛ôxy£zS~õV ˆÜy¤˛#¶%˛_´ !Ñ˛ls˛ xyò®
!¢!˛ôxy£zS~õ.~úV ˆÜy¤˛#¶%˛_´– ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ õì˛ Á ˛ôÌ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ m®µ â˛ˆÏú!äÈú ~ òy›˛Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚£z
≤Ã!ì˛FäÈ!Ó– ¢õ)ˆÏú ˛v˛z˛ôv˛¸yˆÏòyñ Öì˛õ x!¶˛Îyò Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ˆ◊í#üe& !â˛!£´ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚í ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
Ó˝ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ õ%ˆÏÖyõ%!Ö î§yv˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛ ~ òy›˛Ñ˛–
3. xì˛ƒyâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ã#Óhs˛ î!úú õˆÏòyÓ˚Oò !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ú˛ôîy!ì˛Ñ˛Û òy›˛Ñ˛– ¢yõhs˛ ≤Ã¶%˛ ˜Ó°åÓ £yúîyÓ˚ ¶˛yÜâ˛y°Ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !õÌƒy }ˆÏíÓ˚ îyˆÏÎ˚ñ õyõúy
ˆõyÑ˛jõyÎ˚ ãã≈!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú– ¶˛yÜâ˛y°Ï# ì˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ¢î≈yÓ˚ õy‡˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ïyòˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ xyòyÓ˚
¢õˆÏÎ˚£z ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ ˜Ó°åÓ £ˆÏúîyÓ˚ ¢Ó ïyò ˆÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸ !òˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ¢î≈yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óv˛¸ ˆäÈˆÏú Ñ˛yhs˛
ˆ¢ˆÏÓ˚hfl˛yÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆãyì˛îyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆúˆÏ‡˛úÓ˚y Ñ˛yhs˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ö%ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛yhs˛Ó˚ fl˛f#
xyüy fl˛∫yõ#Ó˚ õ,ì˛%ƒˆÏì˛Á õyÌyÓ˚ !¢§î%Ó˚ òy õ%ˆÏäÈ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏüyï @˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛K˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyÜ ˆîÎ˚
úyú ˛ôy!›≈˛ˆÏì˛– úyú˛ôy!›≈˛ xì˛ƒyâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ ˜Ó°åÓ £yúîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÜyúyÓy!v˛¸ xye´õí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˜Ó°åÓˆÏÑ˛ ÌyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÓ§ˆÏï Ó˚yˆÏÖ– ˜Ó°åˆÏÓÓ˚ üy!hfl˛ !Ñ˛
£ÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ ~ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ˆü°Ï òy £ˆÏì˛£z Ñ˛yhs˛Ó˚ fl˛f# xyüy G˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˜Ó°åˆÏÓÓ˚ Üúy
!›˛ˆÏ˛ô ïˆÏÓ˚ ~õò ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô%!úü ~ˆÏ¢ ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˜Ó°åÓˆÏÑ˛ v˛zk˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆ¢£z ¢ˆÏD
˛ô%!úü Ü¶≈˛Óì˛# xyüyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓÎ˚ˆÏò›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ö§%!â˛ˆÏÎ˚ õyˆÏÓ˚ñ =!ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yhs˛Ó˚ ˆäÈy›˛ ¶˛y£z
òÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛– î%£z ˛ô%e Ñ˛yhs˛ Á òÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛ô%eÓï) xyüyÓ˚ õ,ì˛%ƒÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆüyÑ˛yì˛≈ ì˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ¢î≈yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛K˛y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ÙÙÙÙ ÚÚ£zÓyÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y õyÓ˚Ó– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆüyò ˆüyòˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚_´ˆÏÖˆÏÑ˛y !˛ôüyˆÏâ˛Ó˚ îúÙÙÙì˛%Ó˚y xyõyÓ˚
ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚_´ ˆÖ£z!â˛¢ÙÙÙxyõyÓ˚ Óv˛zõyÓ˚ Ó˚_´ ˆÖ£z!â˛¢ÙÙÙÙxyõyÓ˚ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà äÈyÓ˚ÖyÓ˚
Ñ˛!Ó˚!äÈ¢ÙÙÙ£zÓyÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó%!Ñ˛Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏ_´ ˆü°Ï ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏüyï ˆòyÓ–ÛÛ ¢üfl˛f ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ xy¶˛yˆÏ¢£z ¢õyÆ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ú˛ôîy!ì˛Ñ˛Û òy›˛Ñ˛–
4. xòú =ˆÏÆÓ˚ ÚÓ˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ Ó˚ÇÛ S1968V ~Ñ˛yB˛ òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ õì˛yîü≈Üì˛
xyhs˛!Ó≈ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¶˛y°Ïƒ– î%£z ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ xyhs˛!Ó≈ˆÏÓ˚yï äÈ!Ó!›˛ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ô‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
xã≈%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ÙÙÙÙ ÚÚÑ˛õˆÏÓ˚v˛ Ñ˛yò% ¢yòƒyúñ Ñ˛õˆÏÓ˚v˛ ãDú ¢§yÁì˛yú xyÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y ¢Ó
~ÖyˆÏò òy!Ñ˛ xyˆÏõ!Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ =Æâ˛Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ!äÈ– xyÓ˚ Á!îˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛°Ï,Ñ˛ úƒyì˛y õs˛f# £ˆÏúò– õs˛f#
£ˆÏÎ˚£z îü›˛y Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyFâ˛y¢£ =!úˆÏì˛ ÷£zˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢yFâ˛y Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ¢yãˆÏúò
!ÜˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y !Óïyò¢¶˛yÎ˚– Ö%Ó !üÜ!Ü!Ó˚ Ó˚y£zˆÏö˛ú=ˆÏúy â˛y£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÓyÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛–
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ !›˛˛ô=!úÁ ÁÓ˚y ˆîÖ%Ñ˛– ˆ¶˛yˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ îyúyúÓ˚y ˆîÖ%Ñ˛ ã!õÓ˚ úv˛¸y£zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚
¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛Öò £Î˚–ÛÛÙÙÙ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ x¢%!Óïy £Î˚ òy xã≈ˆ% òÏ Ó˚ ú«˛ƒ !¢!˛ôxy£zS~õV 1967 !Óïyò¢¶˛y
!òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò òÓ!òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ xÑ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢# îyúyú=ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Î%_´ö˛r›˛ Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ xãÎ˚ õ%Öyã≈#ˆÑ˛
ˆòì˛y !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆãƒy!ì˛ Ó¢% xÌ≈õs˛f#ñ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏòì˛y £ˆÏÓ˚Ñ,˛°å ˆÑ˛yàyÓ˚ ¶)˛!õ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ õs˛f#
£ˆÏú !¢!˛ôxy£z~ˆÏõÓ˚ Óyõ˛ôs˛i# xÇˆÏüÓ˚ ˆõy£¶˛D £Î˚– Ñ˛yò% ¢yòƒyúñ ãDú ¢§yÁì˛yúñ â˛yÓ˚&
õã%õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆòì˛,ˆÏc òÑ˛üyú Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛,°ÏÑ˛ ¢Çá°Ï≈ áˆÏ›˛– ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ î%£z ˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚
õì˛yîü≈Üì˛ xhs˛!Ó≈ˆÏÓ˚yï ºyì˛,ÓˆÏïÓ˚ ò,üÇ¢ ˆâ˛£yÓ˚y ˆòÎ˚– ˛ôˆÏÌ òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i# !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛e
≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ ÓˆÏú Ú@˘Ãyõ !îˆÏÎ˚ ü£Ó˚ ˆáˆÏÓ˚yñ õ%_ýM˛ú ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏúyÛÓ˚ v˛yÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ..... ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ
òyˆÏõ– ~ÓÇ !¢.!˛ô.xy£zS~õVˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¶˛yˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ îyúyú ÓˆÏú !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÚÓ˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ Ó˚ÇÛ
~£z ¢Ñ˛ú Óyhfl˛Ó ã#Óò !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ î!úú– ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ ˆîÔúì˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ˆ¢y¢y!úfi›˛
˛ôy!›≈˛Ó˚ õ%ˆÖÏ yü ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ã!õ Ñ˛yv˛¸ˆú
Ï òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#Ó˚y ~Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ÜˆÏã≈ ÁˆÏ‡ xƒyÑ˛üyò
â˛yúyÎ˚– ~ òy›˛Ñ˛ ˆ¢£z ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ ≤ÃÖÓ˚ v˛z_yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˆúÖy ã#Óhs˛ î!úú–
5. v˛zÍ˛ôú î_ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Úì˛#Ó˚Û S˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ôñ ≤ÃÌõ xïƒyÎ˚ 1968V òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛ òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛FäÈ!Ó– ¢%Ñ%˛Ó˚y ›%˛v%˛ ~ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌÑ˛– ˆ¢£z ÷!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸Ó˚
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õ%_ýM˛ú ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ fl˛∫˛≤¿Ñ˛y!£ò#– ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ ¢ì˛ƒÓyò !¢Ç£Ù~Ó˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛
xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óí≈òy òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛– ¢ì˛ƒÓyò ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚# Ó,«˛ÓyÓ%ˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ú°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
îyîˆÏòÓ˚ ›˛yÑ˛y Óy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ã!õ ˆÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~õò!Ñ˛ ˆÎ Ó˚ˆÏbŸªÓ˚# ¢ì˛ƒÓyòˆÏÑ˛ õyò%°Ï
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚Á ã!õ ¢ì˛ƒÓyò ˆÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢ì˛ƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚!«˛ì˛y Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚
¢õÌ≈Ñ˛– ¢ì˛ƒÓyòˆÏîÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛#Ó˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ◊í#üe&ˆÏîÓ˚

SˆÏãyì˛îyÓ˚ ã!õîyÓ˚V ≤Ã!ì˛ ì˛#Ó êýï Á á,íyÎ˚ ì˛#Ó˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã ˜ïÎ≈â%˛ƒ!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚
õyÌy ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ ~õò ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ô›˛yˆÏFäÈ ˆÎ ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ö˛úy=ˆÏúy !ÓÑ,˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ– ˆ◊í#üe&ˆÏîÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ÜˆÏã≈ Á‡˛yÓ˚ñ ì˛#Ó êýï Á á,íyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛ ì˛#Ó˚ ˆ˛ô›˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚– ì˛#Ó˚
¢üfl˛f !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyüyÙxyÑ˛yA«˛yÙfl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ òy›˛Ñ˛– òÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ˆÎ
xyˆÏ®yúò ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ xyÓˆÏ£ ~ÓÇ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ ¢ö˛úì˛yÎ˚ xyüy ~ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xòƒõyey ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
≤Ã!ì˛!òïcõ)úÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !ì˛ˆÏ›˛ ¢ÇÓ˚*˛ô ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyˆÏÑ˛
¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õyã ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ î˛ô≈í £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ì˛y ˆîÖyˆÏòy £ú–
Óyhfl˛Ó Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ òyòy ì˛cˆÏÓ_¥yˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÙ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Óì˛≈õyò– Ó˚yïyÑ˛õú
õ%ˆÖÏ y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ¢%ˆÓÏ ü˚ â˛w ¢õyã˛ô!ì˛ ≤ÃõÖ% Óƒ!_´Üí Ó˚Ó#w¢y!£ì˛ƒ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y£#òÙÙÙÙ ~ x!¶˛õì˛
Óƒ_´ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ãÓyˆÏÓ ÚÓyhfl˛ÓÛ òyˆÏõÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy!›˛ ˆúˆÏÖò– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Ó˚¢Ólfl˛Ó˚
Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì˛ˆÏÓ Ú¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ôÛ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÙÙÙÙÚ...ˆÏúÖò#Ó˚
ãyî%ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚üõ!ífl˛ôˆÏü≈ñ õˆÏîÓ˚ xyU˛yÁ Óyhfl˛Ó £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢›˛y
£ÁÎ˚y â˛y£z–Û £ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛y›˛y Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Úî,!‹TÛ Á Ú¢,!‹TÛÓ˚ !õúˆÏò£z–
ˆòyˆÏÓúãÎ˚# ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ ú%£z!ã !˛ôÓ˚yòˆÏîˆÏúyÁ Óyhfl˛ÓÓyî# !üˆÏ“Ó˚ xyîü≈ !£¢yˆÏÓ õˆÏv˛ˆÏúÓ˚
!òÖ§%ì˛ !â˛eˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏúò !òñ ÓÓ˚Ç !ì˛!ò õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò õˆÏv˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !òÖ§%ì˛ !â˛eˆÏíÓ˚ ¢,!‹T !Ñ˛äÈ%
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy– ì˛§yÓ˚ x!¶˛õì˛ xyˆÏ›≈˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ¢Ô¢yî,üƒ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚y Óv˛¸ Ñ˛Ìy òÎ˚ñ î,‹TˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛“òyÓ˚
myÓ˚y x!hfl˛cˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ó,£_Ó˚ Á õ£_Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúy£z xy›≈˛– ~Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !ì˛!ò art
~ actuality Á Ñ˛Ìy realityÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò– actuality Á realityˆÑ˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚£z
xyã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôM˛yü ÓäÈÓ˚ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ á›˛òy ÚòÑ˛üyúÓy!v˛¸Ûñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ
¢_Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢õyã ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ó˚_ý_´ Óïƒ¶)˛!õˆÏì˛– ˆ¢£z Ó˚_ý_´ Óïƒ¶)˛!õÓ˚
fl˛ô®ò ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ òyòy ¢ÇÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô î!úúy!Î˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢!›˛£z v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚
ˆîÖyˆÏòy £ú– ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï Ó˚_ý_´ Óïƒ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ actual á›˛òy Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ real
£ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ˆÏÖ£z ~ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ¢õyÆ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ú– 19 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ 1970 ÓyÓ˚y¢yˆÏì˛Ó˚
xyõv˛yDy Á xòƒyòƒ fl˛iyˆÏò £yì˛ ˛ôy î!v˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó§yïy xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ 11 ãò õ,ì˛ Î%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆî£ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– Óïƒ¶)˛!õÓ˚ fl˛ô®ò ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ òÓyÓ˚&í ¶˛Ryâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚–
òÓyÓ˚&í ¶˛Ryâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˆ¢£z !ÓÖƒyì˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ˆÓü =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈–
Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ £úÙ
~ õ,ì˛%ƒ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛y xyõyÓ˚ ˆîü òÎ˚ Ù òÓyÓ˚&í ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈
ˆÎ !˛ôì˛y ¢hs˛yˆÏòÓ˚ úyü ¢òy_´ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¶˛Î˚ ˛ôyÎ˚
xy!õ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ á,íy Ñ˛!Ó˚
ˆÎ ¶˛y£z ~ÖòÁ !òú≈I fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ
ˆÎ !ü«˛Ñ˛ Ó%!k˛ã#!Ó Ñ˛!Ó Á ˆÑ˛Ó˚yò#
≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüƒ ˛ôˆÏÌ ~£z £ì˛ƒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏüyï â˛yÎ˚ òyñ
xy›˛ãò õ,ì˛ˆÏî£
ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôÌ ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ
xy!õ x≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛fl˛i £ˆÏÎ˚ Îy!FäÈ
xy›˛ ˆãyv˛¸y ˆÖyúy ˆâ˛yÖ xyõyˆÏÑ˛ á%ˆÏõÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆîˆÏÖ
xy!õ !â˛ÍÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z!‡˛.......~£z õ,ì˛%ƒ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛y xyõyÓ˚ ˆîü òy
~£z ãÕ‘yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢Ó õM˛ xyõyÓ˚ ˆîü òy
~£z Ó˚_´fl˛ÿì˛ Ñ˛¢y£zÖyòy xyõyÓ˚ ˆîü òy––
~î‚ ²Ìy!hsþöì„þîû î£zéôé

!ÓŸªyÎ˚ö Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y Ü˛# ï˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ öyöy ü%!öÓ˚ öyöy
üï˛– ˆÜ˛öÈöy !ÓŸªyÎ˚ö •° ˆ§•z ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ~Ü˛ xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ
§yüy!çÜ˛È ÙÈ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ÈÙ È§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfliyñ ÎyÓ˚
ï%˛°öy ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó° °ï˛yç!ê˛° Ó,•òÓ˚ˆÏîƒÓ˚
§ˆÏD– !ÓŸªyÎ˚ö Óî≈ˆÏã˛yÓ˚y §Ó˚#§,ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yñ «˛ˆÏî
«˛ˆÏî Ó˚ä ˛õy°ê˛yÎ˚ñ ôÓ˚y•z ÎyÎ˚ öy ï˛yÓ˚ xy§°
fl∫Ó˚*˛õê˛y Ü˛#– ~Ü˛•z §ˆÏDñ ~Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ê˛yÄ
xçyöy– ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ÓˆÏ°ö ~Ó˚ çß√ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
ò%ÛÈÙÈxyí˛¸y•z ò¢Ü˛ xyˆÏàñ xyÓyÓ˚ Ü˛yÓ˚&Ó˚ üˆÏï˛
!ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ xy!Óû≈˛yÓ âˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ ≤Ãy˜Ïà!ï˛•y!§Ü˛
Ü˛yˆÏ°•z– !ÓŸªyÎ˚öˆÏÜ˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆû˛ˆÏÓˆÏåÈ xy¢#Ó≈yòñ
!ÓŸªyÎ˚ö Ä ÓyÇ°y §y!•ï˛ƒ xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏöˆÏÜ˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö ~ˆÏÜ˛Ï x!û˛¢y˛õ
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓÄ !ÓˆÏÓã˛öy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
§¡õyòÜ˛ !Óï˛!Ü≈˛ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÓyô•Î˚ ~•z ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛yÄ
§öÍÜ%˛üyÓ˚ öflÒÓ˚ ˆö•z– !ÓŸªyÎ˚ö xyç ï˛y•z xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ñ Óï≈˛üyö !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚
õ)úƒ ≠ 180 ê˛yÜ˛y Óy!§®yˆÏòÓ˚ñ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï xy@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ Ó›–
òyÓ˚#Óyî# £z!ì˛£y¢ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛y ≠ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ì˛

x!Ó¶˛_´ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˆì˛¶˛yÜy xyˆÏ®yúò
~¢. ~õ. ¢yÓ˚ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆõyˆÏü≈î*
˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï ˆÑ˛Óú !ú!Öì˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛y ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ì˛≈y£z òÎ˚ ˆõÔ!ÖÑ˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Á ˆ¢
Ñ˛ì˛≈yfl˛iyò#Î˚– ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ó,_yˆÏhs˛ ˆì˛y ÓˆÏ›˛ÈÙÈ£zñ ~õò!Ñ˛ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ Óí≈òyˆÏì˛Á ˆì˛¶˛yÜyÓ˚ úv˛¸y£z
£ˆÏFäÈ ¶˛yÜâ˛y°Ï# Óy ÓÜ≈yâ˛y°Ï#Ó˚ !ì˛ò ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ î%£z ¶˛yÜ ö˛¢ˆÏúÓ˚ !£¢ƒy xyîyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ úv˛¸y£z ~ÓÇ
ÓÜ≈yâ˛y°Ï# ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï– ì˛yÓ˚y úv˛¸y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï ã!õîyÓ˚ ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛– ~Ñ˛ ˛ô«˛ ã!õÓ˚
õy!úÑ˛ñ xòƒ ˛ô«˛ ö˛¢ˆÏúÓ˚ xÇˆÏüÓ˚ õy!úÑ˛– ÓÜ≈yâ˛y°Ï# ÎÖò ÚúyDú ÎyÓ˚ ã!õ ãõy ì˛yÓ˚Û Óy
ÚÑ˛yˆÏhfl˛ ÎyÓ˚ ö˛¢ú ì˛yÓ˚Û îyÓ# ˆì˛yˆÏú ˆ¢ ◊ˆÏõÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ö˛¢ˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ òƒyÎƒì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy
ÓˆÏú ~ÓÇ ¢¡ô!_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !òäÈÑ˛ Óƒ!_´ õy!úÑ˛yòyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íyˆÏÑ˛ â˛ƒyˆÏúO Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ¶˛yÜâ˛y°Ï#
˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ñ˛°Ïyí#Ó˚ ◊ˆÏõÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ fl˛∫_¥y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy Ñ˛ì,˛≈ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ xyÓäÈy £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
ö˛¢ˆÏúÓ˚ òƒyÎƒ !£¢ƒyÓ˚ îyÓ#ˆÏì˛ úv˛¸y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ â˛â˛≈yÓ˚ !ú!Öì˛ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ˆõÔ!ÖÑ˛ v˛z˛ôã#Óƒ
£Î˚ñ ˆãyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ïyò ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ xyòyñ îyúyú £yúyú Óy ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ Öì˛õñ ˆãú ã%ú%õ ¢£ƒ
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ÚõyˆÏ˛ôÛ Óv˛¸ á›˛òy=ˆÏúy áˆÏ›˛– xyÓ˚ ~£z x!¶˛K˛ì˛y=ˆÏúy ~Ñ˛yhs˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
!ÓïyÎ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï x!¶˛K˛ì˛y!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÎ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï ≤Ãïyò Ñ˛ÌÑ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– òyÓ˚#
ˆì˛y ~õò á›˛òyÓ˚ Ú!Ñ˛ä%È£z ãyˆÏò òyÛ–
fl˛ø,!ì˛â˛yÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆîÖy £z!ì˛£y¢ ≠ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛Ó˚ õïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y ˆÎ
ú%Ñ˛yˆÏòy £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xˆÏß∫°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí xì˛ƒhs˛ ã!›˛ú– î#á≈ ˛ôM˛Èyü ÓäÈÓ˚ xyˆÏÜÓ˚
fl˛ø,!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÎÔÌ úv˛¸y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y Óí≈òy ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ˆÑ˛yò ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛
ÎÖò !òˆÏãÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛õ)úÑ˛ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÎyòÈÙÈ~£z î%£z x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓïyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òyòy!Óï ã!›˛úì˛yÓ˚ ãß√ £Î˚–
!úDy!Î˚ì˛ úv˛¸y£z ≠ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ãyhs˛fl˛i Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T… Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛!Ó˚ì˛ ˆ◊!í Á !úD#Î˚
xïhfl˛òì˛y ãòõyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ó˝!Óï ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £Î˚– ~£z ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ÎÖò
!ú!Öì˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛Öò ~Ñ˛!›˛ õì˛yîü≈Ñ˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ÓˆÏú fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚
xyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï xî,üƒ Á =Ó˚&c£#ò £ˆÏÎ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xhs˛Ó˚yˆÏú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚– õyÑ˛≈¢Óyî#
£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ Ú◊õ ˆüy°ÏíÛ ~ÓÇ ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï ◊!õÑ˛ Óy Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒÎ˚
!ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ãòƒ£z ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £Î˚– !Ñ˛°Ïyí#Ó˚ ◊õ ~£z £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ x!ÓˆÏŸ’!°Ïì˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü,£#˛ôòyÓ˚ õì˛yîˆÏü≈ xî,üƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ◊õ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï v˛z¶˛Î˚ ïyÓ˚òyÓ˚£z
*xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ fi›˛yõˆÏö˛yv˛≈ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîü–

66 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ òyÓ˚#Óyî# £z!ì˛£y¢ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛y...
!úDy!Î˚ì˛ !ÓˆÏŸ’°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ˆ◊!í xïhfl˛òì˛y ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜˆÏúÁ !úD#Î˚ xïhfl˛òì˛yÎ˚
ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ v˛zˆÏß√y!â˛ì˛ £Î˚ òy– ÓÓ˚Ç ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xïÉhfl˛ò !úDˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!îˆÏÎ˚ ~£z x¢õ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢¡ôÑ˛≈ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%òÓ˚&Í˛ôyîò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~£z £z!ì˛£y¢ ì˛y£z ¢Ñ˛ú
xïÉhfl˛ò ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ãòƒ ¢õyò ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ Ó£ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ~ÓÇ ì˛y ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈Ó˚
xïÉhfl˛òì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ö!u˛ì˛ñ ~Ñ˛ˆÏ˛ôˆÏüñ x¢¡ô)í≈ Á x˛ôÎ≈yÆ–
Ó,!›˛ü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›˛≈Ó˚ ˆòì,˛cyï#ò Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢!õ!ì˛
ÓÜ≈yîyÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ !£¢ƒy Óyv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ îyÓ#ˆÏì˛ ˆì˛¶˛yÜy xyˆÏ®yúò ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛°Ïyí#Ó˚
◊õ ˆÎõò =Ó˚&c ˛ôyÎ˚!òñ ˆì˛õ!ò ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ !Ñ˛°Ïyí#ˆÏÑ˛ xhs˛¶)˛≈_´Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÁ
!äÈú xì˛ƒhs˛ !úDy!Î˚ì˛– ö˛ˆÏú ˆì˛¶˛yÜyÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÇü@˘Ã£íˆÏÑ˛ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆú Ï ˆì˛¶˛yÜyÓ˚
úv˛¸y£z fl˛∫ÎÇ˚ ˆÎ !úD#Î˚ x¢õì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ òñ ÓÓ˚Ç xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏïÓ˚ ˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏÑ˛
xò%ïyÓˆÏò ÓƒÌ≈ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ~ÓÇ x¢õ !úD#Î˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ˆÏ£z xyˆÏ®yúò â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛ˆÏâ˛‹Ty
Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èñ ˆ¢£z !ÓˆÏŸ’°íÏ £z ~Ñ˛ãò òyÓ˚#Óyî# ˙!ì˛£y!¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xÓüƒ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Î˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚–
!Ñ˛°Ïyí# Á Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ≠ ÓÜ≈yîyÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ òyÓ˚# Á ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ◊ˆÏõÓ˚ !úD#Î˚ !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚
òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÇü›%˛Ñ%˛ ˆÑ˛yò fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ◊õ !£¢yˆÏÓ Üíƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ òy– ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï ÓÜ≈yîyÓ˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛
˜ÓÓy!£Ñ˛ â%˛!_´Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ◊ˆÏõÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ì,˛≈c úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓì˛#Î˚ !£¢yÓÈÙÈ!òÑ˛yü
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~£z Ñ,˛!°Ï◊õ Óyî ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÚáˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚Û õì˛yî!ü≈Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ˆÏÓ˚– Ñ,˛!°Ï ◊ˆÏõÓ˚ !úD#Î˚
!Ó¶˛yãˆÏò òyÓ˚#Ó˚ Ñ˛yã !¶˛ß¨ ÓˆÏú =Ó˚&c£#ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y£z ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
Ñ,˛!°Ï◊ˆÏõ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ~£z !¶˛ß¨ xÇü@˘Ã£í xÌâ˛ ~Ñ˛£z ¢yˆÏÌ v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ Á v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏí
¢#!õì˛ Ñ˛ì,˛≈ˆÏcÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ !¶˛ß¨ì˛Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyò ˜ì˛Ó˚# £Î˚– ~Ñ˛!›˛
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˆÜy¤˛# !£¢yˆÏÓ ~£z òyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y Ú!Ñ˛°Ïyí#Û !£¢yˆÏÓ x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ≠ Ó˚í!ãÍ =£ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ v˛zFâ˛ÓÜ≈ ˛ô«˛˛ôy!ì˛c £z!¢£y¢
¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ÓˆÏúòñ £z!ì˛£y¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Îy ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆüÖyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy £ˆÏFäÈ ~£z ˆÎñ £z!ì˛£y¢ ˆâ˛ì˛òy
Ñ˛ÖòÁ ˆ◊!í ˜â˛ì˛ˆÏòƒÓ˚ ¢#õy x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ~Ñ˛£z ¢yˆÏÌ ì˛y !úD#Î˚ ˜â˛ì˛ˆÏòƒÓ˚
¢#õyÎ˚ xyÓk˛– v˛zFâ˛ÓÜ≈ ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ î,!‹T¶˛D#Ó˚ Óy£ò £z!ì˛£y¢!ÓîƒyÓ˚ ¢yïƒ ˆò£z !ò¡¨ÓÜ≈ òyÓ˚#Ó˚
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆâ˛ì˛òy Á Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ôˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆÑ˛òòyñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ Á õì˛yîˆÏü≈ äÈ§yˆÏâ˛
˜ì˛Ó˚# £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆ¢£z ¢Ó xfl˛∫!hfl˛Ñ˛Ó˚ ¢y«˛ƒ Á ≤Ãõyí õy˛ôy ÎyÎ˚ òy– xÌâ˛ !ò¡¨ÓÜ≈#Î˚
¢Ç@˘Ãyõ# ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ~£z fl˛∫ì˛É≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ˆÎ ì˛y v˛zˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y â˛ˆÏú òy– ÚÚ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ Á£z £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢
¢y«˛ƒ ≤Ãõyí v˛z!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ãò¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Îy fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ¢,ãò# ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ ö˛úñ v˛zFâ˛ÓÜ≈ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
xyd¢yÍ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏFäÈ !òˆÏãÓ˚y£z !â˛hs˛y Á Ñ˛yã ÓˆÏú– ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ñ ~ì˛£z !Óîƒy
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ñ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ì˛y Á ã!›˛úì˛yˆÏÑ˛ v˛zFâ˛ÓˆÏÜÓ≈ ˚ ˛ô«˛˛ôy!ì˛c
~Ñ˛›˛y x≤Ãühfl˛ñ xÜ¶˛#Ó˚ñ x!ì˛ ¢Ó˚ú Ñ˛#!ì˛≈ Üy§ÌyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– v˛zFâ˛ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ˛ô«˛˛ôy!ì˛c
~£z £z!ì˛£y¢ !ÓîƒyÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó˚ò!ãÍ =£ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚£z
˛ôÌ ˆÖ§yãyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏúò– ~ãòƒ òì%˛ò ì˛ÌƒˆÏÑ˛ òì%˛ò ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôv˛¸ÓyÓ˚ îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÓ– îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
òyÓ˚#Óyî# £z!ì˛£y¢ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛y... ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 67
£ˆÏú !ÓˆÏŸ’°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚ˆÏòy Ñ˛yÎ˚îy ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ òì%˛ò Ñ˛yÎ˚îy ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ xyÓ˚ ~¢Ó
!Ñ˛ä%ÈˆÏÑ˛£z ¢Ω˛Ó Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ£z ì˛Ìƒy!◊ì˛ x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆõúyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ î,!‹T¶˛D#–
¢_Ó˚ÈÙÈxy!üÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ £zv˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ô !e´ˆÏfi›˛yö˛Ó˚ £úñ ~v˛ÁÎ˚yv˛≈ ›˛õ¢òñ ~!Ó˚Ñ˛ £Ó¢ò
≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã õyÑ˛≈¢Óyî# £z!ì˛£y¢!ÓîˆÏîÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚ƒy!v˛Ñ˛ƒyú
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ £z!ì˛£y¢ Óy ì˛ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖy £z!ì˛£y¢ Ö%Ó @˘Ã£íˆÏÎyÜƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú– xˆÏòÑ˛£z
ì˛Öò £zv˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô%§!ãÓyî xyÓ˚ Îs˛f ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ ãõÑ˛yˆÏúy £z!ì˛£y¢ ë˛yÑ˛y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÁÎ˚y !Ófl˛ø,ì˛ñ
xÓˆÏ£!úì˛ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛# Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !¶˛ß¨ì˛Ó˚ ã#ÓòÎyeyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò– ~Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢
Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ Óyî ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÁÎ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛ á›˛òy õì˛yîü≈ñ fl˛ø,!ì˛ Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– !ÓˆÏü°Ï
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢Ó á›˛òyñ Óy xyˆÏ®yúò !äÈú !òì˛yhs˛£z xyM˛È!úÑ˛ Á «˛ífl˛iyÎ˚#ñ ˆ¢£z ¢Ó ˛ô,ÌÑ˛
Ñ˛y!£ò# ~ÓÇ !Ó!ü‹T ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,£_Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ õ)úïyÓ˚yÓ˚
Óí≈òy›˛yˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü ã!›˛ú Á Óíy≈ë˛ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú ~£z òì%˛ò ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ £z!ì˛£y¢–
˛ô!ÿ˛õ# î%!òÎ˚yÓ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ ïòì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¢õyã ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Óüyú ì˛ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ö%§ˆÏã
Ö%§ˆÏã ~£z¢Ó !Ófl˛ø,ì˛ Ñ˛y!£ò# ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyòy £ˆÏúÁ ˆ¢£z £zõyÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ x!hfl˛cñ fl˛iy!Î˚c ~ÓÇ
˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ òƒyˆÏÎƒyì˛y ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ ˆÑ˛yò ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ¢Ω˛Óòy !äÈú òy– !ò˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ x!òÓyÎ≈ ˛ôÓ˚yãˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~£z Ñ˛y!£ò#¢)e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á ≤ÃŸ¿ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚–
¢yÓ xú›˛yò≈ fi›˛y!v˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ Ó˚í!ãÍ =£ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚
!Ñ˛ä%È ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì˛yˆÏì˛ !ì˛!ò Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò¢õ)£ ò#!ì˛
Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ £z!ì˛£y¢ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒyÖƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# Á õyÑ˛≈¢Óyî# v˛z¶˛Î˚
£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ïyÓ˚y£z !ò¡¨ÓÜ≈Óyî#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ x@˘Ã£íˆÏÎyÜƒ ≤Ãì˛#Î˚õyò £Î˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ õ%!‹TˆÏõÓ˚
v˛zFâ˛ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ÓÜ≈#Î˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò ¢õ)ˆÏ£Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ÓˆÏú â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚
ˆîÁÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ãy!úÎ˚y!ì˛ ÓˆÏú x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ì˛y§Ó˚y– ˆÑ˛òòy ~ˆÏì˛ ãòõyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xò%˛ô!fl˛iì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆ¢ˆÏ£ì%˛ ì˛y v˛zFâ˛ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãß√
ˆòÎ˚!ò ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ x!hfl˛cÁ ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶˛≈Ó˚ü#ú òÎ˚ñ ì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫ÈÙÈâ˛y!úì˛ ãÜì˛– ~£z
Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ v˛zFâ˛ÓÜ≈#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ õì˛ v˛zÕ‘¡∫ ˆÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ Ü!ì˛ü#ú £Î˚ òy– Ó,!›˛ü ≤ÃÓ!ì˛≈ì˛
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò=ˆÏúyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ì˛y !ò¶˛≈Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– ãy!ì˛¢¡ôÑ˛≈ñ xyM˛È!úÑ˛ì˛y xÌÓy
ˆ◊!í Á !úD#Î˚ ¢Ç£!ì˛Ó˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ãòõyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˜â˛ì˛òƒ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛¶˛yÜyÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢Á
~Ó˚ Óƒ!ì˛e´õ !Ñ˛ä%È òÎ˚– ˆì˛¶˛yÜy xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!õv˛z!ò‹T ˛ôy!›˛≈ ˆÎ ¢Ó ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚
˛ô%!hfl˛Ñ˛y ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ ˛ôy!›˛≈Ó˚ ˆòì˛y Á ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÎ ¢Ó ˆúÖy ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈#ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛
£Î˚ñ ì˛yˆÏì˛ xyõÓ˚y ¢Ó≈e£z xò%Ó˚*˛ô ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛# £z!ì˛£y¢ˆÏÑ˛£z ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy ˛ôy!›˛≈Ó˚ !¢k˛yˆÏhs˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ÓD#Î˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢¶˛y 1946
¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ õyˆÏ¢ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ô%!hfl˛Ñ˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z ˛ô%!hfl˛Ñ˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
î%É¢£ ã#ÓòÈÙÈ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ !£¢yÓÈÙÈ!òÑ˛yü Á !â˛eyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y ÷Ó˚&õye£z ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚–
Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ xÇü !£¢yˆÏÓ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ˆÎ î%Û~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓyÑ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èñ ì˛y ~ Ó˚Ñ˛õÈÙÈÚÚ~£z
68 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ òyÓ˚#Óyî# £z!ì˛£y¢ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛y...
x¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛y£yÓ˚ ˆÓyò òy Öy£zˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£zÎ˚y 3!›˛ ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏõˆÏÎ˚ ú£zÎ˚y ì˛y£yÓ˚ Óyv˛¸#ˆÏì˛£z
xy!¢Î˚yˆÏäÈñ ì˛y£yÓ˚y Öy£zˆÏì˛ !îˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôy!Ó˚Î˚y Óv˛¸ ˆõˆÏÎ˚!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !Óe´Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏäÈñ î%!›˛ ˆäÈˆÏú Á
ˆõˆÏÎ˚ õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÷Ñ˛ˆÏòy Ó%Ñ˛ â%˛!°ÏˆÏì˛ñ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Á ì˛y£yÓ˚ fl˛f# ¢yÓ˚y!îò x¶%˛_´ xyˆÏäÈñ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ !îòÁ
v˛z˛ôÓy¢ ˛Ó˚!£Î˚yˆÏäÈñ ≤Ã!ì˛ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü,!£ò# !òÉüˆÏ∑ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ãú ˆö˛!úÎ˚y õ%!äÈˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈ– Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛
¢¶˛yÓ˚ 7!›˛ îyÓ#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ˆÏì˛Á !úD#Î˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ ˆÑ˛yò ~ˆÏãu˛y ˆò£z– Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢¶˛yÓ˚ ˆòì˛y õ%£y¡øî
xyÓî%Õ‘y£z Ó˚¢)ˆÏúÓ˚ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ òÓ˚ÈÙÈòyÓ˚# ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¶˛#ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ äÈyv˛¸y ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ òyÓ˚# ˆò£z–
!îòyã˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !â˛!Ó˚Ó˚ Ó®ˆÏÓ˚ 47 ~Ó˚ ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ !òÎ≈yì˛ˆÏò ü£#î ˆ«˛ì˛ õã%Ó˚
¢!õÓ˚&!jˆÏòÓ˚ òyõ ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏúÁ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî# xy£ì˛ ˆÓyˆÏòÓ˚ òyõ ãyòyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò!ò–
ˆì˛¶˛yÜyÓ˚ ˆòì˛y Á ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛â˛yÓ˚í Óy !îò˛ôO#=ˆÏúyˆÏì˛ òyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ Óyhfl˛Ó á›˛òyÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏÓ xyüy Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÜˆÏúÁ á›˛òyÁ ˆÎ õì˛yî!ü≈Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ~£z ˆúÖy=ˆÏúy
ì˛yÈÙÈ£z ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– 1946 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ !ü“# ˆ¢yõòyÌ ˆ£yv˛¸ Ñ˛!õv˛z!ò‹T ˛ôy!›˛≈Ó˚ !òˆÏî≈ˆÏü
Ó˚Ç˛ô%Ó˚ Îyò– ˆ¢yõòyÌ ˆ£yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ v˛yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚# Á xy§Ñ˛y äÈ!Ó ˆ¢ ¢Ó !îˆÏòÓ˚ ã#Óhs˛ ~Ñ˛ î!úú
!£¢yˆÏÓ Üíƒ £Î˚– !ü!«˛ì˛ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓ% Ñ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏv˛Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛£z ˆÎÖyˆÏò ÎÌyÌ≈
Ñ˛õˆÏÓ˚v˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò!òñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò òyÓ˚#Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy£z Óy˝úƒ– !Ó®% !Ó®% úyú Ó˚_´
!îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ !ÓÓ˚y›˛ ˆ¢yòyú# ïyòˆÏ«˛ì˛ ˆì˛yõÓ˚y Óy!òˆÏÎ˚â˛ñ ˆ¢ ˆì˛yõÓ˚y äÈyv˛¸ˆÏÓ òyÈÙÈ~ xy!õ
ˆãˆÏò!äÈ– ˆì˛yõÓ˚y !v˛õúyÓ˚ !Ñ˛°ÏˆÏòÓ˚yñ ˆì˛yõyˆÏîÓ˚ õ%ˆÏ‡˛y õ%ˆÏ‡˛y x!¶˛ò®ò– ïyòˆÏ«˛ì˛ ÓyòyˆÏòy
~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏì˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛≈y ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï– fl˛∫yï#òì˛y S25.12.46V ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚
v˛zk˛, !ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ˆòÏ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓòÏ˚ ÈÙÈ¢®% Ó˚ î#!áˆÏì˛ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ xye´õˆÏíÓ˚
˛ôyŒ›˛y ãÓyˆÏÓ ãú˛ôy£z=§!v˛¸Ó˚ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ï,ì˛ fl˛∫yõ#ÈÙÈ˛ô%ˆÏeÓ˚ fl˛iyò @˘Ã£í Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚
ö˛¢ú áˆÏÓ˚ xy!òˆÏúò– ~¶˛yˆÏÓ òyÓ˚# ¢ÇÜ‡˛Ñ˛ Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !£¢yÓ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ x!ì˛!Ó˚_´
≤Ãì˛ƒˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– òyÓ˚# Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y £ˆÏFäÈ ˛˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xò%˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛
¢yõyú ˆîÎ˚y õye–
ì˛Ìƒ !òˆÏî≈ü ≠
1– Ó˚í!ãÍ =£ñ !ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ ˆÜÔì˛õ ¶˛o Á ˛ôyÌ≈ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ !ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚
£z!ì˛£y¢ñ xyò® ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ ≤Ãy£zˆÏ¶˛›˛ !ú!õˆÏ›˛v˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y 1998ñ ˛ô,ÈÙÈ29
2– ≤Ãy=_´ñ ˛ô,. 30
3– ≤Ãy=_´ñ ˛ô,. 30
4– Ranajit Guha, On Some Aspects of the Historiography of Colonial India, In
Ranajt Guha (ed) Subalterœ Studies I writing on South Asian History and
Society, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1982
5– ÓD#Î˚ ≤ÃyˆÏî!üÑ˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ¢¶˛yÈÙÈˆì˛¶˛yÜy úv˛¸y£zñ 1946– ì˛Ìƒ Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ !Ó¶˛yÜñ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD ˆì˛¶˛yÜy ¢ÇÖƒyñ Ó°ÏÈ≈ ÙÈ30ñ 42ÈÙÈ46ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y 1404 ~ ˛ô%òÉõ%!oì˛ñ ˛ô,.
15ÈÙÈ25
òÓ#ò ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ãyÜÓ˚í ≠ Ó#Ó˚ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ¢Ó%ã˛ôe

ò®Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚y*
¢Ó%ã˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü 1321 ~Ó˚ 25ˆü ˜ÓüyÖñ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ãß√!îˆÏò– Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ
ì˛Öò õyG˛ÓÎ˚¢#– 1913 ˆì˛ !ì˛!ò ˆòyˆÏÓú ˛ô%Ó˚fl˛ÒyÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ¢õ@˘Ã !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò
¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Óüyú Óƒ!_ć Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ– ˆ¢ ¢õÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ á›˛òy ˛ôÓ˚yï#òì˛yÓ˚
ü,Cú ˆõyâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ Üyı˛#ã#Ó˚ x¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúòÈñ !£®% õ%¢úõyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛
~Ñ˛›˛y ¢¡±#!ì˛ Óı˛ò ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– Ó,!›˛ü ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛yÎ˚ ˛ôÿ˛yîõ%Ö# !Öúyö˛ì˛
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD õ£ydy Üyı˛#Ó˚ x¢£ˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏ®yúò ~Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ü!ì˛ñ xydü!_´ñ
ôy£ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÙÙÙ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆ¢ ¢õˆÏÎ˚£z ˛≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôyÎ˚ ¢Ó%ã˛ôe– Îy ÓyÇúy
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ˛ôyúyÓîˆÏúÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú–
¢Ó%ã˛ôe !äÈú ≤ÃÓı˛ÈÙÈ!ò¶˛≈Ó˚ ˛ô!eÑ˛y– ~£z ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ 19ü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓyÇúy
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ Óyày!ú ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏòyãÜˆÏì˛ £z!ì˛£y¢ÈÙÈˆâ˛ì˛òy Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ò#!ì˛ˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ˆÎ
Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛!äÈú ˆ¢ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ ~ˆÏò!äÈú ú«˛í#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò– ~ÖyˆÏò ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ≤Ãyïyòƒ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ òyòy ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ õyò¢õ%!_´Ó˚ xyÑ˛yA«˛y
~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z ¢ˆÏD Ó%!k˛Óy!îì˛yñ Î%!_´ˆÏÓyï Á Ó˚&!â˛ü#úì˛y– ÚÚ~£z ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ õˆÏòyÓ˚Oò õ)úÑ˛
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓK˛y˛ôòÁ äÈy˛ôy £ˆÏì˛y òy– ¢Ó%ã˛ôˆÏe Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy äÈ!Ó Óy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚Ñ˛õ xúÇÑ˛Ó˚í
õ%!oì˛ £Î˚!òñ ≤ÃFäÈî ~§ˆÏÑ˛!äÈˆÏúò ò®úyú Ó¢%– ≤ÃFäÈî !äÈú Üyë˛¸ ¢Ó%ã Ó˚ˆÏàÓ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ Á˛ôˆÏÓ˚
~Ñ˛›˛y ¢yîy ì˛yú˛ôyì˛y !â˛!eì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ì˛yú˛ôyì˛y !äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ˙!ì˛ˆÏ£ƒÓ˚
≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ xyÓ˚ ¢Ó%ã˛ôyì˛y !äÈú òÓã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Óyí#Óy£Ñ˛–ÛÛ1 ¢Ó%ã˛ôe !Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!eÑ˛y
£ˆÏÓñ !Ñ˛ Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ ˆúÖy äÈy˛ôy £ˆÏÓñ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Á ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy !Ñ˛ £ˆÏÓñ ~
!òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ¢ÇÖƒyˆÏì˛£z S˜ÏÓüyÖñ 1321 ÓDy∑V ≤ÃÌõ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~£z
Ó_´Óƒ£z ¢Ó%ã˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ õ)ú ¢)Ó˚– ì˛yˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# õ£yüÎ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò È≠ ÚÚ¢y!£ì˛ƒ
õyòÓ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò ¢£yÎ˚ñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yã £ˆÏFäÈ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õòˆÏÑ˛ e´õyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ !òoyÓ˚
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ !äÈ!òˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ãyÜÓ˚&Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúy– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ¶˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛ôyÖ#Ó˚y Î!î xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ ¢Ó%ã˛ôe õ![˛ì˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ òÓ üyÖyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ xÓì˛#í≈
£òñ ì˛y £ˆÏú xyõÓ˚y ÓyDyú# ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ¢Ó ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ Óv˛¸ x¶˛yÓñ ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛›˛y î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚Ó– ˆ¢ x¶˛yÓ £ˆÏFäÈ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ Á â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ ˆÎ Ñ˛ì˛›˛yñ ì˛yÓ˚£z K˛yò– xyõÓ˚y
ˆÎ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¢ x¶˛yÓ ¢õƒÑ˛ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚!ò ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãõyí ~£z ˆÎñ xyõÓ˚y !òì˛ƒ
*xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ fl˛ÿì˛ˆÏÑ˛y_Ó˚ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ó˚§y!â˛ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

70 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ òÓ#ò ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ãyÜÓ˚í ≠ Ó#Ó˚ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ¢Ó%ã˛ôe
ˆúÖyÎ˚ Á Ó_,´ì˛yÎ˚ ˜îòƒˆÏÑ˛ ˙ŸªÎ≈ ÓˆÏúñ ãv˛¸ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢y!_¥Ñ˛ì˛y ÓˆÏúñ xyú¢ƒ ˆÑ˛ Ëîy¢ƒ
ÓˆÏúñ Ÿ¬üyò˜ÏÓÓ˚yÜˆÏÑ˛ ¶%˛õyò® ÓˆÏúñ v˛z˛ôÓy¢ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÍ¢Ó ÓˆÏúñ !ò‹Òõ≈y ˆÑ˛ !ò!‹;˛Î˚ ÓˆÏú
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛y£z– ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÁ fl˛ô‹T– äÈú î%Ó≈ˆÏúÓ˚ Óú– ˆÎ î%Ó≈úñ ˆ¢ x˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãì˛y!Ó˚ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xydÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ xyÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãì˛y!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyd≤Ã¢yˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ– ÚÚxyd≤ÃÓM˛ÈòyÓ˚
õì˛ xydáyì˛# !ã!ò¢ xyÓ˚ ˆò£z– ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÖyÓ˚ˆÏ˛ôyˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy
ÙÙÙ !Ñ˛ls˛ â˛yÓ)Ñ˛ ˆõˆÏÓ˚ Óyày!ú ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ õòˆÏÑ˛ ãy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ fl˛ôï≈y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ≤ÃõÌ
ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#–
~ÖyˆÏò£z ˆü°Ï òÎ˚– ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ xyÓ˚ ˆîüã ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ òyñ ì˛y £ˆÏÓ ˆîˆÏÓÏy_Ó˚ñ ˆ¢
Ñ˛Ìy Á ~£z ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚ Ó#Ó˚Óú ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò– ˆÑ˛Óú ˆîü#Î˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íy£z ÎˆÏÌ‹T òÎ˚ñ â˛y£z !ÓˆÏîü#
î!«˛íyÈÙÈ˛ôÓòñÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÚÚ£zv˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ fl˛ôˆÏü≈ xyõÓ˚yñ xyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È òy ˆ£yÑ˛ñ Ü!ì˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈñ
xÌ≈yÍ õyò!¢Ñ˛ Á ÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢Ñ˛ú ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ãv˛¸ì˛yÓ˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Ì!M˛ÈÍ õ%!_´ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ–
~£z õ%!_´Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆÎ xyò® xyˆÏäÈ ˆ¢£z xyò® £ˆÏì˛£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ òÓ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢,!‹T–
¢%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÜõˆÏí £#Ó˚y õy!úò#Ó˚ ¶˛yày õyúM˛È ˆÎõò ö%˛ú ö%˛ˆÏ›˛!äÈúñ £zv˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ xyÜõˆÏí
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏü ˆì˛õ!ò ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ö%˛ú ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ú !Ñ˛ £ˆÏÓñ ˆ¢ Ñ˛Ìy òy ÓúˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú Á ~£z ö%˛ú ˆö˛y›˛y ˆÎ Óı˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚ñ ~£z £ˆÏFäÈ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ î,ë˛¸ ïyÓ˚íy– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ
!Î!ò ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò ì˛y§ˆÏÑ˛£z xyõÓ˚y ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ â˛y°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛zÍ¢y£ ˆîÓ–ÛÛ3
£zv˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛ô#Î˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÎ ú#úy ˆîÖy ˆÜˆÏäÈñ Ó#Ó˚Óú ì˛yˆÏÑ˛£z ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ
xyòˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ãyv˛ƒˆÏúü£#ò ì˛yÓ˚&ˆÏíƒÓ˚ ¢yïòy£z ÎÌyÌ≈ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢yïòy ÓˆÏú
ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ!äÈˆÏúò– ÚÚ~£z ò)ì˛ò ≤ÃyíˆÏÑ˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ì˛y õˆÏò
≤Ã!ì˛!Ó!¡∫ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– xÌâ˛ £zv˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃÓú G˛y§Ñ%˛!òˆÏì˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
õò =!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢£z õò ˆÑ˛ fl˛∫FäÈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È£z ≤Ã!ì˛!Ó!¡∫ì˛ £ˆÏÓ òy–
Óì˛≈õyˆÏòÓ˚ â˛M˛Èú ~ÓÇ !Ó!«˛Æ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛ Î!î ≤ÃÌˆÏõ õˆÏòyî˛ô≈ˆÏí ¢Ç!«˛Æ Á ¢Ç£ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ó!¡∫ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ£z ì˛y ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ î˛ô≈ˆÏí ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÓ– xyõÓ˚y
xyüy Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z fl˛∫“˛ô!Ó˚¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛y õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ¢Ç!«˛Æ Á ¢Ç£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛
ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Üv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yòÁ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òÎ˚õ â˛y£zˆÏòñ â˛y£z ÷ï%
xyd¢ÇÎõ– ÈÙÈ ÙÈ£zÇÓ˚yã# !ü«˛yÓ˚ Ó#ã xì˛#ì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÌˆÏõ Ó˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ ì˛yÓ˚
â˛yÓ˚y ì%˛ˆÏú ÓyÇúyÓ˚ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ó¢yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ò£zˆÏú fl˛∫ˆÏîü# ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ö%˛ú ö%˛›˛ˆÏÓ òy–ÛÛ4
¢Ó%ã˛ôˆÏe ~£z ì˛yÓ˚&ˆÏíƒÓ˚ ¢yïòyñ ≤ÃˆÏíÓ˚ ãÎ˚ ˆáy°Ïíyñ xyd≤ÃÓM˛Èòy Á ≤Ãì˛yÓ˚íyÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ úv˛¸y£zñ õyò!¢Ñ˛ ËîyÎ≈ Á xyd¢ÇÎˆÏõÓ˚ ¢yïòyñ ˆîü òÎ˚ñ ˆîˆÏüy_Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íyÓ˚
xy£¥yòñ ¢Ç£ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ôy!›˛ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ≤ÃÎb Á Î%!_´!¶˛!_Ñ˛ !òˆÏõ≈y£ î,!‹TÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y
!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆÑ˛Óú ˆÜy¤˛#˛ô!ì˛Ó˚ ˆúÖyÎ˚ òÎ˚ñ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ˆäÈy›˛ÈÙÈÓv˛¸ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyˆÏì˛£z ~£z Î%!_´
Á ˆõy£õ%!_´ñ ¢ÇÎõ Á ü,Cúy ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ~ÖyˆÏò£z ¢Ó%ã˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ì˛y– ~£z
òÓ#ò ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ãyÜÓ˚í ≠ Ó#Ó˚ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ¢Ó%ã˛ôe ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 71
ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò ˆúÖÑ˛ !äÈˆÏúò î%ãòÈÙÈ≤ÃõÌ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# Á =Ó˚&ˆÏîÓ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚– xòƒ
ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈˆÏúò ÈÙÈ xì%˛úâ˛w =Æñ !Ñ˛Ó˚íüB˛Ó˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ñ ¢ì˛#üâ˛w ˆáy°Ïñ ¢ˆÏì˛ƒwòyÌ
Ó¢%ñ ï)ã≈!›˛≤Ã¢yî õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ !ÓŸª˛ô!ì˛ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#ñ £yÓ˚#ì˛Ñ,˛°å ˆîÓñ ÓÓ˚îyâ˛Ó˚í =Æñ ¢%ò#!ì˛
Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ¢%ˆÓÏ ü˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ¢%ˆÓÏ ü˚ â˛w â˛e´Óì˛≈#ñ ≤Ãö˛) Õ‘Ñ˛% õyÓ˚ â˛e´Óì˛≈#ñ ¢%ˆÓÏ w
˚ òyÌ
‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ñ Ó#ˆÏÓ˚ŸªÓ˚ ˆ¢ò Á £z!®Ó˚yˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yò# £zì˛ƒy!î–
ÚÚÓ#Ó˚ÓúÛÛ äÈpòyõ!›˛ ˆÑ˛ò @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èòñ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ !îˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃõÌ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó#˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò
ÈÙÈ ÚÚxy!õ ÎÖò ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚!¢Ñ˛ì˛yFäÈˆÏú Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú ¢ì˛ƒ Ñ˛Ìy ˆüyòyˆÏì˛ õòfl˛i Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ
ì˛Öò xy!õ òy ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ!â˛ˆÏhs˛ Ó#Ó˚ÓˆÏúÓ˚ òyõ xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛Ó˚ú%õ–ÛÛ5 ~ òyõ !ì˛!ò ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ!â˛ˆÏhs˛£z
xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì˛y Ó#Ó˚Óú ≤ÃÓı˛!›˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏú ¢£ˆÏã£z ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚–
!ì˛!ò ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ ÚÚxy!õ ÓyDyú# ãy!ì˛Ó˚ !Óî)°ÏÑ˛ õye– ì˛ˆÏÓ Ó˚!¢Ñ˛ì˛yFäÈˆÏú ¢ì˛ƒ Ñ˛Ìy
ÓúˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ¶%˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !òì˛ƒ xy!õ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z ˆÎñ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ xyõyÓ˚ ¢ì˛ƒ Ñ˛ÌyˆÏÑ˛
Ó˚!¢Ñ˛ì˛y ÓˆÏúñ xyÓ˚ xyõyÓ˚ Ó˚!¢Ñ˛ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢ì˛ƒ ÓˆÏú ¶%˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ ~Öò ~ ¶%˛ú ˆüyïÓ˚yÓyÓ˚
xyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ ˆò£z– ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ˆÎ xyõyÓ˚ ˆúÖyÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ¢ì˛ƒ òy ˛ôyòñ Ó˚¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ~ˆÏì˛£z
xy!õ Ñ,˛ì˛yÌ≈–ÛÛ6
¢Ó%ã˛ôˆÏe !ì˛!ò £zv˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛ô#Î˚ ˆÎÔÓòÈÙÈÎy !â˛Ó˚fl˛iyÎ˚# õyò!¢Ñ˛ ˆÎÔÓòÈÙÈì˛yÓ˚ â˛â˛≈y ~ÓÇ
£zv˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛ô#Î˚ ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õò ¢Ó≈îy á%!õˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
ãy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yúy£z ≤ÃõÌ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#Ó˚ Á ¢Ó%ã˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ ¢yïòy– ~ ãˆÏòƒ£z !ì˛!ò ¢y!£ì˛ƒ â˛â˛≈yÎ˚
ˆòˆÏõ!äÈˆú Ï ò–
¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ¢)e ≠
1– ¢Ó%ã˛ôe ÈÙÈ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ ≤ÃõÌ ˆâ˛Ôï%!Ó˚ S≤ÃÌõ ¢ÇÖƒy ÈÙÈ 1321ñ 25 ˆü ˜ÓüyÖV
2– ¢Ó%ã˛ôe ÈÙÈ ≤ÃÌõ ¢ÇÖƒy ÈÙÈ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛#Î˚
3– Ó#Ó˚ÓˆÏúÓ˚ £yúÖyì˛y ÈÙÈ ≤ÃõÌ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#
4– Ó#Ó˚Óú ≤ÃÓı˛ ÈÙÈ ≤ÃÌõ ˆâ˛Ôï)!Ó˚ ˜â˛eÈÙÈ1333
5– ˆÖÎ˚yúÖyì˛y ≤ÃÓı˛
6– Ó#Ó˚Óú ≤ÃÓı˛ ÈÙÈ ˜Ïâ˛e 1333
˜â˛ì˛òƒ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈# ˜Ó°åÓ ïˆÏõ≈ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y

!Óãú# ˆî*
õïƒÎ%Ü#Î˚ Óyày!ú ¢õyã !äÈú ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï ì˛y!s˛fÑ˛– ˆ¢£z ¢õyˆÏã òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyò !äÈú
xì˛ƒhs˛ ˆüyâ˛ò#Î˚– Ó˝!îò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z òyÓ˚#Ó˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú x˛ô£*ì˛– !ü«˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
xfl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ £ÓyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúy £yì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏ˛ô ïˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚– ~£z
˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ~ˆÏ¢ Ó˚á%ò®ˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛¢Ç!£ì˛yñ ÓÕ‘yú ˆ¢ò ≤ÃÓ!ì˛≈ì˛ ˆÑ˛Ôú#òƒ ≤ÃÌy ~ÓÇ ˆîÓ#ÓÓ˚
á›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓy£ ¢Çeýhs˛ !Ó!Óï !Óïyò ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ‡˛ˆÏú ˆîÎ˚ xyˆÏÓy˚ ¢%ì˛#Ó x!òÿ˛Î˚ì˛yÓ˚
!îˆÏÑ˛– Óyúƒ!ÓÓy£ñ ˆÑ˛Ôú#òƒ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ xã%£yˆÏì˛ Ó˝ !ÓÓy£ ì˛Ìy x¢õ!ÓÓy£ñ ¢ì˛#îy£ £zì˛ƒy!î
≤ÃÌyÓ˚ Î)˛ôÑ˛yˆÏ‡˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!òÎ˚ì˛ Ó!ú ≤Ãî_ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ú òyÓ˚#– ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £ú ˛ôîy≈≤ÃÌy–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ú ÈÙÈ òyÓ˚# ÓyúƒÑ˛yˆÏú !˛ôì˛yÓ˚ñ ˆÎÔÓˆÏò
fl˛∫yõ#Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Óyï≈ˆÏÑ˛ƒ ˛ô%ˆÏeÓ˚ xï#ò–1
˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ õïƒÎ%Ü#Î˚ ~£z ÜU˛y!úÑ˛y ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y £ˆÏúÁ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÓõyòòyÓ˚ î#á≈ ≤Ãyâ˛#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò ˆÎ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ =§!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì˛y !Ñ˛ls˛
òÎ˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ä%È ö˛y›˛ú ˆÓ˚Öy ¢,!‹T £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
xyõÓ˚y ≤ÃÌõ ˜Ó°åÓ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢õyò x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z– ˜Ó°åÓ
ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï ~ÖyˆÏò£z !ò!£ì˛ !äÈú xyï%!òÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ Óyì˛≈y– ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈# ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˜Ó°åÓ
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò òyÓ˚#ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ¢!e´Î˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í xyõÓ˚y ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ xòƒyòƒ ïõ≈#Î˚
ˆòì,˛ÓÜ≈ ˆÎÖyˆÏò õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ›˛ˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢ß¨ƒy¢ÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈# ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÷k˛ì˛y ÓãyÎ˚
Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ì˛y!ÜˆÏî !ì˛!ò ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚– ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚
˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ¢%î)Ó˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚#–
˜â˛ì˛òƒ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈# ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãò òyÓ˚# xyˆÏÓ˚y£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˜ÏÓ°åÓ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈
xy¢ˆÏò– ~§ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ x˜Ïmì˛yâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ fl˛f# ¢#ì˛y ˆîÓ#ñ !òì˛ƒyò® ˛ôb# ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# ~ÓÇ
◊#!òÓy¢ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ñ˛òƒy ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yò# ≤Ãõ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ òyõ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛zˆÏÕ‘yÖˆÏÎyÜƒ–2
¢õ@˘Ã õïƒÎ%Ü#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õ[˛ˆÏú òyÓ˚# xÓõyòòyÓ˚ ¢%!Óhfl+˛ì˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~£z Óƒ!ì˛e´õ# v˛zîy£Ó˚í
!òÉ¢ˆÏ®ˆÏ£ x¶˛yÓò#Î˚ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ =Ó˚&c¢¡ôß¨– |ò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#ˆÏì˛ ˆÎ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚
ˆë˛v˛z ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú ÓyÇúyÓ˚ myˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ ¢)e ïˆÏÓ˚ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú òyÓ˚# ãyÜÓ˚íñ ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˛ô)Ó≈¢)e
ˆÎò !ò!£ì˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢#ì˛yˆÏîÓ#ñ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#ñ ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yò# £zì˛ƒy!î ˜Ó°åÓ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚
Ñ˛yÎ≈ !ÓÓÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ– ~Öò xyõÓ˚y xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚Ó ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚–
*xïƒy!˛ôÑ˛yñ !Ó.~v˛ !Ó¶˛yÜñ ˛ô§yüÑ%˛v˛¸y Óòõyú# Ñ˛ˆÏúã–
˜â˛ì˛òƒ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈# ˜Ó°åÓ ïˆÏõ≈ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 73
ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# !äÈˆÏúò !òì˛ƒyòˆÏ®Ó˚ ˛ôb#– ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# 1431 üÑ˛yˆÏ∑ SxÌ≈yÍ 1509

!ÖÈ≠V ˜ÓüyÖ õyˆÏ¢ òÓm#ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ xò!ì˛î)ˆÏÓ˚ üy!ú@˘Ãyõ òyõÑ˛ fl˛iyˆÏò ãß√ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–3
!˛ôì˛yÓ˚ òyõ ¢)Î≈îy¢ ˛ô![˛ì˛ ~ÓÇ õyì˛yÓ˚ òyõ ¶˛oyÓì˛#– ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚y î%£z ˆÓyò Á ~Ñ˛
¶˛y£z !äÈˆÏúò– ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# Ó¢%ïyˆÏîÓ# xˆÏ˛ô«˛y ˆäÈy›˛ !äÈˆÏúò– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!ò¤˛ ºyì˛y !äÈˆÏúò
â˛wˆÏüÖÓ˚–
Ú¶˛oyÓì˛# òyõ ◊# ãy£´ÓyÓ˚ ãòò#–
x!ì˛ ˛ô!ì˛Óì˛y ¢)Î≈îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ áÓ˚í#––Û4
ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ !˛ôì˛y ¢)Î≈îy¢ ˛ô![˛ì˛ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ˆÜÔˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ x!ï˛ô!ì˛ ÎÓò Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ xï#ˆÏò
Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ v˛z˛ôyã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ÎÓòÓ˚yã ì˛§yˆÏÑ˛ Ú¢Ó˚ˆÏÖúÛ
v˛z˛ôy!ï ˆîò– ¢)Î≈îy¢ ˛ô![˛ì˛ Ú◊#õqyÜÓˆÏì˛ÛÓ˚ Ö%Ó ¢%®Ó˚ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– !ì˛!ò ¶˛!_´ üyˆÏfl˛f
¢%˛ô![˛ì˛ !äÈˆÏúò– ì˛y§Ó˚ î%£z Ñ˛òƒy Ó¢%ïy ~ÓÇ ãy£´ÓyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !òì˛ƒyòˆÏ®Ó˚ !ÓÓy£ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
ì˛ˆÏÓ Ú˜ÏÓ°åÓ!îÜ‰îü≈ò#Û õˆÏì˛ 1441 üˆÏÑ˛ SxÌ≈yÍ 1519 !ÖÈ≠V !òì˛ƒyò® Ó¢%ïyˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓy£
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–5 xyÓ˚ 1443 üˆÏÑ˛ SxÌ≈yÍ 1511 !ÖÈ≠V !òì˛ƒyòˆÏ®Ó˚ £zFäÈyÎ˚ ¢)Î≈îy¢ ˛ô![˛ì˛
ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!ò¤˛y Ñ˛òƒy ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#ˆÏÑ˛ !òì˛ƒyòˆÏ®Ó˚ £ˆÏhfl˛ ¢õ˛ô≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–6
ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ !˛ôì˛y Á õyì˛y v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚£z ˜â˛ì˛òƒ ¶˛_´ !äÈˆÏúò– ˛ô%eÈÙÈÑ˛òƒyˆÏîÓ˚ ãˆÏß√Ó˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¢)Î≈îy¢ ˛ô![˛ì˛ ¢˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!ò¤˛ ºyì˛y ˆÜÔÓ˚#îy¢ ˛ô![˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ x!¡∫Ñ˛y
Ñ˛yúòyÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ Ó¢Óy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÓyúƒÑ˛yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ãy£´Ó#ˆÏîÓ# ÜΩ˛#Ó˚ Á ˆì˛ã!fl˛∫ò#
!äÈˆúÏ ò– !˛ôì˛y Á !˛ôì,˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛!_´üyfl˛f ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ K˛yò xy£Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò–
!ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !òì˛ƒyòˆÏ®Ó˚ î%£z ˛ôb#ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ Óv˛¸Üy!äÈ Á ì˛yÓ˚˛ôˆÏÓ˚ òÓm#ˆÏ˛ô
~ˆÏ¢!äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ◊#Óy¢ÈÙÈ˛ôb# õy!úò# Á üâ˛#ˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ xyü#Ó≈yî @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚
Öv˛¸îˆÏ£ ~ˆÏ¢ ˛ô%Ó˚®Ó˚ ˛ô![˛ì˛ ≤Ãî_ Óy¢Ü,ˆÏ£ Ñ%˛OÓy›˛#ˆÏì˛ fl˛iyÎ˚#¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó¢Óy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
~ÖyˆÏò Ó¢%ïyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ÜˆÏ¶˛≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ¢hs˛yò ãß√@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ü÷Ñ˛yˆÏú£z õ,ì%˛ƒõ%ˆÏÖ ˛ô!ì˛ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó#Ó˚¶˛o SÓ#Ó˚â˛wV Á ÜDyˆÏîÓ# ãß√ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢%fl˛i ˆîˆÏ£ ã#Óò Îy˛ôò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# Óı˛ƒy !äÈˆÏúò– ÚÓ§Çü#Û @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ
Úxy!õ ãß√ Óı˛ƒy ˆõyÓ˚ ˛ô%e Ñ˛òƒy ˆò£z–
ˆì§˛£z ˆì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô%e ~Ñ˛ !¶˛«˛y õ%!~å â˛y£z–Û
ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ~£z v˛z!_´£z ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óv˛¸ ≤Ãõyí– v˛. ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆ¢òÁ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ Úãy£´Óy
!òÉ¢hs˛yò !äÈˆÏúò–Û7
òyòy @˘Ãs˛i Á v˛z!_´ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# Óı˛ƒy !äÈˆÏúò– ÚÓÇü#Û
@˘ÃˆÏs˛i ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ v˛z!_´ ~ÓÇ xòƒyòƒ @˘Ãs˛i ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãõyí ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ¢hs˛yò !äÈú òy ÓˆÏú !òì˛ƒyò® ì§˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ !ü°Ïƒ ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°Ïy_õ îy¢ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
fl˛f#Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ !ü÷ ¢hs˛yòˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏò ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
74 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ˜â˛ì˛òƒ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈# ˜Ó°åÓ ïˆÏõ≈ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%eÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ î#«˛y !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– Ó,®yÓˆÏò
◊#ã#Ó ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ# ì§˛yÓ˚ òyõ Ó˚yˆÏÖò Ñ˛yòy£z Óy Ñ˛yò%‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚– ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈#Ñ˛yˆÏú òÓm#ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚
ÓÇü#ÓîˆÏòÓ˚ ˆãƒ¤˛ ˆ˛ôÔe Ó˚yõâ˛wˆÏÑ˛Á î_Ñ˛ ˛ô%e Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– Ó˚yõy£z ˛ô![˛ì˛
òyˆÏõ v˛z!ò !ÓÖƒyì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
Ó˚yõâ˛wˆÏÑ˛Á ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈#Ñ˛yˆÏú î#«˛y !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# Ó˚yõâw Óy
Ó˚yõy£zˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Öv˛¸îˆÏ£ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– Öv˛¸îˆÏ£ Îyey˛ôˆÏÌ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# Ó˚yõy£zˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
˜ÏÓ°åÓ˛ôyˆÏ›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ñ ˜Ó°åÓ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò Üíõyòƒ Óƒ!_´ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !òã˛ô%e
Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# ~ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˜Ó°åÓ˛ôy›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ºõí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
Öv˛¸îˆÏ£ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆäÏ È!äÈˆú
Ï ò ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Ó#Ó˚â˛w Á ÜDyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚yõâ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ¢y«˛yÍ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
Ó¢%ïy ˛ô%e Ó#Ó˚¶˛o Ó#Ó˚â˛w !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛y!ú ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛yhs˛ xò%Üì˛ !äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛£z
õyì,˛ÈÙÈõÎ≈yîy îyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ãy£´ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ£z Ó#Ó˚â˛w !Ó!¶˛ß¨ üyfl˛f xïƒÎ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ
xÌâ˛ ~£z Ó#Ó˚â˛w î#«˛y ˆòÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ãy£´ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ î#«˛y òy !òˆÏÎ˚ x˜ÏmˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ î#«˛y
!òˆÏì˛ üy!hs˛˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– !Ñ˛ls˛ x˜Ïmì˛ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõˆÏü≈ Ó#Ó˚â˛w ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛
ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ£z î#«˛y @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò– üâ˛#ò®òˆÏÑ˛Á ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# î#«˛y !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò–
Ó˚yõâ˛wÁ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˜Ó°åÓ üyfl˛f !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòy ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– Ó˚yõâ˛w
!ü«˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y ¢¡ô)í≈ £ˆÏú ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆîüÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏîˆÏü ˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xyˆÏîü !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ !òì˛ƒyòˆÏ®Ó˚ !ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yïyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚
ü#°Ï≈fl˛iyˆÏò x!ï!¤˛ì˛y !äÈˆÏúò– ˆ°Ïyv˛¸ü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆü°ÏyˆÏk˛≈ ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓ ¢õyˆÏã ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#
!äÈˆÏúò ≤ÃÌõ õ!£úy !Î!ò xhs˛É˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ Ó˚yë˛¸ÓˆÏDÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ fl˛iyˆÏò ˛ô!Ó˚ºõí
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò Á ˜Ó°åÓïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ïyÓ˚y xÓƒy£ì˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò– î#«˛yîye# Úõy ˆÜy¢y£zÛ
£ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢%ÓyˆÏî !òì˛ƒyò®ÈÙÈüyÖyÓ˚ !ü°Ïƒ õ[˛ú#ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íyÎ˚ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
!Ó@˘Ã£ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ õˆÏ£yÍ¢ˆÏÓ ˆÎyÜîyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆj Ï ˆÏüƒ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˜Ó°åÓ õ£ydyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyúy˛ô
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ãòƒ ì§˛yÓ˚ ~£z ˛ôÎ≈›˛ò !äÈú– Ñ˛yˆÏ›˛yÎ˚yñ ¢yì˛@˘Ãyõñ ˆòyì˛y@˘Ãyõñ õDúˆÏÑ˛y›˛ñ Ó%ï%!Ó˚ñ
~Ñ˛â˛eý¢ ˆÖì%˛Ó˚# £zì˛ƒy!î fl˛iyò ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôîï)!úˆÏì˛ ïòƒ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ˜Ó°åÓ ¢õyãÁ
ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ ¢¡øyò Á õÎ≈yîy !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
ˆÑ˛Óú Ó˚yë˛¸ÓˆÏD òÎ˚ñ ¢%îÓ) ˚ Ó,®yÓˆÏò ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ÓyÓ˚ Îyì˛yÎ˚yì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ#
Ó,®yÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD òyòy xyúy˛ô xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ◊k˛y xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
Úˆ≤Ãõ!Óúy¢Û Á Ú¶˛!_´Ó˚byÑ˛Ó˚Û @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ˛yúyò%e´!õÑ˛ ¢õhfl˛
á›˛òy ¢Çfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ òy £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !Óºy!hs˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎõò ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ˆõy›˛ Ñ˛ì˛ÓyÓ˚
Ó,®yÓˆÏò !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yò‰ ÎyeyÎ˚ !ì˛!ò !Ñ˛ !Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì˛y ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ Óúy
î%‹ÒÓ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ◊# !òõy£z â§˛yî ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ# ì§˛yÓ˚ Ú◊# ◊# !òì˛ƒyò® ü!_´ õy ãy£´ÓyÛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i Î%!_´
˜â˛ì˛òƒ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈# ˜Ó°åÓ ïˆÏõ≈ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 75
¢£Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ òyòy ≤Ãyâ˛#ò @˘ÃˆsÏ ˛iÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ á›˛òy !Óòƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò ˆÎ ãy£´Ó#ˆÏîÓ#
ˆõy›˛ !ì˛òÓyÓ˚ Ó,®yÓˆÏò !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ ~›˛y x@˘Ãy£ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy–
ˆ¢Ñ˛yˆÏú Ó˚yë˛¸ ÓD ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢%î)Ó˚ Ó,®yÓˆÏò Îyì˛yÎ˚yì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÓü î%É¢yïƒ !äÈú– |°ÏÓ˚
≤Ãyhs˛Ó˚ñ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ xÓ˚íƒ¶)˛!õ Óy ãú˛ôˆÏÌ Úõò%°ÏƒÈÙÈÎyòÛñ ˛ôyú‰!Ñ˛ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ˆòÔÑ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ì˛–
˛ôˆÏÌ î¢%ƒˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ÓˆÏú ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏú õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó≈fl˛∫yhs˛ £ˆÏì˛ £ì˛– ˆ¢ãòƒ ˆúyÑ˛Óú Á ÎˆÏÌ‹T
¢y£¢ òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú Ó,®yÓˆÏò ÎyÁÎ˚y ˆÎì˛ òy– ~äÈyv˛¸y xÌ≈ ÓˆÏúÓ˚Á ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò !äÈú– xyv˛¸y£z
õy¢ Óy !ì˛òõy¢ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ¢õÎ˚ úyÜì˛ Ó,®yÓˆÏò ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈyˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛–
~ Ó˚Ñ˛õ xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !ì˛ò !ì˛ò ÓyÓ˚ Ó,®yÓˆÏò !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# ˆÎ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ¢y£¢ Á
ü!_´Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛y !â˛hs˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!fl˛øì˛ £ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# òÎ˚ò ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚y!ïÑ˛y õ)!ì˛≈ !òõ≈yí Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ 1506
üÑ˛yˆÏ∑ ˜ãƒ¤˛ Óy xy°Ïyë˛¸ õyˆÏ¢ ì§˛yÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ Ó,®yÓò ÎyeyÓ˚ !ì˛òãò ¢D# ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏõŸªÓ˚ îy¢ñ
Ñ˛yò%‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ Á ò,!¢Ç£ÈÙÈ˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ xÌ≈ñ Ófl˛f Á xúÇÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆúyÑ˛Óú !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÔÑ˛y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,®yÓˆÏò ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò– !Ñ˛ä%È !ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï õ)!ì˛≈ ˆÜy˛ô#òyÌ õ)!ì˛≈Ó˚ Óyõ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ Ó¢yˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúñ
v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ õÎ≈yîy Á v˛zÍ¢Ó ¢£Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚–
ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó,®yÓò Îyey !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ @˘Ãs˛iyÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚
!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# òyòy v˛z!_´ xyˆÏäÈ– ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ Ú¶˛!_´Ó˚byÑ˛yÓ˚Û @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ Óí≈òy !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Îy
˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ì˛y ~£z ˛ôÓ˚ˆõÏ ŸªÓ˚# îy¢ ◊# Ó˚y!ïÑ˛y õ)!ì˛≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó,®yÓˆÏò ÜõˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ◊#!òÓy¢ˆÏÑ˛
ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúòñ
Ú◊#{ŸªÓ˚# ˛ô%òÉ Îy£zˆÏÓò Ó,®yÓò–Û
xyÓyÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢yÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Á !ì˛!ò ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúòÈÙÈ
Ú◊#{ŸªÓ˚# ˛ô%òÉ ü#á Îy£zˆÏÓò ì˛Ìy–Û
~£z v˛z!_´ xò%ÎyÎ˚# õˆÏò £Î˚ 1506 üÑ˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ õyá õyˆÏ¢£z 75 ÓÍ¢ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ òÓ
≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ ÚÓÇü# !ü«˛yÛ xò%ÎyÎ˚# 11 õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Û õ)!ì˛≈ˆÏÑ˛ îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ~ÓÇ ˆü°Ïã#Óò
Ó,®yÓˆÏò Ñ˛y›˛yÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# ˛ôyúÑ˛# Á ˆòÔÑ˛yˆÏÎyˆÏÜ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ Ó,®yÓˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ
Îyey Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛òõy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ!äÈˆÏúò– ˛ôy§â˛ ÓÍ¢Ó˚ Ó,®yÓˆÏò ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 80
ÓÍ¢Ó˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ 1511 üÑ˛yˆÏ∑ S1589!ÖÈ≠V ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ ~›˛y xò%õyò Ñ˛Ó˚y
ÎyÎ˚– Ú¶˛!_´Ó˚byÑ˛Ó˚Û @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ Óí≈òy ~ÓÇ Ó˚yõyò%ãîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Úãòò# ãy£´Ó#Û ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛Ó˚ Óí≈òy
ˆîˆÏÖ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# !ì˛òÓyÓ˚ ÓãïyˆÏõ !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò– ÓãïyˆÏõ£z ì§˛yÓ˚ õ,ì˛% ƒ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
!òì˛ƒyòˆÏ®Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# !ò˛ô%íì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢Aá ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò–
ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# Ö%Ó x“ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ£z ˜Ó°åÓ õ[˛ˆÏú xy˛ôò â˛y!Ó˚!eÑ˛ =ˆÏí xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòò
~Ñ˛ xì˛ƒhs˛ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ fl˛iyò– ˆÖì%˛Ó˚#Ó˚ õˆÏ£yÍ¢ˆÏÓ !ì˛!ò ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ îy!Î˚c–
!ì˛!ò Ó,®yÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÁ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò– !ì˛!ò Ó˝ ˜Ó°åÓ ¶˛_´ˆÏÑ˛ õs˛fî#«˛y
76 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ˜â˛ì˛òƒ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈# ˜Ó°åÓ ïˆÏõ≈ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
!îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîyÓú#Ó˚ !ÓÖƒyì˛ ˛ôyîÑ˛ì˛≈y K˛yòîy¢ !äÈˆÏúò ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ !ü°Ïƒ–
ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆòì,˛c Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ õ‡˛ fl˛iy!˛ôì˛ £Î˚– ◊ˆÏk˛Î˚ ≤Ã¶˛yì˛Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ¢y£y ì§˛yÓ˚ Ú˜Ó°åÓ ˛ïõ≈ Á
õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜ òyÓ˚# xyˆÏ®yúòÛ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò Ú~£z xyÖv˛¸y=!ú ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ#!òˆÏîÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏí !äÈú–
~=!úˆÏì˛ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ˆ¢Óyñ ïõ≈@˘Ãs˛i ˛ôy‡˛ ˆÎõò â˛úì˛ñ ˆì˛õ!ò !ü«˛yîyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yãÁ â˛úì˛– ì˛ˆÏÓ
≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ üì˛≈ !äÈú ˆÓyï£Î˚ !ü°Ïƒc @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y– xy◊õ Óy!¢ò# !ü°ÏƒÓ˚y @˘ÃyˆÏõ @˘ÃyˆÏõ !ÜˆÏÎ˚
õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ü«˛y !Óhfl˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– xyÓyÓ˚ xy◊õÓy!¢ò# ~ÓÇ Ü,£# !ü°ÏƒyˆÏîÓ˚
˜Ó°åÓ ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ òì%˛ò òì%˛ò ì˛_¥ Óy ÓƒyÖƒy ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ xÓ!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛£z
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ xyÖv˛¸yÓ˚ Îüfl˛∫# õ£hs˛Ó˚y ˛ôy‡˛ ~ÓÇ ÓƒyÖƒy ˆüyòyˆÏì˛òñ ì˛_¥Ñ˛Ìy xyˆÏúyâ˛òy £ì˛ £zì˛ƒy!î–Û
~Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ ˆÎ ˆ¢£z Î%ˆÏÜ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ õ‡˛ Óy xyÖv˛¸y=!ú ~Ñ˛£z ¢ˆÏD õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
ïõ≈#Î˚ v˛zÍÑ˛ˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ îy!Î˚c ˆÎõò ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúñ ˆì˛õ!ò @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò !Ñ˛ä%È ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
îy!Î˚c ÎyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ fl˛f# !ü«˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ– x‹TyîüÈÙÈ|ò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ ¢æyhs˛
˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xhs˛É˛ô%!Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ îy!Î˚c !äÈú !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xy◊ˆÏõÓ˚ ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ#ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚– !â˛eyˆÏîÓ
ì§˛yÓ˚ Ú‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ x®Ó˚õ£úÛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈÚõy£zˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚y ˜Ó°åÓ# ~ˆÏ¢ Ú!ü÷ˆÏÓyïÑ˛Ûñ
Úâ˛yíÑ˛ƒˆÏŸ’yÑ˛Ûñ ÚÓ˚yõyÎ˚íÛñ Úõ£y¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Û ˛ôv˛¸yì˛– xyÓ˚ Ñ˛úy˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ !â˛!‡˛ ˆúÖy õÑ‰˛ˆÏüy Ñ˛Ó˚yì˛–
~ !òÎ˚õ ˆÎ ÷ï% ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ !äÈú ì˛y òÎ˚ñ xˆÏòÑ˛ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ !äÈú–Û
~£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ òyòy ÓyïyÈÙÈ!Ó˛ô!_Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚Á òyÓ˚#!ü«˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ î#˛ôÓ!ì˛≈Ñ˛y ãµú!äÈú ì˛y
ÓˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ îy!Î˚c !òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ#!òÓ˚y– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÌõ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÑ˛yÓ˚# !£¢yˆÏÓ
ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ Ñ,˛!ì˛c x¶˛yÓò#Î˚– ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈú ~Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢_y– ¢yÓ˚y
ã#Óò !ì˛!ò Ó˝ fl˛iyˆÏò ºõí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˜Ó°åÓ ïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˜â˛ì˛òƒ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈# ˜Ó°åÓ
ïˆÏõ≈ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
ì˛Ìƒ¢)e ≠
1– ˆÑ˛Ô!üÑ˛ îyü=Æñ õïƒÎ%Ü#Î˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ î˛ô≈ˆíÏ òy!Î˚Ñ˛y xˆÏß°∫ íÏ ñ ◊# ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆ≤Ã¢ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ
xyÜfi›˛ 2011ñ ˛ô,. 120
2– ≤Ãy=_´ñ ˆÑ˛Ô!üÑ˛ îyü=Æñ ˛ô,. 121
3– õ%Ó˚y!Ó˚úyú x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚#ñ ˜Ó°åÓ !îÜ‰îü≈ò#ñ !mì˛#Î˚ Ö[˛ñ !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈîñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ ÓDy∑
1332ñ ˛ô,. 45
4– òÓ˚£!Ó˚ â˛e´Óì˛≈#ñ ¶˛!_´Ó˚byÑ˛Ó˚ñ ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ õ‡˛ñ ~Ñ˛yîü ì˛Ó˚Dñ 1960ñ ˛ô,. 440
5– ≤Ãy=_´ñ õ%Ó˚y!Ó˚úyú x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚#ñ ¢Æõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈîñ ˛ô,. 69
6– ≤Ãy=_´ñ õ%Ó˚y!Ó˚úyú x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚#ñ ˛ô,. 70
7– ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆ¢òñ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ ≤ÃÌõ Ö[˛ñ ˛ô)Ó≈yï≈ñ £zfi›˛yò≈ ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ñ °Ï¤˛ ¢Çñ
1978ñ eˆÏÎ˚yîü ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈîñ ˛ô,. 446
8– ◊#ò,!¢Ç£ Ó˚yõyò%ã îy¢ñ ãòò# ãy£´Óyñ õyòÓÈÙÈˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛ ◊#!òì˛ƒyò®ñ ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ì˛Ó˚#ñ
¢¡ôyîÑ˛ÈÙÈv˛zõyñ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ 2007ñ ˛ô,.90
!mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫ˆÏîüÈÙÈ¢yïòy

˛ôpòy¶˛ ˆÓÓ˚y*
ã#!Óì˛Ñ˛yˆÏú ˆÎÈÙÈÑ˛Ûãò ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yïÓ˚ fl˛À‹Ty Óyày!úÓ˚ £*îˆÏÎ˚ŸªÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ¢õ@˘Ã ãyˆÏì˛Ó˚
Blanke cheque ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ !mˆÏãwúyú Ó˚yÎ˚ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xòƒì˛õ– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó!eü
ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ S1882ÈÙÈ1913V ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢yïòyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ ˆò£z– !ì˛!ò Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛!Óì˛y
Á Üyò Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– £y¢ƒÓ˚¢ydÑ˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòñ úá%Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã£¢ò !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ
xyÓyÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ Ó˚¢ydÑ˛ òy›˛Ñ˛Á !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò– !Ñ˛ls˛ !mˆÏãw õyòˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏú ì˛§yÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy=!úÓ˚ Ó˚¢Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ¢õß∫Î˚ ¢)e!›˛ xyˆÏäÈñ ì˛y
xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò– !mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ õyò¢ ã#ÓˆÏò ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ ˆò£z– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢£z
˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ õ)ˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒ Á xyˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢£z ˙Ñ˛ƒ!›˛ £ˆÏúy Ü#!ì˛ï!õ≈ì˛y– ~õò !Ñ˛
ì§˛yÓ˚ òy›˛Ñ˛=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÁ Ñ˛!Ó !mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó!â˛e Ñ˛!Ó fl˛∫≤¿ Á v˛zFä¥È!¢ì˛ £*îÎ˚yˆÏÓÜ£z
Óí≈õÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– xÌ≈yÍ !mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ ¢yïòyÓ˚ õ)ˆÏú !äÈú Ü#!ì˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y–
!mˆÏãwúyú Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òy›˛Ñ˛ Á ì§˛yÓ˚ ãß√¶)˛!õ ÜDy£*!î ÓD¶)˛!õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ñ ≤Ã#!ì˛ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD
ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#Óò#Ó˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú ì˛Ìƒ S1903V !òˆÏãÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÑ˛yú ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ S1913V îüÓäÈÓ˚ ≤Ãïyòì˛
!mˆÏãwúyú Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òy›˛ƒ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ≈– ì§˛yÓ˚ òy›˛Ñ˛=!úÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈñ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏ_ãòy– ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˆîüÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚
xyÑ˛yCyˆÏÑ˛ !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ !mˆÏãwúyú ì§˛yÓ˚ òy›˛ƒ ˆÓ˚yõy™=!ú Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–1 fl˛f# !ÓˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
ü)òƒ £*îˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÓîòy ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ÜyˆÏò Á Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ x!¶˛Óƒ_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyÑ˛!fl˛øÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ
ˆîüÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xˆÏõyá !òˆÏî≈ü !mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ ò)ì˛ò ˛ôÌ
!òˆÏî≈ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ õõ≈y!hs˛Ñ˛ ˆüyÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ Ó,£_Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛úïπ!òÓ˚
¢ˆÏD !ì˛!ò !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ãyì˛#Î˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ~£z ≤ÃÓú xyˆÏúyv˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ õ)ˆÏú xyˆÏäÈ ÓD¶˛D
xyˆÏ®yúò– !mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆü°Ï îüÑ˛ ~£z xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z_yˆÏ˛ô Ó˚*˛ôy!Î˚ì˛
ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò£z !ì˛!ò ˆü:˛ô#Î˚ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x˛ô)Ó≈ òy›˛Ñ˛=!úÓ˚ x!¶˛òˆÏÎ˚ x!¶˛¶)˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ
ì§˛yÓ˚ òy›˛Ñ˛=!úˆÏì˛ ˆüÑ‰˛¢˛ô#Î˚ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ~Ñ˛›%˛ ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ !mˆÏãwúyú
Ó˚yÎ˚ ÷ï% òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ !äÈˆÏúò òyñ Ñ˛!ÓÁ !äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ òy›˛Ñ˛=!úˆÏì˛ Ñ˛!Ó !mˆÏãwúyú
≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe£z òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ !mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ ˆúÖ!ò ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– !mˆÏãwúyú fl˛∫ÎÇ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò
ÈÙÈ ÚÚÑ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ xyõyÓ˚ xì˛ƒy!ïÑ˛ xy¢!_´ ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚ xy!õ ÜˆÏîƒÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏò
Ó¢y£zÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏúy¶˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ òy£z–ÛÛ2
*x!ì˛!Ì xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ ï)úyÜv˛¸ õ£y!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

78 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ !mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫ˆÏîüÈÙÈ¢yïòy
òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ fl˛iú xyˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ˆÎÖyˆÏò òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òy›˛ƒïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ «%˛ß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò
Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Î%!_´¢Dì˛ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ xyòy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÑ˛ò òy òy›˛Ñ˛ òy›˛Ñ˛£z ~ÓÇ
òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ô)í≈ ¢D!ì˛ Á ¢yõO¢ƒ£z ¢Ó≈yˆÏ@˘Ã !Óâ˛yÎ≈– Ñ˛yÓ˚ò òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ â%˛v˛¸yhs˛ ¢yö˛úƒ ì§˛yÓ˚
òy›˛ƒ=ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z !ò!£ì˛– !mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓƒ Ó˝ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÚÑ˛y!ÓƒÑ˛ì˛yÎ˚Û Ó˚&˛ôyhs˛!Ó˚ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆÎÖyˆÏò ¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢Ó˚úì˛y ~ÓÇ ÜîƒÈÙÈ=ò ≤ÃyÌ≈ò#Î˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏòÁ !ì˛!ò ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆ˛ôy°ÏyÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚yˆÏì˛ ÈÙÈ!mïy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ò– â˛!Ó˚eÈÙÈ!ò!Ó≈ˆÏüˆÏ°Ïñ ¶˛yÓÈÙÈ!ò!Ó≈ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ì%˛Ó!v˛¸
ä%È!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì§˛yÓ˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢y«˛yÍ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ô
v˛z˛ôõyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ v˛z˛ôõyñ v˛zÍˆÏ≤Ã«˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò– !Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ˛yÓƒ ¢Çúy˛ô õyˆÏe£z òy›˛ƒ ¢Çúy˛ô
òÎ˚– ˆÎ Ñ˛yÓƒ òy›˛ƒïˆÏõ≈ î#!«˛ì˛ òÎ˚ñ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ì§˛yÓ˚ fl˛iyò ˆò£z– òy›˛Ñ˛ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ òy›˛Ñ˛
ˆ¢ãòƒ òy›˛Ñ˛#Î˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒˆÏÑ˛ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ£z Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
~äÈyv˛¸y xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !ü“ÈÙÈ¢yö˛úƒ úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚–
!mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ~ Ñ˛Ìy fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚
ˆÎñ ÓyÇúy Üîƒ ¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ¢,!‹T !mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò !ò– !Ñ˛ls˛ !ì˛!ò Ñ˛yÓƒ Á òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ ¢õß∫Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò !ò– ÓyÇúyÎ˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛
~£z ¢õß∫Î˚ Îì˛î)Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Á
˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
!mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü òy›˛Ñ˛ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ xì˛#ì˛ ˙!ì˛£ƒ Á
¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xyïƒyd ¢yïòyˆÏÑ˛ xy˛ôò Î%ÜïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ xò%Ñ)˛ˆÏú ÓÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú–
ÚÚˆÏîüÓy¢#Ó˚ ã#Óò ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ Ó!£É ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü ÎÖò xy˛ôò fl˛∫yì˛s˛fƒÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ v˛z@˘Ã Óy¢òy x!@¿ˆÏì˛ˆÏã
ˆõˆÏì˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈúñ ì˛Öò !mˆÏãwòyú ˆîüÓy¢#Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˜Ó¶˛ÓõÎ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ xì˛#ì˛
Ñ˛#!ì˛≈ ~ÓÇ Ó#Ó˚ÜyÌyñ ïõ≈yîü≈ñ ì˛ƒyÜ Á ˜ÓÓ˚yˆÏÜƒÓ˚ õy£ydƒñ îy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ x!@¿Ü¶˛≈ ˆì˛ãfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚
xyîü≈=!ú ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓò˚ –ÛÛ3 fl˛∫ãy!ì˛Ó˚ õDˆÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò «%˛oì˛yñ xyú¢ƒñ Ëîy!¢òƒñ
ãy!ì˛ˆÏ¶˛î Îy ãyì˛#Î˚ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ xÓˆÏK˛Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y£z !äÈú ì§˛yÓ˚ òy›˛ƒ
¢yïòyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛õye Óì˛– ì˛y£z Ú¢y!£ì˛ƒ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ì˛!ò !äÈˆÏúò ÈÙÈ Ñ˛õ≈ˆÏÎyÜ# ¢yïÑ˛–
Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ !òÓ˚ú¢ ¢yïòyÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ˆîü Á ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÎ x«˛Î˚ õDú!â˛hs˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
Ó˝fl˛iyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˆîÖyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–Û4
ˆîü ÎyˆÏì˛ xy˛ôò Ü!Ó˚õyÎ˚ x!ï!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚ñ ˆ¢ ãòƒ òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ !mˆÏãwúyú fl˛∫ˆÏîüÓy¢#Ó˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ãß√¶)˛!õÓ˚ õy£ydƒ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ãß√¶)˛!õ !äÈú ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆîÓ#ÈÙÈ¢yïòyÈÙÈfl˛∫Ü≈ó xyÓ˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛
fl˛∫yˆÏî!üÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xyîü≈ ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ˆîü õyì,˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)ãy Á Ó®òy– ì˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫ˆÏîü
ˆ≤Ãõ xˆÏòÑ˛yÇˆÏü ÓD¶)˛!õ ≤Ã#!ì˛ˆÏì˛£z xyÓk˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ÓyÇúyˆÏîü ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xyÓ˚yïƒ ˆîÓ#
!äÈˆÏúò– ïƒyˆÏò !ì˛!ò ˆîüõyì,˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô îü≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Á fl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿ â%˛¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ÚÜDy£*!î
ÓD¶)˛!õÛÓ˚ â˛Ó˚í Î%Üú– ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Óy ˛ôˆÏÓy˚ «˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ üƒyõ!úõy ì§˛yÓ˚ òy›˛Ñ˛ xyd≤ÃÑ˛yü
!mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫ˆÏîüÈÙÈ¢yïòy ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 79
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Úò%Ó˚ãy£yòÛ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢¡ÀyK˛# ò%Ó˚ãy£yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓD≤Ã#!ì˛ñ !mˆÏãwúyú Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏòy

¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˆîÎ˚–
ÚÚò%Ó˚ãy£yò ÈÙÈ !Ñ˛ ¢%®Ó˚ ~£z ÓDˆÏîü– ~Ó˚ !Óhfl˛#í≈ ˆ«˛e ÈÙÈ ÎyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ üƒyõúì˛yÓ˚
ˆë˛v˛z ÓˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ– ~£z òîÈÙÈòî# ÈÙÈÎyÓ˚ xÜyï ¢!úú ¢Ω˛yÓ˚ ˆÎò xyÓ˚ ˆ¢ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏFäÈ
òy– ~Ó˚ !òÑ%˛OÓò ÈÙÈ ˆÎÖyˆÏò äÈyÎ˚y ¢%Üı˛ÈÙÈ¢D#ì˛ ˆÎò ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ–
¢õhfl˛ ˆîü›˛y ˆÎò ~Ñ˛›˛y x˛ôy!Ì≈Ó ¢%Öfl˛∫≤¿ ˆîÖˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ
~õò!Ñ˛ Ú¢yãy£yòÛ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yãfl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ î,ˆüÏ ƒÓ˚ Óí≈òyˆÏì˛ òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓDˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚£z
!â˛e Á ˆ¢Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ xÓì˛yÓ˚òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò xÓˆÏâ˛ì˛ò õˆÏò– !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶˛yˆÏÓñ
ÚÚ~õò !fl˛¨?˛òî# Ñ˛y£yÓ˚ñ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ~õò ï%¡À ˛ôy£yv˛¸–
ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ~õò £!Ó˚Í ˆ«˛e xyÑ˛yü ì˛ˆÏú ˆõˆÏü
~õò ïyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆë˛v˛z ˆÖˆÏú ÎyÎ˚
Óyì˛y¢ Ñ˛y£yÓ˚ ˆîˆÏü–ÛÛ5
ÓyÇúyˆÏîüˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚ fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚– ÓyÇúyˆÏîü !mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !äÈúñ
Ú˜ÏüüˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ%˛¢%õ üÎƒyñ ˆÎÔÓˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓò Á Óyï≈ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚yí¢#–Û Ú!¢Ç£ú !ÓãÎ˚Û S1914V
òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ òy›˛ƒÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓD≤Ã#!ì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫y«˛Ó˚ ì%˛úòy£#ò– õˆÏò £Î˚ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖy ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ Óyàyú# ˆÎò
ˆîüˆÏÑ˛ òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ ¶˛yúÓy¢ˆÏì˛ !üˆÏÖ!äÈú–
Ú!¢Ç£ú !ÓãÎ˚Û òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ òy›˛ƒ â˛!Ó˚e !ÓãÎ˚ !¢ÇˆÏ£Ó˚ v˛z!_´ˆÏì˛ òy›˛ƒÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫ÈÙÈ£zFäÈy£z
!Óú!¢ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÈ !ÓãÎ˚ !¢Ç£ ÈÙÈ xyˆÏÜ Ñ˛Öò ˆîü äÈy!v˛¸!ò– Ó%!G˛!ò ˆÎ ˆîü !Ñ˛ !ã!ò°Ï–
¶˛yÓì˛yõ ˆÎ ˆîü÷k˛ õy!›˛ xyÓ˚ xyÑ˛yü– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~Öò Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈ ˆÎ ãß√¶)˛!õ õyò%°Ïñ ˆ¢ Ñ˛Ìy
Ñ˛Î˚ñ £yˆÏ¢ñ Ñ§˛yˆÏîñ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚–
xyÓyÓ˚ñ !ÓãÎ˚ !¢Ç£ !¢Ç£ú m#ˆÏ˛ô ≤ÃÓy¢Ñ˛yˆÏú õˆÏò ÓƒÌy ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛f# Ñ%˛ˆÏÓò#ˆÏÑ˛
ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ !ÓãÎ˚ !¢Ç£ ÈÙÈ fl˛∫ˆÏîü !Ñ˛ ˆ¶˛yúy ÎyÎ˚– ¢%ˆÏÖ î%ÉˆÏÖñ !Ó˛ôˆÏîÈÙÈ¢¡ôˆÏîñ xyˆÏúyÑ˛
xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÜÔÓ˚ˆÏÓñ úyN˛òyÎ˚ñ fl˛∫ˆÏîü !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yú£z fl˛∫ˆÏîü– ... fl˛∫ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ !ì˛Ó˚fl˛ÒyÓ˚ ÈÙÈ ˆ¢ ãòò#Ó˚
!ì˛Ó˚fl˛ÒyÓ˚ ÈÙÈ ì˛yÁ !õ‹T– ...˙ xüyhs˛ !îÜhs˛ÈÙÈ!Óhfl+˛ì˛ Ñ,˛°å ¢õ%ˆÏoÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏò ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈó xyÓ˚
xyõyÓ˚ !â˛_˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ õï%Ó˚ äÈ!Ó õï%Ó˚ fl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ õì˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈó ÈÙÈ ÓyÇúyÓ˚
ˆ¢£z üƒyõú ˆ«˛e– ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ï)¢Ó˚ òî#ó ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ò#ú !òõ≈ú xyÑ˛yüñ ˆ¢£z î#Æ
ˆÓ˚Ôoñ ˆ¢£z ¢%!fl˛¨?˛ õúÎ˚ ˛ôÓò !£ˆÏÕ‘yúñ ˆ¢£z ˆÑ˛y!Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ G˛ÇÑ˛yÓ˚ñ Óyàyú# õy!G˛Ó˚ ˆ¢£z
Üyòñ ˆÎò xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈó xyÓ˚ â˛ˆÏ«˛ «%˛o Óì˛≈õyò ú%Æ £ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– fl˛∫ˆÏîü !Ñ˛ ˆ¶˛yúy
ÎyÎ˚ Ñ%˛ˆÏÓò#– xyÓ˚ ~ ˆ£ò fl˛∫ˆÏîü ÈÙÈ ÎyÓ˚ ˛ôÓˆÏò ¢%ÜˆÏı˛ñ !òÑ%˛ˆÏO ¢D#ì˛ñ Ó,ˆÏ«˛ xõ,ì˛ñ !òG˛≈ˆÏÓ˚
ãòò#Ó˚ hfl˛òïyÓ˚yñ ÜÜˆÏò ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ xyü#Ó≈yîñ ˆ¢£z Ñ,˛°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ïyòƒ¶˛Ó˚y ≤ÃyDòñ ¢ì˛#Ó˚ õ%Ö¶˛Ó˚y
£y!¢ñ õyì˛yÓ˚ Ó%Ñ˛¶˛Ó˚y ˆfl˛¨£....–ÛÛ
~äÈyv˛¸y Úâ˛w=ÆÛ S1911V òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛®yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õ%ˆÖÏ ˆÎ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Ó®òyñ ì˛yˆÏì˛ òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚
!mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !ò!£ì˛ xyˆÏäÈ– ÚÚˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛®yÓ˚ ÈÙÈ ¢ì˛ƒ ˆ¢ú%Ñ˛y¢–
80 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ !mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫ˆÏîüÈÙÈ¢yïòy
!Ñ˛ !Ó!â˛e ~£z ˆîü– !îˆÏò ≤Ãâ˛[˛ ¢)Î≈ƒ ~Ó˚ Üyë˛¸ ò#ú xyÑ˛yü ˛ô%!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ó xyÓ˚
Ó˚y!eÑ˛yˆÏú ÷º â˛wõy ~ˆÏ¢ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !fl˛¨?˛ ˆãƒyÍfl˛ÿÎ˚ fl˛ÿò Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚– ì˛yõ¢# Ó˚yˆÏe xÜòƒ
v˛zIµú ˆãƒy!ì˛É˛ô%ˆÏO ÎÖò ~Ó˚ xyÑ˛yü G˛úõú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xy!õ !Ó!fl˛øì˛ xyì˛ˆÏB˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!Ñ˛ /
≤ÃyÓ,ˆÏ›˛ áò Ñ,˛°Ïí ˆõáÓ˚y!ü =Ó˚& ÜΩ˛#Ó˚ ÜI≈ˆÏò ≤ÃÑ˛y[˛ ˜îì˛ƒ ˜¢ˆÏòƒÓ˚ õì˛ ~Ó˚ xyÑ˛yü ˆäÈˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ¢ñ xy!õ !òÓ≈yÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÏî!Ö–ÛÛ
!mˆÏãwúyú Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òyÓú# ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ !ì˛!ò ~Ñ˛!›˛ î#á≈ üì˛y∑#Ó˚
!â˛hs˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ç£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy˛ôò òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚*˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ òy›˛Ñ˛=!ú ÷ï% ˆÑ˛Óú
Ñ˛yÓƒÑ˛úyÓ˚ !Óì˛yˆÏò !äÈú òyñ !äÈú õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛yhs˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ¢yïòyÓ˚ xyÓ˚yïƒ˛ô#‡˛– !ì˛!ò
ˆîüÓy¢#ˆÏÑ˛ ãy!ì˛Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl˛∫ˆîÏ ü!â˛hs˛y Á ˆîüydˆÏÓyˆÏï £yˆÏì˛ÈÙÈÑ˛úˆÏõ î#«˛y !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò–
÷ï%Èõye Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛zˆÏ_ãòyÓ˚ ì˛Ó˚ú x!@¿ˆÏfl˛Àyì˛ !mˆÏãwúyú Óyày!úÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ fl˛ÿÎ˚%ˆÏì˛
≤ÃÓy!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yò!ò– !ì˛!ò !äÈˆÏúò ãy!ì˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ ‘Constructive Nationalist’–
ì˛y£z ˆîüÓy¢#Ó˚ ¢õhfl˛ Ñ˛õ≈ Á ¶˛yÓòy ü!_´ˆÏÑ˛ xhs˛õ≈%Ö#ò Ñ˛Ó˚y£z !äÈú ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú !â˛hs˛yÓ˚
~Ñ˛õye v˛zˆÏjüƒ– ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢%Ü¶˛#Ó˚ õõcˆÏÓyï ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ˆîüˆÏ≤ÃõˆÏÑ˛ !ÓŸªõyòÓ
≤Ã#!ì˛Ó˚ õ%_ýÑ˛yˆÏü ≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– fl˛∫ãy!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ñ˛ú Ñ˛ú%°Ïì˛yñ ˜îòƒ Á @’y!ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
v˛zk˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛∫Ñ˛#Î˚ì˛y Á fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿ ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ !mˆÏãwúyú– ì˛y£z
õò%°Ïƒc xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ£zñ !ì˛!ò ¢õ@˘Ããy!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Úõyò%°ÏÛ £ÓyÓ˚ xyüyÓÓ˚# ÷!òˆÏÎ˚
!äÈˆÏúò–
ì˛Ìƒ¢)e ≠
1– Ó˚Ì#wòyÌ Ó˚yÎ˚ ÈÙÈ !mˆÏãwúyú Ñ˛!Ó Á òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ñ ˛ô,ÈÙÈ448
2– !mˆÏãwúyú Ó˚yÎ˚ ÈÙÈ ÚxyõyÓ˚ òy›˛ƒ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ω˛Û ◊yÓíñ 1317
3– v˛. ≤Ã¶˛yì˛ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ ≠ ÓyDúy òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫ˆÏî!üÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓñ 1800ÈÙÈ1994ñ ˛ô,ÈÙÈ610
4– ˙ñ Úñ ˛ô,. 611
5– !mˆÏãwúyú Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Úò%Ó˚ãy£yòÛñ 1908ñ ˛˛ô,ÈÙÈ37
Ó˝õ%Ö# ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yí#

÷¶˛◊# ˛ôye*
v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òyÓ˚# ãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ x@˘Ãîì) ˛ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yí# 1827 !ÖÉ 9 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚
ãß√ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÈÙÈ ÚÚ~Ñ˛!îò ¶˛yoõyˆÏ¢ ú!úì˛y ¢Æõ# !ì˛!ÌˆÏì˛ õ£!°Ï≈Ó˚
xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆîÔ!£e#Ó˚ xy!Ó¶˛≈yÓ £ú Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ¢)!ì˛Ñ˛yÜ,ˆÏ£ÛÛ1 !ì˛!ò ˆîˆÏÓwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛òƒy
fl˛∫í≈Ñ%˛õyÓ˚# ˆîÓ# Á ãyòÑ˛# òyÌ ˆáy°ÏyˆÏúÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚y Ñ˛òƒy– ˆ¢Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˛ô§yâ˛›˛y ïò#Ü,ˆÏ£Ó˚
îlfl˛Ó˚ õì˛ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÚÚ!ü÷Ó˚y õyì,˛hfl˛ˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ ïye#hfl˛ˆÏòƒ ˛ôy!úì˛ Á ˛ô%‹T £ì˛ñ .....
õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ¢¡ôÑ˛≈ ÌyÑ˛ì˛ òy– xyõyÓ˚Á Ó˚£zú òyÛÛ2 ì˛§yÓ˚ õy fl˛∫í≈Ñ%˛õyÓ˚#
ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !äÈú ÚÚxÜõƒ Ó˚yí#Ó˚ õì˛ÛÛ Óy ÚˆîÓ# ≤Ã!ì˛õyÓ˚Û õì˛– ÚÜ,£!›˛v˛z›˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Û Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛
≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛yúy¶˛– Üyò ˆüÑ˛yÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ö!v˛¸ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ Úx∂ÓyÓ%Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÛ– ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
K˛yò ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäÈ !îú õy fl˛∫í≈Ñ%˛õyÓ˚#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ– õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ áˆÏÓ˚ ˆõõ !˛ôÎ˚yˆÏòy !ü«˛y!Î˚e# ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
!˛ôÎ˚yˆÏòy ˆüÖyˆÏì˛ò– ¢yˆÏv˛¸ ¢yì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ ˆÓÌ%ò fl˛%ÒˆÏú ¶˛!ì˛≈ £ò xyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏì˛ˆÏÓ˚y ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚
!Ó.~. ˛ôyü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò 1890ˆì˛ £zÇÓ˚y!ãˆÏì˛ xòy¢≈ !òˆÏÎ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ !î!î !£Ó˚ß√Î˚# ˆîÓ#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD
Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Û ˛ô!eÑ˛y ¢¡ôyîòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò 1304 ÓDy∑ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ 1306 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1314
ÓDy∑ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !ì˛!ò ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ !äÈˆÏúò– ¢üfl˛f !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆîü fl˛∫yï#ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
ÎˆÏK˛Ó˚ !ì˛!ò !äÈˆÏúò xòƒì˛õ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íyîye#– fl˛∫ˆÏîü# oÓƒ ˜ì˛Ó˚# Á ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ
¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ÷ï% ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ú«˛#Ó˚ ¶˛yu˛yÓ˚ òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
ˆîüˆÏ≤Ãõõ)úÑ˛ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È Üyò !ì˛!ò Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚
˜ì˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ xÓîyò !äÈú x¢yõyòƒ– ÚÚxyõyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˜ò¢!Ü≈Ñ˛ Ñ%˛üúì˛y ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ú ÈÙÈ
ÓyDyúy ÜyˆÏò £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã# Ó˚Ñ˛õ Ñ˛v˛≈ !îˆÏÎ˚ £zÇ!Ó˚!ã ........ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y–ÛÛ3 Ó˚!Óõyõy ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢D#ì˛
â˛â˛≈yÎ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï v˛zÍ¢y£ !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò– Ó!B˛õâ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ˆfl˛¨£ Á ¢y!ß¨ïƒ ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xõ)úƒ ¢¡ôî–
Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ÚÓˆÏ®õyì˛Ó˚õÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ ¢%Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï òñ Óy!Ñ˛!›˛ xÌ≈yÍ ÚÚ¢ÆˆÏÑ˛y!›˛Ñ˛t˛ÛÛ Ñ˛úÑ˛ú
!òòyî Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆü°Ï xÇü!›˛Ó˚ ¢%Ó˚ ˆîò ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ#– ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˆúÖy Ú¢ÖyÛñ
üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ˆÏò ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆúÖy £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ˆÏì˛ !Óòy òyˆÏõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~Ñ˛!›˛
òÑ˛¢y ÈÙÈ ÚÚxy!õ !Óòy òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛›˛y òÑ˛¢y !úÖú%õ– õy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ˆÏì˛ ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò–ÛÛ4 ÚÓyúÑ˛Û
˛ô!eÑ˛yˆÏì˛Á ì˛y§Ó˚ î%ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚â˛òy ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓı˛ !úÖˆÏäÈòñ !Ñ˛ä%È ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú !Ñ˛ä%È v˛zÍ¢y£ ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ˛ôy‡˛yò!ò ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ãòƒ– ÚÓ˚!ì˛!Óúy˛ôÛñ ò#ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zˆÏ˛ôy¢Ûñ
Úõyú!ÓÑ˛y x!@¿!õeÛñ ....... ≤ÃÓı˛ !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò– ¢Çfl˛,ÒˆÏì˛ ~õ.~. ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y ì§˛yÓ˚ £Î˚!ò
*xÇüÑ˛yú#ò xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ õy£zˆÏÑ˛ú õï%¢î) ò ˆõˆÏõy!Ó˚Î˚yú Ñ˛ˆÏúãñ î%Ü≈y˛ô%Ó˚–
82 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Ó˝õ%Ö# ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yí#
!Ñ˛ä%È ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ)˛úì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ– Ó!B˛õâ˛wñ Üyı˛#!ã õ£yˆÏîÓ ˆÜy!Ó® Ó˚yòyˆÏv˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ
!äÈú– ~Ñ˛¢õÎ˚ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ òyì˛ò# ¢Ó ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ)˛úì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ãÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÓwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
¢¡ø!ì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ õ£#ü)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ£yÓ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ fl˛%ÒˆÏú ˆÎyÜ !îˆÏúò– õ£#÷Ó˚ ÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ x˛ô)Ó≈
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ £ú Ú~Ñ˛yˆÏú ˆ¢Ñ˛yˆÏúÛ òyˆÏõ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ xyõÓ˚y ˛ôy£z– ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ~Ñ˛¢õÎ˚ xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ÷ï% üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ î%Ó≈úì˛y òÎ˚
Óyàyú#ˆÏîÓ˚ !˛ô!äÈˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í õyò!¢Ñ˛ ¶˛#Ó˚&ì˛y– Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Û ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ xy£¥yò x˛ôõyˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ– îˆÏú îˆÏú ÷ï% äÈyeÈÙÈÎ%ÓÑ˛Ó˚y òÎ˚ ÓÎ˚fl˛ÒÓ˚yÁ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏúò–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ õyò!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ≤Ãíyõ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ü˛ôÌ !òì˛ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆîüõyì,˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒñ
ˆüˆÏ°Ï £yˆÏì˛ Ó˚y!Ö ˆÓ§ˆïÏ !îˆÏì˛ò !ì˛!ò ~£z xyd!òˆÏÓîˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y«˛# Óy ........ !£¢yˆÏÓ– ≤Ãì˛y˛ôy!îì˛ƒ
ã#Óò# ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ≤Ãâ˛úò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ≤Ãì˛˛ôy!îì˛ƒ v˛zÍ¢Ó– ì˛ˆÏúyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÖúyñ
Ñ%˛!hfl˛ úy!‡˛ ˆÖúyñ ÓÑ˛!¢Ç ÈÙÈ ˆüÖyˆÏì˛ úyÜˆÏúò Î%Ó ¢õyãˆÏÑ˛ ˆîüˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫yï#ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ–
1902 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï xÓ˚!Ó® ˆáyˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !â˛!‡˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Îì˛#wòyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# =Æ
¢!õ!ì˛ Á fl˛iy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xyˆÏ¢ò– !ì˛!ò ¢Ó≈ˆÏì˛y¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢y£yÎƒ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˝ õyò%°Ï ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ ≤ÃüÇ¢yÓyò# v˛zFâ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ÈÙÈ ÚÚˆîÓ#
îü¶%˛ãy !Ñ˛ xyã ¢üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ xÓì˛#í≈y ££zˆú Ï ò⁄ Óy·˛ˆÏíÓ˚ áˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ñ˛òƒy ãy!òÎ˚y ÓˆÏDÓ˚ ˆÜÔÓ˚ˆÓÏ Ó˚
5
!îò !ö˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ Óyv˛zúyÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ v˛zÍ¢Ó !£¢yˆÏÓ ÚÓ#Ó˚y‹Tõ# v˛zÍ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚Û ¢)â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÏÑ˛v˛z ì˛§yˆÏÑ˛ ÚÚÓyÇúy ............. ˆîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yí# òyˆÏõÁ xyÖƒyì˛ £ˆÏì˛ úyÜú%õÛÛ–6 fl˛∫yõ#
!ÓˆÏÓÑ˛yòˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò Ü¶˛#Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚y˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆãˆÏÜ!äÈú xyïƒy!dÑ˛
ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xyÑ˛yCy– ÓyúÜDyïÓ˚ !ì˛úÑ˛ õ£yÓ˚yãÁ ì§˛yÓ˚ =ò@˘Ãy£# !äÈˆÏúò– 1905 !ÖÉ
˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢yˆÏ£ ˛ôyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÖƒyì˛ xy£zòã#Ó#ñ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ˆòì˛y Á ¢õyã ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚Ñ˛
Ó˚yõ¶%˛ã î_ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ì§˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓy£ £Î˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛õye ˛ô%e ◊# î#˛ôÑ˛ î_ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#–
!ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ úyˆÏ£yˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# xhs˛É˛ô%!Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ü«˛y !Óhfl˛yˆÏÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢y£
ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– 1910 !ÖÉ ~úy£yÓyˆÏî ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ïˆÏÓüˆÏò !ì˛!ò
~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!Öú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ õ!£úy ¢ˆÏ¡øúò xy£¥yò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~£z ¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏîƒyˆÏÜ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ fl˛f#
õ£yõ[˛ú ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚– 1935 !ÖÉ Ñ˛õ≈ã#Óò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xÓ¢Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyïƒyd ¢yïòyÎ˚ !òõ@¿
£Î˚– ÚˆÜyeyhs˛Ó˚Û Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ ˆî!Ö !ì˛!ò =Ó˚& Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô !ÓãÎ˚ =ÆˆÏÑ˛ ÓÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòò– õy!¢Ñ˛
Ó¢%õì˛#ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛y!ì˛≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy 1344 ÓDyˆÏ∑ !ì˛!ò ˆúˆÏÖò ÈÙÈ ÚÚ=Ó˚& x@˘Ãî)ì˛ñ !ì˛!ò ÎyˆÏÓò
ˆì˛yõÓ˚y ì§˛yÓ˚ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓñ ÷ï% xò%Ñ˛Ó˚í òÎ˚–ÛÛ7
ÚÚ=ˆÏÓ˚y
xyõyÓ˚ xy!õˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖyÁ ˆîÖyÁ
Ñ˛Ó˚y x!¶˛K˛yò–ÛÛ
1944 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ 18 xyÜ‹T ~£z !ÓÓ˚y›˛ Ñ˛õ≈õÎ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢yò áˆÏ›˛– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
xyï%!òÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xhs˛mˆÏ®µ≈Ó˚ xòƒ òyõ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ#–
Ó˝õ%Ö# ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yí# ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 83
¢y!£ì˛ƒ â˛â˛≈y
¢Ó˚úy ˆîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yí#Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ÓˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú!äÈú ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛
ã#Óò– Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Û ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÓü#Ó˚ ¶˛yÜ Ó˚â˛òy ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖy !ì˛ò!›˛
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ £ˆÏú Úüì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ fl˛∫≤¿Û– ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yí# ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ~Ñ˛ ¢îƒ S˜ÏÓüyÖ
1330V Î%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õò Úv˛zÌyú ˛ôyì˛yúÛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÈÙÈxò%¶)˛!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò xì˛ƒhs˛ ¢)-
!ÓˆÏŸ’°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Óhfl+˛!ì˛ Óy Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ Á‡˛y˛ôv˛¸y ˆì˛õò òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ !ü!«˛ì˛
õïƒ!Ó_ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óyhfl˛Ó!â˛eÈÙÈ~ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xhs˛Ó˚ ¢¡ôî– ÚxòyÌÓı%˛Û
S¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ñ ˜ãƒ¤˛ 1305 ¢òV v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# xòyÌÓı%˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ fl˛∫ˆÏîü#
oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Á !Óúyì˛# oÓƒ Óã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zîy_ xy£¥yò ãyòyò– ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆú!ÖÑ˛yÓ˚ Úú«˛#Ó˚
¶˛y[˛yÓ˚Û ˆÖyúyÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£ò# äÈy˛ô ˆö˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ–
Úx˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛yÛ S˜ÏÓüyÖ 1333 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy!Ÿªò 1333ñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# ˛ô!eÑ˛yV
xòƒ î%!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ¢Ω˛ÓòyõÎ˚ £ˆÏúÁ ~!›˛ x¢¡ô)í≈ Ó˚â˛òy– Óyày!ú Ñ˛òƒyÓ˚
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛Ó˚ !â˛e ~ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢– ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ Ü“Á !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Û
˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚– ÚÓÑ%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ü“Û S¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ñ ¶˛yo 1294V î%£z !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚#Ó˚ õò ˆîÁÎ˚y ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚
¢y«˛# ÓÑ%˛úÜyäÈ– ÚÓ§y!üÛÈÙÈÓ§y!üÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ m®µõÎ˚ î%!›˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ î)Ó˚c Ñ˛!õˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ–
Ú!£ˆÏ®yúÛ ì§˛yÓ˚ úyˆÏ£yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!â˛e x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛â˛yÓ˚íyÓ˚ ö˛¢ú– Úx!@¿˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÛ S¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ñ
˜ãƒ¤˛ 1325VÈÙÈ~ Óyày!úˆÏîÓ˚ Î%k˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó#Ó˚cñ ¢y£¢ ˆîÖyˆÏòyÓ˚ Ü“– Ú˛ôyÓ˚¢ƒ˛ô%úÑ˛Û
S¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ñ ˜ãƒ¤˛ 1307V ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z ~ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÓı˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏúÁ ~ˆÏì˛ Ü“Ó˚¢ Á ÜˆÏ“Ó˚
v˛z˛ôyîyò xyˆÏäÈ–
¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó !£¢yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y ◊k˛y ãyòyˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ ££z– Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Û ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚
~¢Ó Ñ˛!Óì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– Ú~Ñ˛yÛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛yÓÓlfl˛ ÚÚ~Ñ˛y xy!õ ¶˛Î˚£#òñ
xydÓú#Î˚yòÛÛ– ÚòyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛îyòÛ S◊yÓí 1302ñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#V ÈÙÈ ~ ¢Ó Ñ˛‹T ˆÓîòyñ Îs˛fòy
≤Ã!ì˛Ñ)˛úì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ãÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyÓ˚# !≤ÃÎ˚ãòˆÏÑ˛ ˆfl˛¨£ñ ˆ≤Ãõñ Ñ˛Ó˚&òyÎ˚ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚– Úxy!£ì˛y!@¿ì˛yÛ
S¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ñ xy°Ïyë˛¸ 1306VÈÙÈ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ˆîüõyì˛yÓ˚ â˛Ó˚ˆíÏ xyd!òˆÏÓîˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y– Ú£*îÎ˚Óòñ
Ú˛ôy°ÏyˆÏíÓ˚ xyˆÏÓîˆÏòñ Ú!ÓŸªãÎ˚#Ûñ ÚÑ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÓyG˛yÛñ Ú!Ó¶)˛!ì˛Ûñ Ú¢%Ó˚¢!Ó˚ˆÏì˛Ûñ Ú≤ÃyíÓy!£ò#Ûñ
Úx£ÇÑ˛yÓ˚Ûñ Ú◊yÓíÛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y Îy ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚
v˛zIµú fl˛∫y«˛Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È Üyò !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò Á ¢%Ó˚ˆÏÎyãòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ¢Çfl˛,ÒˆÏì˛ Üyò– Ú«˛ƒy˛ôyÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛Û ì˛y§Ó˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛úò– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# Á ÓyúÑ˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ÚÎ%k˛¢ÇÜ#ì˛
ì§˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ xyÿ˛Î≈ ¢,!‹T–
¢õyãˆÏ¢Ó#ñ ˆîüÑ˛õ≈#ñ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ì§˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃÓı˛=!ú !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆú Ï ò Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Ûñ ÚÓyúÑ˛Ûñ
ÚÓ¢%õì˛#Û ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚– ÚÓyDyú# Á õyÓ˚£yR#Û S¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# Á ÓyúÑ˛ ≠ 1299VÈÙÈˆì˛ ˛ô%íy
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ !Ó!â˛e x!¶˛K˛ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ v˛zãyv˛¸ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ~ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛– Úfl˛∫yõ# !ÓˆÏÓÑ˛yò®Û
S¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ñ ˜â˛e 1313V fl˛∫yõ#ã#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˆú!ÖÑ˛yÓ˚ ◊k˛yÓ˚ ö˛¢ú ~ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆú!ÖÑ˛yÓ˚ !ãK˛y¢y
≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÚxyõyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛!ü«˛yÛ S¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ñ ¶˛yoñ 1311V ÚxyõyÓ˚ Óyúƒã#ÓòÛñ
Ú!ÓãÎ˚yîüõ#Ûñ ÚÑ˛ÇˆÏ@˘Ã¢ Á fl˛∫yÎ˚c üy¢òÛ ≤ÃÓı˛=!ú ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚–
~äÈyv˛¸y ÚÓ¢%õì˛#ÛˆÏì˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ !˚ ú Ú˜ÏÓŸªyòÓ˚Û ÈÙÈ äÈˆ®
Ï yÜƒ v˛z˛ô!ò°ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy– ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓı˛=!ú
¢%îÓ) ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚# Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Á õyò!ÓÑ˛ î,!‹T¶˛D#Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yÎ˚Ñ˛– ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ Úã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
G˛Ó˚y˛ôyì˛yÛ ÷ï% xydã#Óò# òÎ˚ñ ~ ˆÎò ˆÎ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ì˛Ìy ¢õ@˘Ã ÓyÇúyÓ˚ xyd
≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ xyÿ˛Î≈ î!úú–
Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# ˛ô!eÑ˛y ¢¡ôyîòy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ£z ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛#Î˚ !úÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚
â˛y!£îy ˛ô)Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Á !òˆÏãÓ˚ xyd ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ãòƒ£z ~ì˛ !Ó!â˛e ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yñ
ˆäÈy›˛Ü“ñ ≤ÃÓı˛ñ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ñ Üyò !ì˛!ò Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ Îy ˆ¢£zÎ%Üñ ˆ¢£z ¢õyã ãyòˆÏì˛
¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yí#Ó˚ òy›˛Ñ˛ ≠
¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ xòƒyòƒ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y òy›˛Ñ˛ ≤Ãâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ ˆÓü# £Î˚!ò Á ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yò
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÁ £Î˚!ò– ì§˛yÓ˚ î%!›˛ òy›˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ Úúyò Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ v˛zã#Ó˚Û S¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ˜ÓüyÖñ
˜ãƒ¤˛ñ ◊yÓí Á ˜â˛e ¢ÇÖƒyñ 1311 ÓDyˆÏ∑V ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚– ¢ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÛ S≤ÃÓy¢#
˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ 1339 ÓDyˆÏ∑ Ñ˛y!ì˛≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚V ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– î%!›˛ òy›˛Ñ˛ î%ÈÙÈïÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ xy!DˆÏÑ˛
ˆúÖy–
Úúyò‰ Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ v˛zã#Ó˚Û õ)ú ˛ôyÓ˚¢ƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xò%Óyî Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛
¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ ÚÚ~£z xyãÓ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢!ÓˆÏü°Ï Ó,_yhs˛ â˛y!Ó˚ xˆÏB˛ ¢!ß¨!Ó‹T Á
¢õyÆ ££zÎ˚yˆÏäÈÛÛ–8 â˛yÓ˚ xB˛ !Ó!ü‹T ~£z òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ x!¶˛òÓc ~Ó˚ á›˛òy ¢%î)Ó˚ Ñ˛y!ŸôÎ˚yò
¢õ%ˆÏoÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÑ)˛úÓì˛≈# ü£Ó˚ òyõÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏí !õã≈y £Ó#Ó˚ v˛zã#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü,ˆÏ£Ó˚– ÓyDyú# ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ~
òy›˛Ñ˛ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ xòƒ ¢%î)Ó˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£ò# Á ¢õyãˆÏÑ˛ ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ú– òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆõy›˛
â˛!Ó˚e ¢ÇÖƒy 18ñ !Ñ˛ä%È xyõ#Ó˚ñ ÁõÓ˚y£ Á ˆÜyúyõ ˛ôM˛Èyü ãò– ≤Ãïyò â˛!Ó˚e v˛zã#Ó˚ !õã≈y
£Ó#Ó˚ñ ã#ÓyÖyò%õ– ˜Ïü!úÖyò%õñ !ò¢y Öyò%õñ ˜ì˛õ%Ó˚ xyÑ˛yñ xòƒyòƒ â˛!Ó˚e=!ú fl˛∫“ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏò
xyÑ˛y–
ã#Óy Öyò%õ Á ˆüy!ò Öyò%õ ÈÙÈ õ#ã≈y £Ó#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ î%£z ˛ôb#– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢˛ôb# ˆÑ˛y®ˆÏúÓ˚
!â˛e xyˆÏäÈ– ã#Óy Öyò%õ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãòƒ£z ˆüy!ú Öyò%õ v˛zã£#Ó˚ !õã≈y £Ó#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!≤ÃÎ˚ ˛ôb#– òyòy¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ v˛zã#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏ_!ãì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ ˆüy!ú Öyò%ˆÏõÓ˚ ≤Ã¢®y ~ˆÏò–
¢ì˛#ò# G˛Üv˛¸y ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ {°Ï≈y ~ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y fl˛iyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–ÈÙÈ
ÚÚxyî%ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛f#Ó˚ ãˆÏòƒ ÜúyÎ˚ ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ ˆÓyì˛yõÁÎ˚yúyÛÛ xy!DÎ˚y ö˛Ó˚õy£z¢ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏFäÈÊ
.... ÜúyÎ˚ ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ ˆÓyì˛yõÁÎ˚yúy ˆ¢£z xy!DÎ˚y ˆÎò ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ fl˛f#Ó˚ ˛ôÎ˚õhs˛Ó˚ £Î˚– xy£y
˜ì˛õ%Ó˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yÖ !Ñ˛ ˆÓ˚yüòy£z £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡‰˛ˆÏÓ–.... ˆ¢£z ãyõy ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˜ì˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢yõ‰ˆÏò Ñ˛ì˛
£yÓ¶˛yÓ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ9 ~ ˆÎò ÓyÇúy ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ î%£z ˛ôb#Ó˚ m®µ– ¢˛ôb# !ÓˆÏmˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ~£z ãµyúy
v˛zã#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÚÑ§˛y›˛yÛ Á Ú!Ó°ÏÛ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÈ ÚÚì%˛!õ xyõyˆÏÑ˛ ~ì˛ Ñ§˛y›˛y xyÓ˚ !Ó°Ï
Öy£zˆÏÎ˚äÈ ˆÎ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ õy¢ !Ñ˛ä%È òy ˆÖˆÏúÁ xyõyÓ˚ ˆ˛ô›˛ ¶˛Ó˚y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ10 ~!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !¶˛ß¨
fl˛∫yˆÏîÓ˚ òy›˛Ñ˛– !ò¢y Öyò%õ SˆÏüy!ú Öyò%ˆÏõÓ˚ ˆÓyòV ¶˛yúÓyˆÏ¢ ¢%îü≈ò ¢y£¢# Ó˚yãƒ£yÓ˚y
üy£ãyîy ˜ì˛õ%Ó˚ xyÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛– !ò¢yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆîÖy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏ¢ ˜ì˛õ%Ó˚ ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ú%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y
¢ˆÏ_¥Á– ˜ì˛õ%Ó˚ v˛zã#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ïyE˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– v˛zã#Ó˚ òy!úü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˜ì˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yÑ˛y Ö§y
¢yˆÏ£ÓˆÏÑ˛– ˜ì˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢¶˛yÎ˚ Ó®# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyòˆÏú ˆ¢ !˛ôhfl˛ú ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ v˛zã#Ó˚
!ò¢y Öyò%ˆÏõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ Ö§y ¢yˆÏ£ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD– Ö§y ¢yˆÏ£ÓÁ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿ õ@¿– £‡˛yÍ
ˆòÔÑ˛y v˛zˆÏŒ›˛ Ö§yÈÙÈ¢yˆÏ£Ó õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˜ì˛õ%Ó˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ !˛ôì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yãƒ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÎ˚– ˜ì˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD
!ÓˆÏÎ˚ £Î˚ !ò¢y Öyò%ˆÏõÓ˚– v˛zã#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛≈Óƒâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ Á xòƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ v˛zã#Ó˚ ˛ôî äÈyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ £ú–
¢Íñ ˆÎyÜƒ õyò%°ÏÓ˚y ˜ì˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yã¢¶˛y xúÇÑ,˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ Ñ˛úƒyíÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ !õúòydÑ˛– òy›˛ƒm®µ ~ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆì˛õò ˆò£z– Ñ˛y!£ò#!›˛Á xyãÓ
Ñ˛“òyãyì˛– ì˛ˆÏ Ó ~ òy›˛ˆÏ Ñ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ ˆ Ï ¢ ƒÓ˚ Ü, £ ã#Óòñ Ó˚ y ãƒ üy¢òñ üy¢òÓƒÓfl˛i y ñ
ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈˆÏîÓ˚ !ò˛ô%ò Óí≈òy xyˆÏäÈ– ~ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆîÖyˆÏúò xòƒyÎ˚ñ
xïõ≈ñ ˛ôy˛ô !â˛Ó˚!îò Ó˚yãc Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyñ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ãÎ˚ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ì˛ƒñ Ñ˛úƒyíñ õDúñ
¢ì˛ì˛y Á !ò¤˛y– ì˛y£z Ö§y ¢yˆÏ£ˆÏÓÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒñ ˜ì˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yãc úy¶˛– v˛zã#Ó˚ «˛õì˛yˆÏúy¶˛#
Ó˚yãÑ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎyÜƒ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï– ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏ¢ƒÁ ˆ¢!îò õ!£úyÓ˚y !äÈú ˛ôî≈yòü#ú Á xhs˛É˛ô%Ó˚
Óy!¢ò#– ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ £zFäÈyÓ˚ e´#v˛¸òÑ˛ õyeñ ~£z ¢Ó òyÓ˚#Ó˚y õyÈÙÈfl˛f#ÈÙÈüƒy!úÑ˛y ¢Óy£z– !ò¢y
Öyò%ˆÏõÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y xyd≤Ãì˛ƒÎ˚ñ fl˛∫yì˛s˛fƒì˛y Á Óƒ!_ćˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü xyˆÏäÈ– òy›˛ƒm®µ
«˛#ò £ˆÏúÁ v˛zã#Ó˚ñ !ò¢y Öyú%õñ ˆüy!ú Öyú%õ Á ã#Óy Öyú%õ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ â˛!Ó˚e– Î!îÁ
â˛y!Ó˚!eÑ˛m®µ ì˛ì˛›˛y fl˛ô‹T òÎ˚– ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ¢ì˛ƒ Á òƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ÷¶˛Óyì˛≈y ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛
!îˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ òì%˛òˆÏcÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ òy›˛Ñ˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ–
¢Ω˛Óì˛≠ ~ òy›˛Ñ˛ ÷ï% ˛ô!eÑ˛yˆÏì˛£z ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ ˆÑ˛yò x!¶˛òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ÇÓyî ˛ôy£z!ò–
!mì˛#Î˚ òy›˛Ñ˛ ÚÚ¢ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÛÛ– ˛ô§yâ˛ xˆÏB˛Ó˚ òy›˛Ñ˛– ¢ì˛ƒˆÏÓyï Á Óı%˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛
˛ôÓ˚#«˛yú∏˛ ¢ì˛ƒ ~ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õ)ú !Ó°ÏÎ˚– ~ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ Üyò xyˆÏäÈ ì˛y òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛
ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xãfl˛À Üyò ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £ì˛– ì˛yÓ˚
≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ £Î˚ì˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# !òˆÏã Üyò Ó˚â˛òy Á ¢%Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ î«˛ !äÈˆÏúò–
ì˛y£z ~£z òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Üyò ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú– òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ fl˛∫ˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ˆîÓì˛yñ Üı˛Ó≈ Á !üÓyò%ˆÏÓˆÏîÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚– õyÎ˚yˆÏîÓ#ñ !ì˛òãò ¢Ö# Á ¢ì˛ƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÌy˛ôÑ˛ÌˆÏò ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ñ õyÎ˚yˆÏîÓ# ¢Ç¢yÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ì˛ƒñ ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ ˆõyˆÏ£ xyFäÈß¨ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ ¢ì˛ƒˆÏîÓ ì˛y ãyòˆÏì˛ â˛yò òy– ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y
üB˛Ó˚ Á ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓˆ˚ ÑÏ ˛ xy◊Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È õ)ú òy›˛Ñ˛– õ!ò˛ô%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ Ó˚yãy !Óe´õy!îˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
Ñ˛òƒyˆÏÑ˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ £zFäÈy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôe ˆîÎ˚ ˆ£Ó˚¡∫ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ â˛wˆÏ¢ò– ü!_´ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yãy ~ˆÏÑ˛
˛ôÓ˚y¶)˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓò òy– ì˛y£z ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎ â˛wˆÏ¢òˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚
¢ˆÏD Ó˚yãÑ˛òƒyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏÓò– ÎˆÏüyïÓ˚ õs˛f#Ó˚ ˛ô%e üB˛Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢òy˛ô!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚
¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚e ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ õye Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ v˛z!_´ˆÏì˛ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ¢Óy£z
Ó˚yãÑ˛òƒyÓ˚ ˆúyˆÏ¶˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ x«˛õ ˛ô%eˆÏîÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– ˆü°Ï˛ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ¢!ı˛Ó˚ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ
x@˘Ãy£ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ üB˛Ó˚ â˛wˆÏ¢òˆÏÑ˛ Ó®# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– üB˛Ó˚ñ ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ î%ãˆÏò Î%ˆÏk˛ ÎyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ ˆÑ˛ Ó®#
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y ãyòyÓ˚ ãòƒ Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óı%˛c Á ¢ì˛ì˛y ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó˚yãy ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– Ó˚yãÑ˛òƒyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD üB˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !îò ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ Ó®# £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!îò
¢õÎ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– üB˛Ó˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï £ˆÏÎ˚ Ó®#c ÓÓ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!îˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ òy
!ö˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆ¢ õ,ì%˛î[˛ ˆòˆÏÓ– ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˛ôì˛yõyì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !ÓîyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ö˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆîÓ˚# £Î˚ñ
üB˛Ó˚ Óïƒ¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ ≤Ãyí !îˆÏì˛ ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ñ ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ ≤Ãyí !îˆÏì˛ ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛– Ó˚yãy !Óe´õˆÏîÓ ¢Ó
¢ì˛ƒ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– õyÎ˚yˆÏîÓ# ÓˆÏúò ÈÙÈ ÚÚî%£z ü!_´Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y £úñ õyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ ¢ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
ãÎ˚ £ú–ÛÛ11 òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ Ó˚&k˛Ÿªy¢ Ü!ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ õs˛fõ%?˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖ– òy›˛ƒm®µ ~ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ õ)ú ¢%Ó˚– Ñ˛y!£ò#Ó˚ õòáò v˛z‡˛y˛ôv˛¸y òy›˛ƒÜ!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)í≈ì˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ãyâ˛#ò òy›˛ƒ
Ñ˛y!£ò#Ó˚ ˆõyv˛¸Ñ˛ Á òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y òì%˛ò õyey !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ â˛!Ó˚e !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïíñ
xhs˛m≈®µ ì˛ì˛›˛y =Ó˚&c ˛ôyÎ˚!òñ Îì˛›˛y =Ó˚&c ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ òy›˛ƒm®µ Á Ñ˛y!£ò# !Óhfl˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛Ôüú–
~ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yí# ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ¢ì˛ƒñ òƒyÎ˚ ¢ì˛ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓãÎ˚Óyì˛≈y– ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ#
ˆîüñ ãy!ì˛ñ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ˆÎ v˛zFâ˛ xyîˆÏü≈Ó˚ x!¶˛úy«˛# !äÈˆÏúòñ Îy ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ã ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ !äÈú
~ î%!›˛ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Á ˆ¢£z !â˛hs˛y Á !ÓŸªy¢ ≤Ãyïyòƒ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
òy›˛Ñ˛ î%!›˛ £Î˚ì˛ òy›˛Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ¢Ó≈yÇˆÏü ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛!ò !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ õ!£úyÓ˚y
ˆÎ òy›˛Ñ˛ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò ì˛yÓ˚ !òîü≈ò !£¢yˆÏÓ ~ î%!›˛ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚–
¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ xòƒyòƒ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ òy›˛Ñ˛ ˆì˛õò =Ó˚&c îyÓ# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏúÁ
õ!£úy Ó˚!â˛ì˛ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !òîü≈ò !£¢yˆÏÓ ~=!ú ÓyÇúy òy›˛ƒ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ !òîü≈ò
ÓˆÏú xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚– v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓyÇúy òy›˛ƒ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ˆÎ ¢Ó õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ,˛!ì˛ˆÏcÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìy ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yò# ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xòƒì˛õ– ÓyÇúy ¢õyã Á ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ
¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yò# x¢yõyòƒ Ñ,˛!ì˛c xyãÁ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ◊k˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
˛ôyî›˛#Ñ˛y ≠
1– ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ G˛Ó˚y˛ôyì˛y ≠ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yí#ñ ˆîÛã ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í S≤ÃÌõVñ ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ 2007ñ
ˆîÛã ˛ôyÓ!ú!üÇñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y 700073ñ ˛ô,¤˛y 13
2– ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ G˛Ó˚y˛ôyì˛y ≠ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yí#ñ ˆîÛã ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í S≤ÃÌõVñ ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ 2007ñ ˛
ô,¤˛y 13
ô,¤˛y 38
ô,¤˛y 93

ô,¤˛y 112
6– ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ G˛Ó˚y˛ôyì˛y ≠ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yí#ñ ˆîÛã ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í S≤ÃÌõVñ ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ 2007ñ
˛ô,¤˛y 135
7– ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yò# ≠ ¢ÇÑ˛úò Á ¢¡ôyîòyñ Ó˚â˛òy ¢ÇÑ˛úò v˛. üB˛Ó˚#≤Ã¢yî â˛e´Óì˛≈#ñ
ˆîÛã ˛ôyÓ!ú!üÇñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ 2011 Sõyá 1417Vñ ˛ô,¤˛y 340
8– úyòÑ˛Ó˚yˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zã#Ó˚ ≠ ¢ÇÑ˛úò Á ¢¡ôyîòyñ v˛. üB˛Ó˚#≤Ã¢yî â˛e´Óì˛≈#ñ ˆîÛã ˛ôyÓ!ú!üÇñ
≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ 2011 Sõyá 1417Vñ ˛ô,¤˛y 119
9– úyòÑ˛Ó˚yˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zã#Ó˚ ≠ ¢ÇÑ˛úò Á ¢¡ôyîòyñ v˛. üB˛Ó˚#≤Ã¢yî â˛e´Óì˛≈#ñ ˆîÛã ˛ôyÓ!ú!üÇñ
≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ 2011 Sõyá 1417Vñ ˛ô,¤˛y 121
10– ˙ ≠ ˛ô,¤˛y 123
11– ¢ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y ≠ ¢ÇÑ˛úò Á ¢¡ôyîòyñ v˛. üB˛Ó˚#≤Ã¢yî â˛e´Óì˛≈#ñ ˆîÛã ˛ôyÓ!ú!üÇñ ≤ÃÌõ
≤ÃÑ˛yü ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ 2011 Sõyá 1417Vñ ˛ô,¤˛y 166
¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i ≠
1– ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yò# ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ≠ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ G˛Ó˚y˛ôì˛yñ ˆîÛã ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í S≤ÃÌõVñ ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ 2007ñ
ˆîÛã ˛ôyÓ!ú!üÇñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y–
2– â˛e´Óì˛≈#ñ v˛. üB˛Ó˚#≤Ã¢yî S¢¡ôy!îì˛V ≠ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yò# Ó˚â˛òy ¢ÇÑ˛úòñ ˆîÛã
˛ôyÓ!ú!üÇñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ãyò%Îy˚ !Ó˚ 2011–
3– ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# îü≈ò ≠ ÓyÇúy !ÌˆÏÎ˚›˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ô!òñ 27ñ ˆÓ!òÎ˚yˆÏ›˛yúy ˆúòñ
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 9ñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü 1995 Sãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚V–
~î‚ ²Ìy!hsþöì„þîû ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÚäÈ®Û äÈyv˛¸y ˆÎõò Ü!ì˛ £Î˚ òyñ !‡Ñ˛
ˆì˛õò£z ÚÓ£zÛ äÈyv˛¸y !ü«˛yÓ˚ ÓúÎ˚ ˛ô)í≈ £Î˚ òy–
~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yüòyÎ˚ Úx˛ôÓ˚*˛ôyÛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y
¢ÇÑ˛úòÖy!òˆÏì˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È !ü÷ˆÏîÓ˚ !òÎ≈y¢
õˆÏòy!ÓîƒyÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y=FäÈñ ˆÎÔÓˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏÜ
ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yñ ã#ÓÏò ˛ÚôyÓ˚y˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Û ˆü°Ï
˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ñ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ Ó%Í˛ô!_ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÚˆúyÑ˛Ü#!ì˛Û
Á Ú≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Û ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ ¢õß∫Î˚
¢yö˛ˆÏúƒÓ˚ ü#ˆÏ°Ï≈ñ Úx˛ôÓ˚*˛ôyÛÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ~Ñ˛
x˛ôÓ˚*˛ôy xòÓîƒ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢– ~£z ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ ¢ö˛úì˛yÎ˚
˛ôyÌ≈ Ö§y G˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôv˛YÑ˛ÈÙÈ !≤ÃÎ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚
õ)úƒ ≠ 100 ›˛yÑ˛y xÑ,˛˛ôí xyü#≈Óyî–
¢_Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ≠ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ñ ã#ÓˆÏò

ÎˆÏüyîy ˆÓÓ˚y*
¢_Ó˚ îüÑ˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ˆÏòÓ˚ îüÑ˛– Ñ˛# Ñ,˛!°ÏÈÙÈ!Ó≤’ˆÏÓñ Ñ˛# ÓyÇúy ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ñ Ñ˛#
£z!®Ó˚yÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ¢_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ îüÑ˛ñ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f#
õ%!ãÓÓ˚ Ó˚£õyˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ñ ˆÑ˛v˛z Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ ÚîyÓyˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛Û ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò– ˆÑ˛yò îú â˛yÑ˛ Óy
òy â˛yÑ˛ñ ì˛§yÓ˚y õ£Í v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ !õ!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ !Ñ˛ÇÓy xhs˛ì˛ õ%Ö Ö%ˆÏúˆÏäÈò– ¢ˆÏÓ˚yã
î_ ì˛y§ˆÏîÓ˚ Óv˛¸ ~Ñ˛›˛y xyõú ˆîò!òñ ì˛Ó% ì§˛yÓ˚y ¢üfl˛f ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ˆÏò ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈò–
£z!®Ó˚yÈÙÈ˛ô%e ¢OÎ˚ Üyı˛# ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ ÓˆÏú£z !îˆÏúòñ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆò£z– ì˛Ó%
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ñ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ñ ¢OÎ˚ Üyı˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ£z
ì§˛yÓ˚y ¢õˆÏÓì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– xyÓ˚ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ Î%k˛⁄ ~£z Î%ˆkÏ ˛ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ãòîÓ˚î#
ˆîÓî%úyˆÏúÓ˚ v˛yˆÏÑ˛ £yãyÓ˚ £yãyÓ˚ õyò%°Ï G§˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÓ!üÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ£z !äÈú
Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ˆ◊í#– ÎyÓ˚ ì%˛úòy òy!Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛õye ˆfl˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,£Î%k˛– ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚
ˆòe# £z!®Ó˚y Üyı˛# Ó˚yã¶˛ÓˆÏò Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ˆ◊í#Ó˚ õyò%°ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !òˆÏã ˆîÖy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ â˛y£zˆúÏ ò–
~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ v˛yˆÏÑ˛£z ¢yv˛¸y ˆ˛ôˆÏúò– ÎyˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ Óúy ÎyÎ˚ x¶)˛ì˛˛ô)Ó≈–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ~Ñ˛Ìy Óúy ÎyÎ˚ñ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚y ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈˆÏúò Üì˛ îüˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y v˛yÑ˛
÷ˆÏò Óy òy ÷ˆÏò !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛y!ÜˆÏî£zñ Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ òy ˆÑ˛ò– ˆÑ˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ⁄ ì˛Ó% ˆÑ˛ò
ˆÎ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ îú›˛y ~ì˛›˛y Ö%§ì˛ Ö%§ì˛ ¶˛yÓ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏúy ˆÓyG˛y õ%!fl˛Òú–
≤ÃÜ!ì˛ Á ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z v˛z¶˛Î˚ !ü!ÓˆÏÓ˚£z !äÈˆÏúò ¶%˛!Ó˚ ¶%˛!Ó˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ÈÙÙÙ ü!Ó˚Ñ˛ñ
ì˛Ó% ˆÜy¤˛# !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ ¢ÇüÎ˚ ˆÎò ÎyÎ˚ òy– ¢yÓ˚y ˆîˆÏü ~Ñ˛›˛y òì%˛ò Ñ˛Ìy
äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ú ÙÙÙ Úx§yˆÏì˛úÛ– â˛!Õ‘ˆÏüÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z òyˆÏõ !â˛!£´ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò !Ñ˛òy ãyòy ˆò£z– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ !Ó≤’Ó# Á ≤Ã!ì˛!Ó≤’Ó# ˆäÈyÑ˛Ó˚yˆÏîÓ˚
õ%ˆÏÖõ%ˆÏÖ ˆüyòy ˆÎì˛ ~£z Ñ˛Ìy!›˛– ~Ñ˛›%˛ ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyˆÏòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z ˆ¢ xy§ˆÏì˛ú !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛–
ˆ¢£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ òÑ‰˛üyúÓ˚y ˆì˛y ÚˆÎ Îì˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆ¢ ì˛ì˛ õ)Ö≈ £Î˚Û ~£z ö˛õ%≈úyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
¢y«˛Ó˚ì˛y î)Ó˚#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ Óy˛ôÈÙÈÓy˛ôyhs˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸!äÈúñ ÙÙÙÈ
xÌâ˛ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È !ú›‰˛ú õƒyÜy!ãˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ü#ú x§yì˛ˆÏú!õ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã£z ˆúˆÏÜ!äÈú–
˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ õãÓ%ì˛ Óyõ˛ôs˛i# ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò !¢.!˛ô.~õ xÓüƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï#
ˆŸ’yÜyò ˆîÎ˚!òñ !Ñ˛ls˛ !Ñ˛ ˆÎò xyˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚y ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛
òÑ˛üyúñ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ¢OÎ˚ ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛y!FäÈúƒ ¢£ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓÁ ˚ !¢.!˛ô.~õÈ Üy ë˛yÑ˛y ˆîÎ˚!ò– ãò◊&!ì˛
*ÜˆÏÓ!°ÏÑ˛yñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ó˚§y!â˛ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

¢_Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ≠ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ñ ã#ÓˆÏò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 89
~£z ˆÎñ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ ò#Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ˆÜúy Á ˆÓõyú%õ £ãõ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ö˛!úì˛ !Óîƒy£z òy!Ñ˛
Üì˛ îüˆÏÑ˛ !¢.!˛ô.~õÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆõî Ó,!k˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í– ~¢.£zv˛z.!¢.ÈÙÈÓ˚ ˆÑ˛y›˛y ¢#!õì˛ !äÈú ÈÙÙÙ !üÓîy¢
ˆáy°Ïñ üÓ˚Íâ˛w Á òãÓ˚&ˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚ fl˛iyò ˆò£z– ì˛yÓ˚y ~£z
Ü[˛#!›˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛# òÎ˚–
÷ï% !¢.!˛ô.~õ.xy£z îú!›˛ Óƒ!ì˛e´õÈÙÙÙÈˆÜy›˛y ¢_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ îü îü!›˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚
Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛y§ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓÇüÓ,!k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÷ï%£z Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ îú ÓˆÏú Öƒy!ì˛
xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
!Ñ˛ls˛ ¢Ó !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ Ñ˛õ ïÑ˛ú ¢£zˆÏì˛ £Î˚!ò xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛y ˆ¶˛yúy›˛y
!‡˛Ñ˛ òÎ˚– ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜúyÁ ÎyÎ˚ òy xÌâ˛ ˆö˛úyÁ ÎyÎ˚ òyñ ÎyÓ˚y !Ó≤’Ó Óy Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛
¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ë%˛Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ äÈ›˛ö˛›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÙÙÙ ~Ó˚Á ì˛y!Ó˚ö˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ÌyÑ˛y
â˛y£z–
Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xyúyîy xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ◊í# òÎ˚ñ ˆ˛ô!›˛ÈÙÈÓ%ˆÏã≈yÎ˚yÓ˚£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇüñ
~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢%fl˛ô‹T ¢ÇK˛yÁ ˆò£z– ~Ñ˛›˛y ÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ ïyÓ˚íy ~£z ÙÙÙ Î§yÓ˚y ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ â˛â˛≈y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ Á fl˛∫yï#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓòyÈÙÈ!â˛hs˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò˚ ì§˛yÓ˚y£z Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#– ~£z fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓòyÈÙÈ!â˛hs˛y
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y£z Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏÑ˛ ˜Ó≤’!ÓÑ˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏúñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ˛ô!›˛
Ó%ˆÏã≈yÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ◊í#Üì˛ Îì˛ x!fl˛iÓ˚ì˛yñ ˆîyõòy¶˛yÓñ ˛ôúyÎ˚òÓ,!_ ˆ¢ÈÙÈ¢Ó£z ì˛y§ˆÏÑ˛ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛
ˆ›˛ˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ~£z ˜mì˛ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ£z Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ Á ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y
v˛z¶˛Î˚ ì˛Ó˚ˆÏö˛£z ~ì˛ ›˛yòy›˛y!òñ xyÓyÓ˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe£z ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ì˛›˛y xÓK˛yñ ~ì˛›˛y
x!ÓŸªy¢– ˆú!òˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÜy!Ñ˛≈Ó˚ õì˛!ÓˆÏÓ˚yïñ ì˛yÓ˚ õ)ˆÏú !äÈú Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚
≤ÃŸ¿!›˛– hfl˛y!úˆÏòÓ˚ xyõˆÏú ˆÜy›˛y ˛ô!ÿ˛õ# î%!òÎ˚y ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ Ó˚y!üÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ x˛ôîfl˛i Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ hfl˛y!úˆÏòÓ˚ xòõò#Î˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛îÎ≈ x˛ôÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
õîì˛ ã%!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ x¢ÇÖƒ Ó˚y!üÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#– xyÓyÓ˚ ˛ôM˛ÈyˆÏüÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏõ!Ó˚Ñ˛yÎ˚ !òÎ≈y!ì˛ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò x¢ÇÖƒ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ì˛y§ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ÈÙÈ≤Ã#!ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ– ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ î%!òÎ˚yˆÏì˛£z
ÎÖò Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚ ≤ÃŸ¿!›˛ ~ÖòÁ ~ì˛›˛y ã!›˛ú Á x≤Ã#!ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚ñ ì˛Öò xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õì˛ ˆîˆÏü
Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚ ˆò!ì˛Óyâ˛Ñ˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yˆÏÑ˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ ì˛ì˛›˛y£z Óv˛¸ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#Ó˚y ÷ï%
v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ õ)!ì˛≈£z ¶˛yˆÏàò!òñ ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yÓõ)!ì˛≈Á ì˛äÈòäÈ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
ÓyÇúy v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ¢_Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚ ¢ı˛yò ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È
v˛z˛ôòƒˆÏ¢ ì˛y ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– xì˛#ò ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Úò#úÑ˛t˛ ˛ôy!ÖÓ˚ ˆÖ§yˆÏãÛ S1971V
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ î%!›˛ ÖˆÏ[˛ !Ó¶˛_´– ÚÚ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ü#ì˛ú«˛yñ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆõáòyñ xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛
úyàúÓı˛Ó˚ñ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜyÎ˚yú® ÙÙÙ ~£z ¢#õyòyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ @˘Ãyõñ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ õy‡˛
~ÓÇ x¢ÇÖƒ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏÓü Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓòÎyey– !£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢úõyòñ ïò#ÈÙÈ!òï≈òñ õïƒ!Ó_
90 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ¢_Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ≠ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ñ ã#ÓˆÏò
!£®%ñ ÜÓ˚#Ó õ%¢úõyò ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ã#Óò!â˛e Ñ˛y!£ò#!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õ,k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ë˛yÑ˛y
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !Óhfl+˛ì˛ ãò˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢%®Ó˚ Ú~ƒyúÓyõÛ ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒy¢– ÚÚã#Óò
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÈÙÈ!Ó!FäÈß¨ £ÁÎ˚y ò#úÑ˛t˛ ˛ôy!ÖÓ˚y !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÑ˛ÈÙÙÙÈ
~£z xhs˛Ó˚D Óy¢òy ˆúÖÑ˛ ~ÖyˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈò–ÛÛ1
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£ò#Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛ â˛wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛ô%e¢hs˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ãß√¢ÇÓyî ˆüyòy ÎyÎ˚– â˛wòyÌ
õí#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆ¢ã ¶˛y£z– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛yß¨Óì˛≈# ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò õˆÏ£wòyÌ xü#!ì˛˛ôÓ˚ Ó,k˛ñ
xı˛ Á fl˛i!ÓÓ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏeÓ˚y £ú ÙÙÙÈ õí#wòyÌñ ¶)˛ˆÏ˛ôwòyÌñ â˛wòyÌ Á üâ˛#wòyÌ–
õˆÏ£wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Á ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛y!£ò# !òˆÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !ÓˆÏŸ’!°Ïì˛
òÎ˚ñ ˆõáòy Á ü#ì˛ú«˛ƒyÓ˚ ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ áÓ˚ Ó§yïy x¢ÇÖƒ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ~ÖyˆÏò ≤ÃyíÓhs˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ÚÚì˛Ó˚õ%ã ˆÖˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôy£yÓ˚yîyÓ˚ {üyò ˆüÖñ õ%¢!úõ !úˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆòì˛y ¢yõy¢%!jòñ
ˆö˛ú% ˆüÖñ ö˛!ì˛õyñ £y!ã ¢yˆÏ£Óñ Ó˚!Oì˛ñ ãõÓ˚ñ úyú›%˛ñ ˛ôŒ›%˛ñ xõúyñ Ñ˛õúyñ Ó˚yõ¢%®Ó˚ñ
xyß¨% xyÑ˛yú%!jòñ fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò !ü«˛Ñ˛ ü!ü¶)˛°Ïí ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ x¢ÇÖƒ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛¢)ˆÏe ˆÜ§ˆÏÌ
ˆúÖÑ˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛y v˛z˛ô£yÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–ÛÛ2 v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ õˆÏïƒ ≤Ãïyò ü!ü¶)˛°Ïí ÓyÓ%Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y
Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆÎõò xÓfl˛iyò ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ¢yïyÓ˚í Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ˆÖˆÏ›˛ ÖyÁÎ˚y
õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛Á ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ¶%˛ˆÏúò!ò–
ˆîü !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy fl˛ô‹T ¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ö%˛!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò ˆúÖÑ˛– ˆîü!Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚
!ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ üâ˛#wòyÌ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ˆ@˘Ãö˛ì˛yÓ˚ £ò– ˆîü!Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 1952
¢yˆÏúÓ˚ 21ˆü ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ ¶˛y°Ïy xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò xÇü !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢yõ¢%!jò !úÜ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ Úö˛ƒy!¢fi›˛Û
!£¢yˆÏÓ Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ÚÚ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ 1934 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1948 ¢yú ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˛ô)Ó≈ÓˆÏDÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
1948 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1952 ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˛ô)Ó≈ Á ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ ã#ÓòïyÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó!â˛e Ñ˛y!£ò# ˆö˛ˆÏõ Ó§yïy
äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õì˛ v˛zIµú–ÛÛ3
¢_Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ãòƒ ≤ÃÖƒyì˛ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ £ˆÏúò ˆãƒy!ì˛!Ó˚w ò®#– ì§˛yÓ˚ ~£z îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
!ÓÖƒyì˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ÚˆÏü°Ï !Óâ˛yÓ˚Û S1977V– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏòy õ)úƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ xÓ¢yò
Á õïƒ!Ó_ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ò#!ì˛£#òì˛yÓ˚ äÈ!Ó ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ â˛!Ó˚e Ó!B˛õ
î_ xÓ¢Ó˚≤ÃyÆ ãã– ì§˛yÓ˚ î%£z ˛ô%e ÈÙÈ x!õÎ˚ Á ¢%!≤ÃÎ˚ ~ÓÇ î%£z Ñ˛òƒy ÈÙÈ Ñ˛òÑ˛ Á ˛ôyÓ˚&ú–
˛ô%eÈÙÈÑ˛òƒyÈÙÈòy!ì˛ÈÙÈòyì˛ò#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢yãyˆÏòy ¢Ç¢yÓ˚– ~ÖyˆÏò ≤Ãïyò â˛!Ó˚e Ó!B˛õÓyÓ%
Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óƒ!_´– Ñ˛yÓ˚í !ì˛!ò ~Ñ˛ãò ãã¢yˆÏ£Ó– ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ !ì˛_´
x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óƒ_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ÚÚ≤Ã!ì˛!îò ≤Ãyì˛Éºõí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆö˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˜ì˛Ó˚#
¢%®Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸!›˛ ˆîˆÏÖ ì,˛Æ Á v˛zÍ¢yˆÏ£ !ÓˆÏ¶˛yÓ˚ ~£z Ó,k˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛ ò#!ì˛Ó˚ !ü«˛y
ˆîò– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!îò ≤Ãyì˛ÉºõˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ !ì˛ò!›˛ x˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˆäÈˆÏú ~£z ãˆÏãÓ˚ á!v˛¸ Á xyÇ!›˛
!äÈ!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– Ó!B˛õÓyÓ% xfl˛ô‹T ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyò ~£z !ì˛ò ¶˛oˆÏÓü# î¢%ƒˆÏÑ˛ î)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íy !îˆÏFäÈñ ˆ¢ ì§˛yÓ˚ òy!ì˛ Ó˚O%– xì˛É˛ôÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ~£z î,!‹T Ñ˛# fl˛∫FäÈñ
òy xy®yˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¶%˛ú xyˆÏäÈ⁄ !ì˛!ò Îy ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈòÈÙÈ¢Ó ¶%˛ú ÈÙÈ ~£z ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ£z !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛
¢ygs˛òy ˆîò !ì˛!ò– ~£z ¢õ#«˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚£z ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚–ÛÛ4
¢_Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãö%˛Õ‘ Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x¢yïyÓ˚í v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ Úãß√¶)˛!õÛ S1971V– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ õˆÏïƒ
Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óƒ_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !òîyÓ˚&í îy!Ó˚oƒ !â˛!£´ì˛– ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛
ãß√¶)˛!õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ òyv˛¸#Ó˚ ›˛yòñ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ x¢£ò#Î˚ îy!Ó˚oƒ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò ~
¢õÎ˚ v˛zˆÏmÜ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ Î%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ˛ôyÿ˛yˆÏì˛ƒ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z Óy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ v˛y_ýÓ˚ñ ˆÑ˛v˛z
£z!O!òÎ˚yÓ˚ñ ˆÑ˛v˛z Óy !ÓK˛yò#– ì§˛yÓ˚y !˛ôäÈˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˆÜˆÏäÈò ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ îy!Ó˚oƒ ¶˛Ó˚y ¢Ç¢yÓ˚–
!ÓˆÏîˆÏü ì§˛yÓ˚y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò ˛ôÎ≈yÆ ˆ¶˛yÜ¢%Ö Á ¢FäÈúì˛y– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ îy!Ó˚oƒñ ˆòyÇÓ˚y ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü
Á ò#â˛ì˛y ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õòˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô#v˛¸y ˆîÎ˚– ~ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z ˆîˆÏü ˆö˛Ó˚yÓ˚ £zFäÈy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ú%Æ–
ˆ›˛!ú@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ÖÓˆÏÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ˛ôÌÎye# xyd#Î˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚y xyˆÏ¢ò !‡˛Ñ˛£zñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˛ôÓ˚õ%£)ˆÏì˛≈£z
!ÓˆÏîˆÏü !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ÓƒyÑ%˛úì˛yÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚y xï#Ó˚ £ò– ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü Á ãß√¶)˛!õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛
ì§˛yÓ˚y ~Ñ˛›˛y ›˛yò xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ ~ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓòÎyeyÓ˚ !ò¡¨õyò ~£z õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîü
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ ÚÚÓyÓy Óúúñ ÚxyÓ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ £ˆÏÓ⁄ ~ÓyÓ˚ ÈÙÈ Óy!v˛¸ !ö˛Ó˚yÓ˚
ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚– â˛úñ Óy¢fi›˛ƒyˆÏ[˛ Îy£z–Û
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ Óy¢ õyˆÏò£z !Ó¶˛#!°ÏÑ˛y– ¢®#˛ô Óúúñ Úxy!õ ~£z ÓyˆÏ¢ ˆâ˛ˆÏ˛ô ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó òyÛ
Úì˛ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ˆÏ¢ Îy!Ó⁄Û
Ú›˛ƒy!:ˆÏì˛Û–
õyÑ%˛Ó˚#Ó˚ £yì˛ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢®#˛ô ~Ñ˛›˛y ›˛ƒy!: ˆv˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyòú– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ~ì˛=ˆÏúy
ˆúyÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ =ˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ Óúúñ Ú~Ñ˛›˛y ›˛ƒy!:ˆÏì˛ ˆì˛y £ˆÏÓ òyñ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛›˛y v˛y!Ñ˛–Û
ÓyÓy Óƒhfl˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Óúúñ ~Ñ˛›˛yˆÏì˛£z £ˆÏÓ– ˛ôÎ˚¢y ˆÖyúyõÑ%˛!›˛ òy!Ñ˛ñ ~ƒ§yñ ÓˆÏú£z ›˛ƒy!:Ó˚
îÓ˚ãy Ö%ˆÏú !îˆÏÎ˚ Üy!îˆÏÎ˚ Üy!îˆÏÎ˚ ¢Óy£zˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ úyÜú–...
!Ñ˛ä%È«˛í î)Ó˚õòˆÏfl˛ÒÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ÓˆÏ¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛y£zˆÏò áyv˛¸ ˆö˛Ó˚yˆÏì˛£z ¢®#˛ô ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôúñ
ˆÜÔÓ˚# xyÓ˚ Ó˚õy ì˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛£z ì˛y!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆâ˛yÖyˆÏâ˛y!Ö £ˆÏì˛£z ÁÓ˚y ì˛yv˛¸yì˛y!v˛¸ õ%Ö
òy!õˆÏÎ˚ !òú– ¢®#ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ £zˆÏFäÈ £ú !ãˆÏK˛¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÁÓ˚y ~Öò Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ– ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòy
xÌÓy xòƒ !Ñ˛ä%È– !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ £Î˚ !òñ ¢yîy !¢•!Ì ˆîˆÏÖ ì˛y ˆì˛y ˆÓyG˛y£z ÎyˆÏFäÈ–
!ãˆÏK˛¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÌõˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜú ¢®#˛ô– îyîyñ £yÓ˚& Óy ˛ô›˛úyÓ˚ !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È
£Î˚ˆÏì˛y ÁˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛Á ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏÓ–
!¶˛.xy£z.!˛ô. ˆÓ˚yv˛ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò ˆö˛ˆÏú ›˛ƒy!: ~Ñ˛¢õˆÏÎ˚ v˛y£zˆÏò á%Ó˚úñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ú !ÓˆÏãÓ˚
ì˛úy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£z xãˆÏß√Ó˚ ˆâ˛òy ˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏòy Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y–...ÛÛ5
¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ î%ÛˆÏüy ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏú ~ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ÚÚ!Ó!›˛ü
~fi›˛yÓ!úfi›˛ˆÏõr›˛ÛÛÈÙÈ~ xyd¢õ˛ô≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò– ~£z üy¢ˆÏò Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ¢¡ôîñ ¢õ,!k˛ Á !òÓ˚y˛ô_y
x›%˛›˛ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ£≈ z ì§˛yÓ˚y ~ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ~£z Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚
ì˛#Ó !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛yÁ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ !Ó!›˛ü üy¢ˆÏò !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ ¢ÇÑ%˛!â˛ì˛
£ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓú ¢Ω˛Óòy ì§˛yÓ˚y ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈò– ~£z !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Üí !ÓˆÏîü# üy¢ò Á
ˆüy°Ïí õˆÏò ≤ÃyˆÏí î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ñ ~Ñ˛õye Úfl˛∫Ó˚yãÛ ˆîü#Î˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
≤ÃÜ!ì˛ Á ¢õ,!k˛Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü á›˛yˆÏì˛ ¢«˛õ– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD xÓ˚&íÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ
ÚÚ˛ôÓ˚yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚y Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ !ü«˛yÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õ[˛ˆÏú£z õyò%°Ï £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò–
fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Á xÓfl˛iy !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì˛≈ì˛ £Î˚!ò–ÛÛ 6
˛ôÓ˚yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Î§yÓ˚y v˛zîyÓ˚ò#!ì˛ñ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî Á ¢õyãÓyˆÏî !ÓŸªy¢# !äÈˆÏúò ÈÙÙÙ

ì§˛yÓ˚yÁ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ !Ó!›˛ü ˆì˛y°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ K˛yì˛¢yˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy
xK˛yì˛¢yˆÏÓ˚ õòˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ì§˛yÓ˚y !Ó¢ã≈ò !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD üB˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÖƒyì˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢
Ú¢#õyÓk˛Û S1971V xÓüƒ£z xyˆÏúy!â˛ì˛Óƒ– üƒyõˆÏú®% â˛ƒy›˛yã≈# !äÈú ˆõïyÓ# äÈyeñ ˛ôy›˛òy
Ñ˛ˆÏúˆÏãÓ˚ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ãÓ˚ xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ õy!¢Ñ˛ ˆÓì˛ò ~Ñ˛ü òÓπ£z ›˛yÑ˛y– ˆ¢ £ˆÏúy Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚
!£®%fl˛iyò !˛ô›˛y¢≈ !ú!õˆÏ›˛ˆÏv˛Ó˚ ˆ¢ú¢‰õƒyòñ ˆÓì˛ˆÏò ¢yˆÏv˛¸ xy›˛ü ›˛yÑ˛y– ˆ¢£z ÷Ó˚& ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚
ïyˆÏ˛ô ïyˆÏ˛ô â˛yÑ%˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ v˛zß¨!ì˛ Á ïyˆÏ˛ô ïyˆÏ˛ô â˛y!Ó˚!eÑ˛ xÓò!ì˛– Ñ˛ˆÏ¶˛ˆÏòˆÏr›˛v˛ x!ö˛¢yÓ˚
üƒyõˆÏú®%Ó˚ v˛zß¨!ì˛ â˛õÑ˛≤Ãî Ñ˛y!£ò# Ú¢#õyÓk˛Û– ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ üƒyõˆÏú®% £ú ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚
¢Ó≈«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ !v˛ˆÏÓ˚QÓ˚ñ õy!¢Ñ˛ ˆÓì˛ò ¢yˆÏv˛¸ ¢yì˛ £yãyÓ˚ ›˛yÑ˛yñ ¢ˆÏD xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢%Ö¢%!Óïy– ~£z
xì˛ƒyÿ˛Î≈ v˛zß!¨ ì˛Ó˚ !˛ôäÈˆòÏ xyˆÏäÈ üƒyõˆÏú®%Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yãñ î%ˆÎÏ Ñ˚ ˛!›˛ !¢k˛yhs˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ Ú!úÜƒy!ú!›˛Û
xyˆÏäÈñ ÚõƒyÓ˚ƒy!ú!›˛Û ˆò£z– ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyõ® ˆÓyïˆÏÑ˛ !Ó¢ã≈ò !îˆÏÎ˚ v˛zFâ˛yüyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ
¢ö˛ú Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ Ú¢#õyÓk˛Û ì˛yÓ˚£z Ñ˛y!£ò#– v˛z§â%˛ì˛úyÓ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !òâ%˛ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ¢%ì˛#«¯˛ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí
Ú¢#õyÓk˛Û– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚ =Ó˚&c ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ xÓ˚&íÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õhs˛Óƒñ ÚÚÓ%!k˛ã#Ó#
¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xòƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÜy˛ôò xy˛ôˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãµúhs˛ äÈ!Ó üÇÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢#õyÓk˛–ÛÛ7
Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆúÖy î%ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õyã ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y
ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– üÇÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ú¢#õyÓk˛Û Á ≤Ãö%˛Õ‘ Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Úãß√¶)˛!õÛ S1971V ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ–
Ú¢#õyÓk˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ üƒyõˆÏú®% ÷ï% Úxƒy!¡∫üòÛÈÙÈˆÑ˛£z =Ó˚&c !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ¶˛yˆÏúyÈÙÈõ®
K˛yò Á !ÓˆÏÓÑ˛ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓâ˛òyÓ˚ xò%ü#úò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò– Ú¢#õyÓk˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ üÇÑ˛Ó˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#
õyò%°Ï !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Óƒ!_´fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ãòƒ xòƒyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã◊Î˚ ˆîÎ˚ ÙÙÙ ì˛y£z ≤ÃyíÓhs˛ Óí≈òy !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ≠
ÚÚüƒyõúîyÛ⁄ ¢%îü≈òy v˛yÑ˛ˆÏäÈ– ÚÚxyˆÏúy òy ãµy!úˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛úy ~£z xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒyúÑ˛!òˆÏì˛
ÓˆÏ¢ Ñ˛# ¶˛yÓˆÏäÈò⁄ÛÛ
ÚÚˆÓyˆÏ¢yÛÛñ ÜΩ˛#Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓúˆÏúò üƒyõˆÏú®%– òy!ÌÇ ˛ôy!›˛≈Ñ%˛úyÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ xy¢ˆÏú !Ñ˛ä%È£z
¶˛yÓ!äÈ òy ›%˛›%˛ú–...ÛÛ
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï üƒyõˆÏú®%Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓÑ˛ îÇüˆÏòÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~ ¢õÎ˚ !ì˛!ò
x!ì˛!Ó˚_´ õîƒ˛ôyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á ö%§˛!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ§˛ˆÏî !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛ú!B˛ì˛ xì˛#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛â˛yÓ˚íy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
!ü!«˛ì˛ üƒyõˆÏú®%Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛yüyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢õÌ≈ò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
îy!Ó˚oƒ Á x!ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛#í≈ ˛ôˆÏÌ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆáyv˛¸y ì§˛yÓ˚£z fl˛∫yÌ≈ Ó£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ÙÙÙ
ˆÎÖyˆÏò ¢õ!‹TÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôîî!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~ÖyˆÏò£z !ü!«˛ì˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ x˛ôîyÌ≈ì˛yñ
ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y Á ¢#õyÓk˛ì˛y–
≤Ãö%˛Õ‘ Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Úãß√¶)˛!õÛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›%˛ !Óhfl˛y!Ó˚ì˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD o‹TÓƒ–
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy Ó˚*˛ôy!Î˚ì˛– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ Î%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ˆÜˆÏäÈ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ ˆîˆÏü– £z!O!òÎ˚yÓ˚ñ v˛y_ýÓ˚ñ !ÓK˛yò#– ì˛yÓ˚y !˛ôäÈˆÏò
ˆö˛ˆÏú ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ˆÜˆÏäÈ îy!Ó˚oƒñ x¶˛yÓ xyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏ‹TÓ˚ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚– ˛ôyÿ˛yˆÏ_ƒÓ˚ ˆ¶˛yÜ¢%Ö xyÓ˚ ¢FäÈúì˛yÎ˚
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyâ%˛Î≈– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ~ˆÏîˆÏü !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ õò ÓˆÏ¢ òy– ˛ôˆÏî ˛ôˆÏî ò#â˛ì˛yñ
îy!Ó˚oƒ xyÓ˚ ˆòyÇÓ˚y ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü õòˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô#v˛¸y ˆîÎ˚– ˆîˆÏü ˆö˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏîÔ £zˆÏFäÈ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy–
ˆò£yÍ ˆ›˛!ú@˘Ãyõ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÎye# !òÑ˛›˛ xyd#Î˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ xy¢y– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚£z !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y–
!Ñ˛ls˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !Ñ˛⁄ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüñ ãß√¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xyÑ˛°Ï≈í !Ñ˛ ˆò£z⁄
~£z ¢õ¢ƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Úãß√¶)˛!õÛ– ¢®#˛ô îü ÓäÈÓ˚ ãyõ≈y!òÈÙÈ≤ÃÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
xy¢ß¨ õ,ì%˛ƒ¢ÇÓyˆÏî Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏúy– ÓyÓÈyÈÙÈõyÈÙÈ¶˛y£zÈÙÈˆÓyòñ ˛ô%Ó˚ˆÏòy Óı%˛ñ ˆâ˛òy ˛ôyv˛¸yñ
ˆúyÑ˛ãòñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ ~õò!Ñ˛ ˛ô%Ó˚ˆÏòy ≤Ãí!Î˚ò#ÈÙÈì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ x¢£ƒ– Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ õˆÏò
£Î˚ xyÜls˛Ñ˛– ˆ¢ !Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!îò ~ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò !äÈˆÏúò⁄ ~£z îü ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚ ãß√¶)˛!õˆÏÑ˛ñ
!òˆÏãÓ˚ ü£Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ¢®#˛ô ¶%˛ˆÏú ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛£z ˆâ˛ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– !Ñ˛ls˛ ãyõ≈y!òˆÏì˛ ˆ›˛!ú!¶˛üˆÏò îy!Ó˚oƒ˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛
ãß√¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˆâ˛£yÓ˚y ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈ– !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ Îy ˆîˆÏÖ ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%È£z ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
!î!îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yõ# ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– îyîy xyÓ˚ ˆüyï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ òy ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ }ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÓyG˛y õyÌyÎ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ xyd£ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛ƒy™yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆÓÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y£z £yÓ˚& Óyïƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ î%£z ˆÓyò ˆÜÔÓ˚# Á Ó˚õy Ñ˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÎ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãí!Î˚ò# õ!Õ‘Ñ˛yÓ˚ â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚£z
¢Ç¢yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ó§y!â˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ– îyîyÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏõˆÏÎ˚=ˆÏúy xÌ≈y¶˛yˆÏÓ fl˛%ÒˆÏú ¶˛!ì˛≈ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò–
ˆäÈy›˛ ¶˛y£z ˛ô›˛úy ˆãú £yãˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ– ¢®#ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ îõ Óı˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ñ ˛ôyúyˆÏì˛£z £ˆÏÓ ~
òÓ˚Ñ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– ˆ¢ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ãyõ≈y!òˆÏì˛ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ñ ≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚ ˆ¶˛yÜ xyÓ˚ fl˛∫yFäÈ®ƒ–
˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%È ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓ˚_´ !«˛Æ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ú!äÈú– ì˛Ó% õˆÏò õˆÏò ~£z ¢Ó ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ£#ò
v%˛Óhs˛ õyò%°Ï=!úÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ â˛ˆÏú ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú– ~ˆÏîˆÏü ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyÜƒ â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚ñ ˆò£zñ
˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˆfl˛¨£yÑ˛°Ï≈í Ö%Ó ì˛#Ó òÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç !îò !îò !ü!Ìú £ˆÏFäÈ– ¢®#˛ô xyã ˆÑ˛yò
˛ôˆÏÌ ÎyˆÏÓ⁄ Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ¢ £yÓ˚ õyòˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ñ˛ì˛≈ÓƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈñ òy ãyõ≈y!òÓ˚
¢%Ö ¢FäÈú ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ⁄ ¢%Öñ xyÓ˚yõñ ˆ¶˛yÜì,˛°åyÓ˚ !òÓyÓ˚íñ òyñ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛
îy!Î˚c ˛ôyúò⁄ ÷ï%£z !Ñ˛ îy!Î˚c ˛ôyúò⁄ òyñ xyˆÏÓ˚y !Ñ˛ä%È⁄ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z xyõyÓ˚ ˆîüÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ !Ñ˛
xyõyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y ˆò£z⁄ ˆò£z ˆÑ˛yò xyò%Üì˛ƒñ õõì˛y⁄ ¢®#˛ô !Ñ˛ ãyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚
¢_yÓ˚ õ)ú xyˆÏäÈ ãß√¶)˛!õÓ˚ Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚⁄ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ !üÑ˛v˛¸ v˛z˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆö˛ˆÏú â˛ˆÏú ÎyˆÏÓ⁄ ˆü°Ï
˛ôÎ≈ƒhs˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ xyáyˆÏì˛ ¢ÇáyˆÏì˛ ˆãˆÏòˆÏäÈ ~£z ãß√¶)˛!õˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyñ
˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ òy– ì˛yÓ˚ õy õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛ƒy™yˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛ls˛ ãß√¶)˛!õÈÙÈõy xyˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚£z ì˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ÖyˆÏò£z ãÎ˚
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ñ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ñ ÷¶˛ Ó%!k˛Ó˚–
ÚÚõïƒ!Ó_ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚ xyÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ñ !Î!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ ãÜÍ Á
ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖò Á ì˛yÓ˚ äÈ!Ó xy§ˆÏÑ˛ò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÁ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ˆîÖy !îˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛y ˆîÖy !îˆÏú !ì˛!ò Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò⁄ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ xòƒyÎ˚ Á ¢%ˆÏÖÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xy˛ô¢ñ òyñ
¢Ó !õÌƒyˆÏÑ˛ ä%È§ˆÏv˛¸ ˆö˛ˆÏú ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ì˛ƒyˆÏß∫°Ïí⁄ ïòOÎ˚ ˜ÓÓ˚yÜ#Ó˚ Úò%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô%ì%˛ú ¢yÜˆÏÓ˚Û
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òyÎ˚Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ xòy!î≤Ã¢yˆÏîÓ˚ ã#Óò ~õò ~Ñ˛ õ%£)ˆÏì˛≈ ÎÖò !ì˛!ò
xyÓ˚ xyd≤Ãì˛Ó˚íyÎ˚ Ó˚y!ã òò– ~ÖyˆÏòÁ õïƒ!Ó_ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ v˛zî‰áy!›˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ8
£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚&í ˛ô!Ó˚£yˆÏ¢ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# !Ñ˛ls˛ òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛
¢õÌ≈ò ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yïƒõì˛ !e´Î˚yÑ˛ˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚£z ◊k˛y xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò–
ˆÎ ¢õÓ˚ ˆ¢ò ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ ÚˆîüÓì˛#Û xÓK˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúó ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!eÑ˛y Ú˛ö˛!r›˛Î˚yÓ˚Û£z ˆü°Ï
˛ôˆÏÓ≈ òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛yˆÏã úyˆÏÜ– ö˛!r›˛Î˚yÓ˚ äÈyv˛¸yÁñ Úxò#Ñ˛Ûñ Ú˛ô)Ó≈ì˛Ó˚DÛñ
Úxò%‹T%˛ôÛñ Ú≤Ãlfl˛!ì˛Ûñ Úfl˛ô®òÛñ Úò«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ˚yîÛñ Úõy!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÛñ Úõƒy!òˆÏö˛ˆÏfi›˛yÛ £zì˛ƒy!î
˛ô!eÑ˛y=!úˆÏì˛ ˆÎ¢Ó Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚y òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈Ñ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ !úÖˆÏúò
ì˛y§ˆÏîÓ˚ !õ!úì˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ xyã Ñ˛RÓ˚ òÑ‰˛üyúÓ˚yÁ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓò òy– xÌ≈yÍ xy!î
òÑ‰˛üyúÓ˚y â˛yÑ˛ Óy òy â˛yÑ˛ñ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓK˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ xÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ˆ¢£z Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚y£z
òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ü!_´üyú# ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ì˛Ó˚&íˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò fl˛iyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˛ô%§!Ì˛ôv˛¸y xy§ˆÏì˛úˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z ¢ˆÏÜÔÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛y›˛y ~ì˛£z õˆÏò ïÓ˚ú
!Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎñ ì§˛yÓ˚yÁ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˜Ó≤’!ÓÑ˛ Ñ˛õ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸¸ Ü“ÈÙÈv˛z˛ôòƒy¢ñ
òy›˛Ñ˛ ˆúÖy Óy !ö˛úõ‰ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ õì˛ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˝ !ò!®ì˛ ˆüyïòÓyî# Ñ˛yˆÏã ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y ¢õÎ˚›˛y£z
!îˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúò–
xòƒyòƒ Óyõ˛ôs˛i# îú ¢_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò ¢yö˛úƒúy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ xyã ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ì˛y§ˆÏîÓ˚
!òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ Üv˛¸y ˆ˛ô!›˛ Ó%ˆÏã≈yÎ˚y õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ Ö§yâ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò–
ˆ¢ÖyˆÏòÁ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyò ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ~õò îy!Ó Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚– ◊!õÑ˛ÈÙÈÑ,˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y
Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ôy£zˆÎÏ ˚ ˆîÓyÓ˚ ò#!ì˛ È!òˆÏÎ£˚ Èz ì§˛yÓ˚y ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò–
ì˛y òy £ˆÏú ~Ñ˛£z îˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚Á ãò¢õˆÏ«˛ ¢%ï# ≤Ãïyò Á v˛zÍ˛ôú î_ ~ì˛ Ñ˛yîy
ˆäÈ§yv˛¸yˆÏäÈ§y!v˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ˆÑ˛ò⁄ xyÓ˚ ¢%¶˛y°Ï õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyò®ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD x!ì˛!Ó˚_´
õyÖyõy!Ö ˆîˆÏÖ x!õì˛y¶˛ îyü=Æ ˆ¢£z xyò®ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚£z ì§˛yÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖyü Ö%ˆÏú ˆîˆÏÓò ˆÑ˛ò⁄
~£z¢Ó îˆÏúÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛y ~ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ xyõÓ˚y }!cˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~£z
ò#úÑ˛t˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z!ò– ~õò !Ñ˛ ¢õÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ÚÓyÓ% Ó,_yhs˛ÛÈÙÈ~ xyõÓ˚y ~õò xyd¢õ#«˛y
˛ôy£z!ò– xyÓyÓ˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚y ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò ÓˆÏú£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚£z ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚
¢õhfl˛ !Ó° Ñ˛ˆÏt˛ ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Úò#úÑ˛t˛Û £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– xòƒyòƒ õyò%°Ïñ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆòì˛yÓ˚yñ ÷ï% xõ,ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yî @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓòñ ~£z ~Ñ˛ˆÏîüîü≈# õòhfl˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛
¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òyÁ £Î˚!ò– ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈ ì˛y õ)úì˛ â˛yú%!ò Á ä%È§ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓyî– ˆ¢›˛y£z ˆÎò Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚
~Ñ˛›˛y xÇˆÏüÓ˚ Óì˛Ñ˛Ìy £ˆÏÎ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Üì˛ üì˛ˆÏÑ˛–
~ îüˆÏÑ˛ xÌ≈yÍ ¢_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Á î˛ô≈ˆÏí Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã#Óò!â˛e
ˆÓü fl˛ô‹T ¶˛yˆÏÓ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú– !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ ~£z
Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyò !ÓˆÏü°Ï ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈˛ô)í≈– ÷ï% ¢yˆÏì˛Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛£z òÎ˚ xyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Á ~ˆÏîÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìy ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z– ˆÓÖ›˛ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúòñ Ú¢Óy£z ¶%˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó%!k˛õyò ˆ¢£zñ ˆÎ
¶%˛ú ¢ÇˆÏüyïò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– xy!üÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò Ñ˛ì˛≈Óƒ £ÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛
≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎñ ì§˛yÓ˚y xhs˛ì˛ÈÉ Ó%!k˛õyò–Û
ì˛Ìƒ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ≠
1. Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ≠ ˆ¢Ñ˛yú Á ~Ñ˛yúñ ≤Ã¢ß¨Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ˛ô,.ÈÙÈ154
2. ≤Ãy=_´ñ ˛ô,. ÈÙÈ 154
3. ≤Ãy=_´ñ ˛ô,. ÈÙÈ 157
4. ≤Ãy=_´ñ ˛ô,. ÈÙÈ 158
5. Úãß√¶)˛!õÛ SˆîÛã ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íVñ ≤Ãö%˛Õ‘ Ó˚yÎ˚ñ ˛ô,. 17ÈÙÈ19
6. Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛õyñÈ xÓ˚&íÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ˛ô,. ÈÙÈ 235
7. ≤Ãy=_´ñ ˛ô,. ÈÙÈ 236
8. ≤Ãy=_´ñ ˛ô,. ÈÙÈ 339

òy ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y
¢%ãÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
xyîÓˆÏÖˆÏÑ˛y ˆÓv˛¸yˆÏúÓ˚ õì˛ ˆÎ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ãß√yÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ÓU˛ ˆÓ!ü ˆÑ˛yúÑ˛yì%˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛ôy!ì˛Ñ˛yÑ˛
ˆ¶˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ%˛Î˚yüyÎ˚ ˆ¶˛ãy ˆ≤Ãõ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ ˆõˆÏÖ ›%˛˛ô›˛y˛ô G˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆÎ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚yñ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÑ˛yò!îò£z
xy=ò x«˛Ó˚ òÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Öv˛¸Ñ%˛ˆÏ›˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ !òãfl˛∫ Ó¢ì˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ˆÎ Úxy=ò
˛ôy!ÖÛ ì˛yÓ˚ òyõ Úòy ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÛ !ÓŸªy¢£hs˛y ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˆâ˛yÖ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ ˛ô¢Ó˚y
¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ¢%ãÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ≤ÃŸ¿ ≤Ã!ì˛≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ xòòƒ ¢,!‹T Úòy ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÛ–
õ)úƒ ≠ 40 ›˛yÑ˛y
xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#
ˆ¢yõy î_*
ÓyÇúy Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#Ó˚ îyò xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈– !ì˛!ò õ!£úy

¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ fl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˝õ%Ö# ¢y!£ì˛ƒ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ãòƒ– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ñ ˆäÈy›˛Ü“ñ òy›˛Ñ˛ñ
ºõíÑ˛y!£!òñ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÈÙÈ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó!Óï ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Óâ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò !ì˛!ò– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ @˘Ãs˛i=!ú
≤Ãïyòì˛≠ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ Üy£≈fl˛iƒñ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ñ !£®%ïõ≈ Á {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏ≤Ãõ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛– õˆÏò £Î˚ ì§˛yÓ˚
@˘Ãs˛i=!ú ˆÎò ¢õyãÈÙÈ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚Ñ˛ !˛ôì˛yõ£ ¶)˛ˆÏîÓ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyîˆÏü≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¶)˛ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô–
!ì˛!ò ˆÎò !˛ôì˛yõˆÏ£Ó˚ xyîü≈!ò¤˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢¡ø%ˆÏÖ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüò Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ£z @˘Ãs˛i
Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ Óì˛# £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ¢y!£ì˛ƒ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ¢õyãÈÙÈ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÁ ¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T !äÈˆÏúò
!ì˛!ò– xyÓyÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ Óy Ü,£Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ îy!Î˚cÁ ˜ò˛ô%ˆíÏ ƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢õyò¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò–
xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#Ó˚ ãß√ £Î˚ 9£z ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 1882 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ üƒyõÓyãyˆÏÓ˚ñ
õyì%˛úyúˆÏÎ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ !˛ôì˛yÓ˚ òyõ õ%Ñ%˛®ˆÏîÓ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ Á õyì˛yÓ˚ òyõ ïÓ˚y¢%®Ó˚#– xò%Ó˚*˛ôy
ˆîÓ# õ%Ñ%˛®ˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛òƒy– ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆãƒ¤˛y ¶˛!Üò# £z!®Ó˚y ˆîÓ#– õye îü ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢
xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#Ó˚ !ÓÓy£ £Î˚ v˛z_Ó˚˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ !üÖÓ˚òyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD– xy£zò ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚#
!üÖÓ˚òyÌ ÓƒÓ¢y v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú õ%ãÉö˛Ó˚˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ Ó¢Óy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ ˛ô,¤˛¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ≤Ã!ì˛˛ôy!úì˛y £ò– õyì˛yõ£ ÖˆÏÜwòyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚
!äÈˆÏúò ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ÓD#Î˚ òy›˛ƒüyúyÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yì˛y– õyì˛y ïÓ˚y¢%®Ó˚# ˆîÓ# Ú~v%˛ˆÏÑ˛üò
ˆÜˆÏã›˛Û ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ õyˆÏG˛ õˆÏïƒ !úÖˆÏì˛ò– ˆãƒ¤˛y ¶˛!Üò# £z!®Ó˚y ˆîÓ#Ó˚Á ÎˆÏÌ‹T ¢y!£ì˛ƒ≤Ã#!ì˛
!äÈú– ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Ó˚â˛òyñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚y˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚ Á ˆ¢ÓyÑ˛õ≈ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ !äÈú– ~¢ˆÏÓÓ˚
≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚– ¢õyãÈÙÈ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚Ñ˛ Á !Óî?˛ ˛ô![˛ì˛ !˛ôì˛yõ£ ¶)˛ˆÏîÓ
õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚yÁ xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ# !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ~äÈyv˛¸y !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yú#ò
Ó˚yõyÎ˚íÈÙÈõ£y¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£!òÁ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– !˛ôì˛yõˆÏ£Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ó˚yõyÎ˚íñ
õ£y¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Á Ñ˛y!úîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ Ü“yÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÷òˆÏì˛ò !ì˛!ò ˆäÈy›˛ˆÏÓúyÎ˚–
!ü÷Ñ˛yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆúÖy˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï xò%Ó˚yÜ !äÈú– !ì˛!ò ÓyÇúyñ
¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ Á !£!® ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï î«˛ì˛y xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˛ôyÿ˛yˆÏì˛ƒ K˛yòÈÙÈ!ÓK˛yò Á îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚
¢ˆÏDÁ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ áˆÏ›˛– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ õò#°Ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ @˘Ãs˛iÁ !ì˛!ò xïƒÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ì§˛yÓ˚
Ó˚!â˛ì˛ @˘Ãs˛i=!úˆÏì˛ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÓyúƒÑ˛yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y¢%ú¶˛ Ó_,´ì˛y
ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛yÁ ˆîÖy !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãî_
Ú¢,!‹T Á fl˛À‹TyÛ x!¶˛¶˛y°Ïí!›˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó_,´ì˛y «˛õì˛yÓ˚£z ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yÎ˚Ñ˛–
*xïƒy!˛ôÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ õ!£úy õ£y!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ ÓyÓ˚yí¢#–
xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ# ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 97
!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ñ òy›˛Ñ˛ñ Ñ˛!Óì˛y £zì˛ƒy!î ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÓì˛#í≈ £ò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ Ó˚â˛òy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y– Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ }ã%˛ôy‡˛ xÓú¡∫ˆòÏ
ˆúÖy– Ñ%˛hs˛ú#ò ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ ˆúÖy ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Ü“ ÚÓ˚yò#ˆÏîÓ#Û äÈpòyˆÏõ
≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚– ≤ÃÌõ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ Ú!›˛úÑ%˛‡˛#Û S1311 ÓDy∑V òÓò)Ó˚ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ °Ï¤˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚
≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ xò%Ó*˚ ˛ôy ˆîÓ#Ó˚ Öƒy!ì˛Ó˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Û ˛˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Úˆ˛ôy°Ïƒ˛ô%eÛ
S1312 ÓDy∑V v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– Úõs˛fü!_´Û S1915 !Öfi›˛y∑V v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛
Ó˚â˛òy– ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ˆõy›˛ ˆì˛!eü!›˛–
xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ# òyòy ãyì˛#Î˚ xò%¤˛yˆÏò Óy v˛zÍ¢ˆÏÓ ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢ˆÏì˛ò–
ì§˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚â˛òyˆÏì˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ Óì˛ÈÙÈv˛zÍ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö xyˆÏäÈ– {ŸªÓ˚¶˛_´ xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ# xì˛ƒhs˛
!ò¤˛y¢£Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Óì˛y!î ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ Ó˚â˛òy=!ú ˛ô)ãy˛ôyÓ≈íñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ì˛y
≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ !Ó°Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆúÖy– xÓ¢Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ¢˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓv˛¸yˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏúñ ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– ˆü°Ï ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ !ì˛!ò !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˆúÖyÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛â˛yÓ˚íy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– xydã#Óò#Á ˆúÖy xyÓ˚Ω˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò !ì˛!òñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛y ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò !ò–
¢y!£ì˛ƒ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ# !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ãòÑ˛úƒyíõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yãÑ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ¢ˆÏDÁ
Î%_´ !äÈˆÏúò– Ñ˛yü# Á Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ Ó˝˛ Óy!úÑ˛y !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyÜ !äÈú– !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
fl˛iy˛ôòy Á ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy äÈyv˛¸yÁ xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ# õ!£úy ¢õÓyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò S1930
!Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑V– !ì˛!ò òyÓ˚#Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ã!òì˛ Ó˝ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚Á ˆòe# !äÈˆÏúò– ÓyÓ˚yí¢#Ó˚ !£®%
õ!£úy◊õñ xyÎ≈ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ õyì,˛õ‡˛ ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛Ó˚ !ì˛!ò xïƒ«˛y !äÈˆú Ï ò– !ì˛!ò Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ Óyí#˛ô#‡˛
òyÓ˚#Ñ˛úƒyí xy◊õñ !£®% õ!£úy◊õ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏDÁ Î%_´ !äÈˆÏúò– ¢õyã¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚
!ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛≠ òyÓ˚#Ñ˛úƒyíyˆÏÌ≈ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyÜîyò ≤ÃüÇ¢ò#Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !ì˛!ò ~Ñ˛ãò ˛ô!Ó˚◊õ# Ñ˛õ≈#
!äÈˆúÏ ò– !ì˛!ò Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆãƒ¤˛y Ñ˛òƒy õyï%Ó#˚ úì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏDÁ ~Ñ˛ˆÏe xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò–
ì§˛yÓ˚y xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ v˛zFâ˛!ü«˛y Á ÎÌyÌ≈ ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ¢yïòyÓ˚ ãòƒ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã !ü«˛yÓ˚
!ÓˆÏü°Ï ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò– õ%ãÉö˛Ó˚˛ô%ˆÓÏ ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ £zÇˆÏÓ!˚ ã !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Á ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì§˛yÓ˚y–
÷ï% òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈÑ˛úƒyí£z òÎ˚ñ Ó˝ !Ó˛ôß¨ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ¢y£yÎƒÁ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#– !Ó£yÓ˚
¶)˛!õÑ˛ˆÏ¡ô S15 ãyò%Î˚yÓ˚# 1944V !òˆÏã =Ó˚&ì˛Ó˚ xy£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚Á !ì˛!ò !Ó˛ôß¨ òÓ˚òyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛
¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛úƒyíÓì˛ ¢Çá fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì˛y§Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹TyÎ˚ Ó˝ !Ó˛ôî@˘Ãhfl˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
!â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yñ xy◊Î˚ Á xß¨ÓˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy £Î˚– !ì˛!ò ˛ôí≤ÃÌy v˛zˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó˝!ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ãòõì˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ Ó˝ ¢¶˛y¢!õ!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– 1946 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ !£®%
ˆÑ˛yv˛!ÓúÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛ !ì˛!ò !òˆÏãÓ˚ õì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ~ÓÇ 1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ÓDÈÙÈÓƒÓˆÏFäÈˆîÏ Ó˚
≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏî xyˆÏ®yúòÁ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !ì˛!ò òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ÎÌyˆÏÎyÜƒ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒÁ ì˛#Ó
98 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ò– ~ãòƒ 1991 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ◊#¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ õ£yõ[˛ú ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛
Úïõ≈â˛!wÑ˛yÛ v˛z˛ôy!ïˆÏì˛ ¶)˛!°Ïì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
1920 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ# Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ xy£z.~. ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ÓyÇúy
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿˛ôe Ó˚â˛!Î˚e# Á ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yõ[˛ú#Ó˚ ¢î¢ƒy !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy![˛ˆÏì˛ƒ
õ%?˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô![˛ì˛ ÎyîˆÏÓŸªÓ˚ ì˛Ñ≈˛Ó˚b Ú¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛#Û v˛z˛ôy!ï îyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛– 1923 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
!ì˛!ò ì˛y§ˆÏÑ˛ Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Û Á ÚÓ˚b≤Ã¶˛yÛ v˛z˛ôy!ïÁ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– 1935 Á 1941 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ÚãÜ_y!Ó˚ò#Û Á Ú¶%˛ÓòˆÏõy!£ò# fl˛∫í≈˛ôîÑ˛Û ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y ¢¡øy!òì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#ˆÏÑ˛– ~£z !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ Úú#úy Ó_,´ì˛yÛ !îˆÏì˛Á
xy£¥yò ãyòyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢õyˆÏã òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y
ÎyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy=!úˆÏì˛Á– ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ÎÌyÌ≈£z ~Ñ˛ãò xyd¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò !ü“# !äÈˆÏúò–
ì˛ˆÏÓ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˙!ì˛£ƒ Á ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ xyîˆÏü≈Ó˚ õ!£õyñ ˆîü#ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏîü# ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚
¢y!£ì˛ƒîü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚üÉ£z ¶˛yÓ˚yeýhs˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ãïyò î%Ó≈úì˛y x!ì˛¶˛y°Ïí– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ü“ñ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˆÑ˛yòÈÙÈˆÑ˛yò fl˛iˆÏú x≤Ãy¢!DÑ˛ Á
˛x≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ !ÓÓÓ˚íÁ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– ö˛ˆÏú Ü“ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ã!›˛úñ Ÿ’ÌÜ!ì˛˛ô)í≈ñ ˆ¢£z¢ˆÏD
ì˛_¥Ñ˛Ìyñ xyîü≈Óyî Á xyˆÏÓˆÏÜÓ˚ !õ◊ˆÏíñ Ñ˛yßÿÓ˚ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ Ü“ Ó˚ˆÏ¢y_#í≈ñ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ü“ @˘Ãs˛i=!úÓ˚ òyõ Ú!â˛em#˛ôÛñ Úv˛zÕÒyÛñ ÚÓ˚yàyüyÖyÛ S1915Vñ
Úõï%˛ôÕ‘#Û S1917Vñ Úê´ÔM˛È!õÌ%ˆÏòÓ˚ !õúòÑ˛ÌyÛÈ Sõ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛V–
xò%Ó*˚ ˛ôy ˆîÓ#Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Á !ü“Üì˛ î%Óú≈ ì˛y Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È– xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛=!ú v˛z˛ôòƒy¢
v˛zÍÑ,˛‹T ˆ◊í#Ó˚– Úõs˛fü!_´ÛÈ S1915Vñ Úõ£y!òüyÛÈ S1919V Á Ú˛ôÌ£yÓ˚yÛ ≤ÃÌõ ˆ◊í#Ó˚
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚£z xhs˛Ü≈ì˛– xyÓyÓ˚ ÚõyÛ Á ÚÓyÜî_yÛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ î%!›˛ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ
Ó˝ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ e&!›˛˛ô)í≈– ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ á›˛òy!ÓòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ã!›˛úì˛y â˛!Ó˚e !ÓˆÏŸ’°ÏíˆÏÑ˛
x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆÎõòñ Úâ˛e´Û Á Ú£yÓ˚yˆÏòy Öyì˛yÛ– Úˆ˛ôy°Ïƒ˛ô%eÛ Á Úˆãƒy!ì˛£yÓ˚yÎ˚Û á›˛òyÓ˚
â˛yˆÏ˛ô â˛!Ó˚e !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏì˛ãfl˛≥)˛!ì≈˛ Óƒy£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#Ó˚ î%!›˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ÚÓ˚yõÜv˛¸Û Á Ú!eˆÏÓí#Û ¢¡ô)í≈ !¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢
Ó˚ˆõÏ üâ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ Á Ó!B˛õâ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÓyúƒÑ˛yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ~§ˆîÏ Ó˚ ˆúÖy ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢=!úÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ~Ñ˛!ò¤˛ ˛ôy!‡˛Ñ˛y !äÈˆÏúò– ì˛y£z ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xò%Ó˚*˛ôy
ˆîÓ#Ó˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ≤ÃÓíì˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚Á ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò
!ì˛!ò– ÚÓ˚yõÜv˛¸Û Á Ú!eˆÏÓí#ÛˆÏì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ~ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹Ty ¢¡ô)í≈ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ òy £ˆÏúÁñ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ î%!›˛ˆÏì˛
≤Ãyâ˛#ò Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ v˛zˆÏ_ãòy˛ô)í≈ ¢ÇáyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ›˛yòyˆÏ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ò ~ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛Á xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–
ÚÓ˚yõÜv˛¸Û v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ ˆÓÔk˛Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤ÃÓú ¢¡Ày›˛ ˆÑ˛yüú˛ô!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD !úFäÈ!Ó Á üyÑ˛ƒ
xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ# ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 99
Ó˚yãÓÇü#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚£z £z!ì˛£y¢– Ú!eˆÏÓí#Ûˆì˛ ˆú!ÖÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚

~Ñ˛ ˆÜÔÓ˚ˆÏÓyIµú ~ÓÇ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ˛ô)í≈ xïƒyÎ˚–
xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#Ó˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Úˆ˛ôy°Ïƒ˛ô%eÛˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y x˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛Ó˚
äÈy˛ô xyˆÏäÈ– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òyÎ˚Ñ˛ Á xòƒyòƒ â˛!Ó˚e=!ú ì˛y£z ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ ¢£yò%¶)˛!ì˛
xyÑ˛°Ï≈í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ !ò– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òyõÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!_´Ñ˛ì˛y ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛Á ¢ÇüÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ÎyÎ˚– üÓ˚Íâ˛w ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ≤ÃÓı˛ ÚòyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆúÖyÛÎ˚ SÎõ%òyñ ö˛yÄò 1319V xò%Ó˚*˛ôy
ˆîÓ#Ó˚ Úˆ˛ôy°Ïƒ˛ô%eÛ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ Ñ˛!‡˛ò ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÈÙÈ Ú...Ó£zÖy!ò K˛yòÜ¶≈˛– ˆÓîñ
ˆÑ˛yÓ˚yíñ Óy£zˆÏÓúñ Ó˚yõyÎ˚íñ õ£y¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ñ ~!ÌÑ‰˛¢ñ ˆõ›˛y!ö˛!ã:ñ Ó˚yõ≤Ã¢yî#ñ ì˛s˛fñ õs˛fñ
G˛yv˛¸ö%§˛Ñ˛ñ õyÓ˚íñ v˛zâ˛y›˛òñ Óü#Ñ˛Ó˚í ¢õhfl˛£z xyˆÏäÈ– ~äÈyv˛¸y ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ñ !£®#ñ £zÇÓ˚yã# Ñ˛y!úîy¢ñ
ˆ¢:!˛ôÎ˚Ó˚ñ ˆ›˛!ò¢ò Îy£y !Ñ˛ä%È !ü«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò ~Ñ˛yïyˆÏÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛£z–...xhs˛˛ô%Ó˚Óy!¢ò#
fl˛f#ˆÏúyÑ˛ ££zÎy˚ Á ¢Ó≈ˆìÏ ˛yõ%Ö# ˛ôy![˛ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ó£ˆÏÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛ãˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛yÑ˛ úyÜy£zÎy˚ !îÓ ~£z !fl˛ô!Ó˚›˛‰ ›˛y£z
!ò®y£≈–ÛÛ xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#Ó˚ Úˆãƒy!ì˛£yÓ˚yÛ S1915Vñ Ú£yÓ˚yˆÏòy Öyì˛yÛ Á Úâ˛e´Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Á
˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ v˛zÍÑ˛°Ï≈ ¢y!ïì˛ £Î˚ !ò– Úˆãƒy!ì˛£yÓ˚yÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÚˆÜyÓ˚yÛÓ˚
≤Ã¶˛yÓ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– Úâ˛e´Û v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ á)!í≈˛ôyˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ!ì≈˛ì˛– â˛!Ó˚e=!ú
Óƒ!_´fl˛∫yì˛ˆÏs˛fƒ ¢õ%Iµú òÎ˚ ~ÓÇ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ á›˛òy!ÓòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãyïyòƒ áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ–
xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#Ó˚ xòƒì˛õ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ÚõyÛ S1920V– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ˆÏì˛Á
x!ì˛Ó˚OˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆG§˛yÑ˛ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÚÓyÜî_yÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ á›˛òy !Óòƒy¢ xì˛ƒhs˛
ã!›˛úñ ö˛ˆÏú Ñ,˛!eõì˛y ˆîÖy !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì§˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ Ó¢%õì˛# Ñ˛yÎ≈yúÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ÚˆãyÎ˚yÓ˚ ¶§˛y›˛yÛñ Úv˛z_Ó˚yÎ˚íÛñ Ú˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢yÌ#Û v˛z˛ôòƒy¢=!ú Ó¢%õì˛#
Ñ˛yÎ≈yúÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ !ò– ~£z !ì˛ò!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢,!‹TÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÁ ≤ÃyÎ˚
«˛#í £ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ–
xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#Ó˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ !ÓÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ÚÜÓ˚#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ûñ Úõs˛fü!_´Ûñ
Úõ£y!òüyÛ Á Ú˛ôÌ£yÓ˚yÛ ~£z â˛yÓ˚!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢– xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢
Úõs˛fü!_´Û S1915V– Úõs˛fü!_´ÛˆÏì˛ üÓ˚Íâ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ Úõ!®Ó˚Û ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ xò%¢Ó˚í ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
~£z v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ˆÏì˛ Î!îÁ ì§˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí ü!_´Ó˚ ¢yõyòƒ î%Ó≈úì˛y Óì≈˛õyòñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛y v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢
á›˛òyÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚&k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ ¢Ó˚úñ fl˛∫FäÈ® Á Óy˝úƒ Ó!ã≈ì˛–
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ïc £ú È –– Óyhfl˛Ó ã#ÓˆÏò ˆÓîõˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ Á Óyhfl˛Ó ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
ˆÓ˚yõyˆÏ™Ó˚ ¢õß∫Î˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy–È
xò%Ó*˚ ˛ôy ˆîÓ# Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ òy›˛Ñ˛Á Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò– î%!›˛ Óv˛¸ òy›˛Ñ˛ Ú!ÓîƒyÓ˚bÛ S1919V
Á ÚÑ%˛õy!Ó˚ú ¶˛RÛÈ S1922V ~ÓÇ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ òy›˛Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛ˆÏe Úòy›˛ƒâ˛ì%˛‹TÎ˚Û ÈS1933V òyˆÏõ
100 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#
˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ì˛y§Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢Á òy›˛ƒÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Úõs˛fü!_´Ûñ Úˆ˛ôy°Ïƒ˛ô%eÛ

Á ÚõyÛ ~£z !ì˛ò!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òy›˛ƒÓ˚*˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ≤Ã!¢k˛ ò›˛òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ x˛ôˆÏÓ˚üâ˛w
õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– ˆü°Ï ã#ÓˆÏò xydã#Óò# ˆúÖy xyÓ˚Ω˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò !ì˛!òñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛y ˆü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò !ò– x¢¡ô)í≈ @˘Ãs˛i!›˛Ó˚ òyõ Úã#Óòfl˛ø,!ì˛ ˆúÖyÛÈS1952V– Ú¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ òyÓ˚# ≠
fl˛À‹Ty Á ¢,!‹TÛ S1940V Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#Ó˚ Ó_,´ì˛yÓ˚ @˘Ãs˛iÓ˚*˛ô–
xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ# ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛≠ ì§˛yÓ˚ @˘Ãs˛i=!úÓ˚ òyõÑ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ õ)ú Ó_´ÓƒˆÏÑ˛
ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy xˆÏòÑ˛yÇˆÏü ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú£z õˆÏò £Î˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖò#Ó˚ Ü‡˛òÓ˚#!ì˛ˆÏì˛
ÎÌyÌ≈ !ü“#Ó˚ î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Î!îÁ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚#!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò fl˛iyˆÏò e&!›˛Î%_´– ˆÎõòñ
î#á≈ ÓyÑ˛ƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚¢yfl˛∫yîˆÏò Óyïy áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ– ì˛ˆÏÓ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy ¢£ãñ
fl˛∫FäÈ®ñ ¢Ó˚ú Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì§˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ Á !£®# üˆÏ∑Ó˚Á ¢Ç!õ◊í
áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ– !ì˛!ò Ñ˛y!úîy¢ñ ¶˛Ó¶)˛!ì˛ñ ÓyÕ√#!Ñ˛ñ õyáñ Óyí¶˛R ≤Ãõ%Ö Ñ˛!ÓˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zk,˛!ì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚Á
!òˆÏãÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢%fl˛ô‹T Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ÚõyÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ü∑â˛Î˚ò Á
ÓyÑ˛ƒ!ÓòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ì˛!ò ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ Ñ˛!ÓˆÏîÓ˚ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì§˛yÓ˚ Óí≈òy¶˛!DÁ v˛zÍÑ,˛‹T–
!ò¢Ü≈ ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ Óí≈òyˆÏì˛Á ì§˛yÓ˚ ÎˆÏÌ‹T î«˛ì˛y !äÈú–
!Ó£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚y›˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛ˆÏ¡ô xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ# xy£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚y ¢˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú xyˆÏ¢ò– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò£z 1958 Ö#‹TyˆÏ∑ S6£z ˜ÓüyÖñ 1365 ÓDy∑V Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yòy!Ó˚
ÌˆÏ¡∫y!¢¢ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜ xyeýhs˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãyíì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ì˛!ò–
!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈ xÓì˛#í≈ £ò xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ# ~ÓÇ õïƒ¶˛yÜ
˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÑ˛õ≈ xÓƒy£ì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Ó˚â˛òy ~ÓÇ !Ó!ü‹T ã#Óòâ˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ !ì˛!ò
ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–È
ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ~ÓÇ x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ≠ ¢ı˛yò# xyˆÏúyÎ˚

ü£#î%ú ã!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Úã#Óò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÛ
!ì˛úÑ˛ õ[˛ú*
ãyõ≈y!òˆÏì˛ !â˛e xyˆÏ®yúò£z ≤ÃÌõ ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ú!«˛ì˛ £Î˚– ãyõ≈yò

!ü“¢õyˆÏúyâ˛Ñ˛ ö˛yòã ˆÓ˚y S1890ÈÙÈ1955V ì§˛yÓ˚ ‘Nach-Expressionsmus’ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i
Úõƒy!ãÑ˛ !Ó˚Î˚y!úãõÛ Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò 1925 ¢yˆÏú !â˛eÑ˛úyÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚
Ó˚â˛òy!›˛Ó˚ òyõ £zÇˆÏÓ!˚ ã xò%ÓyˆÏî ‘After Expressionism : Magic Realism : Prob-
lems of the Newest European Painting.; ì˛ˆÏÓ !ì˛!ò ~£z ü∑!›˛ Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚ !ò!£ì˛ ÓƒyOòy xˆÏÌ£≈ z ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò– Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô!hs˛ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˆ˚ ÑÏ ˛£z úy!ì˛ò xyˆÏõ!Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ_ý Óúy £Î˚– ≤ÃÌõ ˆÎ úy!ì˛ò xyˆÏõ!Ó˚Ñ˛yò ˆúÖÑ˛ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ~£z
x!¶˛ïy!›˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ì˛!ò ˆ¶˛ˆÏòã%ˆÏÎ˚úyÓ˚ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ Arturo Pictri. 1948 ¢yˆÏú
≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ‘Men and Letters of Venezuela’ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ˆ¶˛ˆÏòã%ˆÏÎ˚úyÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ü∑!›˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ÚÚ~£z xyÖƒy!›˛ ¢Ω˛Óì˛ ãyõ≈yò
Magischer Realismus ˆÏÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ~!›˛ v˛yâ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ xò)!îì˛ £Î˚
Magisch-realisme, ~£z ˛ôÌ ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆfl˛ôò#Î˚ Realismomagico ~ÓÇ £zÇˆÏÓ!˚ ã ‘magic
realism’ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚›˛y â˛yú% £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ1 xƒyˆÏOú ˆöœ˛yˆÏÓ˚™ ˛ôM˛ÈyˆÏüÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ˛≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛
~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ ‘Magical Realism’ Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛# !äÈˆÏúò– úy!ì˛ò
xyˆÏõ!Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ãyî%Óyhfl˛ÓÓyî# ˆúÖÑ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ xyúˆÏ£y Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô!hs˛ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õyˆÏÑ˛≈ ã
xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ Öƒy!ì˛ Á fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïyÓ˚íy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˆÎ ãyî%Óyhfl˛ÓÓyî
õyˆÏò£z úy!ì˛ò xyˆÏõ!Ó˚Ñ˛yò ïyÓ˚íy– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~£z ïyÓ˚íy ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚£z ºyhs˛– ˆÑ˛òòy
ãyî%Óyhfl˛ÓÓyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢£z £ˆÏFäÈ ˛ô#v˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ òÓ !òõ≈yˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ– ãyî% Óyhfl˛Ó v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢
≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛y!Î˚ì˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆîüÈÙÈÑ˛yú Óƒ!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ~£z ˛ô#v˛¸ò xyˆÏäÈ ¢Ó≈e– ì˛y£z
ãyî%Óyhfl˛ÓÓyî xyˆÏäÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîüñ Ñ˛yòyv˛yñ xy!ö˛Ñ˛yñ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T… ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy
¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚–
ãyî%Óyhfl˛ÓÓyî xyÖƒyÓ˚ ãyî% ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆÓyG˛y£z xÈÙÈ¢yïyÓ˚í ¢Çá›˛ò Óy !ÓK˛yò ÓƒyÖƒyì˛#ì˛
ˆÑ˛yò á›˛òy– ÚÚ!Ñ˛ls˛ ãyî% Óyhfl˛ÓÓyˆÏî ãyî% Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ ã#ÓòÓ˚£¢ƒ xˆÏÌ£≈ z xyˆÏ¢ñ ¶)˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓñ
ˆúyÑ˛ãˆÏòÓ˚ xî,üƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yñ xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚ñ xÈÙÈ¢yïyÓ˚í «˛õì˛yñ xq(ì˛ xyÓ£ñ
~ÈÙÈ¢Ó£z xyòy £Î˚ Óyhfl˛ÓˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ– ãyî%Ó˚ ˆÖúyñ ãyî%Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚¢y!ãÈÙÈãyî%
*ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ xy¢yõ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–
102 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ~ÓÇ x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ≠ ¢ı˛yò# xyˆÏúyÎ˚...
Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ~Ó˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ˆò£z–ÛÛ2 xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇK˛y !òï≈yÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò–
Ñ˛yˆÏú≈y¢ ö%˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏhs˛¢ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙ1V ÚÚLo real maravilloso Americano— The
marvelous beings to be unmistakably marvelous when it arises from
an unexpected alternation of reality(the miracle),from a privileged rev-
elation of reality an unaccustomed insight that is singularly favored by
the unexpected richness of reality or an amplification of the scale and
categories of reality perceived with particular intensity by virtue of an
exaltation of the sprit that leads it to a kind of extreme state, To begin
with, the phenomenon of the marvelous presupposes faith.”3
Margaret Drabble ‘The Oxford Companion to English Literature
˚S1997V @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ãyî% Óylfl˛Óì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ
2V ÚÚMagic Realist Novels and stories have, typically, a strong nar-
rative drive in which the recognizably realistic magic with the unex-
pected and the inexplicable, and in which elements of dream, fairy-
story, or mythology combine with the everyday, often in a mosaic or
keleidoscopic pattern of refraction and recurrence.”4
ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ãyî%Óyhfl˛ÓÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ~ÓÇ úy!ì˛ò xyˆÏõ!Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ õyòˆÏÓw
ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚£z ˛ôÌ≤Ãîü≈Ñ˛– ì˛yÓ˚ ÚÓyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ%˛£Ñ˛ Ñ%˛£ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óyhfl˛ÓÛ S2013V @˘Ãs˛i!›˛Ó˚ òyõ
v˛zˆÏÕ‘Öƒ– ˆäÈy›˛Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤ÃyÓ!ı˛Ñ˛ £y¢yò xy!ãã%ú £Ñ˛ ÚÑ˛Ìy¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌÑ˛ì˛yÛ S1989V
@˘ÃˆÏs˛i ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ì˛Ìƒ!ò¤˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– £y¢yò xy!ãã%ú £Ñ˛ õyˆÏÑ≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚
ˆòyˆÏÓú Ó_,´ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ fl˛øÓ˚ˆíÏ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ˆÎ õhs˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò ì˛y ≤Ã!íïyòˆÏÎyÜƒ–
ÚÚ...¢õ@˘Ã õ£yˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÎ äÈ!Ó ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛y ¶˛Î˚yÓ£ î%Éfl˛∫≤¿ˆÏÑ˛Á x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÎyÎ˚ xÌâ˛ ì˛y Óyhfl˛Óñ ˆõyˆÏ›˛£z ‡˛yRy òÎ˚– ~£z ˆÎ î%Éfl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˝=ˆÏí xyì˛B˛ãòÑ˛
Óyhfl˛ÓÈÙÙÙÈ~£z Óyhfl˛ÓˆÏÑ˛£z ˆì˛y ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ x!ì˛ Óyhfl˛Óñ Ñ%˛£Ñ˛# Óyhfl˛ÓÈÙÈ~ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
ãˆÏòƒ£z !úÖò ˜üú#Ó˚ ãyî% Óyhfl˛Ó Ñ,˛ÍˆÏÑ˛Ôüú–ÛÛ5
ì˛yÓ˚˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇK˛yñ ÓƒyÖƒyñ !ÓˆÏŸ’°íÏ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò– ≤ÃyÓ!ı˛Ñ˛ ì˛ˆÏ˛ôyï#Ó˚
¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚx!hfl˛c Á xò!hfl˛cñ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ Á xò%˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ Î%Ü˛ôÍ ¢ì˛ƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“òyÓ˚ õyÎ˚yÓ#
xò%!ÓˆÏŸª– ~£z ¢ì˛ƒ fl˛ô‹Tì˛ Óyhfl˛ÓÓyˆÏîÓ˚ Ú¢ì˛ƒÛ òÎ˚..!mÓyâ˛!òÑ˛ x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ xyˆÏúyÈÙÈäÈyÎ˚yˆÏÎ
≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîˆÏò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÎ˚yò õƒyÑ˛ˆÏ£ú â˛õÍÑ˛yÓ˚¶˛yˆÏÓ Úontological po-
etics’ Óy ¢_y !ãK˛y¢yÓ˚ ò®ò ÓˆÏú Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~ˆÏÑ˛£z Ú˙wãy!úÑ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÛ ~Ó˚
x!¶˛ïy ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ xyõÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÑ˛ Óyhfl˛Ó Ó!ú ¢Ó xyÑ˛yA«˛y ì˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ô)Ó˚í £Î˚ òy⁄
≤Ãì˛ƒyüyÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ !îÜhs˛ !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆâ˛yÓ˚yÓy!úˆÏì˛– õyò%°Ï ì˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ «˛!ì˛˛ô)Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚
ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ~ÓÇ x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ≠ ¢ı˛yò# xyˆÏúyÎ˚... ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 103
xyˆÏÎ˚yãò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛“òyÎ˚ó e´õü ˆÎÈÙÈ!ÓŸªy¢ ˆ¢ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏúñ xòƒ ~Ñ˛ !ÓÑ˛“ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#
˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z!Ó˚_´ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òhfl˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ ˆÎò– õyò!ÓÑ˛ x!hfl˛cˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!îˆÏòÓ˚
Óyhfl˛Ó xyÓ,ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖñ õÎ≈yîyÓ˚ ÓîˆÏú ˆîÎ˚ @’y!òñ ì˛Öò ˆ¢£z ˆ¶˛ˆÏà !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÷ï%
õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ £˚ z x˛ôÓ˚yˆÏãÎ˚ ¢_yÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ xyˆÏ¢– ~Ó˚ x!¶˛Óƒ!_´ ú«˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Óyhfl˛Óy!ì˛ÎyÎ˚#
x˛ôÓ˚ì˛yÓ˚!òõ≈yˆÏí– Ó%!k˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy ˆõˆÏú òyñ ~ˆÏÑ˛ Ó!ú ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛yñ Ó!ú
xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ !Ófl˛øˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¶%˛Óòñ Ó!ú ˙wãy!úÑ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y–ÛÛ6
ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚Á Ü¶˛#Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓyG˛y ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡±¢yÓ˚í
á›˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Ôüúñ ~ÖyˆÏò ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyã Á ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ xhs˛Ü)≈ë˛¸ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛íó ~ÖyˆÏò x¢Ω˛Ó
¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%È£z ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ãyî%Óyhfl˛Ó v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ~ÓÇ xÓyhfl˛Óì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚
!õ!úˆÏÎ˚ !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢y«˛yÍÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
ˆúÖÑ˛ ü£#î%ú ã!£Ó˚ !òˆÏã£z ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚãyî%Óyhfl˛Ó Óyhfl˛Ó£zñ Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y !¶˛ß¨ ì˛úõye– ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛y xÓüƒ£z
¢yõy!ãÑ˛Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛Ìy òÎ˚–ÛÛ7
¢ˆÏÓ≈y˛ô!Ó˚ Úõƒy!ãÑ˛ !Ó˚Î˚y!úãõÛ £ú ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ òy®!òÑ˛ xy!DÑ˛ Óy ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!ÜÑ˛ ˆÑ˛Ôüú
Óy !òõ≈yí˜Ïüú# Óy ÓÎ˚òˆÏÑ˛Ôüúñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ›˛Ñ˛!òÑ˛ó ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ãyî% Óy õyÎ˚yÓ# v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚í
Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü Á ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛
£Î˚– ~£z=!ú ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ñ ˆÎõò ¶˛yˆÏÓ xyõÓ˚y ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ìy Ó!ú– xyõÓ˚y
Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛£z ˛ôy!Ó˚ òy xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆüyòyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£zñ ˆÓyG˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z xÓyhfl˛Ó ë%˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ
Ñ˛y“!òÑ˛ ãÜˆÏì˛ xy!äÈ– ˙wãy!úÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óyhfl˛ÓˆÏÑ˛ xyFäÈß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖy £Î˚ ˆÑ˛Óú–
˙wãyú õyˆÏò Îy Ñ˛ÖòÁ á›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyñ Îy Ñ˛ÖòÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyñ Îy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–
xÌâ˛ ì˛y£z £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ á›˛ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛Óú õye ì˛Öò£zó ÎÖò Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ !Ó!ï!Óòƒy¢ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛yÓ˚í
¢¡ôÑ≈˛ˆÏÑ˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ì˛Öò£z– ãyî%Óyhfl˛Ó v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ !õÌñ fl˛∫≤¿ñ xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ì˛yñ
¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ñ !ÓŸªy¢ñ x!ÓŸªy¢ñ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛Ìy £zì˛ƒy!î– ~£z ¢Ó !îˆÏÎ˚£z !ÓˆÏü°Ï ~Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yˆÏÑ˛
xÌ≈yÍ £z!ì˛£y¢ˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~£z £z!ì˛Ñ˛Ìy ˆÑ˛yò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ò!Ì¶%˛!_´ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy–
~£z £z!ì˛£y¢ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ õyò%°Ï£z ~ÖyˆÏò Óy-Î˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ˆîÓy!ü¢
îˆÏ_Ó˚ õhs˛Óƒ ≤Ã!íïyòˆÏÎyÜƒÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚ~£z x!¶˛ïyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ ~Ñ˛ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛Ôüú– ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛Ñ˛Üí üy¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ˆÑ˛ÔüúmyÓ˚y ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ õyˆÏÑ≈˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆúÖyÓ˚ õ)úÑ˛ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ôˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎò ˆÜy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yò–ÛÛ8
ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ Ñ˛!‡˛ò ~ÓÇ õy!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈ§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆì˛yúy ~Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Ó– ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛
õ£yˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÖÓÓ˚ ãyòyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ ~õò ~Ñ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy !òõ≈yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Îy üy¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
£zFäÈyÈÙÈx!òFäÈyÈÙÈ!Ó!ï!òˆÏ°ÏïÈÙÈÖÓÓ˚îyÓ˚#Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ãyÎ˚Üy– ãyî%Óyhfl˛Ó v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ÌyˆÏÑ˛
@˘Ãyõ#í xyÓ£ xÌÓy Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ü!_´ˆÏÑ˛wñ xyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛y“!òÑ˛ xM˛Èú– ãyî%Óyhfl˛Ó
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ «˛õì˛y Ó!M˛Èì˛ õyò%°Ïãòñ Ü“ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚ «˛õì˛y£#ò ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛
õyò%°Ïñ v˛z_Ó˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ õyò%°Ï ÎyÓ˚y ˛ô)Ó≈ì˛ò üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ úv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– ÚÚxˆÏòˆÏÑ˛
õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ x≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏïÓ˚ ü!_´üyú# ö˛õ≈ !£¢yˆÏÓ ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy
xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü–ÛÛ9 ˛ô#v˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî# ~Ñ˛ !ÓÑ˛“ ~ÓÇ òì%˛ò ˛ôy‡˛Ñ,˛!ì˛ !òõ≈yí Ñ˛Ó˚y
£Î˚ ˆúyÑ˛¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿ÈÙÈxyÑ˛yCyÈÙÈ!ÓŸªy¢ ≤ÃbÑ˛ÌyÈÙÈxy!îÑ˛“ÈÙÈ!Ñ˛ÇÓî!hs˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
x˛ôÓ˚yˆÏãÎ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ x!hfl˛c ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ÖyˆÏò !ò˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛ ~ÓÇ õ)Ñ˛ õyò%°Ï=!úÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖ
¶˛y°Ïy ˆö˛yˆÏ›˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y xÌ≈£#òì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xÌ≈˛ô)í≈ì˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Îyey Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z ÎyeyÎ˚ ¢õhfl˛
≤ÃyˆÏhs˛Óy¢# õyò%°Ïñ !ò¡¨ÓÜ#≈Î˚ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#ñ ˛ô%§!ãÓyî# ~ÓÇ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ˆÏò î!úì˛ õ!Ìì˛
≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ãy!ì˛ ~£z òì%˛ò ãÜˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ%˛£Ñ˛# Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÎ˚ ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÌ Á ˛ôyˆÏÌÎ˚ Ö%§ˆÏã
˛ôyÎ˚– Úãyî%Óyhfl˛ÓÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD v˛z_Ó˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ì˛yÓyîñ !Ó!òõ≈yíÓyîñ xyï%!òˆÏÑ˛y_Ó˚Óyîñ
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ xÓˆÏâ˛ì˛òyñ ˛ôÓ˚yÓyhfl˛ÓÓyî ~ÓÇ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˝õy!eÑ˛ì˛y úy¶˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–10
~ÓyÓ˚ ãyî%Óyhfl˛ÓÓyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ xy!DÑ˛ì˛y ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– J.A.
Cuddon ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ˜ÏÓ!ü‹Tƒ=!úˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÌ≈¶˛yˆÏÓ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ
“Some of the characteristic features of this kind of fiction are the
mingling and juxtaposition of the realistic and the fantastic or bizarre,
skillful time shifts, convoluted and even labyrinthine narratives and
plots, miscellaneous use of dreams, myths, and fairy stories, expres-
sionistic and even surrealistic description, arcane erudition, the ele-
ment of surprise or abrupt shock, the horrific and the inexplicable.”11
ÚÓ%!k˛ã#!ÓÓ˚ ˆòy›˛Ó£zÛÈÙÈ~ ˆ¢ÔÜì˛ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!üˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚
ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚõƒy!ãÑ˛ !Ó˚Îy˚ !úãˆÏõÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛“òy xyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢Ç!õ◊í äÈyv˛¸yÁ
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È x§yÑ˛yÓ§yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ˆÜyúÑ˛ ï§yïyõÎ˚ Ñ˛y!£ò#e´õ É î«˛ Ñ˛yú˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òñ fl˛∫≤¿ xyÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛ÌyÓ˚
!õ!úã%!ú ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ñ x!¶˛Óƒ!_´Óyî#ñ Ñ˛ÖòÁ Óy ˛ôÓ˚yÓyhfl˛ÓÓyî# Óí≈òyó â˛õÑ˛ñ ~õòÑ˛# xyÑ˛!fl˛øÑ˛
üÑ˛ñ Ó#¶˛Í¢ xyÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒyì˛#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛–ÛÛ12
~ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ
SÑ˛V Óyhfl˛Óñ ö˛ƒyr›˛y!¢ñ v˛zqˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü xÓfl˛iyò–
SÖV ≤’ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇü ˆÜyúÑ˛ ï§yïyÎ˚ ˛ôyÑ˛yˆÏòy–
SÜV fl˛∫≤¿ñ !õÌñ ≤Ãbì˛_¥ñ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛ÌyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚–
SáV ¢£¢y â˛õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛–
SàV xyìB˛õÎ˚ñ xõ)úÑ˛ñ x¢Ω˛Ó Á Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛yÓ˚í£#ò á›˛òyÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛–
Sâ˛V ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~Ñ˛ õyÎ˚yõÎ˚ñ !Óºy!hs˛Ñ˛Ó˚ñ ã!›˛ú xyÓ£ !òõ≈yí Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
SäÈV ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ â˛Ó˚òyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜì˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy–
SãV v˛zq›˛ÈÙÈxÓyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyv˛¸yˆÏú ÌyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!‡˛òñ â˛Ó˚õ ~Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Ó– ˆ¢£z â˛Ó˚õ
¢ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚¢ı˛yòÈÙÈ£z ≤Ãïyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚–
SG˛V xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛y“!òÑ˛ òÜÓ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õyã ~ÓÇ ~ÖyˆÏòÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
â)˛v˛¸yhs˛ ¶˛yÜƒ–
S~åV ãyî%Óyhfl˛ÓÓyî# ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ˛ôÓ˚yÓyhfl˛ÓÓyî# Óí≈ò ˆÑ˛Ôüú ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
S›˛V ¢£¢y ¢õÎ˚ ÓîˆÏúÓ˚ ˜ò˛ô%íƒ–
S‡˛V ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ õ£yÑ˛y!ÓƒÑ˛ õyey–Û13
~Öò ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ãyî%Óyhfl˛ÓÓyˆÏîÓ˚ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ≤Ã¢ˆÏD xy¢y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛ÌyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xÌ≈yÍ Ú‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚õyÓ˚ G%˛!úÛñ Ú‡˛yò!îÓ˚ ÌˆÏúÛñ Ú£zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ñ˛ÇÓy
˜õõò!¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÎ˚ ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛y xyˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– õDúÑ˛yÓƒ =!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ïõ≈õDúÑ˛yÓƒ ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛y Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó– xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z Ó!B˛õâ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ÚÑ˛˛ôyúÑ%˛[˛úyÛ
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ú«˛í Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôyò– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚÑ˛B˛yÓì˛#Ûñ
Úv˛õÓ˚& â˛!Ó˚ì˛Ûñ Ú¶)˛ì˛ Á õyò%°ÏÛ xyÖƒyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ú«˛í=!ú !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ
˛ô!Ó˚ú!«˛ì˛ £Î˚– !Ñ˛ß¨Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ Úfl˛∫≤¿ ˛ô%Óy˚ íÛ S2002V !Ñ˛ÇÓy Ó˚õyòyÌ Ó˚yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ÚÑ§˛yÑ˛òÛ S2001V
v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ãyî%Óyhfl˛Ó Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢– Úfl˛∫≤¿ ˛ô%Ó˚yíÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ~Ñ˛ xyïƒy @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ›˛
¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ñ Á¢yõy !Óò úyˆÏîò ~ˆÏ¢ ˛ô%Ñ%˛Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ ˆã£yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛yÑ˛ ˆîÎ˚ñ Ó%ˆÏòy
ˆÓv˛¸yˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z!Ñ˛ˆÏú Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛Ó˚ñ ˆÓyõy Ó,ˆ«Ï ˛Ó˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ ˆîÖyò £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– Ó˚õyòyÌ Ó˚yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ÚÑ§˛yÑ˛òÛ
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Î%Óì˛# Ñ§˛yÑ˛ò £y¢ˆÏì˛ ¶%˛ˆÏú ˆÜˆÏäÈñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ £y¢yˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛ î%£z
¶˛y£zñ xï≈õyòÓ Á xï≈˛ô«˛# ÜÓ˚&v˛¸ñ ~õò!Ñ˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ xy@˘Ã£# Î%ÓÑ˛ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f#
˛ôÎ≈hs˛– ˆüˆÏ°Ï Ñ§˛yÑ˛ò ÜÓ˚&ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD v˛zˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ fl˛∫ˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ£ˆÏ¢ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ˆ¢– òÓyÓ˚&í
¶˛Ryâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ú£yÓ≈y›˛Ûñ ÚÑ˛yàyú õyú¢y›˛Ûñ Úö˛ƒyì˛yv%˛Ó˚ ˆÓy¡∫yâ˛yÑ˛Û £zì˛ƒy!î Ó˚â˛òy=!ú v˛z_Ó˚
Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ î,!‹TˆÑÏ ˛yˆÏí xÓüƒ£z ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óïõ#≈ Ó˚â˛òy– x!¶˛!ãÍ ˆ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ÚÓ˚˝â˛[˛yˆÏúÓ˚ £yv˛¸Ûñ
ÚˆîÓyÇü#Ûñ Ú!ÓîƒyïÓ˚# Á !ÓÓyÜ#ÛÈÙÈú!Ö®Ó˚Û £zì˛ƒy!î v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
fl˛∫≤¿õÎ˚ â˛e´Óì˛#≈ñ ˆ¢!úòy ˆ£yˆÏ¢òñ ˆîˆÏÓü Ó˚yÎ˚ñ xì˛#ò ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ¶˛Ü#Ó˚Ì !õ◊ ≤Ãõˆ% ÏÖÓ˚
Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ ü£#î%ú ã!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ Úã#Óò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÛ S1988V v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ Ó˚yÖy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
ã#Óò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y S1988V
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£!ò !ÓˆÏŸ’°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ ã#Óò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ñ˛y!£!ò ¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô ÓˆÏú ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò xyˆÏäÈ– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ˆÏì˛ !ò!î≈‹T ¢%Ü!‡˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛yò
Ñ˛y!£!ò ˆò£z– ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yúyã !òˆÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ Ó˚!â˛ì˛– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚
Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy 1985 ¢yˆÏú– Ñ˛y!£!ò!›˛ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ xyÓî%ú õ!ãˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ƒyˆÏu˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏì˛
!äÈ•ˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ– xyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò Ñ˛yÑ˛ v˛zv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y v˛z£zˆÏ˛ôyÑ˛y ïˆÏÓ˚
ÖyÎ˚– Ñ˛yÑ˛=!ú v˛z£zˆÏ˛ôyÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò ˝ˆÏ›˛y˛ô%!›˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚– ì˛yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛y!£!ò o&ì˛ ~Ñ˛y_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!îò=!úˆÏì˛ ïy!Óì˛ £Î˚– ~Ñ˛y_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xò%¢ˆÏD£z Óî% õÁúyòyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ó˚yãyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy xyˆÏ¢
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢– ˆÎ ~Ñ˛¢õÎ˚ òÓyÓ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏü Ñ˛yÑ˛ Áv˛¸yì˛ ~ÓÇ òÓ˚õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £y¢ì˛– !ÓˆÏÑ˛ú
ˆÓúyÎ˚ ÌyúyÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õyÇ¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ äÈyˆÏî v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ˆÎì˛ ~ÓÇ xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ä%È§ˆÏv˛¸ !îì˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
õyÇ¢– ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y õyÇ¢Ö[˛=!ú !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛y Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y â˛yˆÏúÓ˚ £y!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ÇÓy Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y
Ñ%˛ˆÏÎ˚yì˛úyÎ˚– ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y õyÇ¢Ö[˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ò,üÇ¢ì˛y â˛ˆÏú v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ã%ˆÏv˛¸– Ñ˛y›˛y ˛ô%Ó˚&°ÏyD
ˆîÖyÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚yˆÏï Óî% õÁúyòy ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛f# ú!ì˛ö˛yˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛ò ì˛yúyÑ˛ ˆîÎ˚– õ£Õ‘yÎ˚ Óî% õÁúyòyÓ˚
Ñ˛úƒyˆÏí !õ!ú›˛y!Ó˚ xyˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÌõ!îò 17 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚!¢ xyúyv˛z!jò !ò£ì˛ £Î˚– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆ¢
î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– xyÓ˚ õ£Õ‘yÎ˚ ì%˛ú¢#ÜyäÈ ì%˛ˆÏú ˆö˛úˆÏì˛ Óƒhfl˛ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ãÓyö%˛ú
ÜyäÈ Ñ˛y›˛ˆÏì˛ v˛zîƒì˛ £ˆÏú ˆõyˆÏõòy ~Ñ˛ Ó˚yãyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏú â˛v˛¸ õyˆÏÓ˚– ¢ˆÏÓ≈y˛ô!Ó˚ ˆõyˆÏõòy
Üyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛y ~ÓÇ !Öfi›˛yò Óy¢hs˛# ˆÜyˆÏõˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yÓ˚ Ú¶˛yÓÛ !äÈúñ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
ï°Ï≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ö%ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~Ñ˛¢õÎ˚ ˆÎ xy!ãã ˛ôy‡˛yò ~ÓÇ Óî% õÁúyòy ~ˆÏÑ˛ x˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
üe& !äÈúó 1985 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ì˛yÓ˚y£z £yˆÏì˛ £yì˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚–
ì˛Öò õ£Õ‘yÓ˚ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y !Óºy!hs˛ ˆÓyï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ òy!Ñ˛ !â˛Ó˚üe&ÓˆÏú !Ñ˛ä%È ˆòÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ì˛y£z xyÓî%ú õ!ãî ˆîˆÏÖ Óî% õÁúyòy Á ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô%eÓ˚y ~Ñ˛£z Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ â˛â≈˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Óî%
õÁúyòyÓ˚ ˛ô%e xyÓ%ú ÖyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆãyÓπyÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yÑ˛ ˆÓÓ˚ £Î˚–
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ô!Ó˚ ˛ôyÁòy £ú õyÎ˚yÓ˚yò# õyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆõy£y¡øî ˆ¢!úˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ô!Óe
~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ≤Ãõ Ñ˛y!£!ò– ˆ¢!úõ õyÎ˚yÓ˚yò#Ó˚ ãòƒ ˛ôyÜú £ˆÏúÁ õyÎ˚yÓ˚yò# ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yò ˛ôy_y
ˆîÎ˚!ò– ˆ¢!úõ õ%!_´Î%ˆÏk˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò– ~!îˆÏÑ˛ õyÎ˚yÓ˚yò#Ó˚ ÓÎ˚¢ â˛ˆÏú ˆÜˆÏúÁ
x!ÓÓy!£ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚– ~Ñ˛!îò õ!ãî õyÎ˚yÓ˚yò#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢!úˆÏõÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ~Ñ%˛ü!›˛ !â˛!‡˛ !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
!îˆÏú õyÎ˚yÓ˚yò# !â˛!‡˛=!ú ˛ô%!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚ˆÏòy ì%˛ú¢#ÜyäÈ ì%˛ˆÏú ì%˛ú¢#Ó˚ ˆÓ!îõ%ˆÏú !â˛!‡˛ ˆ˛ôyv˛¸y
äÈyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò òì%˛ò ì%˛ú¢#ÜyäÈ úyÜyÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ õyÎ˚yÓ˚yò# ˆÑ˛ò ~õò Ñ˛Ó˚ú ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò
v˛z_Ó˚ ˆò£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢– Óî% õÁúyòyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !£ãˆÏv˛¸ ¢hs˛yò !äÈú– ˆúyˆÏÑ˛ ÎyˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
˛ô%e¢hs˛yò£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛y£z £z¢õy£zú £yãyõˆÏÑ˛ ˆv˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏò Öì˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ x!¶˛òÎ˚ ˆîÖyˆÏòy
£Î˚– ~£z ¢ì˛ƒ ÎyˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ òy £Î˚ ˆ¢ ãòƒ £z¢õy£zú £yãyõˆÏÑ˛£z £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– xyÓ˚
~!îˆÏÑ˛ Óî% õÁúyòy ˆÎ ì%˛ú¢#ÜyäÈ !£®%Ó˚y ˛ô)ãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏú ¢õhfl˛ ì%˛úú#ÜyäÈ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆö˛úyÓ˚
!òˆÏî≈ü ˆîÎ˚ñ ˆ¢£z ì%˛ú¢#ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛y!â˛Ó%!òˆÏì˛ Óƒyhfl˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˛ôyÑ˛Óy!£ò#– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ò,üÇ¢¶˛yˆÏÓ Ö%ò £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y ˆõyˆÏõòyÓ˚ ¶˛Î˚yòÑ˛ «˛ì˛!Ó«˛ì˛
õ,ì˛ˆÏî£ v˛zk˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ Óyú%â˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓî%ú õ!ãˆÏîÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ–
Úã#Óò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy!£ƒÑ˛ á›˛òy x!ì˛ ¢yõyòƒ– Î%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òyõ
xy∑%ú õ!ãîñ ˆ¢ ú«¯˛#ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üƒyõy≤Ã¢yî ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#ˆÏúˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!¢®y– ~Ñ˛!îò Ó˚yÎ˚¢y
ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛ òÓyÓ˛ô%Ó˚ ¢v˛¸ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛£z ö˛›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ƒyˆÏu˛ˆÏúÓ˚
!ö˛ˆÏì˛ !äÈ•ˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ñ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï !‡˛Ñ˛ !ÓÎ˚y!Õ‘ü ˛ô,¤˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xy∑%ú õ!ãî Ú˜î!òÑ˛
£zˆÏ_ö˛yÛˆÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓK˛y˛ôò ˆîÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó¢ì˛ Óy!v˛¸ !Ó!e´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ú«¯˛#ÓyãyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óy¢
v˛z!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ ˆüˆÏ°Ï î%!›˛ õye ì˛Ìƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÏÖ
ÖÓÓ˚!›˛ x!ì˛ ì%˛FäÈñ =Ó˚&c£#òñ Ó˚Ç£#ò ~ÓÇ !Ñ˛äÈ%›˛y v˛zq›˛Á ÓˆÏ›˛– ¢ƒyˆÏu˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏì˛ !äÈ•ˆÏv˛¸
ÎyÁÎ˚y xyÓ˚ Ó¢ì˛ Óy!v˛¸ !Ó!e´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xòƒe Ó¢ÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãòƒ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ á›˛òy ≤ÃyÎ˚ü£z
áˆÏ›˛– ~£z x!ì˛ ì%˛FäÈ á›˛òyÓ˚ xyv˛¸yˆÏú !ÓÎ˚y!Õ‘ü ˛ô,¤˛yÎ˚ î%!›˛ á›˛òyÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ áˆÏ›˛ ÎyÎ˚ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚
õ%!_´Î%k˛– ˆÜy›˛y ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ë˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ£Õ‘yÎ˚ òÛ õy¢ Óƒy˛ô# õ%!_´Î%k˛ á›˛òyÓ˚
x!ì˛ !òõ≈õ Óyhfl˛Ó v˛zˆÏ‡˛ xyˆÏ¢ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚£z î%É¢£ Îs˛fíy !ÓÎ˚y!Õ‘ü ˛ô,¤˛yÎ˚ Ó˚*˛ôy!Î˚ì˛ £Î˚– ¢õ@˘Ã
ÓyÇúyˆÏîüÈÙÈ£z Ó˚_´«˛Î˚# Ó˚íyDò £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– òÛõyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õ%!_´Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Óyhfl˛Ó ˙ õ£Õ‘yÓ˚ Ñ˛Û£yãyÓ˚
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏõ xyˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y£z ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ xˆÏÌ≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ¢yˆÏv˛¸ ¢yì˛ ˆÑ˛y!›˛
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï– Î%k˛ xyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ Óyhfl˛Ó ˛õ)ì≈˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ õ£Õ‘yÎ˚– Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Óyhfl˛Ó
õ£Õ‘yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ Óy!¢®yˆÏÑ˛ òy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú£z xy∑%ú õ!ãî Ó¢ì˛ Óy!v˛¸ !Ó!e´Ó˚
!ÓK˛y˛ôò ˆîÎ˚– Ó¢ì˛ Óy!v˛¸ !Ó!e´Ó˚ Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚ !õˆÏü ÌyˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yßÿñ Îs˛fíyñ £y£yÑ˛yÓ˚–
òyÓ˚#Ó˚ v˛zúD üÓ˚#Ó˚ñ ï°Ï≈íñÑ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÖyÁÎ˚y òÓ˚õyÇ¢ñ G˛ú¢yˆÏòy üÓ˚#Ó˚ÈÙÈÖ[˛ñ ˆÓÎ˚ˆÏò›˛ xyÓ˚
Ó%ˆÏúˆÏ›˛Ó˚ !òõ≈õ Óyhfl˛Ó ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ Ó§yïˆÏòñ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ¢!˛ô≈ú ÓÎ˚ˆÏò v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ òì%˛ò Ó˚*˛ô ˛ôyÎ˚–
Ñœ˛yhs˛ñ ïπhfl˛ñ !Ó˚_´ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ãúhs˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ˙ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y õ£Õ‘yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛ˆÏ“ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ v˛zˆÏ‡˛
xyˆÏ¢– ã!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Îb ˆúÖò#ˆÏì˛ ¢õyã Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ hfl˛Ó˚ v˛zˆÏß√y!â˛ì˛ £Î˚–
¢ƒyˆÏu˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏì˛ !äÈ•ˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ 1985 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ã ÓyÇúyˆÏîüˆÏÑ˛£z ˆÎò
õ)ì≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏúò ˆúÖÑ˛– 1985 ¢yˆÏú ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
xy£zò ü,Cúy ~ÓÇ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#Óò˜Ïüú# ¢ˆÏÓˆÏì˛£z ˙ ¢ƒyˆÏu˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏì˛ !äÈ•ˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚
õˆÏì˛y xÓfl˛iy £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ˜fl˛∫Ó˚yâ˛yÓ˚# üy¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ «˛õì˛y Ñ%˛!«˛Üì˛ ~ÓÇ
îõòÈÙÈ˛ô#v˛¸ò ò#!ì˛ â)˛v˛¸yhs˛ Ó˚*˛ô ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆì˛õ!ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# xyˆÏ®yúò
Á â˛Ó˚õ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– xyÁÎ˚yõ# ú#Ü Á !Ó~ò!˛ôÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!ú ˜fl˛∫Óy˚ â˛yÓ˚#Ó˚
˛ôì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ ~Ñ˛ˆÏãyˆÏ›˛ xyˆÏ®yúò ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò xfl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ì˛y ˆò£zñ
!Ñ˛ls˛ xfl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚!›˛ ì˛Öò£z áˆÏ›˛ ÎÖò ~£z ˜fl˛∫Ó˚yâ˛yÓ˚!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ
!òˆÏÎ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# x˛ôü!_´ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ¢˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=!úÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD £yˆÏì˛
£yì˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Ó˚yã˛ôˆÏÌ Üí xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ~£z î,üƒ ˆîˆÏÖ xyÓî%ú õ!ãˆÏîÓ˚
õˆÏì˛y ~Ñ˛y_ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ˆÑ˛v˛z õyñ ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÓyòñ ˆÑ˛v˛z fl˛f#ñ ˆÑ˛v˛z !˛ôì˛yñ ˆÑ˛v˛z ˛ô%e £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈó
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £*îˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ì˛ls˛ ¢ƒyˆÏu˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y !äÈˆ• vÏ ˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– xyÓî%ú õ!ãî ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛y_ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ ˆîˆÏÖ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚˆ¢ ˆîˆÏÖñ òÓyÓ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚yˆÏ£´Ó˚ ¡‘yò xyÑ˛yü v˛z£zˆÏ˛ôyÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆäÈˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ xyÓ˚
˛ôúyÎ˚ò˛ôÓ˚ v˛z£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò x¢ÇÖƒ Ñ˛yÑ˛ ˝ˆÏ›˛y˛ô%!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚ ˆÎò Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
!â˛ÍÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ v˛z£zˆÏ˛ôyÑ˛yÓ˚ !òÉüˆÏ∑ ˛ôúyÎ˚òÈÙÈ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹TyÓ˚ myÓ˚y òÓyÓ˛ô%Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏv˛Ó˚ !¡ÀÎ˚õyò
!ÓˆÏÑ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ò#Ó˚Ó ¢s˛fyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xò%¶˛Ó äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ì˛Öò ì˛yÓ˚ £z!wÎ˚
xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò £Î˚ñ ˆ¢ Ö%Ó !òÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ úyv˛zv˛!fl˛ôÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü∑ ˆüyˆÏí– òÓyÓ˛ô%Ó˚
ˆÓ˚yˆÏv˛ ˆ¢ ¢õÎ˚ xÓfl˛iyòÑ˛yÓ˚# ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆ¢ ~£z üˆÏ∑Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢ ¢ı˛yò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ì˛yÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏòñ Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏŒ›˛y !îˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%!úü Ñœ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ õy£zˆÏeýˆÏö˛yò £yˆÏì˛ xyÓ%ú ÖyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛
ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– xyÓî%ú õ!ãî ˆîˆÏÖñ xyÓ%ú ÖyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ î§yv˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏòy !Ó˚Ñ˛üyÎ˚ ÓˆÏ¢
õy£zˆÏeýˆÏö˛yò õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ì%˛ˆÏú Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏú xyÓ˚ !Ó˚Ñ˛üyÓ˚ ˝ˆÏv˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó¢yˆÏòy ˆâ˛yˆÏàÓ˚
ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy !Ófl˛≥˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ äÈy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– xyÓî%ú õ!ãî ì˛Öòñ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛!›˛
õ%£)ì≈˛ñ Ñ˛yÑ˛ ~ÓÇ £zv˛zˆÏ˛ôyÑ˛yÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ˆâ˛yÖ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ xyÓ%ú ÖyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆüyˆÏí– xyÓ%ú
ÖyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ñ˛ ÓˆÏú ì˛y òÓyÓ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ â˛úõyò ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ%ú ÖyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ÓˆÏú xy˛ôòyˆÏîÓ˚ ïƒòÓyîÊ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z ì˛yÓ˚ ~£z Ñ˛Ìy ˆì˛õò !Óâ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí äÈyv˛¸y£z Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ÎyÓ˚y ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÷òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z ãyˆÏò ˆÑ˛yò ≤Ã¢ˆÏD xyÓ%ú ÖyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
~£z Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏú– ì˛yÓ˚y ãyˆÏò xyˆÏÜÓ˚ !îò !Ó!¶˛ß¨ îˆÏúÓ˚ xy£¥yˆÏò ˆÎ £Ó˚ì˛yú £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ
˛ôÓ˚!îòñ Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !â˛ÍÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Îy!s˛fÑ˛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ xyÓ%ú ÖyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛
ïòƒÓyî ˆîÎ˚– xyÓî%ú õ!ãˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ £*îÎ˚!›˛ Ó˝!îò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !Óî#í≈ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ
!Ñ˛ls˛ ~£z!îòñ v˛z£zˆÏ˛ôyÑ˛yÓ˚ £ì˛ƒyÎˆÏK˛Ó˚ !Ó°Ï] !ÓˆÏÑ˛ˆÏú xyÓ%ú ÖyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÷ˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚
£*îˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ì˛ls˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ƒyˆÏu˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !ö˛ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ !äÈß¨ £Î˚–ÛÛ14
~£z Óí≈òyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ~Ñ˛y_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö ˆò£zó !Ñ˛ls˛ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛õÎ˚ì˛yñ ¢yÇˆÏÑ˛!ì˛Ñ˛ì˛y
~ÓÇ Ó#¶˛Í¢ì˛y xyˆÏäÈ– òÓyÓ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õhfl˛ xyÑ˛yü £zv˛zˆÏ˛ôyÑ˛y xyÓ˚ v˛z£zˆÏ˛ôyÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò
x¢ÇÖƒ Ñ˛yÑ˛ ˝ˆÏ›˛y˛ô%!›˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~£z v˛z£z xyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛# ¶˛Î˚yòÑ˛ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú
~Ñ˛y_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îò=ˆÏúyˆÏì˛– ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛Ñ˛ £y¢yò xy!ãã%ú £Ñ˛ Î%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ e´õˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˆîÎ˚ñ ¢õÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢%!ÓˆÏï
õˆÏì˛y ˆÓ§ˆÏï ˆîÁÎ˚y ¢#õyòyñ !ò!î≈‹Tì˛y ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y˛ô%!Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–ñ ¢õÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ !â˛Ó˚Óì≈˛õyò–
x¢#õ ì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚í «˛õì˛y– ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ !òˆÏâ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ÁˆÏ‡˛ õyòÓ ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
˛ôÓ˚ì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ =ë˛¸ Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ ú%Ñ˛ˆÏòy ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ ì˛hs˛%=!ú î,üƒõyò £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
òyõ Úã#Óò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÛ äÈyv˛¸y xyÓ˚ Ñ˛#ÈÙÈÓy £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ì˛ ì˛Öò xyÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ ˛ôy£z
òy–ÛÛ15
1985 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ üƒyõy≤Ã¢yî ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# ˆúˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!¢®y xy∑%ú õ!ãî ~Ñ˛y_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ó˚yãyÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚˛ôye Óî% õÁúyòyÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏeÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖ ˆüyˆÏò Úxy˛ôòyˆÏîÓ˚ ïòƒÓyîÛñ xyÓ˚ ì˛y
÷ˆÏò xy∑%ú õ!ãî !Ñ˛ä%È «˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ !Ñ˛ÇÑ˛ì˛≈Óƒ!Óõ)ë˛¸ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ~ÓÇ ¢ƒyˆÏu˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏì˛
!äÈ•ˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚–
Úã#Óò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÛÎ˚ ü£#î%ú ã!£Ó˚ õ%!_´Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ !òîyÓ˚&í Óyhfl˛Ó x!¶˛K˛ì˛y

xì˛ƒhs˛ !òˆÏõ≈y£ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Óí≈òy òÎ˚ñ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ õòhfl˛_¥ˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò ì%˛ˆÏú
ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Î%k˛yÑ˛yú#ò Á Î%k˛˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ˛ôÓ≈ˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ â˛eýÓì≈˛ˆÏò ˆÜ§ˆÏÌˆÏäÈòñ ˆÎò
!Ñ˛ä%È£z !Ó!FäÈß¨ !Ó!«˛Æ òÎ˚ñ ¢Ó£z ≤ÃÓy£ ~ÓÇ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ö˛ú– ö˛ˆÏú 1985 ˆì˛ Á v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ !îˆÏòÁ õ%!_´Î%k˛ ¢õyò ≤Ãy¢!DÑ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ õ%!_´Ó˚ ¢ı˛yò ì˛ÖòÁ â˛ˆÏú– !ì˛!ò
õ%!_´Î%k˛ˆÏÑ˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîò ¢Ó≈e ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢£z !¢Ó˚yãÜˆÏOÓ˚ ¢%£y!¢ò#£z ˆ£yÑ˛ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ˜õ÷!®ñ
¶)˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ü!úñ òÓyÓ˛ô%Ó˚ñ ú«¯˛#ÓyãyÓ˚ñ Ó˚yÎ˚¢yÓyãyÓ˚ñ òy!Ó˚®y ¢Ó≈e– ˆúÖÑ˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyò
ü_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÎ !ì˛!ò ¢yÓ˚y«˛í Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ£z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
õ%!_´Î%k˛ ˆü°Ï £Î˚ òÛõyˆÏ¢– !Ñ˛ls˛ ü£#î%ú ã%!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ !â˛!eì˛ Î%k˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚Á
î#á≈– ˆ¢ Î%k˛ â˛ˆÏú ¢yÓ˚y ¢õÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xyãÁ– Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Ñ˛˛ô›˛ì˛yñ «%˛oì˛yñ !£Çfl˛Àì˛yñ ò,üÇ¢ì˛yñ
ÓÓ≈Ó˚ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ Î%k˛ xyãÁ !ÓÓ˚yãõyò– Î%k˛ â˛ˆÏú õ£Õ‘yÎ˚ñ õ£Õ‘yÎ˚– Î%ˆÏk˛ ¢Ñ˛ú xÇü
@˘Ã£íÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô«˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢õ@˘Ã ãòõ[˛ú#Ó˚ õ%Ö˛ôye £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ £y!ãÓ˚– ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚
ÓúyÓ˚ îy!Î˚c›˛y ˆúÖÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ§˛yˆÏï ì%˛ˆÏú !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò !ì˛!ò Îy !Ñ˛ä%È ÓˆÏúò ì˛yÓ˚¢õhfl˛›˛y£z
õ£Õ‘yÓ˚ ¢ÓyÓ˚ ãyòy ~ÓÇ ì˛y ~Ñ˛›%˛ !Óhfl˛y!Ó˚ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓúyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Î%k˛¢ÇÓyî v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôò–
ö˛ˆÏú ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ü“ !Ñ˛ÇÓy Óí≈òy ~Ñ˛˜ÏÓ˚!ÖÑ˛ òÎ˚ñ ì˛y Ó˝õy!eÑ˛ Á Ó˝fl˛∫!Ó˚Ñ˛– ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ x¢ÇÖƒ Ü“ñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ xòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü“– xyÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“ ÌyˆÏÑ˛
x¢ÇÖƒ Ó§yÑ˛ñ Ó§yˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ë˛yˆÏú ë˛yˆÏú ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôye!õeñ ˛ô›˛ñ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛– fl˛iyòÈÙÈÑ˛yú ˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚
ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ x!ì˛ ¢ÇˆÏÓîòü#ú £z!wˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ ≤Ã£Ó˚y ÌyˆÏÑ˛– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ õyò%°= Ï !úÁ
Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ñ Ñ%˛£Ñ˛#– Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏü â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏü xq(ì˛ xq(ì˛ ¢Ó á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛ !Ñ˛ÇÓy
á›˛òyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆüyòy ÎyÎ˚– ~£z Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z 1971ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ 1985Ó˚ÈÙÈ
á›˛òyÎ˚– !â˛eÑ˛“ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ xyïyˆÏÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ã%ˆÏv˛¸ â˛ˆÏú ¶˛yÓÑ˛“ÈÙÈ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÖúy–
Ñ%˛ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛“ xyˆÏ¢ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ó Ñ%˛ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ ì˛úˆÏîü ~Ñ˛y_Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚
ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ¢õÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ õyò%°ÏãòˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚– ˛ô§â˛y!üÓ˚ xyÓ%ú ÖˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ õ£Õ‘yÓ˚
ˆúyÑ˛ãòñ xòƒ ¢ÓyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xy∑%ú õ!ãî ü!B˛ì˛ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˆîˆÏÖ xyÑ˛yˆÏü Îì˛ Ñ˛yÑ˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛
ˆ¢=ˆÏúy xyÓ%ú ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆãyÓπyÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎò ˆÓÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢Û xyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚
Ñ˛y!£!ò ˛ô§â˛y!ü £ˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ%ú ÖˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ o&ì˛ ïy!Óì˛ £Î˚ ~Ñ˛y_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ñ xyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛yÑ˛Á
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚì˛yÓ˚ !˛ôì˛y ÓîÓ˚&!jò õÁúyòyÓ˚ ˆ¢ ~Ñ˛ xK˛yì˛ Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y !äÈú Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ãòƒ– ú«¯˛#ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ~Ñ˛y_Ó˚ ¢ˆÏò Óî% õÁúyòy òÓ˚õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £y¢ì˛
xyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÑ˛ˆÏú Ñ˛yÑ˛ Áv˛¸yì˛ õ£Õ‘yÓ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏü– ~Ñ˛ Ìyúy õyÇ¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ äÈyˆÏî v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ˆÎì˛ Óî%
õÁúyòy xyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚y– õ£Õ‘yÓ˚ ì˛ÖˆÏòy ÎyÓ˚y !äÈúñ ì˛yÓ˚y ÓˆÏú!äÈú Óî% õÁúyòy
≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!îò ˆÎ õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y =ˆÏúy xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ä%ÈˆÏv˛¸ !îì˛ñ ˆ¢=ˆÏúy !äÈú õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
õyÇ¢–ÛÛ16
x!¶˛òÓ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ¶˛!DˆÏì˛ õ%!_´Î%k˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !â˛e ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ ü£#î%ú
ã!£Ó˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ Ñ%˛£Ñ˛# ãÜˆÏì˛ î§yv˛¸ Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîò– x¢ÇÖƒ Ñ˛yÑ˛ Óî% õÁúyòyÓ˚
xyúÖyÕ‘y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏäÈ ¢Ó≈e– Ñ˛yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ˆÏì˛ ã#Óhs˛ â˛!Ó˚e £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ–
xÓüƒ Ñ˛yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛– ˆÎò Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ÖÓÓ˚ ãyòy xyˆÏäÈñ Îy xyõyˆÏîÓ˚Á
xK˛yì˛– Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ£z ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ñ Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ£z ~ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˆÓ˚yõ£°Ï≈Ñ˛
á›˛òy ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚– Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆ‡§˛y›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !äÈ›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y=ˆÏúy–
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy›˛y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ö%˛›˛˛ôyˆÏì˛ñ ˆÑ˛yò›˛y Ñ%˛ˆÏÎy˚ Ó˚ ïyˆÏÓó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ xyà%úñ òˆÏÖ Úúyú òÖÓ˚OÑ˛Û
úyÜyˆÏòy– ˆ¢›˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ £Î˚ˆÏì˛y ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ñ £Î˚ˆÏì˛y ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚ £Î˚ˆÏì˛y ˆÑ˛yò !£ãˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚxyà%ú!›˛Ó˚ òÖ Ö%Ó Óv˛¸ !äÈú ~ÓÇ òˆÏÖÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ áò ~ÓÇ ˆõy›˛y ˆúyõ !äÈú– òˆÏÖ
úyÜyˆÏòy !äÈú ›˛Ñ˛›˛ˆÏÑ˛ úyú òÖÓ˚OÑ˛– Ó˚M˛ÈˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÷ˆÏò ¢Óy£z ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ !äÈú ˆ¢›˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛
ˆõˆÏÎ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyà%úñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ áò ˆõy›˛y ˆÑ˛ˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÷ˆÏò ¢Óy£z ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ!äÈúñ
ˆ¢›˛y ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ¢Óy£z ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ!äÈú ˆ¢›˛y ~Ñ˛ãò !£ãˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ £ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ17
Ñ%˛ˆÏÎ˚yì˛úyÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú Ú~Ñ˛›˛y Ñ˛y›˛y ˛ô%Ó˚&°ÏyDÛ– ~£z òÓ˚ õyÇ¢ Ö[˛ äÈv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
¶˛yˆÏÎ˚yˆÏú™ˆÏÑ˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ o&ì˛– ˆÜy›˛y ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏü£z ì˛Öò õyÇ¢ !Óì˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ
Óî% õÁúyòyÓ˚yñ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õyÇ¢– ÎyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚£z ˆÓ˚y°Ï ˛ôv˛¸ì˛ñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛£z ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆö˛úì˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y=ˆÏúy äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îì˛ ü£Ó˚õÎ˚– ~£z ˆÎ £ì˛ƒy õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õyÇ¢
!òˆÏÎ˚ !òõ≈õì˛y ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z xÓfl˛iyˆÏÑ˛Á ì˛#Ó v˛z£zˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚ~Ñ˛!›˛ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú ã!õÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚#Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ Ñ%˛ˆÏÎ˚yì˛úyÎ˚ñ !ÓˆÏÑ˛ˆÏú ¶˛yˆÏì˛Ó˚
â˛yú ˆïyÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ñ £§y!v˛¸Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚– ~›˛y !äÈú ~Ñ˛›˛y Ñ˛y›˛y ˛ô%Ó˚&°ÏyD– £§y!v˛¸Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ~ˆÏ¢
˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛£z ã!õÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚#Ó˚ !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚# Ñ˛òƒy!›˛ â˛õˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈúñ !Ñ˛ls˛ £§y!v˛¸Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
~ˆÏò ˆ¢ Ólfl˛!›˛ !â˛òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò– ˆ¢ ˆ¢›˛y ì˛yÓ˚ õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚#Ó˚ fl˛f#
x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí !ã!ò¢›˛y !â˛òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛y›˛y !úD!›˛ Öby Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏòyñ õ%![˛ì˛– Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚#Ó˚
fl˛f# ˆ¢›˛y ˆîˆÏÖ !Óõ)ë˛¸ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–ÛÛ18
~Ñ˛y_ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢ºõ£y!ò áˆÏ›˛!äÈúñ ì˛y ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏü ~Ó˚ xyˆÏÜ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Öò£z
£Î˚!ò– Ó˚yãyÑ˛yÓ˚ Á xyúÓîÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ õîˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛y!ò ÓÓ≈Ó˚ Óy!£ò# òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ
¢¡øyò £y!ò á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛y xK˛yì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛!ò ˆÑ˛yò õyÈÙÈˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈñ £§!yv˛¸Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛
â˛ˆÏú !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– Óî% õÁúyòy ì˛yÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ fl˛f# ú!ì˛ö˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛y›˛y ˛ô%Ó˚&°ÏyD ˆîÖyÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚yˆÏï
!ì˛ò ì˛yúyÑ˛ ˆîÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚yÓ˚yì˛ ú!ì˛ö˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛yòy Ñ˛Ó˚&í xyì≈˛òyˆÏî ¢Óy£zˆÏÑ˛ ãy!ÜˆÏÎ˚
Ó˚yˆÏÖ– õ£Õ‘yÓ˚ ˆõyˆÏõòyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Á Óî% õÁúyòy «%˛∏˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆ¢ ~Ñ˛õye õ%¢úõyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚
ˆÎ Üyò Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛ ~ÓÇ !Öfi›˛yò Óy¢hs˛# ÜˆÏõˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yÓ˚ Ú¶˛yÓÛ !äÈú– ≤ÃÌõ ˆÎ !îò
õ£Õ‘yÎ˚ !õ!ú›˛y!Ó˚ xyˆÏ¢ ˆ¢!îò Óî% õÁúyòyÓ˚ xòƒ ~Ñ˛ ¢_y xy!Ó‹,Òì˛ £Î˚ Óî% õÁúòyÓ˚
Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚˆ¢!îò ~Ñ˛ ár›˛yÎ˚ !õ!ú›˛y!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ õ£Õ‘yÎ˚ !ò£ì˛ £Î˚ ¢yì˛ãòñ
!ì˛òãò òyÓ˚# ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ÿ’#úì˛y £yÓ˚yÎ˚– !ò£ì˛ ¢yì˛ãˆÏòÓ˚ òyõ õ£Õ‘yÓy¢# ~Ñ˛›%˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ãyòˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏúÁ ï!°Ï≈ì˛y !ì˛òãò òyÓ˚#Ó˚ òyõ ˆÑ˛v˛z ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–ÛÛ~
~Ñ˛y_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ !îˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛£yÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ òyÓ˚#Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yßÿ õ£Õ‘yÓy¢#
≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˆõúyˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏúÁ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ~Ñ˛£z ¢ˆÏD£z «%˛∏˛ Á v˛zÕ‘y!¢ì˛ £Î˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚÓî% õÁúyòyÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛£z ˆÑ˛v˛z î#á≈«˛í ïˆÏÓ˚ Ñ§˛yîˆÏäÈ ~£z ¢ì˛ƒ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏú õ£Õ‘yÓ˚
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ x!ÓŸªy¢ £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆüyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ v˛zÕ‘y!¢ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
~Ñ˛ãò Öy!Ñ˛ ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚y ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ï)¢Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏàÓ˚ ˛ô˛ô!úˆÏòÓ˚ ˆãyÓπyÎ˚ xyÓ,ì˛ Óî%
õÁúyòy ú«¯˛#ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ñ áˆÏÓ˚ñ xy!àòyÎ˚ñ Ñ%˛ˆÏÎ˚yì˛úyÎ˚ñ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ äÈyˆÏî !üÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚yÍ¢Ó
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ~Öò ~£z Ñ˛yßÿÓ˚ üˆÏ∑ õ£Õ‘yÓ˚ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛y¶˛ ~ÓÇ v˛zÕ‘y¢ ~Ñ˛!eì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ~õò ~Ñ˛ xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎÖò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚ ˆÎñ Óî% õÁúyòyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚
Ó˚õí#ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ§˛yîˆÏì˛ òy ˆîÖˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z ˆüyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~ü¢ £ˆÏÓ òyñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z v˛zÕ‘y¢ ˛ô)í≈
£ˆÏÓ òy–ÛÛ20
õ£Õ‘yÎ˚ ≤ÃÌõ !ò£ì˛ £Î˚ ¢ˆÏì˛ˆÏÓ˚y ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyúyv˛z!jòñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !ò£ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
≤Ã¢yÓ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚yˆÏï– xyÓ˚ ˆõyˆÏõòyˆÏÑ˛ Üyò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ï°Ï≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ö%ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ hfl˛ò ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆö˛úyñ ˆ˛ô›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÓ˚& ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ «˛ì˛!Ó«˛ì˛ñ v˛yò |Ó˚& ˆÑ˛yõÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £§y›%˛ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !â˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛Ó˚õ%ˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y £§y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖyó ˆ¢ !â˛Í £ˆÏÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ !äÈúñ ì˛yÓ˚
!˛ôäÈˆÏõyv˛¸y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó§yïy £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ !òˆÏâ˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ !äÈúñ õ%Ö›˛y !äÈú xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛
v˛z!aì˛–ÛÛ21
xyúyv˛z!jò ~ÓÇ ˆõyˆÏõòy î%ãˆÏòÓ˚£z Ö%ò £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò ïõ#≈Î˚ xã%£yì˛ Î%_´ xyˆÏäÈ–
ˆõyˆÏõòy ~ÓÇ xyúyv˛z!jˆÏòÓ˚ î%ãˆÏòÓ˚£z õ,ì%˛ƒ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ~ÓÇ x!ïÑ˛ ò,üÇ¢–
ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xÓüƒ£z ˆõyˆÏõòy– Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ £ì˛ƒyÎ˚
¢õyò =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ~ÓÇ î%!›˛ £ì˛ƒyˆÏì˛£z ˆÓü ¶˛yˆÏúy£z ¢yî,üƒ xyˆÏäÈ– Óî% õÁúyòy î%ãˆÏòÓ˚£z
£ì˛ƒyÑ˛yÓ˚#– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ î%ãòˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ xyˆÏÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xã%£yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ–
Óî% õÁúyòy ~Ñ˛y_ˆÏÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õyÇ¢ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ– xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yÑ˛
òÓyÓ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õyÇ¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢õhfl˛ xyÑ˛yü ã%ˆÏv˛¸ xyì˛B˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓv˛¸yì˛– ≤Ãì˛#ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ õyeyÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ïy!Óì˛ £Î˚ ~Ñ˛y_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü£ò xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚– ö˛úì˛ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yˆÏúy xì˛#ì˛ñ 85ÈÙÈÓ˚ Óì≈˛õyò ~ÓÇ ¶˛!Ó°ƒÍ ¢ÇüˆÏÎ˚ x!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
ÁˆÏ‡˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚxyõÓ˚y e´õyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z ÎyÓ˚y ~Ñ˛y_ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛y!ò xy!õ≈ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ ˛ôì˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ôì˛yÑ˛y v˛zv˛¸ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚y ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# £ˆÏFäÈñ !ü“õs˛f#
£ˆÏFäÈñ Ñ,˛!°Ïõs˛f# £ˆÏFäÈñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ ë%˛ˆÏÑ˛ äÈpˆÏÓü# Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# £ˆÏFäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚y ¢%ˆÏÑ˛ÔüˆÏúÛ 71
~ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# £ì˛ƒyÓ˚ õs˛fíyúÎ˚ !ü“ÈÙÈ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈxyï%!òÑ˛ì˛yÈÙÈõyò!ÓÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆÜy˛ôˆÏò
ˆÜy˛ôˆÏò Ñ%˛‡˛yÓ˚yáyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈñ ˝õyÎ˚%ò xyãyîˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúy ~Ñ˛yˆÏv˛õ#Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y õòòâ˛â≈˛yÓ˚
≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛# ãyÎ˚ÜyˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüƒ ˆÑ˛y˛ôyˆÏFäÈñ Ó˚õòyÓ˚ Ó›˛õ)ˆú
Ï Ó˚ xò%¤˛yˆÏò ˆÓyõyÓy!ã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆäÏ È....xyõÓ˚y
xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#ò ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛i˛ô!ì˛ ¢˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓñ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ˆòì˛y¢£ õ%!_´Î%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚
ˆ¢òyò#Ó˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛ !ò£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆÎò xyÓyÓ˚ Óî% õÁúyòy õyÇ¢ !äÈ›˛yˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ
ÓyÇúyˆÏîüÓƒy˛ô# ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆúyˆÏ¶˛ ˆòˆÏõ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛yÑ˛–ÛÛ22
~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏò£z xyÓî%ú õ!ãî ú«¯˛#ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢y£¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ˆîü
fl˛∫yï#ò £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ Óî% õÁúyòy !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛y˛ô ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô%‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆì˛yˆÏú– ˆÎ Óî% õÁúyòy x≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò xyÓî%ú õ!ãˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏú òy– ˆ¢£z Óî%
õÁúyòy ~Ñ˛!îò ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ Ìy!õˆÏÎ˚ ÓyFâ˛y ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ%˛üú ãyòˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏú ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚÓ£zˆÏòÓ˚ òyˆÏõ òyõ Ó˚yÑ˛ˆÏäÈyñ Ó£zˆÏòˆÏÓ˚ ¶%˛ˆÏúy òy£zÑ˛y⁄ xyÓî%ú õ!ãî ˆÎ ˆõyˆÏõòyÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !îò ¶%˛úˆÏÓ òyˆÏ¢›˛y ˆì˛y xyÓî%ú õ!ãˆÏîÓ˚ ãyòy£z xyˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ Óî% õÁúyòyÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìy ÷ˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ Îy õˆÏò £Î˚ñ ì˛y £ˆÏúy ~£z ˆÎñ Óî% õÁúyòy ãyˆÏò xyÓî%ú õ!ãîÓ˚y
~Ñ˛y_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òÎ˚ õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌyˆÏ¶˛yˆÏú òy£z– Óyî% õÁúyòyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÷ˆÏò xyÓî%úõ!ãî !â˛!hs˛ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–ÛÛ23
xyÓî%ú õ!ãˆÏîÓ˚ ú«¯˛#ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy¢ v˛z!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÓyÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú Ñ˛yÓ˚í
Óì≈˛õyò– xyÓî%ú õ!ãî ˆÑ˛yò¶˛yˆÏÓ£z â˛y£zˆÏÓ òy ì˛yÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÓyò ˆõyˆÏõòyÓ˚
õˆÏì˛y Óî% õÁúyòy !Ñ˛ÇÓy ì˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏîÓ˚ úyú¢yÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ£yÑ˛– ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚ Óî% õÁúyòy
~Ñ˛y_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ â˛â≈˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyãÁ ~ÓÇ Óî% õÁúyòy ãyˆÏò ˆÎ õ!ãˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚
ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆõyˆÏõòyÓ˚ õ,ì˛% ƒÓ˚ ãòƒ ~ÖòÁ á,íy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ xyÓ˚ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì˛≈ì˛ Ó˚yãÈ˜òÏ !ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛
Óî% õÁúyòy ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ îú ¢%!ÓˆÏï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚y xyÓî%ú õ!ãîˆÏÑ˛ ~£z á,íyÓ˚ ãòƒ
ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˆîˆÏÓ òy– ~£z !¢k˛yˆÏhs˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ˆÏì˛ 86 ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ 7ÈÙÈ£z ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ Ú˜î!òÑ˛ £zˆÏ_ö˛yÑ˛Û
˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ xyÓî%ú õ!ãˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ !Ó!e´Ó˚ !ÓK˛y˛ôˆÏò ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚–
õ%!_´Î%k˛ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ÓyÇúy v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Óî% õÁúyòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ x!Ófl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚ â˛!Ó˚e– fl˛∫yï#ò
ÓÇúyˆÏîüˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÓ˚y ÓƒÌ≈ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T… ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï fl˛iyò#Î˚ Óî% õÁúyòy–
Óî% õÁúyòyÓ˚ xhs˛É¢yÓ˚ü)òƒì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò x¢ÇÖƒ v˛z£zˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛y!ò Ñ˛ƒyˆÏ≤WzˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ î,üƒ!›˛ ˆ¢ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ,˛ì˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ î,!‹TˆÏì˛
ˆîˆÏÖñ ˆÎò ÓyÇúyÓ˚ õy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ïòƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏFäÈ ˛ôyÑ˛ Ñ˛ƒyˆÏ≤Wzò– Ñ˛ƒyˆÏ≤Wzò ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ úyÜy
£yì˛!›˛ Óî% õÁúyòyÓ˚ xyúÖyÕ‘yÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ xyîÓ˚ Ó%!úˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ÓˆÏú ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛!›˛ ˆ¢ Îb
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ– ö˛ˆÏú Óî% õÁúyòyÓ˚ ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛!›˛ xyÓ˚ ÷ï% ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òyñ ~!›˛ ò‹Tº‹T xyîˆÏü≈Ó˚ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– Óî% õÁúyòyÓ˚ !ò¤%˛Ó˚ £*îˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
Óƒ_´ £Î˚ñ ÎÖò ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛‹T £Î˚ ˆÎ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú !£ãˆÏv˛¸ òÎ˚ó ì˛y ãò¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛ãò £yãyõˆÏÑ˛ ˆv˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏò Öì˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!¶˛òÎ˚ ˆîÖyˆÏòy £Î˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆüˆÏ°Ï ~£z ¢ì˛ƒ ÎyˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yò ¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÑ˛yü òy ˛ôyÎ˚ ˆ¢ ãòƒ £yãyõˆÏÑ˛£z ¢ì˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– !£®%
¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ x¢yv˛¸ î,!‹T Óƒ_´ £Î˚ñ ÎÖò ì%˛ú¢# ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ô)ãy !£®%Ó˚y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏú
ˆÑ˛yò Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ì%˛ú¢# ÜyäÈ Ó˚yÖy ÎyˆÏÓ òy ~£z õˆÏõ≈ xyˆÏîü !îˆÏú– !Ñ˛ls˛ ì%˛ú¢# ÜyäÈ ¢¡ô)í≈
!òïò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ x«˛õ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ Óî% õÁúyòyÓ˚ áyì˛Ñ˛ Óy!£ò#– xyÓ˚ ˛ôyÑ˛ ˜¢òƒÓ˚y ì%˛ú¢#˛ôyì˛y
!â˛Ó%!òˆÏì˛ xy¢_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏú Óî% õÁúyòy áyì˛Ñ˛ Óy!£ò#– xyÓ˚ ˛ôyÑ˛ ˜¢òƒÓ˚y ì%˛ú¢#˛ôyì˛y
!â˛Ó%!òˆÏì˛ xy¢_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏú Óî% õÁúyòy ˆÎ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ¢ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ
~£z üyŸªì˛ ¢ì˛ƒ!›˛ v˛zˆÏß√y!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏò «%˛o £ˆÏúÁ ~Ó˚ Óƒy!Æ ¢%Ó£, Í– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ õyÎ˚yÓ˚yò# ~ÓÇ ˆõy£y¡øî
ˆ¢!úõ òyˆÏõÓ˚ î%ãò !¶˛ß¨ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ òÓ˚òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤ÃíÎ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ Îy
ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ãy!ì˛¢_y ~ÓÇ õ%!_´Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛– ˆ¢!úõ õ%!_´Î%ˆÏk˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚
ˆö˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ õyÎ˚y !â˛Ó˚Ñ%˛õyÓ˚# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚– ~Ñ˛!îò ˆ¢!úˆÏõÓ˚ ˆúÖy !â˛!‡˛=!ú ˛ô%!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
˛ô%Ó˚ˆÏòy ì%˛ú¢# ÜyäÈˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ˆö˛ˆÏú ˆ˛ôyv˛¸y !â˛!‡˛Ó˚ äÈy£z ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ òì%˛ò ì%˛ú¢#Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚y ˛ô%§ˆÏì˛ ãú
ˆîÎ˚– ˆ≤Ãõ˛ôe =!ú ˛ô%!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃõˆÏÑ˛ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ¶˛yÓˆÏú ¶%˛ú £ˆÏÓ– õyÎ˚y
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃõˆÏÑ˛ òì%˛ò Ó˚*˛ôîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ú¢#Ó˚ ˆÓ!îõ)ˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˛ô!Óe ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ fl˛iyò !îˆÏÎ˚ó
≤Ã!ì˛!îò ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ãú!¢M˛ÈˆÏò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãî#˛ô ãµy!úˆÏÎ˚ £*îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ õ£#Ó˚*£ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Óy¢òy Óƒ_´
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚y!üîy ¢%úì˛yòy ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒ!_´ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚y ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚì§˛yÓ˚ ã#Óò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˆõ!›˛∆Ñ˛ ˆö˛ú Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÑ˛yò ~Ñ˛ õ%¢!úõ
!Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!£®% !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ !Ñ˛ls˛ !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚# v˛z˛ô£yÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚
!ò!ú≈Æì˛y Á v˛zîy¢#òì˛y– !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚!›˛Î%ˆkÏ ˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– ˆõˆÏÎ!˚ ›˛Ó˚ v˛zîy¢#òì˛y ì˛ì˛!îˆÏò
Ö%ˆÏâ˛ ÎyÎ˚– ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ ÓÎ˚¢# £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ÔõyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆÑ˛v˛z ãyˆÏò òy ~ÓÇ
ˆÓyˆÏG˛ òy– õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ õˆÏò £Î˚ £Î˚ˆÏì˛y ~õò ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛yÓ˚í !äÈú ü£#î%ú ã!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛y
ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ !¢k˛yhs˛ ˆòÎ˚yÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò–ÛÛ24
ö˛Î˚ã%ú £z¢úyõ ~ˆÏì˛ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒ!_´ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚y xyˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú£z !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ Ñ˛yÜˆÏã xyÎ˚òy òyˆÏõ xyõyÓ˚ Ü“›˛y ˆÓÓ˚ £ˆÏú xy!õ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!˛ô !òˆÏÎ˚
ü£#î%ú ã!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÜúyõ– ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y !ì˛!ò ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– Ü“›˛y äÈ§%ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú
ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛– ~Ñ˛ãò Î%ÓÑ˛ ˆüö˛yú# òyˆÏõÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú– ˆõˆÏÎ˚›˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Î%ÓÑ˛ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˆõˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÎyÎ˚!òó !ÓˆÏÎÁ ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ ò– ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ xfl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛c
ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˆ˛ôˆÏú£z ˆäÈy›˛ ˛ôˆÏÑ˛›˛ xyÎ˚òyˆÏì˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˆâ˛£yÓ˚y ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
xyÎ˚òy ˆÑ˛ò ¶˛yú ˆúˆÏÜ!äÈú ü£#î%ú ã!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚⁄ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !Ñ˛ !ì˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ äÈ!Ó ˆîÖˆÏì˛
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò⁄ÛÛ25
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ˆÏì˛ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ö%Ó =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ â˛!Ó˚e £ú xy!ãã ˛ôy‡˛yò– xy!ãã
˛ôy‡˛yò !ÓãÎ˚ x!ã≈ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢y Óî% õÁúyòyˆÏÑ˛ «˛õy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~ÓÇ Óî% õÁúyòyˆÏÑ˛ xy!úDˆÏò ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã#Óò ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú x¢ÇÖƒ xyÓî%ú õ!ãîñ ÎyÓ˚y ~Ñ˛y_ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z õy £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ
ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÓyò £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆÑ˛v˛z !˛ôì˛y £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ˆÑ˛v˛z ¢hs˛yò £yÓ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈó ì˛yÓ˚y
˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ !¶˛ˆÏ›˛õy!›˛ v˛zˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
ü£#î%ú ã!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Úã#Óò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÛ ~Ñ˛›˛y x¢£ò#Î˚ñ ¶˛Î˚yÓ£ fl˛ø,!ì˛
!Óºyhs˛ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ Ü“– ~£z fl˛ø,!ì˛ õ%!_´Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ñÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ¶˛Î˚yÓ£ì˛y ¶%˛ˆÏú ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ ~Ñ˛ ¶˛Î˚yòÑ˛
«˛ì˛ ˆÎò– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ˆÏì˛ !ì˛!ò õ%!_´Î%k˛ Á Óì≈˛õyò Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ !õ◊ˆÏí ~õò ~Ñ˛ Ü“
ˆüyòyò Îy ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ â˛õÍÑ,˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ ˆÎò õ%!_´Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ¢õ!‹TÜì˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ôy£
¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¶˛y!°ÏÑ˛ Á ≤Ãyõy!íÑ˛ ¶˛y°Ïƒ– Ó˚yãyÑ˛yÓ˚ñ Ö%òñ ï°Ï≈íñ Ó˚y£yãy!òÓ˚ ˆÎ !â˛e !ì˛!ò
~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈò ì˛y ÓyÇúy v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ Óƒ!ì˛e´õ# ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò– õ%!_´Î%ˆÏk˛ Óî% õÁúyòyˆÏîÓ˚
¶)˛!õÑ˛yñ Î%k˛ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ò ~ÓÇ xyˆÏhfl˛ xyˆÏhfl˛ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚
!¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛ú!B˛ì˛ xïƒyÎ˚ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢– ˛ô§â˛y!ü ¢yˆÏú
ú«¯˛#ÓyãyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ üƒyõy≤Ã¢yî ˆúˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!¢®y xy∑%ú õ!ãˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢ƒyˆÏu˛úÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏì˛ òÓyÓ˛ô%Ó˚
ˆÓ˚yˆÏv˛ ÎÖò !äÈ•ˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ó ì˛Öò ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z xyÓ%ú ÖyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ì˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓyÓ˚
ˆãyÓπyÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yÑ˛ ˆÓÓ˚ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y v˛z£zˆÏ˛ôyÑ˛y ÖyÎ˚– ~£z ≤Ã!e´Î˚y â˛ˆÏú 71 ~Ó˚
õ%!_´Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z– ~£z !Óºõ Óy ~£z !¢¡∫ú v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ xD–
õ%!_´Î%k˛ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# ~£z x˛ôü!_´ ¢yïyÓ˚í «˛õy ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ãyì˛#Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ÷ï% «˛õy£z
˛ôyÎ˚!òñ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈ xˆÏD ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Óî% õÁúyòˆÏîÓ˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô˛ô!úˆÏòÓ˚
ï)¢Ó˚ xyúÖyÕ‘y ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˛ô˛ô!úˆÏòÓ˚ ï)¢Ó˚ xyúÖyÕ‘y !Óhfl+˛ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!îò
¢õ@˘Ã ÓyÇúyˆÏîü @˘Ãy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú ~ÓÇ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ˆòˆÏõ xyˆÏ¢ xõy!òüyÓ˚
ˆáyÓ˚ xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚– ãyî%Óyhfl˛Ó Ñ˛Ìy!ü“# õyˆÏÑ≈˛ã ˆòyˆÏÓú Ó_,´ì˛yÎ˚ úy!ì˛ò xyˆÏõ!Ó˚Ñ˛yòˆÏîÓ˚
òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó§yâ˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏò ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚ....!ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ ˆÎ ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛“Ó˚y‹T… Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏã ˆúˆÏÜ ˛ôv˛¸y ÎyÎ˚ñ ~ÖòÁ Ö%Ó ˆî!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!ò– ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò Á
â)˛v˛¸yhs˛ Ñ˛“Ó˚y‹T…ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆÑ˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ õyÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ì˛y xˆÏòƒÓ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÓ òyñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò
ˆ≤Ãõ ¢ì˛ƒ £ˆÏÓñ ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÓ ¢%Ö# £ÁÎ˚yñ xyÓ˚ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆÎÈÙÈ¢Óãy!ì˛Ó˚ î![˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ !äÈˆÏúy
~Ñ˛ˆÏüy ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òÉ¢Dì˛yÎ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚y xÓˆÏüˆÏ°ÏÁ !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏì˛yñ !mì˛#Î˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˛ôyˆÏÓ
˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛–ÛÛ23
!Ñ˛ls˛ ü£#î%ú ã!£Ó˚ ÓyÇúyˆÏîü Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yò Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ xyˆÏúy ˆîˆÏÖò!òñ
ˆîÖyò!ò– ~ÖyˆÏò xyÓî%ú õ!ãîˆÏîÓ˚£z ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ôúyÎ˚ò˛ôÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Óî% õÁúyòyˆÏîÓ˚
ãÎ˚ãÎ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õhs˛Óƒ ÈÙÙÙÈ

ÚÚ~ Ó£z!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z õ)úì˛ ü£#î%ú ã!£Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ x!¶˛!£ì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– Î!îÁ x!hfl˛cÓyî# îü≈ò£z ~ ˆúÖyÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆãyÓ˚yˆÏúy ¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛–
ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ö˛õ≈ˆÏÑ˛ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!hfl˛cÓyî# ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Ñ˛ì˛›%˛Ñ%˛ !ÓÑ˛!üì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÇúy
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃyíÓhs˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ì˛ ~ Ó£z!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚£z ˆîÖy
!îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–27
~Ñ˛ ˛ôƒyÓ˚y@˘ÃyˆÏö˛ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ 28 ˆü õyˆÏâ≈˛Ó˚ ˜î!òÑ˛ Ú≤ÃÌõ xyˆÏúyÛ
¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛#ˆÏì˛ üy£yî%Iyõyò ˆúˆÏÖò ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚòÓπ£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢ı˛ƒyÎ˚ xyÖì˛yÓ˚&Iyõyò £z!úÎ˚y¢ ì§˛yÓ˚ !›˛Ñ˛y›%˛!úÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ xyõyˆÏÑ˛
ü£#î%ˆÏúÓ˚ ~£z Ó£z!›˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúòñ Ú˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆîˆÏÖyÛ– ˆò£yì˛ !ò¡¨õyˆÏòÓ˚ äÈy˛ôyÎ˚ñ ¢yîy
õ!úò ≤ÃFäÈˆÏî Úã#Óò Á ˛Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÛ òyˆÏõÓ˚ ~£z â˛!›˛ Ó£z £yˆÏì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓúyõ
ˆÑ˛yò Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛Ó˚ Ó£z £Î˚ˆÏì˛yÈÙÈÓy– ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ hfl˛!Ω˛ì˛ ££z– ãyî%Ñ˛Ó˚# ¶˛y°Ïy xyÓ˚
!òõ≈yˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ¢ÔÑ˛ˆÏÎ≈ ü£#î%ú xyõyˆÏÑ˛ ˆ›˛ˆÏò ë%˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏúò ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ =£yÎ˚–ÛÛ28
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚ òyõ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z ¶%˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛Ó˚ Ó£z ÓˆÏú£z õˆÏò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ òyõÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ü£#î%ú ã!£Ó˚
üy£yî%IyõyòˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚÎÖò v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ !úÖ!äÈ ì˛Öò ˆîˆÏü fl˛∫yï#òì˛y !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï#Ó˚y ¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ õyÌy â˛yv˛¸y
!îˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ˆÏäÈñ xy!õ ¶˛#°Ïí v˛z!m@¿ñ xyì˛!B˛ì˛ !äÈúyõñ xy!õ õ%!_´Î%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆ¢£z ¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚!›˛Ó˚
!îˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÓyÓ˚ î,!‹T xyÑ˛°Ï≈í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúyõñ òyõ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛yÓƒ xyÓ˚ Ó˚¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚
õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛y !äÈú òy–ÛÛ29
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò ü!_´ ¶˛y°Ïy !òõ≈yí ˆÑ˛Ôüú– ¶˛y°Ïy !òõ≈yí ˆÑ˛ÔüˆÏúÓ˚ ˆîÔúˆÏì˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛
~Ñ˛ ˆáyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xyFäÈß¨ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ ~Ñ˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ï§yïyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ á%Ó˚˛ôyÑ˛ ÖyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ â˛õÍÑ,˛ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ãyî%Ñ˛yÓ˚# ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ Ü£#ˆÏò v%˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £Î˚– ~õò ¶˛y°Ïy
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ñ ~õò v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôòyñ ~õò ˆÑ˛Ôüú# Óí≈òy Óy ü£#î%ú ã!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛yhs˛£z !òãfl˛∫ ~ÓÇ
¢õ@˘Ã ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ì˛y !ÓÓ˚ú– ü£#î%ú ã!£Ó˚ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ã#Óò ≤ÃÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD
ã!v˛¸ì˛ ˆúyÑ˛¶˛yÓòy Á ˆúyÑ˛!ÓŸªy¢ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ%òˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ö˛ˆÏú ˜ì˛!Ó˚
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ òì%˛ò ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ¶˛y°Ïy˜Ïüú#– !ì˛!ò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy x!ÓŸªy¢ƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !ÓŸªy¢ˆÏÎyÜƒ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ÓyÓ˚ Ú£Î˚ˆÏì˛yÛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Ñ˛y!£!ò Óí≈òyÎ˚ !ì˛!ò
ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óïõ≈# ÓÎ˚òˆÏÑ˛Ôüú!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˆ¢ãòƒ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÚÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ õyˆÏÑ˛≈ãÛ
Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
ì˛Ìƒ¢)e ≠
1V ˆ¢ò òˆÏÓ®% S¢¡ôyVó ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ ¢y!£ì˛ƒì˛_¥ Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒ¶˛yÓòy SÓ˚!Óò ˛ôyúñ ãyî% Óyhfl˛Óì˛y
Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ !¶˛ß¨ fl˛∫Ó˚Vñ Ó˚byÓú#ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y 2009ñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ ˛˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 203–
2V ì˛ˆÏîÓ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 205–

3V Carpentier Alejo; On the Marvelous Real in America, Magical Real-
ism, Ed-zamora and Faris, Montevideo, Area, 1967, P-85-86.
4V Margaret Drabble (Ed)/ The Oxford Companion to English Literature
(3rd Impression, Great Britain, 1997, P-616.
5V £Ñ˛ £y¢yò xy!ã%úó Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌÑ˛ì˛yó ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ 1994ñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ
˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 115–
6V ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ ì˛ˆÏ˛ôyï#Ó˚ó v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîòñ ÓD#Î˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢Ç¢îñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 2005ñ
≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 36ÈÙÈ39–
7V ü£#î%ú ã!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢y«˛yÍÑ˛yÓ˚ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Ñ˛yõÓ˚&Iyõyò ãy£yD#Ó˚ S¢y«˛yÍÑ˛yÓ˚!›˛
≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ üyú%Ñ˛!ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢ÇÖƒy ü£#î%ú ã!£Ó˚ñ Ó°Ï≈ òÎ˚ñ ¢ÇÖƒy 10 S¢¡ôyÉ ÁÓyˆÏÎ˚î
xyÑ˛yüVó x«˛Ó˚ ë˛yÑ˛yñ 2008ñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ ˛ô,¤˛yÈÙÈ193–
8V ˆîÓy!ü¢ î_ó Üy!ÓˆÎÏ ú ˚ ÜyÓ˚!¢Î˚y õyˆÏÑ˛≈ ¢ SÑ˛!Óì˛#Ì≈ó ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ÈÙÈv˛zÍ˛ôú ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈óÑ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ
2015Vñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 348–
9V òˆÏÓ®% ˆ¢ò S¢¡ôyVó ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ ¢y!£ì˛ƒì˛_¥ Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒ¶˛yÓòy SÓ˚!Óò ˛ôyúó ãyî% Óyhfl˛Óì˛y
Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ !¶˛ß¨ fl˛∫Ó˚Vó Ó˚byÓú#ñ ˆÑ˛yúÑ˛yì˛yñ 2009ñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 208–
10V ì˛ˆÏ˛ôyï#Ó˚ ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ó v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîòó ÓD#Î˚ÈÙÈ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢Ç¢îñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2005ñ
≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 36–
11V Cuddon J.A. Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory; pen-
guin, London, 1999, P - 488.
12V õ%ˆÖÏ y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ˆ¢ÔÜì˛ó õƒy!ãÑ˛ !Ó˚Îy˚ !úãõ SÓ%!k˛ã#Ó#Ó˚ ˆòy›˛Ó£zó ¢%ï#Ó˚ â˛e´Óì˛#≈ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ó
ï&Ó˛ôîñ Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛ ¢B˛úòÈÙÈ4ñ Ñ,˛°åòÜÓ˚ñ 2000ñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ ˛ô,¤˛yÈ ÙÈ 220V
13V ˆ¢ò òˆÏÓ®% S¢¡ôyVó ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ ¢y!£ì˛ƒì˛_¥ Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒ¶˛yÓòy SÓ˚!Óò ˛ôyúó ãyî% Óyhfl˛Óì˛y
Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ !¶˛ß¨ fl˛∫Ó˚Vó Ó˚byÓú#ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2009ñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 208–
14V ü£#î%ú ã!£Ó˚ñ ã#Óò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y S¢¡ôyÉ Ó˚ü#î ˆõy£y¡øî xyÓî%Ó˚ó ü£#î%ú
ã!£Ó˚ ¢õ@˘ÃV ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ¢õyˆÏÓüñ ë˛yÑ˛y 2013ñ ˛ô,¤˛y 297–
15V £Ñ˛ £y¢yò xy!ã%úó ˆ¢yòyˆÏõyv˛¸y Ñ˛Ìy!ü“# ü£#î%ú ã!£Ó˚ó Úüyú%Ñ˛Û !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢ÇÖƒy
ü£#î%úã!£Ó˚ñ Ó°Ï≈ òÎ˚ñ ¢ÇÖƒy îüñ S¢¡ôyó ÁÓyˆÏÎ˚î xyÑ˛yüVÚ x«˛Ó˚ñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ 2008ñ
˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 13–
16V ü£#î%úã!£Ó˚ó ã#Óò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y S¢¡ôyÉ Ó˚ü#î ˆõy£y¡øî xyÓî%Ó˚ó ü£#î%ú
ã!£Ó˚ ¢õ@˘ÃV ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ¢õyˆÏÓüñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ 2013ñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 298–
17V ì˛ˆÏÓîñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 298ÈÙÈ299
18V ì˛ˆÏÓîñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 299

22V £y!õî Ñ˛yÎ˚¢yÓ˚ó ü£#î%ú ã!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã#Óò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yó ˛ô,¤˛y 897 Sü£#î%ú
ã!£Ó˚ ¢õ@˘ÃV–
23V ü£#î%ú ã!£Ó˚ó ã#Óò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y S¢¡ôy Ó˚ü#î ˆõy£y¡øî xyÓî%Ó˚ó ü£#î%ú
ã!£Ó˚ ¢õ@˘ÃV– ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ¢õyˆÏÓüñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ 2013ñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 336–
24V Ó˚y!üîy ¢%úì˛yòy ≠ ü£#î%ú ã!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ xyÓ˚ ˆîÖy £ú òyó ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ¢õyˆÏÓüñ ë˛yÑ˛y
2010ñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 514–
25V ö˛Î˚ã%ú £z¢úyõ ≠ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Óı%˛ ü£#î%ú ãy!£Ó˚ó ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ¢õyˆÏÓüñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ 2010ñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ
251–
26V õyÑ≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆòyˆÏÓú Ó_,´ì˛y S!üÓy!ã ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xò%ÓyîVó !ÓK˛y˛ôò˛ôÓ≈ õyˆÏÑ≈˛ã
!ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢ÇÖƒy ≠ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2015ñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 17–
27V £zõ!ì˛Î˚yÓ˚ üyõ#õ ≠ ˆ¢!îò £‡˛yÍ ì%˛°ÏyÓ˚ G˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúó üyú%Ñ˛ñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ 2008ñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 41–
28V üy£yî%Iyõyò ≠ ˆÌˆÏõ ˆÜú î!«˛í ˜õ÷!® xyÓ˚ ¶)˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ü!úÓ˚ Ü“ó üyú%Ñ˛ ë˛yÑ˛y 2008ñ
˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 62–
29V ì˛ˆÏÓîñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 62–
²ÌKþy !î„þyŸ ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ ÓyÇúy òy›˛ƒïyÓ˚yÎ˚ñ Üíòy›˛ƒ ~Ñ˛ x!Ófl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚ òy›˛Ñ˛

Á òy›˛ƒ≤ÃˆÏÎyãòy– Îy â˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ÓDÓ˚DõˆÏM˛È
xyˆÏúyv˛¸ò ~ˆÏò !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ÓyÇúy òy›˛ƒÈÙÈxyˆÏ®yúˆÏò
òì%˛ò Ó˚_´ ¢M˛ÈyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ˆÎÈÙÈ≤ÃÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ x!¶˛áyˆÏì˛
xyõÓ˚y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ!˚ äÈ òÓòy›˛ƒñ ¢Íòy›˛ƒñ !˛ô˛ôú‰¢‰ !ÌˆÏÎ›˚ ˛yÓ˚ñ
Ìyv˛≈ !ÌˆÏÎ˚›˛yÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î òì%˛ò ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ òy›˛Ñ˛– ˆ¢£z
Üíòy›˛ƒ ~ÓÇ òÓòyˆÏ›˛ƒÓ˚ x@˘Ãí# !ì˛òãò òy›˛ƒÓƒ!_ć
ÈÙÈ !Óãò ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ñ !î!Üwâ˛w ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ì%˛ú¢#
úy!£v˛¸#– Î§yˆÏîÓ˚ òy›˛Ñ˛ñ òy›˛ƒ¶˛yÓòy !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyñ ÜˆÏÓ°Ïíy fl˛∫ì˛s˛f¶˛yˆÏÓ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ £ˆÏÓ– ì˛Ó%
Üíòy›˛ƒ Á !ì˛ò òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ õúyˆÏ›˛ !ì˛ò òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ§ˆÏï ˆö˛ˆÏú ≤ÃyÎ˚
¢¡ôyîòy òÖî˛ô≈ˆíÏ ˆîˆÏÖ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆâÏ ˛‹Ty ¢Ω˛Óì˛ ~›˛y£z ≤ÃÌõ–
ì˛Ó˚&í õ%ˆÖÏ y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ òy›˛ƒˆÏ≤Ãõ# ˆÎ¢Ó ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ Á ˛ôy‡˛yÌ≈# !Óhfl+˛ì˛ ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚
xy!ü¢ Ó˚yÎ˚ xÓÑ˛yü ˛ôyò òyñ ì§˛yÓ˚y ~£z ¢ÇÑ˛úò ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ ¢õ,k˛
õ)úƒ ≠ 80 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓòñ xyüy Ó˚y!Ö–
{ŸªÓ˚îü≈òñ õyÎ˚yñ ì˛s˛f Á Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ

!£Ó˚^˘È¬Î˚ ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚*
xhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÓ˚ x!hs˛õ ÓyÑ˛ƒ ÚˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ~ÖòÁ õyÎ˚y Ó˚!£Î˚y ˆÜúÛ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛Ìyõ%Ö
xÇˆÏü Ú~£z Ü“ ˆ¢£z Ü“ {ŸªÓ˚ îü≈ò ÎyeyÓ˚ Ü“ÛÓ˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò xhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÓ˚ ‡˛y¢Ó%ò%!ò
!ü“Ó˚*˛ô ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !Ó£¥ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ £ì˛â˛!Ñ˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ õ%?˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Óºyhs˛Á Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !‡˛Ñ˛
ì˛ì˛›˛y£z Óyïƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛y ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ˆÎˆÏì˛– ˆúÖÑ˛ ˆÎò ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ
Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ ˆÓ§ˆÏï !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ ÓúˆÏäÈò Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÓ˚ Óı%˛Ó˚ ˛ôÌñ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚£z £yì˛ ïˆÏÓ˚–
â˛yÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ !òõ≈yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÚxyˆÏúy e´ˆÏõ xy!¢ˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈÛÓ˚ xyŸªy¢ !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛õ¢y x!ì˛e´õˆÏíÓ˚
¢y£¢Á ˆãyÜyˆÏFäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ xyõÓ˚yÁ e´ˆÏõ Úõ%_ýö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚yÓÍ !£õ ò#úy¶˛ÛÓ˚ ¶˛Ó˚¢yÎ˚ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚!äÈ ÚxyÓ˚ x“Ñ˛yú Üì˛ ££zˆÏú Ó˚!_´õì˛y ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÓñ ˛ô%òÓπ≈yÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y
≤ÃyÑ,˛ì˛ãˆÏòÓ˚yñ ˛ô%ˆÏ‹ôÓ˚ v˛z°åì˛y !â˛!£´ì˛ ££zÓ–Û Ñ˛yÓ˚í Úe´ˆÏõ xyˆÏúy xy!¢ˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈÛ– ~Ñ˛
xy!îõì˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏß√yâ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ e´ˆÏõ ˆáyÓ˚ xy!îõ õyÎ˚yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ ≤ÃÓíì˛y!›˛
fl˛ô‹T ≤ÃÌõ xò%ˆÏFäÈˆÏî£z– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒÁ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛y xyˆÏÓ˚y fl˛ô‹T–
Ü#ì˛yÓ˚ õì˛ ˆ¢yòy!ú x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ õ%!oì˛ ~ÓÇ ¢yõyòƒ ~Ñ˛›%˛ xyú˛ôòyñ ¢yÓ˚y ã!õ›˛y£z úyúñ
Ó˚!_´õ ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ü#ì˛yK˛yˆÏò ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÓúyÓ˚ fl˛ô‹T £züyÓ˚y ÈÙÙÙÈ Ñ˛yÓ˚í xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
ˆîü ~ÖòÁ xõÓ˚ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y£z Ú¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ü“ Ó%!G˛ˆÏÓòÛ– ˆúÖÑ˛
ˆãˆÏòÓ%ˆÏG˛£z Ó˝Óâ˛ò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈòñ xÌ≈yÍ ~ Ü“ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÓyG˛y v˛z!â˛ì˛ñ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚£z
~ÓÇ ¢yÓïyòÁ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏFäÈò ¢yˆÏÌ ¢yˆÏÌñ Ú¶˛ÜÓì˛#ÈÙÈì˛ò% úy¶˛ òy £ˆÏú {ŸªÓ˚ îü≈ò £Î˚ òyÛ–
ì˛y£ˆÏú ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ Ú¶˛ÜÓì˛#ÈÙÈì˛ò%Û úy¶˛ £Î˚!ò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ !ÓÓ˚ì˛ ÌyÑ˛y v˛z!â˛ì˛
òy!Ñ˛ Ú¶˛ÜÓì˛#ÈÙÈì˛ò%Û úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ¢£!ãÎ˚y õyˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ òyõÑ˛ @˘Ãs˛i!›˛⁄
¶˛_´ÈÙÈÑ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ≤Ãíyõ ãyòyˆÏFäÈò ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆÑ˛yò ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛⁄ òy!Ñ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ xy˛ôyõÓ˚
˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛Áñ Î§yÓ˚y Ú¶˛ÜÓì˛#ÈÙÈì˛ò%Û úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ !òñ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ÜyÈÙÈˆÜyäÈÁ Î§yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆò£z ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛Á
ÓúˆÏäÈò ÚÜ“ Ó%!G˛ˆÏÓòÛ– ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛yÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÎ˚ ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛Ìyõ%Ö
ˆîÁÎ˚y Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ¢Dì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ !ü“Üì˛ÈÙÈ¶˛yˆÏÓÁ ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ñ ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ ˆîÖyÓ˚– fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛
¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ≤ÃŸ¿ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫y!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ £hfl˛ˆÏ«˛˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈòñ
!Óò#ì˛ !Óò¡À !òˆÏÓîò £ˆÏúÁ ì˛y !Ñ˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !Óºyhs˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ òy⁄ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôy‡˛ÈÙÈ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y
¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ !mïy@˘Ãhfl˛⁄
˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ÓúˆÏì˛Á Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó%G˛ˆÏäÈòñ ˆ¢ ¢õÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛
¢ÇÖƒy£z Óy Ñ˛ì˛⁄ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ òì%˛ò ˆúÖÑ˛ñ õye 5ÈÙÈ6 !›˛ Ü“ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛ì˛!îˆÏòñ
*≤ÃyÓ!ı˛Ñ˛ Á Ñ˛Ìy ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛–
{ŸªÓ˚îü≈òñ õyÎ˚yñ ì˛s˛f Á Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 119
~õò ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy x!òˆÏí≈Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÙÙÙÈì˛y ü)òƒÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ñ˛ÛüÈÙÈÁ
£ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ SÑ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ £Î˚ì˛ ~Ñ˛üÛ£z ïˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúòó Úò£ÓÍÛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
~Ñ˛ü!›˛ Ö[˛ ˆ¢úy£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏúÁ ~Ñ˛ü!›˛Ó˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛õ Ö[˛ !ì˛!ò !Ó!úˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–V
¶˛_´ÈÙÈxò%Üì˛ñ Óı%˛ÈÙÈÓyı˛ÓÓ˚y£z ~£z ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛Ñ˛ È ÙÙÙÈÈ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ú«˛ƒ
ì˛ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ ì§˛yÓ˚y£z⁄
Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆ˛ôˆÏú ¢õÑ˛yú#ò ˆúÖÑ˛ !ü!ÓÓ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚y!â˛ì˛ ÓˆÏú õãy
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ ˆ¡‘FäÈ õyò%°Ï!›˛Ó˚ £‡˛yÍ ïy!õ≈Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÖyÓ˚yÑ˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò
Ó˚DÈÙÈÓ˚!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚– ì˛ÖˆÏòy Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ Ñ˛Ìyõ%ÖÈÙÈ£#ò Úò£ÓÍÛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ î%ÈÙÈõúy›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
!äÈ•ˆÏv˛¸ ˆòÁÎ˚y ~Ñ˛ü Ö[˛ ˆ¢úy£z Ñ˛Ó˚y ˛ôyì˛yñ !Óì˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ– Ñ˛Ìyõ%Ö¢£ Ó£z ˆÓÓ˚ˆÏú
Ó˚DÈÙÓ˚!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ õyey îü=í ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y ãyòyˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚
¢ì˛ƒ!ãÍ Ó˚yÎ˚ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò≠ ÚÚÑ˛õúÓyÓ% xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw xy¢ˆÏì˛ â˛y£z!äÈˆÏúò– Úxhs˛ã≈ú#
ÎyeyÛ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò ~õò õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛y Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ÓˆÏú xyõyÓ˚ ì˛Öò õˆÏò £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–ÛÛ
~ÖˆÏòy ì˛y õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !Ñ˛òyÈÙÈÓ˚ ãÓyˆÏÓ ¢ì˛ƒ!ãÍ õhs˛Óƒ!›˛ £úñ ÚÚòy– Ñ˛õúÓyÓ% ÓyÇúyÓ˚
Ó˚ˆÏ¢ ãy!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ !ö˛Ñ˛üò!›˛ !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò– Ó£z xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÎÖò Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ ˆÓÓ˚úñ
Ñ˛¶˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ !≤ÃˆÏö˛¢ ˆîˆÏÖ õˆÏò £ú Ñ˛õúÓyÓ% õfl˛ÒÓ˚y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈò xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~Ó˚
ˆ›˛:â˛yÓ˚ñ ¢õÎ˚›˛y v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ xy›≈˛ñ Á£z¢ÓÈÈÙÙÙÈÈ {ŸªÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚›˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛ôì˛ õˆÏò £ˆÏÓ–
Ñ˛õúÓyÓ% Á›˛yˆÏÑ˛£z õ)ú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏäÈò...ÛÛ– xˆÏüyÑ˛ !õeñ xy£z !¢ ~¢ ‡˛yˆÏÓ˚ˆÏ‡˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~£z
ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛Ìy£z ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò– â˛M˛ÈúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúòñ ÚÚÑ˛õúÓyÓ% !òˆÏãÓ˚
£zˆÏõã›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yàˆÏì˛ â˛y£z!äÈˆÏúòñ ÈÙÙÙÈ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ñ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚....¶˛yàˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãlfl˛!ì˛›˛y â˛ú!äÈú !â˛!‡˛˛ôˆÏeÓ˚
ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚–...ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¶˛y°Ïy ˆì˛y â˛!úì˛ñ £‡˛yÍ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÎ˚ ¢yï%....£‡˛yÍ £ú⁄
!â˛!‡˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°Ïy ¢yï% ÜˆÏîƒñ Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ xyˆÏÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !â˛!‡˛Ó˚ ¢yï%Üîƒ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ õãy
úyÜì˛– xy¢ˆÏú v˛z!ò ì˛Öò !â˛!‡˛Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ õÑ˛ˆÏ¢y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈòñ ˛ôÌ Ö%§ãˆÏäÈò....ÛÛ xyÓ˚ Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å
ÈÙÙÙÈ õyïÓ⁄ {ŸªÓ˚îü≈ò ¶˛ÜÓì˛# ì˛ò%⁄ ÚÚÑ˛õúÓyÓ% ¶˛ÜÓì˛# ì˛ò% úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ~£z ¢õÎ˚
ì˛s˛f¢yïòyÎ˚ ˆõˆÏì˛ !äÈˆÏúòó äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ñ ˆfl˛ÒˆÏâ˛...xhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy xyˆÏäÈ ˆì˛y– Á¢Ó
Óyî !îˆÏÎ˚Á ì˛ Ó£z›˛y ˛ôv˛¸y ÎyÎ˚– ÎyÎ˚ òy⁄ÛÛ xÌ≈yÍ ¶˛ÜÓì˛# ì˛ò% úy¶˛ òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ Úxhs˛ã≈ú#
ÎyeyÛÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ x¢%!Óïy £ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy òÎ˚– ì˛Ó%Á ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ Á£z Ñ˛Ìyõ%Ö!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ @˘ÃyˆÏ£ƒÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
òy ïˆÏÓ˚ Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÓ˚ Ó˚¢@˘Ã£ˆÏí !Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ x¢%!ÓˆÏï £ˆÏÓñ òy!Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ìyõ%Ö!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚£z
Úxhs˛ã≈ú# Îyey ˛ôˆÏÌ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛£ˆÏÓ⁄
˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Á£z Ñ˛Ìyõ%Ö xÇü!›˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓü !ÓÓì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ
!Óºyhs˛Á Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ ì%˛úòyõ)úÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xòƒyòƒ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓ!ü ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ñ Ó˝ ˛ô!‡˛ì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~Ó˚ ¢Ó˚ú ¶˛y°ÏyÈÙÈÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ ãòƒ– Öy!òÑ˛›˛y Ó!B˛õ# ¶˛y°Ïy¶˛!DÓ˚
Á˛ôÓ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ì˛ ˆ›˛ˆÏò õyˆÏG˛õˆÏïƒ ˆîüy!v˛¸ ü∑Ó˚ â%˛õ!Ñ˛ !Ó!äÈˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏúÁ ˆÓü
120 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ {ŸªÓ˚îü≈òñ õyÎ˚yñ ì˛s˛f Á Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ
¢£ãˆÏÓyïƒ ~Ó˚ ¶˛y°Ïy– ¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ô 24 ˛ôÓ˚ÜíyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìƒ¶˛y°Ïy ÈÙÙÙÈ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ö%Ó ˆÓ!ü x¢%!ÓïyÎ˚
ˆö˛ˆÏú òy– «˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y ¢õÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ x!òÓyÎ≈ ˛ôì˛ò x¢yïyÓ˚í ≤ÃÜú¶˛ Úxhs˛ã≈ú#
ÎyeyÛÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy¶˛!DˆÏì˛– ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ !ü“¢Ç£!ì˛ ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˆÓü !ü!Ìú– Ú!˛ôOˆÏÓ˚ Ó!¢Î˚y
÷Ñ˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÈÙÈ˙ŸªˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy Ö%Ó£z î!Ó˚o– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
¶˛y°Ïy !ü!Ìúì˛y v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ÈÙÈ!üˆÏ“Ó˚ â˚ ˛!Ó˚e– Ó!B˛õâ˛w ˆäÈy›˛Ü“ !úÖˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚Á Ü!ì˛ü#ú £ˆÏì˛y !Ñ˛ òy ì˛y ãyòyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ ˆò£zñ !Ñ˛ls˛ !ì˛!ò£z ÓyÇúy v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢
¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ›˛yò›˛yò Ü!ì˛õÎ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ÈÙÈ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛– Ó!B˛ˆÏõÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy˜ÏÓ!ü‹TƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚ˆÏúƒñ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ ˜Ó˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ x˛ô)Ó≈ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚ñ Ñ˛Ìƒ ¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ¢y£¢#
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜñ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ x¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ ü∑Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜ Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ ~Ñ˛ õ£yò
¢,!‹TÈÙÙÙÈ~õòÑ˛# ˜Óã%òyÌñ Ÿ¬üyˆÏòÓ˚ õ£yˆÏ›˛yˆÏú !ü!«˛ì˛ â˛[˛yú Ó˚yõ≤Ã¢yî# Üyò ÜyÎ˚ñ
Ú!Óîƒy¢%®Ó˚ÛÁ xyÁv˛¸yÎ˚ñ Ó˚yõÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Óyí#Á ÓˆÏú Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy xyˆÏÓˆÏÜñ Ñ˛ÖòÁ ˆŸ’ˆÏ°Ïñ ÓƒyˆÏDñ
Ö%!üˆÏì˛Áó ì˛y!s˛fˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õì˛ üÓÈÙÈ¢yïòyÁ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢Ó£z !‡˛Ñ˛– ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏò ≤ÃŸ¿Á ãyÜì˛
òy ˜Óã%Ó˚ fl˛∫!ü«˛yÓ˚ Óƒy!ÆˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˜Óã% ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ì˛yÎ˚ñ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y xyˆÏÓ˚y˛ôò áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚
Á˛ôÓ˚– ˆÑ˛yò‰ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò‰ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ õ%Ö ˆ¢ñ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ˆÑ˛yò‰ õ%ˆÏÖyü ˆÖyúyÓ˚ ˆfl˛∫FäÈyîy!Î˚ˆÏc
ˆ¢ !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ ¢Ó£z fl˛ô‹T Á ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛Ó%Á ¢õ¢ƒy›˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á£z
Ñ˛Ìyõ%Ö– ì˛ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆãˆÏòÓ%ˆGÏ ˛£z !Óºy!hs˛Ó˚ ÓúÎ˚ !òõ≈yí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆäÏ Èò @˘Ãs˛iyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛
Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢⁄
Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ xy›˛!›˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ Ü“
!úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúòÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ Ü“ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
!ì˛ò!›˛– â)˛v˛¸yhs˛ Á Ö¢v˛¸y ˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ô ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ ˆîÖy ˆÜˆÏäÈ Ü“=!úÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢yã%ˆÏãƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢)e
v˛zˆÏ‡˛ xyˆÏ¢ñ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒ !Ìì%˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛y £ú ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî– ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ïÓ˚í ì§˛yÓ˚
¢õÑ˛yú#ò ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ~Ñ˛ òÎ˚ñ !ì˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ õì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ãy!Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò
xò%¶)˛ì˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛– ì§˛yÓ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÜˆÏ“Á Sõï%ñ !≤ÃˆÏ™¢V ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî
xyˆÏäÈñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛y Öy!òÑ˛›˛y xyˆÏÓÜ ì˛y!v˛¸ì˛– ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ÜˆÏ“ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyîñ xyˆÏÓÜñ ¶˛y°Ïy ¢ˆÏÓˆÏì˛£z
!ì˛!ò ¢Ç£ì˛ñ ¢ÇÎì˛– ¢õÑ˛yú#ò ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ !ì˛!ò !fl˛iÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏäÈò xy˛ôò xÓfl˛iyò– !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛y ˆÎ ÎˆÏÌ‹T òÎ˚ñ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ !îÑ˛›˛y Óyî !îˆÏú !Ó°ÏÎ˚Üì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
¢Ó Ü“=!úˆÏì˛£z ¢õÑ˛yú#ò Ü“ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ Á ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚£z xò%Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ì˛y xò%¶˛Ó
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì§˛yÓ˚ xyU˛yÓ˚ Óı%˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚yÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Ú˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚
˛ô§yâ˛yú#Û â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢yö˛úƒ– !îˆÏü£yÓ˚y Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !îüy ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ãòÜíòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚
@˘Ãyõ ˛ô!Ó˚e´õyÓ˚ Ñ˛yã!›˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ– ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ãòÜíòyÈÙÈ˛ô)Ó≈ ˆîü ˆîÖyÓ˚
x!¶˛K˛ì˛yñ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyv˛zúÈÙÈÓyv˛zúˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏö˛Ó˚y– !Ó!â˛e ÓyÇúyÓ˚ !Ó!â˛e Ó˚*˛ô!›˛
!ì˛!ò ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò fl˛∫Ñ˛ˆÏí≈ fl˛∫â˛ˆÏ«˛ñ xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò fl˛∫£*îˆÏÎ˚– Ú˛ô›˛Ñ˛ÌyÛ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ~õò£z
~Ñ˛ Üy äÈõäÈˆÏõ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ ˛ô›˛!ü“# Óy£zÓ˚# îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xò%¶˛ˆÏÓ ≠ ÚÚxyõÓ˚y
ˆì˛y ˆÜy ¢Óy£z õv˛¸y ˆÑ˛yˆÏú ¶˛y¢!äÈ– ˆÎ ÎyÓ˚ õv˛¸y !úˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆÓãyÓ˚ ˆú£zñ ì˛y£z úÎ˚⁄ÛÛ ~ òÓ
ˆÎÔÓˆÏò õv˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚ ãˆÏú ¶˛y¢ÏyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xyˆÏäÈ ˛ô%òã≈ˆÏß√Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛K˛y– ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤Ãyí ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚
ˆì˛ã Á ïƒyò– Óy£zÓ˚#îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ôú∏˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛
ÓyÇúyˆÏîü !Óú%!ÆÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ– ú%Æ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛y ÓDˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ £yì˛ˆÏv˛¸ !ì˛!ò Ö%§ˆÏã ˆ˛ôˆÏúò
=Æïò–
=ÆïˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¶˛y[˛yÓ˚ Ö%ˆ§ ã Ï ˆ˛ôˆÏúò xyv˛zúÈÙÈÓyv˛zú ì˛s˛f¢yïòyÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚– úyú¢y
Ó˚¢òy xÓï%ì˛# ÈÙÙÙ !ì˛ò £›˛ˆÏÎyÜñ ì˛yÓ˚ Îyâ˛y£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ãòƒ ˛ôM˛ÈÑ)˛ú ˛ôs˛iyÈÙÙÙÈˆv˛y¡∫# ÷![˛ò#ñ
Ó˚ãÑ˛#ñ â˛[˛yú#ñ Óy·˛yí#ñ– fl˛Òı˛Ñ˛ ˛ôM˛È¶)˛ˆÏì˛ Ü!‡˛ì˛ õò%°ÏƒˆÏîˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢yïòyõyÜ≈ÈÙÈ~ ¢õ@˘Ã ÓDˆÏîü
ãy!Ó˚ì˛– Óì≈˛õyˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏ°Ïƒ xì˛#ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãyíyhs˛ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹Ty
ì˛y£z Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ã ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ–
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏäÈ !òˆÏúò ¢ì˛#îy£ñ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ !òˆÏúò ÜDyÓ˚ ì˛Ó˚D≤ÃÓy£ñ
ì˛y£z Óy ˆÑ˛òñ ÜDyì˛Ó˚ˆDÏ Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚£z ˆÎò ¶˛y¢õyò v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ó!í≈ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎÈ˚ ÙÈxyüÎ˚ó ÜDyÈÙÈì˛Ó˚ˆDÏ
ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ÎyÁÎ˚y ˛ôM˛Èõ%![˛ñ ì˛yÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Ü!Ó≈ì˛ £‡˛ˆÏÎyÜÈÙÈì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ˜Óã% ≤ÃÌˆÏõ â˛[˛yú# ˆÑ˛ÔúõyÜ≈
˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Óy·˛í# ˆÑ˛ÔúõyˆÏÜ≈ fl˛Òı˛Ñ˛ ˛ôM˛È¶)˛ˆÏì˛ Ü!‡˛ì˛ õò%°ÏƒˆÏî£ñ xyÓ˚ ›˛ˆÏúyõˆÏúy fl˛i!ÓÓ˚
Óy·˛íƒ¢õyãñ ¢ì˛#îyˆÏ£Ó˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yãò ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÑ˛Óú â§˛yî úyú £ÓyÓ˚ xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÎ˚ñ Ñ˛yúˆÏfl˛Àyì˛
ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!ì˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ õ£yÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ xì˛úyˆÏhs˛– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ òÓãß√– ÜDyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆîÖˆÏì˛
ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yúˆÏfl˛Àyì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ Îy xì˛#ì˛ Óì≈˛õyò ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛Ó˚ x!Ó!FäÈß¨ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛yïyÓ˚yñ
÷ï% ÓˆÏÎ˚£z ÎyˆÏFäÈ òy !ÓÓ,ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ xì˛#ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ñ ¶˛y°Ïƒ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ Óì≈˛õyˆÏòÓ˚ñ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ
â˛y˛ôy fl˛∫ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏú â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛£z ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÚõyÎ˚yÛñ Úö˛ˆÏú ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ
~ÖòÁ õyÎ˚y Ó˚!£Î˚y ˆÜúÛ– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ÚÚ¢õhfl˛£z ≤ÃÓ£õyò Ñ˛yúâ˛ˆÏe´ á)íƒ≈õyò Ñ˛yúâ˛e´£z ¢Ó≈K˛
~ÓÇ ¢Ñ˛ú Ó%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ãß√îyì˛y– Ñ˛yúâ˛e´ ≤ÃK˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ ãß√!e´Î˚y ¢ö˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
Ñ˛yúâ˛e´Îyò# Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ |ˆÏk≈˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛ â˛yò– Ñ˛yÎ≈˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚y Óy Ü!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ£õyòì˛y ¢y«˛yˆÏì˛£z
Ñ˛yú !ò!í≈ì˛ £Î˚–ÛÛ Ü!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ£õyòì˛yÎ˚ õyÎ˚y Óy ú#úyÓ˚ !òÓ˚hs˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ e´õÈÙÈ≤ÃÑ˛yü–
ÜDy£z ì˛y£z ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òyÎ˚Ñ˛ÈÙÈòy!Î˚Ñ˛yÈÙÈÖúòy!Î˚Ñ˛yÈÙÙÙì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !áˆÏÓ£˚ z ≤Ãyâ˛#ò Óy·˛íƒ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚
v˛zqÓ xyÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !áˆÏÓ˚£z ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓúÎ˚– ¢,!‹T !fl˛i!ì˛ úˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚yõ ˆò£zñ !Óòyü ˆò£zñ ˆÓãyÓ˚
ˆò£z– ˆÑ˛Óú ˛ô%òã≈ˆÏß√Ó˚ ãòƒ õv˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ÎyÁÎ˚y–
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÁ x!òÉˆÏü°Ï ãú≤ÃÓy£ ÙÙÙ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õye ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏî ÷Ó˚& xyÓ˚
ˆü°Ï– x!Ó!FäÈß¨ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛yïyÓ˚yÓ˚ õì˛ò v˛zîyÓ˚ !Óüyú ≤ÃÓy!£ò# ÜDyÓ˚ ãúFäÈú ïπ!ò Ñ˛ì˛ ˆë˛v˛z
ì˛ £y!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Ñ˛yúÜˆÏ¶˛≈ ñ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yúÜ¶≈˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛úõyò ˆfl˛Àyì˛ˆÏÑ˛ «˛!íˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ãòƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛£z !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– Ö[˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãˆÏúyFä¥ÈyˆÏ¢
x◊&˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ ≤ÃyÑ,˛ì˛ ˆâ˛yÖñ ˆ¢ ˆâ˛yÖÁ ˛ô!Óeñ ˆ¢ ˆâ˛yÖ Ú!¢§®%Ó˚ x!B˛ì˛Ûñ ˆ¢ ˆâ˛yÖ
Ú!õúò x!¶˛úy!°Ïí# òÓÓï)Ó˚ ã#Óò !òãfl˛∫ ˛ôˆÏÌ ≤ÃÓy!£ì˛Û Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ £züyÓ˚yÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚&íñ Ñ˛Ó˚&í
ÓˆÏú£z x◊&˛ôyì˛«˛õñ ì˛y£z ~ ãú ˆúyòy– Ü#ì˛yÎ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ !Óòyü ÓˆÏú!òñ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈ ˆî£Óîúó
ì˛ˆÏs˛fñ Ñ˛yúâ˛e´ ≤ÃK˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ ãß√!e´Î˚y ¢ö˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈ– ÈÙÙÙÈ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ~£z õ£_¥
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ïõ≈≤Ãyí ã#zÓòÎy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˝ Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚– xyãÁ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ñ õ,ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛
◊k˛yK˛y˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ÓyÑ˛ƒ xydyÓ˚ üy!hs˛ Ñ˛yõòy ÈÙÙÙÈ x!Óòyü# xydy xòƒ ˆîˆÏ£ !Ñ˛ÇÓy fl˛∫ˆÏÜ≈
üy!hs˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚&Ñ˛ ~£z Ñ˛yõòy !â˛Ó˚ ŸªyŸªì˛– ÜDyì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ÍÑ˛yÓ˚ñ ¢ÍÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢Ω˛Ó òy £ˆÏú ÜDyÎ˚
x!fl˛i!Ó¢ã≈ò ÈÙÙÙÈ ÜDyúyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚£z Ñ˛yõòy– xyÓ£õyˆÏòÓ˚ ÜDyúyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ~£z Ü“!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚
Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚ˆÏúò xyï%!òÑ˛ õò !òˆÏÎ˚– !Óâ˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò
xyÎ≈ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü xòyÎ≈ ì˛s˛fâ˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚– !ì˛!ò ˆîˆÏÖ !òˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏúò fl˛<úò Á ˛ôâ˛ò›˛yÓ˚
fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô– xhs˛Ü≈ì˛ ¢_yÓ˚ Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚ Ó£õyò ïõ≈ˆÏÓyï Á ïõ≈¶˛#Ó˚&ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÎ˚ !ü!«˛ì˛
¢õyã ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ˆÏò ú%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Î%!_´ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó˚yõïò% Ó˚!àò Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ !îÜhs˛ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ
xhs˛ì˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò Ñ˛!ÓÈÙÈ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ È ÙÈ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ÈÙÈ ì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ú«˛ƒ
Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈˆÏúò ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò ¶˛[˛y!õ äÈyv˛¸y xyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ¶˛[˛y!õÓ˚
Á˛ôÓ˚ xyáyì˛ £yòˆÏúò !òˆÏãÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £zˆÏõãˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà !îˆÏÎ˚ñ ~Ñ˛›%˛ á%Ó˚˛ôˆÏÌñ ~Ñ˛›%˛
Ó˚£¢ƒ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈# ˆúÖyÎ˚ ÚõyïÓÛ ÚÓ˚yõÑ,˛°åÛñ Úì˛yÓ˚y Ó·˛õÎ˚#Û
!îˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛òy ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ ≤Ãhfl˛yˆÏÓ Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢õhfl˛ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìyõ%Ö Á£z
ÚõyïÓÈÙÈÓ˚yõÑ,˛°åÛ Ó®òy– ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z ~ˆÏÑ˛ Ú!â˛õ!›˛ Ñ˛y›˛yÛ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòñ xy¢ˆÏú ì˛y
!äÈú ïyE˛yñ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò ïyE˛yñ ≤ÃÓú !Óe´õ˛ô)í≈ ïyE˛y– ¶˛[˛y!õ !îˆÏÎ˚£z ¶˛[˛y!õˆÏÑ˛ xyáyì˛–
ãòÜíòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãòˆÏÑ˛ äÈy!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ K˛yò!˛ô˛ôy¢% õyò%°!Ï ›˛
ë%˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜäÈˆÏúò ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ü£òÈÙÈÜ¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚– Ú˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ Ö!òã Á xòƒyòƒ ¢¡ôîñ
Óy!íãƒñ £hfl˛ Á òyòy!Óï ˙!ì˛£ƒÓy£# !ü“ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ Á â˛M˛ÈúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚
≤Ãyõyíƒ î!úú Á ì˛Ìƒ v˛zk˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–Û SxˆÏüyÑ˛ !õe/!ì˛ò Ñ%˛!v˛¸ îüV ˆ¢£z î!úú=!ú !òˆÏÎ˚
Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !äÈú Úxy!îõ ˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ Á îÓ˚Óy!Ó˚ !ü“ Á !ü“ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛–Û @˘Ãyõ
ÓyÇúyÎ˚ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ÌyÑ˛y ~£z ¢Ó !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Á !Ó°ÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ K˛yòˆÏÑ˛ òyòy Ñ˛yˆÏv≈˛ Á v˛y£z!Ó˚ˆÏì˛
!úˆÏÖ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢ì˛#îy£ Á xˆÏhs˛ƒ!‹T Ó˚#!ì˛ ÈÙÈ ¢Çeýhs˛ ≤ÃyÆ
ì˛ÌƒÁ !äÈú– ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !òãfl˛∫ ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ Ó˚¢yÎ˚ˆÏò Ñ˛õúÑ˛%õyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ ~ˆÏ¢ !Ìì%˛
£ˆÏì˛ò ˆ¢£z !ÓŸªy¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÓ˚ ãß√– ˆò˛ôÌƒÈÙÈ≤Ãlfl˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˆäÈyR
~Ñ˛›%˛ òõ%òy ˆîÁÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏv˛≈ ˆúÖyñ Îy ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú Úö˛yÍòy õòfl˛Òì˛yÛ
≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ ¢ÇÎ%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏâ˛ñ ÚÚúyú!Ó£yÓ˚# ˆî ì§˛y£yÓ˚ ˆÜy!Ó® ¢yõhs˛ ÈÙÈ ˆì˛ ¢ì˛#îyˆÏ£Ó˚ Óí≈òy
â˛õÍÑ˛yÓ˚ !îÎ˚yˆÏäÈò– õ,ì%˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ @˘Ã£íÊ˛ ≤Ã&hfl˛ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ !ÓÑ˛›˛ îüòy î,üƒ ˆáyÓ˚ Ñ,˛°åÓí≈y
Ó˚õí# ˆî!ÖˆÏì˛òñ xÌâ˛ Óy Ñ˛ˆÏì˛y xyÊ !Ñ˛ xyÖƒy !îÎ˚yˆÏäÈò– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆÎ ì˛y!Ó˚Ö xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ãyòy
ì˛y£y !‡˛Ñ˛ òˆÏ£ó ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ xy!õ ≤ÃÖƒyì˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ Ó˚ˆÏõü ÓyÓ%ˆÏÑ˛ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yï Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ !ì˛!ò
Î!î îÎ˚y Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y ~£z=!ú ˆîˆÏÖòñ ˆÎ ˆÜˆÏã!›˛Î˚yÓ˚ Á £zÇ!úü Ñ˛Ó˚¢˛ôòˆÏv˛™ Îy xy!õ ◊#

xˆÏüyÑ˛ !õe õ£yüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ñ £z!ò xy£z !¢ ~¢ñ !òÑ˛›˛ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ ÈÙÙÙÈ Îy£yÓ˚ îÎ˚yˆÏì˛ xyãÁ
¢¢¡øyˆÏò xy!äÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛Öò Îy£y xyõyˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏúòó ˙ ˆÜˆÏã!›˛Î˚yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 24 ˛ôÓ˚ÜíyÓ˚
ˆÎ Öy!ò ì˛y£yˆÏì˛ xyõyÓ˚ ˆòy›˛ ¢Ñ˛ú ˆÖyÎ˚y !ÜÎ˚yˆÏäÈñ Îì˛î)Ó˚ ì˛y!Ó˚Ö õˆÏò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ 1838
xÓ!ï ˛ô%!úü ¢y«˛yˆÏì˛ ¢ì˛#îy£ ££zÎ˚yˆÏäÈó ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚y ~Ñ˛ãˆÏòÓ˚ òyõ Ó·˛õÎ˚#ó ~ÓÇ £z!u˛Î˚yò
~!r›˛Ñ%˛Î˚y!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ 1872ÈÙÈ75 õˆÏïƒñ î!«˛í ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ¢ì˛#îy£ ˆ«˛ˆÏe î%!›˛ hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ äÈ!Ó xyˆÏäÈ–
¢ì˛#îyˆÏ£ ≤Ãõy!íì˛ ˆÎ xyõÓ˚y ~Ñ˛ ãáíƒ ˛ôÎ≈ƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÛÛ xyˆÏúy!Ñ˛ì˛ î%!òÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¢ì˛#îy£ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
ÓƒyÖƒy ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ !îˆÏúò ˆîy¶˛y°Ï# ˆÑ˛ò!¢ÇˆÏ›˛Ô!òÎ˚yòÛ ÓyÓ%Ó˚y Î§yÓ˚y Úï¡ø≈ !Ñ˛ä% K˛yì˛ òy ££zÎ˚yÛ
ˆ˛ôÔˆÏ_y!úÑ˛ì˛yñ xyâ˛yÓ˚ !Ó!ïñ üyfl˛fˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏã !òˆÏãÓ˚ K˛yòõì˛ â˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏúò òÓƒÓDˆÏîÓ˚
Á˛ôÓ˚ñ !ö˛!Ó˚!D ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚– ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yÓòy£z £yì˛ˆÏö˛Ó˚ì˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ xyã ~£z
¢õÑ˛yú#ˆÏòÁ äÈpÈÙÈË˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô ïˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî ~£z
äÈpÈÙÈïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛– Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÎ˚ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ òì%˛ò Á ì˛yÓ˚ Î%!_´ÓyîˆÏÑ˛
Î%Î%ïyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ÈÙÈ˜Óã% Óòyõ «˛!Î˚°%å Óy·˛íƒì˛s˛f ~!˛ôˆÏ¢yˆÏv˛– ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ ú«˛
~£z mˆÏ®µó ì˛y£z m®µ¶)˛!õ!›˛ !òõ≈yˆÏí !ì˛!ò ˆúyˆÏÑ˛¢yò !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏäÈ ˆòò !òã≈ò ÜDyñ
ÜDyì˛#Ó˚Óì˛#≈ Ÿ¬üyò¶)˛!õ–
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚ ¢)e˛ôyˆÏì˛£z xy!îõì˛yñ ì˛yÓ˚ ÓyÑ˛ú ÖˆÏ¢ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ !òÎ˚ˆÏõ– ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛
î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Óì≈˛õyˆÏò xÌâ˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Îyò Ó˝ ÓäÈÓ˚ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¶)˛ÖˆÏ[˛ñ ¢£fl˛À ÓäÈÓ˚
xì˛#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ã#Óòâ˛Î≈yÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÎ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Á˛ôˆÏÓ˚ fl˛∫Ü≈ñ ¢¡ø%ˆÏÖ Ó£õyò õì≈˛ƒñ ÜDy ˆÎò fl˛∫Î˚Ç
fl˛∫ˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ !¢•!v˛¸ñ ì˛yÓ˚ Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ú%E˛y!Î˚ì˛ òÓ˚Ñ˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ fl˛∫Ü≈ÈÙÈòÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò õì≈˛ƒ¶)˛ˆÏõ üy!Î˚ì˛
xhs˛ã≈ú#ÈÙÈ!ò!õ_ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò xyò#ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ¢yúB˛yÓ˚y
Ñ˛òƒyñ õ,ì%˛ƒÈÙÈõ%£)ˆÏì≈˛Á Ñ%˛ú#ò ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõ Ñ%˛úÓ˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ !òÎ˚!ì˛ÈÙÈ!òÎ˚!s˛fì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
!ì˛!ò ˆîy¢Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓò fl˛∫ˆÏÜ≈– õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ¶˛yÜƒ ú!ì˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ ÜíòyÓ˚ äÈˆÏÑ˛–
!Ñ˛ls˛ Úe´ˆÏõ xyˆÏúy xy!¢ˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈÛ ~ÓÇ ÚxyˆÏúy e´ˆÏõ xy!¢ˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z
!ö˛!Ó˚!D ¶˛y°Ïy !üÖˆÏäÈñ !òã fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ ≤Ãüy¢òˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ö˛!®!ö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚Á Ó˚Æ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ
¢ì˛#îy£ÈÙÈ!ò!°Ïk˛ xy£zòˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛úy ˆîÖyˆÏì˛Á !üˆÏÖˆÏäÈñ ¢ì˛#îyˆÏ£Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ô%íƒ Úòy£zÛ Ñ˛òƒyÓ˚
!˛ôì˛yÁ Ó%ˆÏG˛ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛Ó% xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏFäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ xÌ≈yÍ xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ Î%Ü
ˆü°Ï £ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ òÓƒ xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ã§y!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó¢ˆÏäÈ– ~Ñ˛›%˛£z ÷ï% xyüyÓ˚ õì˛ xyˆÏúy Úxy!¢ˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈÛ
Óy·˛íƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚£z Î%!_´Óyî õyÌy ì%˛úˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Áñ xÓy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚
ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á– üyˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ üˆÏfl˛f£z !äÈß¨ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ üyˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ ÓLÓı˛ò– ~ÓÇ ì˛y ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏFäÈ
üyˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ !ü!Ìúì˛yÎ˚ñ üyfl˛f Ó˚«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ î%Óú ≈ ì˛yÎ˚ !Ñ˛ÇÓy Óúy ¶˛yú Ñ˛yúâ˛ˆÏe´ á)íƒ≈ õyòì˛y ã!òì˛–
˜Óã% â˛[˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò›˛y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ !‡˛Ñ˛ ~ÖyˆÏò£z– xyâ˛!Ó˚ì˛ ïõ≈ Á !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ïõ≈ÈÙÈÓ˚ m®µ!›˛
Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £Î˚ ˜Óã%ˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚– ÚÓ˚yˆÏeÓ˚ xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ !îÎ˚y ì˛ls˛ ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚Û Î%!_´ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ÚÑ%˛¢%õyî!˛ô
ˆÑ˛yõúñ xÓüÛ ˆ¢£z !Óü,CúyÎ˚ ˜Óã% xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÚÚ~ !ÓŸª ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ |ˆÏk≈˛ñ òˆÏ¶˛ñ
ˆãƒy!ì˛õ[˛ˆÏú ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ Î!î ˆ¢ ˛ôyâ˛ò £ˆÏhfl˛ !fl˛iì˛Óyò ££zˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ì˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ¶˛yúÓy¢yÓ˚ ~£z
˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏÑ˛ xòƒeñ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ áˆÏÓ˚ ú£zÎ˚y Îy£zì˛ó £z£yˆÏì˛ ì˛y£yÓ˚ Ëk˛ì˛ƒ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ££zì˛ òy ~ÓÇ
!òÉ¢ˆÏ®ˆÏ£ ˆîÓì˛yÜí ˛ô%‹ôÓ,!‹T Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò–ÛÛ ~Ñ˛ x¢Ω˛Ó ¢Ω˛Ó !â˛hs˛yñ ˜Óã%Á ˆÓyˆÏG˛ñ ˆÓyˆÏG˛
ÓˆÏú£z ˆ¢ ˆÑ˛Óú ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ö%§˛ˆÏ¢ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ì˛yÓ˚ ¢!e´Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ ÚˆîˆÏ£
ˆîˆÏ£ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ !ò¤%˛Ó˚ «˛ì˛!â˛£´ x¢ÇÖƒ á%íy«˛Ó˚ñ !£!ã!Ó!ãÛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ üÓ˚#Ó˚ñ ˆÎ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ Ú˛ôy˛ô
xÌÓy ˛ô%íƒ !Ñ˛ä%È£z Ñ˛!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÎyÜƒì˛y òy£zÛ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òyÓ˚#ñ ÎyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˛ô,!ÌÓ# Úü)òƒì˛yÓ˚ñ
ˆ¢Ô®ˆÏÎ≈ƒÓ˚ñ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ xy!ïˆÏ¶˛Ô!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÛ Á !òã≈ò Ÿ¬üyò¶)˛!õ– ˜Óã%Ó˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ¢!e´Î˚ì˛yñ
Óúy ¶˛yú x!ì˛¢!e´Î˚ì˛y Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÓ˚ xy˛ô!_Ó˚ â˛v˛¸y Ó˚ÇÈ ÙÙÙÈÈˆúÖÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛£z ¢yõˆÏò
ˆ‡˛ˆÏú ˆîò– Óy·˛í ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ xy¢y xy˛ô!_›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ =Ó˚&c !îˆÏúò
òyñ ˜Óã% v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ú ≤Ãïyò £ˆÏÎ˚– ¢õyã›˛y ~ì˛£z ã#í≈ñ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# ˜Óã%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆîüì˛ƒyÜ
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ Óy·˛íÓ˚y x¢£yÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛y ˆÑ˛Óú ˆîÖì˛ £Î˚ì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# ì˛ ˆîüì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛Á
≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ !äÈú– ¢yúB˛yÓ˚y Î%Óì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ Ÿ¬üyò¶)˛ˆÏõ xÓ˚!«˛ì˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÁ ì˛ Óy·˛íƒ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚
x«˛õì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆîƒy!ì˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò ˆúÖÑ˛– Ólfl˛ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È ˜Óã%Ó˚ ì˛y!s˛fÑ˛
¢ì˛ì˛y–
ˆãƒy!ì˛°Ï# xòhs˛£!Ó˚Ó˚ ¶˛!Óì˛Óƒ Üíòy !îˆÏÎ˚£z ˜Óã%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD fl˛i!ÓÓ˚ Óy·˛íƒì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛
¢Çáyì˛ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ x¢õ ¢Çáyì˛ Î!îÁñ ì˛ÖˆÏòyñ ì˛yÓ˚ úy!‡˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óy·˛ˆÏíÓ˚
Öv˛¸ˆÏõÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü ÈÙÙÙÈ ˜Óã% ãyˆÏò ì˛y– ì˛Ó% ˆ¢ Ñ˛›˛y«˛ Ñ˛›)˛!_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ üyfl˛fˆÏÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚£z üyˆÏfl˛fÓ˚
ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚£z ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï ãy!Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖ ÈÙÙÙÈ Î!î Óy·˛ˆÏíÓ˚y áy ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ ˆãˆÏÜ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ Î!î ˆâ˛yÖ
ˆö˛yˆÏ›˛– ˆâ˛yÖ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛Á ˆÎ xı˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ãyÜyˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛ñ ˆ¢ ãOyú ¢yö˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆõyv˛¸ ˆö˛Ó˚yˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ ÜDyˆÏÑ˛£zñ xˆÏhs˛ ì˛y£z £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆãˆÏÜ Á‡˛y ÜDyÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏv˛¸ á%òúyÜy ¢õyã ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ˆÜˆÏäÈ
Úõ)!ì≈˛ Á Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÛ ¢£– Ñ˛òƒyîyÎ˚@˘Ãhfl˛ !˛ôì˛y ú-#òyÓ˚yÎ˚íÁ ˆÓyˆÏG˛ ÚÚÓy·˛íƒï¡ø≈ ~Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ
Óy·˛í xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ñ £z£y ¶˛y!ÓÓyÓ˚ õì˛ ï,‹Tì˛y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ òy£z– ì˛Ìy!˛ô ˆÑ˛ò ˆÎ xì˛!Ñ≈˛ˆÏì˛ ~
ˆ£ò ü)òƒì˛y ÈÙÙÙÈ õ#ò ££zˆÏì˛ õyò%°Ï Îy£yÓ˚ xyïyÓ˚ õye ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢£z ü)òƒì˛y ÓyÑ˛ƒ ˆî£ õòˆÏÑ˛
xyFäÈß¨ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y v˛z˛ôäÈy£zÎ˚y ˛ô!v˛¸Î˚y!äÈúó ì˛y£y xyÇ!üÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ˆÏúÁ
ú-#òyÓ˚yÎ˚í fl˛∫#Î˚ !ã£¥yÎ˚ xòƒ ~Ñ˛ fl˛∫yî ˛ôy£zÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏúòñ ~ÓÇ x≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò
~!îÑ˛ÈÙÈˆ¢!îÑ˛ â˛y!£Î˚y õˆÏò ££zúñ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ˆÑ˛£ òy£zñ ¶˛Î˚yÓ£ !òI≈òì˛yÎ˚ ~fl˛iyò ˛ô)í≈ xyÓ˚
~ Ÿ¬üyò¶)˛!õ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ üy!Î˚ì˛ ˜¶˛Ó˚Ó Ó˚*˛ôñ üÓy¢ò ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y î,!‹TÓ˚ ¢õˆÏ«˛ x!ì˛Ñ˛yÎ˚
≤Ãyâ˛#Ó˚ÓÍ î[˛yÎ˚õyò–ÛÛ ≤Ãyâ˛#Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyâ˛#Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˆö˛úyÓ˚ m®µ!›˛ Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÈÙÈÎ˚
¢Ó≈eÈÙÙÙÈxÌâ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y Óv˛¸ î%Ó≈úñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy òy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%Ó≈úì˛yÎ˚ «˛#í– Ÿ¬üyò¶)˛ˆÏõÁ ì˛yÓ˚y ¢Óy£z
xyú ˆîÁÎ˚y ã!õÓ˚ õì˛ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yñ ã!õ ì˛ ¢Ó ~Ñ˛ ÈÙÙÙ ~£z ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚ v˛zˆÏß√°Ï
á›˛yˆÏòy£z Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛y– ~ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˆÎò
Úˆì˛£züÛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚£z !Óhfl˛yÓ˚– ˜Óã% ~Ñ˛y£z xyúˆÏõÓ˚ õì˛ ˆÖˆÏ˛ô v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚Ñ˛õ›˛yÁ
Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÎ˚ ¢Óy£z xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈñ ~õòÑ˛# ˆãƒy!ì˛°Ï# xòhs˛£!Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ñ ¢õÎ˚ Á
¢õyã›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢Óy£z ≤Ãì˛ƒyÖƒyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü›˛y ˆfl˛∫yFâ˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛õye ˜Óã%Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛–
!Ñ˛ls˛ ˜Óã%Á £ì˛yüñ ˆ¢ ãyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ ˆîÔv˛¸ñ Óy·˛íƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ úv˛¸y£zÈÙÈ~ ˆ¢ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚
Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛ó Ú~Ñ˛›%˛ v˛z§â%˛ãyì˛ òy £ˆÏú üyúy xy!õ úy!‡˛ á%Ó˚yì˛yõ....Ûñ ≤ÃyˆÏí úyÜˆÏúÁ ˆ¢
x¢£yÎ˚– üˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛ôy›˛ˆÏäÈ§yÎ˚y ˆúyÑ˛!›˛Á Ÿ¬üyˆÏí ¢ì˛#îyˆÏ£Ó˚ !ò!õ_ Úˆîy¢Ó˚Û xy¢ˆÏäÈ ˆîˆÏÖ
ÚÁˆÏÜy Ö%ˆÏv˛¸y ˆÜyÛ ÓˆÏú ˆÑ§˛ˆÏî ÁˆÏ‡˛– î%Ó≈ˆÏúÓ˚yñ Ü!Ó˚ˆÏÓÓ˚y ˝›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛£z ˆÑ§˛ˆÏî ÁˆÏ‡˛– ÚˆÎò
¢ì˛ƒÈÙÈÎ%ˆÏÜ£z xy!äÈÛ ÓúˆÏúÁ xòhs˛£!Ó˚Á ãyˆÏòòñ Ú¢£õÓ˚ˆÏí ˆÎ ˛ô%íƒ xyˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛Ìy ˆÑ˛v˛z
!ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚Û òyñ ãß√ÈÙÈõ,ì%˛ƒÈÙÈ!ÓÓy£ ˆÎ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !úÖò ~ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Á !â˛v˛¸ ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Á
ÜDyì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ üy!Î˚ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ £Ó% fl˛∫yõ# ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ Ó%ˆÏG˛ ÎyÎ˚ ˆ¢!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÚÜ!úì˛ üÓõyeñ
ÎyÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ üÑ%˛ò Ó!¢Î˚y õòÉ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈñ ì˛y£yÓ˚£z ˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ â˛eýÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚
á%!Ó˚Î˚y Ñ˛yÑ˛ ì˛y£yˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓ˚_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–Û ˜ÓïÓƒ !òˆÏÎ˚£z ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ !ÓÓy£Îyey–
¢Ó !îÑ˛ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò Ó˚â˛òyÈÙÈ≤ÃÓíì˛y ˆîˆÏÖ Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˜Óã%ñ
~õòÑ˛# ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ñ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã !Ó£yÓ˚#úyú â˛!Ó˚e !â˛eˆÏí Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛ Óyõ˛ôs˛i#
xyˆÏ®yúò ~ÓÇ õyÑ≈˛¢Óyî myÓ˚y£z â˛y!úì˛ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ õì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ó !Ñ˛ls˛ õ)ú !¶˛!_ ¢Ó≈£yÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È£z
£yÓ˚yÓyÓ˚ ˆò£zñ ü,Cú›%˛Ñ%˛ äÈyv˛¸y!›˛– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õyÑ≈˛¢ñ ˆú!òò î%£zÈÙÈ£z õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÓˆÏú£z ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ!ü“ Á õyÑ≈˛¢ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ my!®µÑ˛ !îÑ˛!›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚Á ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò
!äÈˆÏúò– Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÎ˚ ì˛y£z ~Ñ˛õye ˜Óã%£z ≤ÃˆÏúì˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ì˛ ˆì˛ˆÏã õÓ˚#Î˚yñ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆì˛ˆÏã
ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Á Óy!Ñ˛Ó˚y fl˛∫≤¿ ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ Óy!¢®yñ fl˛∫#Î˚ fl˛∫#Î˚ Ú!ã£¥yÎ˚ xòƒ ~Ñ˛ fl˛∫yî ˛ôy£zÓyÓ˚Û ˆâ˛‹TyÎ˚
˛ôy!ì˛ÈÙÈÓ%ˆÏã≈yÎ˚y fl˛∫yÌ≈ Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ Óƒy˛ô,ì˛– ˜Óã%ÈÙÈÎˆÏüyÓì˛# ü,Cú £yÓ˚yÓyÓ˚ ˆãˆÏî ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ãˆÏì˛
ÎyÓyÓ˚ õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛õy Á Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy ¢£ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó¢ã≈ò ˆîò x!hs˛ˆÏõ– £Î˚ì˛ ~›˛y£z
fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ü#ú Óyõ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÎ˚– Úˆì˛£züÛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ xyúõÁ
ˆãˆÏì˛!ò– ˜Óã% Á ÚÑ˛ˆÏÎ˚îÖyòyÛÓ˚ ¢yãyî !ãˆÏì˛Á ˆ£ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
Ö§y!›˛ õyÑ≈˛¢Óyî# Ü“ ˆúÖy Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¢Ω˛Ó !äÈú òy ÈÙÙÙÈ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ x§yˆÏì˛ú
¢õyˆÏã â˛ú!ì˛ £yÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôs˛i# £ÁÎ˚yÁ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !äÈú x¢Ω˛Ó ÈÙÙÙÈ xÌâ˛ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚›˛y ãµúˆÏäÈ
â˛!â≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôú∏˛ ì˛ˆÏ_¥ xyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏî ÈÙÙÙÈ ö˛úì˛ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛›%˛ xyv˛¸yú !òˆÏì˛ £ú ~ÓÇ ˆ¢
xyv˛¸yú›˛yÁ õyÑ≈˛¢ÓyîˆÏÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚£z– !ì˛!ò xyÓ£õyˆÏòÓ˚ Óyày!ú !£®% õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ m®µ Á ì˛yÓ˚
≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛fl˛iy!˛ôì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï ò ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# xyÓ˚ ˜Óã%Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ– â˛!Ó˚eº‹T òÖîhs˛£#ò ≤Ã!ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚
fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ôˆÏÑ˛ Ö%§ˆÏã !òˆÏúò !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˙!ì˛ˆÏ£ƒ !òˆÏãÓ˚ xò%¶˛ˆÏÓ– ÚÚ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ SÓ˚yõÑ,˛°åV Ó!úÎ˚yˆÏäÈòñ
˙ ì˛yõ!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˆõyv˛¸ !ö˛Ó˚y£z îyÁ– £yÎ˚ ì˛y£yÁ xyã òy£z xyõyÓ˚ ˆì˛õò ˆÑ˛yò ˛ô%Ó˚&°ÏˆÏÑ˛
ˆî!ÖˆÏì˛ £zâäy £Î˚ ˆÎ xyõyÓ˚ ££zˆÏì˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ v˛zˆÏk≈˛– ˆÎ xãy!õú ˆÎ ˛ô%ì˛òy Ñ˛Ç¢ £z£yÓ˚y
ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚Ê ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ƒ ì˛ !ÜÎ˚yˆÏäÈ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ì˛yÁ !ò!ÿ˛£´ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ólfl˛ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ =í ~£z ˆÎ
ì˛y£y ¶˛y!DˆÏúñ ì˛y£yÓ˚ ¶˛yDy ££zˆÏì˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆ›˛Ó˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚....ÛÛ ¶˛yày ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚
ˆ›˛Ó˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ xãy!õúˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ≤ÃÎ˚y¢ xyˆÏäÈ Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÎ˚– ~ÖyˆÏòÁ
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ Ó˚£¢ƒ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúòñ ÈÙÙÙÈ xãy!õú ˆÑ˛ ˜Óã%ñ òy ¢õ@˘Ã xÌÓ≈ Óy·˛í
¢õyã⁄ ˆÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ Óï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ñ ˆÑ˛ ≤ÃÓú⁄ Óy·˛íÓ˚y ì˛ Î%ˆÏk˛ !ãˆÏì˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ
ˆÎÈÙÈÎyÓ˚ Ó˚yãƒ ˛ôyˆÏ›˛ó Ÿ¬üyò¶)˛ˆÏõ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD úv˛¸y£z ˜Óã%Ó˚È⁄ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛˛ô«˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ
Óy·˛ˆÏíÓ˚y òÎ˚ñ Óy·˛íƒì˛s˛f òÎ˚ñ ˆÑ˛Óúõye ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ ¢ì˛# £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛y⁄ ˆÎ ¶˛yˆÏÓ
ˆ£yÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ì˛yõ!¢Ñ˛ ¶˛yÓòyˆÏÑ˛ S˜Óã%Ó˚ î,!‹TˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíV £!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ !ãˆÏì˛ ÎyÁÎ˚y⁄ ˜Óã%Ó˚
î%Ó≈úì˛y ì˛yÓ˚ Óí≈ñ Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ î%Ó≈úì˛y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ úyú¢y˛ô)í≈ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ¢ı˛yò# õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ– xy¢ˆÏúñ
~ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ xãy!õˆÏúÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y!›˛ ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ ¢õÎ˚ñ ì˛Ó˚Dy!Î˚ì˛ ÜDy– Ñ%˛¤˛ˆÏÓ˚yÜ@˘Ãhfl˛
¢õyãˆÏîˆÏ£Ó˚ x!òÓyÎ≈ xDâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ñ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚&í Ó˚*˛ô!›˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ö%˛!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏúò ˜Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ƒ
!îˆÏÎ˚ñ ~õ!Ó=£z!›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚– ˜Óã%Ó˚ ˆÜ§yö˛ ˆâ˛yõÓ˚yˆÏòy ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ Óy¢ˆÏÓ˚ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚
ˆÓ£yÜ Ó˚y!Üò# ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ £Î˚ Ú£!Ó˚ïπ!òÛñ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyúy äÈyÜˆÏú ÖyÎ˚ñ ¢yúB˛yÓ˚y
Ñ˛òƒyÓ˚ îˆÏú ˆë˛yˆÏÑ˛ !â˛ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y‡˛ ÓˆÏÎ˚ xyòy ˆúyÑ˛ñ ÚõDú Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ãú
ˆö˛úˆÏì˛ ˆò£zÛ ÓˆÏú ¢ì˛#ÈÙÈ£ˆÏì˛ÈÙÈÎyˆÏFäÈ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ygs˛òyñ ˆãƒy!ì˛!°ÏÓ˚ ú!ì˛ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛y xˆÏB˛Ó˚
äÈˆÏÑ˛ ã#Óhs˛ ÓƒyˆÏàÓ˚ úy!ö˛ˆÏÎ˚ â˛úy ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ ¢Ó£z ~Ñ˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî– ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢Í ˆúÖÑ˛£z
ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî›˛y â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆîò ˆúÖyÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈõyò¢›˛y£z £ú
≤Ã!ì˛Óyî#–
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ ÚÚÑ%˛õyÓ˚#Ó˚y ì˛y£yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ãòƒ xyˆÏÜ¶˛yˆÏÜ ˆ¶˛úˆÏ¶˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ˛ôy¡ô
¢%ˆÏì˛ ¢%®Ó˚ òÑ˛üy ˆÑ˛Î˚y!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ì˛ ì˛y£yˆÏì˛ ˆÜyúy˛ô Ñ˛ÖòÁ ¢Ó%ã– ì˛y£yÓ˚y ÓÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜy˛ôò#Î˚
!â˛!‡˛ !îÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ xˆÏòÑ˛ !î!Óƒ 74–– ì˛ ÓˆÏ›˛£z...ì˛y£yÓ˚y ˜ÓüyÖ õyˆÏ¢ Óv˛¸ ¢yÓïyˆÏò !üÓ
Ü!v˛¸ì˛...!üÓ!úD Îy£yˆÏì˛ ¢%®Ó˚ £Î˚ ì˛y£yÓ˚ ãòƒ !Ñ˛ !ò¤%˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ò òy ˆÓ§Ñ˛y !üÓ Ü!v˛¸ˆÏú ˆÓ§Ñ˛y
ÓÓ˚ £Î˚– ÓÓ˚ Üv˛¸y ì˛y£yˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ !äÈú–....îü≈ò ˆì˛y !õÌƒy òˆÏ£ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛y£yˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ ú%Æ
Îy£y ì˛y£y xî,üƒ õye– ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ òy ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ì˛y£y xyˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ Óyày!ú Ñ%˛õyÓ˚#Ó˚ !â˛Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛
!ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ ¶˛Ó˚˛ô%Ó˚ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ ÓÓ˚ Ó,k˛ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõ fl˛∫¶˛yÓì˛£z ì˛yÓ˚ !òã£yˆÏì˛ Üv˛¸yñ ì˛yÓ˚ xò%ì˛y˛ô
ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ì˛ òÎ˚– ì˛yÓ˚ xò%ì˛y˛ô ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ì˛ òÎ˚ «˛!íÑ˛ÈÙÈîy¡ôì˛ƒã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒñ
~õòÑ˛# ¢ì˛# £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒÁ ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢Ó£z ì˛ ≤ÃÓ£õyò Ñ˛yúâ˛ˆÏe´ á)í≈ƒõyòñ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y!Õ‘!Öì˛ ¶˛yÜƒ–
Ÿ¬üyˆÏòÓ˚ ï)õ ˆ¢ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ¢!ì˛ƒ£z ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ Úõ!úò Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy£zÛ ÓÓ˚Ç ì˛yÓ˚ Ú¢Óπ≈ˆîÏ ˆÏ£
!Óî%ƒÍ ˆÖ!úˆÏì˛!äÈúÛ– õ£yõyÎ˚yÓ˚ xÇü ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# Ú¢yïÑ˛ Ó˚yõ≤Ã¢yîˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓv˛¸y Ó§y!ïˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ
Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y!äÈˆÏúòÛñ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# !òˆÏã£z– ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# Úú-#õ)!ì≈˛Û ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£yˆÏì˛ Ú≤Ãfl˛≥%˛!›˛ì˛ ˛ôpÛ
xòƒ£yˆÏì˛ Ú˛ôM˛È˛ôÕ‘ÓÛñ xòƒ£yˆÏì˛ ÚÓÓ˚y¶˛Î˚Û– ˆ¢ Úâ˛¡ôÑ˛ {ŸªÓ˚#Û ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢ì˛#îy£ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ
fl˛∫ˆÏÜ≈ ÎyÓyÓ˚ â˛y!ÓÑ˛y!‡˛–
ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ ˜îÓ#¶˛yÓ £ˆÏ›˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛›%˛ ¢õÎ˚ úyˆÏÜ Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Ú¢ì˛ƒÎ%ÜÛ Ñ˛!úÎ%ˆÜÏ
!ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy xy¢y ˛ôÎ≈hs˛– ˆÎ ÈÙÈ ÎyÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈ â˛!Ó˚ì˛yÌ≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¢ì˛#îyˆÏ£Ó˚ ≤Ãlfl˛!ì˛ ¢õyÆ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ú¢yïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ÌyÓy_≈yÎ˚ Ñ˛ú£Ó˚ì˛ Öyò!Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÁÎ˚yãÛ ˆì˛yúy ¢õyÜì˛ Óy·˛ˆÏíÓ˚yñ !˛ôì˛yÓ˚
¢!M˛Èì˛ ˆõy£Ó˚ÈÙÈˆúy¶˛# î%£z˛ô%e !ÓîyÎ˚ !òˆÏú ˆÑ˛Óúõye ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ !eì˛y˛ô£y!Ó˚ò# ÜDy xyÓ˚
!â˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˆïyÁÎ˚yñ òÓ˚Ó¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Üı˛ñ |ˆÏïπ≈ x¡∫Ó˚ xyÓ˚ !òˆÏâ˛ Ú˛ô%ˆÏ‹ôÓ˚ xK˛ì˛yÛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#
xyÓ˚ ÚÑ˛yÓ˚í ¢!úˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ «%˛o ˛ôÕ‘!Óì˛ üyÖyÓÍÛ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó˚*˛ôÓ˚¢ÜˆÏı˛Ó˚ ¢ì˛ƒì˛y õy!òÎ˚y
!ò¶˛#≈Ñ˛Û ˜Óã% â˛[˛yú ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚£z Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ xyì˛!ì˛Ó˚ !òõ≈yíñ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛
Úì˛yõ!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÛ îü≈ò– ÜDyì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £Î˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛ôì˛ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD òì%˛ò ïõ≈ˆÏâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ m®µ–
m®µ¶)˛!õ!›˛ !òõ≈yí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˛ô%Cyò%˛ô%C¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Ñ,˛°å≤Ãyí Ñ˛!Ìì˛
Ú¢ì˛ƒÎ%ÜÛ !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ñ â˛ú!Fâ˛e ÈÙÈ x!¶˛K˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛ú!Fâ˛e#Î˚ !v˛ˆÏ›˛ˆÏú ≠ÚÚˆÓúyì˛ˆÏ›˛ !ÓÓüÑ˛yÓ˚#
v˛z!m@¿ì˛y «%˛o ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãòõ[˛ú#Û ÚxÜ!íì˛ Ó˝Ó˚ õˆÏïƒÛ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ú!üÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!òÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ Ñ%˛ú˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y!£ì˛ Ñ,˛°å≤Ãyíñ Ñ˛Z˛ú@¿ ˆâ˛!úˆÏì˛ òyÓ˚yÎ˚í !üúyñ xì˛ƒhs˛ ¢hs˛˛ôˆÏí≈ Ñ%˛ü#
££zˆÏì˛ ÜDyãú Sâ˛Ó˚íyõ,ì˛V Ó,ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ÁˆÏ¤˛ ë˛y!úˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈò– ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ õhfl˛Ñ˛ ì§˛y£yÓ˚£z ˜ã¤˛˛ô%e
ÓúÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ |Ó˚&v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ òƒhfl˛– î!«˛ˆÏí Ñ˛!ò¤˛˛ô%e £ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚yõ– £z£yÓ˚y ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z Ó,ˆÏk˛Ó˚ xydyÓ˚
¢î‰Ü!ì˛ !ò!õ_ ÚÜDyòyÓ˚yÎ˚í Ó·˛Û ˛ôî!›˛ xyÓ,!_ Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÎbÓyò–
ÚÚõˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏŸª≈ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã !Ó£yÓ˚#òyÌ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ òyv˛¸# !›˛!˛ôÎ˚y xòòƒ õˆÏò Ó,ˆÏk˛Ó˚ õ%Ö˛ôyˆÏò
â˛y!£Î˚y xyˆÏäÈò–...Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò£z ~Ñ˛ãò ¢Ó≈yD â˛yîˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ,ì˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚yñ xÌâ˛ õ%Ö›%˛Ñ%˛
ˆÖyúyñ î%!úÎ˚y î%!úÎ˚y Ü#ì˛y˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈ– ˆúyÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢¡ø%ˆÏÖ ˛ô%§!Ìñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆî!ÖÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏúy
òy£zñ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãòÁ òy£z ~ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ˆÎ ˆúyÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ Ü#ì˛y Ñ˛Z˛fl˛i– Ñ˛ÖòÁ Óy á%õ !Óã!v˛¸ì˛ fl˛∫ˆÏÓ˚
ˆŸ’yÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚y ÓƒyÖƒyÁ ˆüyòy ÎyÎ˚....¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõ Á !òÑ˛›˛Ó_#≈ ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚e´õí Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y
~Ñ˛!›˛ xyˆÏïy á%õhs˛ Ñ˛#_≈ˆÏòÓ˚ îú õ[˛úyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ á%!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈ– îú!›˛ £z£yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚e´õí Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛
ÜDyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !îÎ˚y Îy£zˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ ££zÎ˚y!äÈúñ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ôîmÎ˚ ÜDy fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y
xyˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛#_≈ˆÏòÓ˚ îú ◊yhs˛ñ ì˛y£yÓ˚y v˛zÍ¢y££#òñ ì˛y£yÓ˚y «%˛ïy_≈ñ ì˛y£yÓ˚y !ü!Ìú Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛
õˆÏò £Î˚ ˆÎõò Óy ˛ôyúy£zˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈ...–
ÚÚ~£z ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È î)ˆÏÓ˚ó ˆãƒy!ì˛°Ï# xòhs˛£!Ó˚ v˛zÓ% ££zÎ˚y Ó!¢Î˚y ì˛yõyÑ˛ Öy£zˆÏì˛!äÈˆÏúò
ì§˛y£yÓ˚ õò ì˛Öò ˆ¢ÔÓ˚ãÜˆÏì˛ !Óâ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈñ !ÓÓ˚y›˛ x˜Ïò¢!Ü≈Ñ˛ ˆãƒy!ì˛õ≈[˛ˆÏú !ì˛!ò
ˆÎò £yÓ˚y£zÎ˚y !ÜÎ˚yˆÏäÈò–ÛÛ
x˜Ïò¢!Ü≈Ñ˛ ~õò Óyì˛yÓÓ˚ˆÏí Ú˛ô%!ÌÜì˛ õhfl˛Ñ˛Û xòhs˛£!Ó˚ ÎÖò ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Ó,ˆÏk˛Ó˚
õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ !Óú¡∫ ~ÓÇ ÎyˆÏÓ Úˆîy¢Ó˚Û !òˆÏÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚£z ã#í≈ ˆ¢£z Î%Ü!›˛ õ%ˆÏÖyü ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛
x˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Üy â˛y›˛yâ˛y!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ñ%˛úÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ ì˛y!ÜˆÏî ¢yúB˛yÓ˚y Ñ˛òƒy xyò#ì˛ £Î˚ Ÿ¬üyò¶)˛ˆÏõñ
Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £Î˚ !ÓÓy£Óy¢Ó˚ñ !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛˛ô%Còy˛ô%C xyâ˛yÓ˚!Ó!ïñ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £Î˚ ¢£õÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚
!â˛ì˛yÁ– ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî›˛yÁ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yˆÏú â˛ˆÏúñ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ È ÙÙÙÈÈ î% !îˆÏÑ˛£z– Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã !Ó£yÓ˚#òyÌ
¢yïƒõì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî ãy!Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖñ ì%˛ˆÏD ˆì˛yˆÏú ˜Óã%– ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ xye´õí›˛y üyòyÎ˚
Ú˛ô%!ÌÜì˛ õ!hfl˛‹ÒÛ Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ñ ˆ£ˆÏÓ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢ â§˛yîõy!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛£z–
˜Óã%Ó˚ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ›˛yˆÏÜ≈›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò õyò!ÓÑ˛ !îÑ˛ ÎˆÏì˛y›˛y ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚Á ˆÓ!ü
ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢y£¢ ã%!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ fl˛<úò– ˆÎ ¢õyã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#
ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏâ˛ˆÏäÈ ¢ì˛#îyˆÏ£Ó˚ myÓ˚≤ÃyˆÏhs˛ ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô ì˛ ~õ!ò ≠ ÚÚÑ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ ÓyÓ% !G˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛
ãú ÖyˆÏFäÈ.. ˜˛ôˆÏì˛ ÜúyÎ˚ ˆúyÑ˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏú Óyõ%ò Ó˚yÖˆÏäÈ....ˆ¢ £Î˚ì˛ xyˆÏÜ Ó˚§yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ Óyõ%ò
!äÈú.... ˆúyÑ˛ñ G§˛y›˛y õyÓ˚...Óy·˛í Îy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ì˛y£z õyòˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ....ˆò ˆò !ì˛òÓyÓ˚ !üÓ !üÓ
ÓúˆÏú xãy!õú v˛zk˛yÓ˚ £Î˚.....ÛÛ SÚ¢%£y!¢ò#Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏõ›˛õV– Ó,ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ì˛Ó˚&í# ¶˛yÎ≈yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛FäÈy ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüƒ
xy¢ˆÏäÈ ≠ ÚÚˆáyõ›˛y ì˛y£yÓ˚ S|°ÏyÓ˚V õyÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òyñ úÇáò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ãyòyúyÎ˚ x¢ÇÎì˛ ÓˆÏfl˛f
î§yv˛¸yÎ˚.....xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ˆÎÔÓò¶˛Ó˚y ˆî£ˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓfl˛f Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛ ÷£zÎ˚y ÌyˆÏÑ˛....ÛÛS˙V Óy·˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ËÓ˚ˆÏ°Ï
ãyì˛ ¢hs˛yò úÖy£z ¢õyˆÏã ¢¡øyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD£z ˆáyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏö˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# !Ñ˛ ~ ¢Ó ãyˆÏò òy⁄
ˆ¢ ÈÙÈ ì˛ ¢õyã !Ó!FäÈß¨ ≤Ãyí# òÎ˚– Óyú!ÓïÓyÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ã!òì˛ ¢õ¢ƒy Á ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ áyì˛ˆÏá§yì˛
ì˛yÓ˚ xãyòy ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy òÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yÓ˚ õ!hfl˛ˆÏ‹Ò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢õyãÈÙÈ!ò!õ≈ì˛ !ÓŸªy¢ xyÓ˚
x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ á,íƒ ˆÎyÜ¢yãü– Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛÎ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ~£z Ó%ˆÏã≈yÎ˚y
¢õyãÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆ¶˛yˆÏúò !ò– ú-#òyÓ˚yÎ˚í ì˛yõyÈÙÈì%˛ú¢#ÈÙÈÜDyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ì%˛ˆÏú
ãyòyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛õò òÎ˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ ¢¡ô!_Ó˚ ˆúyˆÏ¶˛ ˆ¢ õyõúy Ó˚&ã% Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òyñ Óy·˛ˆÏíÓ˚
îyÎ˚ v˛zk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆ¢ Ñ,˛ì˛K˛– ˆáyÓ˚ Ñ˛!úˆÏì˛ ¢£õÓ˚ˆÏí ˆÑ˛v˛z !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy ÈÙÙÙÈ ˛ô%íƒ
xyˆÏäÈñ x“ÓÎ˚¢# !ÓïÓyÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆòÎ˚ òyñ ~Ñ˛ ˆÓúy ÖyÁÎ˚yñ v˛zˆÏ˛ôy°Ïñ â%˛ú Ñ˛˛ôˆÏâ˛ ˆîˆÏÓ
ì˛Ó% ¢ˆÏ®£ ˆáyˆÏâ˛ òyñ ÌyòyîyÓ˚Ó˚y á%°Ï ˆÖyÓ˚ñ ˆãƒy!ì˛°Ï#ñ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y!£ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ì˛#îy£ £ˆÏú£z úy¶˛ñ
Ú¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò Ó%!G˛Î˚y£z !ÓÓy£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓÛ˚ – Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã !Ó£yÓ˚#òyÌ ˆÎò â˛ƒyˆÏúO Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ñ ¢ÇüÎ˚˛ô)í≈
ì˛yÓ˚ õòñ ˆãƒy!ì˛°Ï!Óâ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ºyhs˛ñ ì˛y ˆÎ fl˛∫yÌ≈≤ÃˆÏíy!îì˛ ì˛y !ì˛!ò ãyˆÏòòñ ≤ÃŸ¿Á Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÓˆÏ¢òñ Ú¢!ì˛ƒ !Ñ˛ Ñ˛òƒyÓ˚ ˜ÓïÓƒˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏäÈ⁄ òy...Ûñ ú-#òyÓ˚yÎ˚íÁ ãyˆÏòò ~¢Óñ ì˛Ó%
!ì˛!ò Óyïƒ Ñ˛òƒy ¢¡±îyˆÏòñ ¢ì˛#îyˆÏ£Á ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ ì˛ ˆÑ˛Óú ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ¢ÇÑ˛#í≈ì˛y òÎ˚ñ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Á
ã!v˛¸ì˛– xòhs˛£!Ó˚ ¢õyãÈÙÈxÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ ˆâ˛£yÓ˚y!›˛ ˆ›˛ˆÏò ˆì˛yˆÏúñ ÚÓ!ú xy˛ô!ò
S!Ó£yÓ˚#òyÌV ì˛ K˛yò# ¢yã‰ˆÏäÈòñ ˆÑ˛ò xy˛ôòyÓ˚y ÓÇü ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÎ˚ Á°Ï%ï ~ì˛ƒy!î ˆîò òy....Û
ÚÁ°Ï%ïÛ xÌ≈yÍ Ü¶≈˛˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy–
ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚˆîÓ òy ˆÑ˛òñ òy !îˆÏú áÓ˚ ˆîyÓ˚ ãµyúyˆÏÓ ÓˆÏú....
ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚÓˆÏú áÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ xy˛ô!ò ˆÎõò v˛z˛ôyÎ˚£#ò ˆì˛õ!ò ú-#òyÓ˚yÎ˚í xy˛ôòyÓ˚
ï¡ø≈....xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ÓyÑ˛ƒ !ò‹±ˆÏÎ˚yãòñ ~ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Á§ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ%˛ú˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y!£ì˛ñ ˛ô%eÓ˚y Ó_≈õyò ....
xõì˛ ˆò£z....Óy·˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ï¡ø≈ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Óy·˛ˆÏí£z xyˆÏäÈÛÛ– xÌ≈yÍ Óy·˛ˆÏí Óy·˛ˆÏíƒ Ü!ì˛ ÈÙÙÙ
˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ fl˛∫yÌ≈Ó˚«˛y– Î%Ü›˛y !òã ¶˛D%Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛ˆÏì˛£z ¶˛yàˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£ˆÏú ˜Óã%Ó) ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò›˛y
ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ ~ì˛Óv˛¸ Óy·˛íƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˜Óã% !Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÑ˛Óú Á£z ¶˛D%Ó˚ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ xyà%ú !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y äÈyv˛¸y⁄
¢yÓ˚y v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˜Óã% ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ü!_´£z òÎ˚ñ ˆ¢ !ò!õ_õyeÈÙÙÙÈÑ˛ÌyÓ˚ xyˆÏv˛¸ Ñ˛Ìy !îˆÏÎ˚
ˆ¢ ˆÑ˛Óú !ï!Ñ˛!ï!Ñ˛ ã#ÓòyÑ˛yA«˛yÓ˚ ¢úˆÏì˛Ó˚ !üÖyˆÏÑ˛ v˛z¢ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ xÓüƒ ì˛y ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚
xyãß√ÈÙÈÓy!úÑ˛yã#Óò¶˛Ó˚£z !äÈúñ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ fl˛ô‹T v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ !äÈúñ ¢Ó Óy!úÑ˛yÓ˚

ˆÎõò ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˜Óã% ì˛yÓ˚ î%Ó≈ú õ%£)ì≈˛=!úˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ì˛s˛f¢yïòyÎ˚– ì˛y!s˛fÑ˛
˜Óã%òyÌ â˛[˛yú–
≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ ≤Ãhfl˛yˆÏÓ ˜Óã%ˆÏÑ˛ ¢!e´Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# òyñ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõ– ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yõòyÓ˚ñ ˆî£ã
Óy¢òyÓ˚ Ñ˛ú¢#ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yòyÎ˚ Ñ˛yòyÎ˚ ˛ô)í≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõñ xy=ò !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˜Óã%– Ÿ¬üyò¶)˛ˆÏõ
õÓ˚ˆÏòyß√%Ö !Ñ˛ls˛ v˛zâä¥ÈC,ú Ó,k˛ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛yõÑ˛úy˛ô)í≈ Ñ˛ÌyÓyì≈˛yñ xD¶˛!Dñ Ñ˛!ÓÜyòñ
ˆÖv˛zv˛¸ñ x«˛õ ˆÎÔòì˛yñ ö%˛úüÎƒyÓ˚ £zFäÈy ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢Ó !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ Ú!õúˆÏòÓ˚ x!¶˛úyˆÏ°Ï òÓÓï)
˛ô)í≈yDÛ ÎÖòñ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢!ì˛ƒ£z ˆ¢ ÚÑ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ !Óv˛¸yú !îˆÏÎ˚ £zî%§Ó˚Û ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏäÈ–
ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ xyÓyúƒ !ÓŸªy¢ !â˛v˛¸ ÖyÎ˚ñ Ÿ¬üyòˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ Úõ£Í ˆÓyï ££zú òyÛ– Óì˛≈õyòˆÏÑ˛ñ Îy
ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ õˆÏò £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ãß√ãß√yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ì˛y£z Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó £ˆÏÎ˚
ÁˆÏ‡˛ õÓ˚ˆÏòyß√%Ö Ó,ˆÏk˛Ó˚ {°≈y˛ô)í≈ ¢ˆÏ®£≤ÃÓí £zì˛Ó˚ üˆÏ∑ ≠ Ú£yÓ˚yõãyî# ò‹T Öú ÖFâ˛Ó˚
õyÜ#... Ó˚y«%˛¢# òƒyàò# õyÜ# ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆú!ÌˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yÓ˚ õ%Ö ¶˛y!D...Û–
˛ô%Ó˚&°Ïüy!¢ì˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˆòyÇÓ˚y £zì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛!‡˛ò õ%Ö!›˛ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ fl˛ô‹T £Î˚ñ ˆ¢
Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Úõyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Öò£z ˆÑ˛£ òy£z ~Ñ˛Ìy ¢ì˛ƒñ !òÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆÑ˛£ òy£z ~Ñ˛Ìy ¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚
¢ì˛ƒ–Û ~£z ¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ì˛ƒ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˜Óã%Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈñ ÎÖò ˆ¢ Ú~Ñ˛ ≤Ã£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ÿªy¢›˛yòy üÓÛ– ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# ÓˆÏúñ Ú~Öò òy õˆÏÓ˚ xyõyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚...xyõyÎ˚ ˆö˛ò
ˆîÓyÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛ Ñ˛£z....
Úˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z òy£z...ˆì˛yõyˆÏîÓ˚ ãyˆÏì˛ Ñ%˛›%˛õ...
ÚxyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy...Û
Óyú!ÓïÓyÓ˚ x¢£yÎ˚ ã#Óòñ õÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ ÌyÑ˛yó ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛ôÌ›%˛Ñ%˛Á
ˆò£z– !mïymˆÏ®µ «˛ì˛!Ó«˛ì˛ £*îˆÏÎ˚ òÎ˚ñ xydeyˆÏí òÎ˚ñ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
õì˛£z ˆ¢ñ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ñ ˆÎ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ãß√ãß√yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛f#ñ Úãyú !äÈ§ˆÏv˛¸ ÎyˆÏÓñ ˛ô%Ñ%˛Ó˚ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸
ì˛ ÎyˆÏÓ òyÛ ˆãˆÏòÁ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#£z ÓˆÏú!äÈúñ ÚõÓ˚&Ñ˛Û ÈÙÙÙÈ xÌ≈yÍ Á£z Ó,ˆÏk˛Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD£z ˆü°Ï
ˆ£yÑ˛ ¢Ó Óı˛òñ v˛zß√%_´ ˆ£yÑ˛ òì%˛ò ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ñ ˆÎ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#›˛y xˆÏòÑ˛ Óv˛¸ñ fl˛∫ˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚Á
¢%®Ó˚– ÚÚ£z!wÎ˚y¢_´ ¢õ=í≤Ãïyòy ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# ˆÓ˛ôÌ%õyòyó õ£y xyˆÏÓˆÏÜ õ%!¤˛ˆÏì˛ î)Óπ≈yîú
xyÑ˛°≈Ïí Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y!äÈˆÏúò– !òÉŸªyˆÏ¢ xãyÜÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛Ó˚y£zˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈ– ò#£yÓ˚ï)õyÑ≈˛y!òúÎ˚úyú ÖˆÏîƒyÍ
!Óî%ƒÍ fl˛≥˛!›˛Ñ˛ üü#¢Ω˛Ó xyˆÏúy xy˛ôòyÓ˚ Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏú ˆÖ!úˆÏì˛ úy!Üú–
ÚÚÑ˛ˆÏòÓv˛z...ˆÑ˛y›˛yú–
ÚÚÑ˛˛ôyú Ñ%˛!M˛Èì˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏúòñ ¢%ÖüÎƒy ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ì˛y£yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y òy£z– ÚˆÑ˛y›˛yú
ˆÑ˛y›˛yúÛ Ó!úÎ˚y ˆÎõò ˆ¢ v˛z!‡˛ˆÏì˛ Îy£zˆÏÓñ Ñ˛ˆÏòÓv˛z ì˛y£yÓ˚ £yì˛ ÓLˆÏãyˆÏÓ˚ ï!Ó˚ˆÏúò– !ì˛!ò
ˆî£y!¶˛õyò#ñ ˆÑ˛òòy ¢Ω˛Óì˛ x‹T˛ôyü !äÈß¨ £Î˚–ÛÛ Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢!ì˛ƒ ¢%ÖüÎƒyÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#
ãƒyhs˛ !Óv˛¸yú !îˆÏÎ˚£z £z§î%Ó˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ xyÓyúƒ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãÜÍˆÏÑ˛ ö%˛ÍÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ v˛z!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚
ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõ áyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õv˛¸yñ ÚõÓ˚&Ñ˛ÊÛ
ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ ˆÓyˆÏïyîÎ˚£z ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ {ŸªÓ˚îü≈ò {ŸªÓ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛ Î!î ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ K˛yòñ
˛ô)í≈ì˛y !Ñ˛ÇÓy xydîü≈ò !Ñ˛ÇÓy ¢ì˛ƒ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ¢%®Ó˚ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ã#Óò ÎÈyÈÙÈ£z ˆÓyG˛yÑ˛ È ÙÙÙÈÈ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#
ì˛y v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È ˜Óã%ˆÑÏ ˛ !áˆÏÓñ˚ ≤ÃˆÓÏ y˚ â˛òy ã%!ÜˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõ– ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úƒ Á õ)úƒ£#òì˛yñ
fl˛∫Ü≈¢%Ö !Ñ˛ÇÓy òÓ˚Ñ˛Îs˛fíy ÈÙÙÙÈ î%£z ~Ó˚ mˆÏ®µ ˆ¢ Ó%ˆÏG˛ˆÏäÈ Ú˛ô%!Ì•Üì˛ õhfl˛Ñ˛Û fl˛∫yÌ≈˛ôÓ˚
Óy·˛í˛ô![˛ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ£z ~£z ˛ô,!ÌÓ# ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ú˛ôÓ˚áy›˛yÛ– ~ ¢õhfl˛ Ö%§!â˛ˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú îÜîˆÏÜ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛y Ó,k˛ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõ– Ú~Ñ˛!›˛ xq(ì˛ üyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ õì˛ â˛y!ÓÑ˛y!‡˛ ¢ˆÏõì˛ £yì˛ ì˛y£yÓ˚
¢õˆÏ«˛ ò!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈ–Û ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ £‡˛yÍ õˆÏò £ÁÎ˚y£z fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ Ú~ â˛y!Ó fl˛∫ˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ òy!Ñ˛Û ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚£z
¢#ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ Úˆõy£Ó˚ ˆõy£Ó˚Û v˛zFâ˛yÓ˚í Ú¢!ì˛ƒ£z â˛y!ÓÑ˛y!‡˛ òÓÓï)ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚£y¢Û Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÎÖò
ˆ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ñ ì˛Öò ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ƒyˆÏÜÓ˚ õ!£õy ˆüÖyˆÏòy £ˆÏFäÈñ ¢Ó£z x!òì˛ƒ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏòy £ˆÏFäÈñ
xÌâ˛ ˆÎ õÓ˚ˆÏì˛ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛# Ñ%˛Í!¢ì˛ ˆ¶˛yÜÓy¢òy– x!¶˛õyˆÏò î%ÉˆÏÖ ˆ«˛yˆÏ¶˛ !«˛Æ
ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# â˛y!ÓÑ˛y!‡˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏ«˛˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú î%£z˛ô%ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛ô!v˛¸õ!Ó˚ â˛y!Ó !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yñ
õ,ì˛≤ÃyÎ˚ !˛ôì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒÁ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ¢ òy xyÓ˚ñ fl˛∫ˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ â˛y!ÓÑ˛y!‡˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ
ì˛yÓ˚y– õ)úƒˆÏÓyïñ ïõ≈ˆÏÓyï ~õòÑ˛# Ñ˛ì≈˛ÓƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ !Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚&í î%î≈üy– Ú!òŸªy¢ÈÙÈÑ˛yàyú ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ £z£y Sâ˛y!ÓÑ˛y!‡˛ Á ˆõy£Ó˚V º*Ñ%˛!›˛ õyeó ã!õ ££zˆÏì˛ v˛zˆÏFäÈî £ÁÎ˚y Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ¶˛yˆÏÓ
xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ã!õˆÏì˛ ˛ôy !îˆÏì˛ ¶˛#!ì˛ xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ¢£zÓ˚*˛ô ì˛y£yÓ˚ SÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚V õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ...Û
ã#Óò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Îì˛ v˛zˆÏFäÈî Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Óy¢òyÁ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ xyˆÏÓ˚y
ˆÓ!ü– ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# Ú!Óâ˛!úì˛Û– ì˛yÓ˚ !fl˛iÓ˚ õˆÏò ˆë˛v˛z ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ x!ÓŸªy¢ñ ›˛ˆÏú ÎyˆÏFäÈ xˆÏüÔüˆÏÓÓ˚
ˆüÖy ïõ≈ˆÏÓyï– ˆ¢ xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ v˛z¢ˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ xÌâ˛ x§yâ˛
ˆòÓyÓ˚ ¢yïƒ ˆò£zñ ˆò¶˛yÓyÓ˚Á ¢yõÌ≈ƒ ˆò£z– ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ Îy !äÈú ¢ˆÏ®£õyeñ e´ˆÏõ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#
¢!ì˛ƒ£z Úò‹T Öú ÖFâ˛Ó˚ Ó˚y«%˛¢# òƒyàò# õyÜ#Û£z £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ˆÜú ì˛yÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ !ÓŸªy¢
ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú~ ã#Óò ˆÜúñ !Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚äÈ⁄ xyÓyÓ˚ ãß√yÓñ xyÓyÓ˚ áÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛Ó˚....– xyÓ˚ ãˆÏß√ òy
!òÿ˛Î˚£z ˆì˛yõyÎ˚ Ñ˛‹T !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú%õñ ì˛y£z ~ì˛ ˆîÓ˚# £ú xy¢ˆÏì˛–Û Úï#Ó˚y≠ òˆÏÓyë˛¸yñ úyã%Ñ˛ñ
ü#úyñ !Ó£¥úyñ !Óv˛¸!¡∫ì˛ñ õ%£ƒõyò !Ó°ÏyîõÎ˚# ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# ≤ÃÜú¶˛y ££zˆÏúòñ xy˛ôòÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆî£
££zˆÏì˛ !Óî%ƒÍ v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ ££zú....xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ¶˛@¿fl˛∫ˆÏÓ˚ xy˛ô!ò ¢ˆÏß√y!£ì˛y ££zÎ˚yñ ãÓ˚yã#í≈ Ñ˛yúy£ì˛
fl˛∫yõ#Ó˚ Ñ˛Z˛ G˛!›˛!ì˛ xyˆÏÓ‹Tò Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛ Ó˚õí# ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ñ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ñ ≤ÃÌõñ õïƒ ~ÓÇ ˆü°Ï
~ÓÇ ˆ◊¤˛ xy◊Î˚ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏúò–Û Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# ˆÓyˆÏG˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ xyâ˛Ó˚í£z ÚˆÖúyÛñ
ÚõyÎ˚yÛó Ó,k˛ˆÏÑ˛ xy!úDò õyˆÏò õ,ì%˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ xy!úDò– xú#Ñ˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ïõ≈ˆÏÓyï ~ÓÇ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛Ó˚
¢ì˛ƒÓ˚ ˆîyúyâ˛úì˛yÓ˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏòñ ¶˛yàˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#–
~ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˜Óã%Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ñ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò›˛y£z Óy ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ ˆ¢ ì˛ Ó!£Ó˚yÜì˛– Óy·˛í
¢õyã ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛›%˛Ñ%˛ =Ó˚&c !îˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èñ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#£z Óy Ñ˛ì˛›%˛Ñ%˛⁄ Ÿ¬üyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓîˆÏú ˆÜy›˛y Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚›˛y
¢#ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ £ˆÏú ˜Óã% Îy ¢Í ïõ≈ˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÓ˚y!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ
x¢Í xïõ≈ˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z ≤ÃˆÏÓ˚yâ˛òy ˆ¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ì˛ ÓúÓ˚yõ £ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚yˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ ÎyÓì˛#Î˚ fl˛<úòñ ì˛y áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛˛â˛!Ó˚eˆÏîy°Ï ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z– ÙÙÙ ¢õÎ˚
Á ¢õyã›˛y ~ì˛£z x¢%fl˛i–
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˜Óã%Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚£zñ ã#í≈ ¢õyã›˛yÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÁ
x§yÑ˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˜Óã%Ó˚ ˆâ˛yÖ !îˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆÓyï !îˆÏÎ˚ñ ~õòÑ˛# ì˛yÓ˚£z xò%¶)˛!ì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚– xì˛~Ó
¢õyã ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ òÎ˚ñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ¢õyã£yÓ˚y ~Ñ˛ fl˛iyˆÏòñ Ÿ¬üyˆÏòñ ì˛_¥Üì˛
¶˛yˆÏÓñ ˆ◊í#Üì˛¶˛yˆÏÓÁ ˆÎÖyˆÏò Úv˛zFâ˛ ò#â˛ ˆ¶˛îÛ ˆò£z ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢£z ˛ô%íƒ¶)˛ˆÏõ Óy ˛ôy˛ô¶)˛ˆÏõ
˛ôy˛ôˆÏÑ˛ îÜîˆÏÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ãòƒ– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏòÁñ v˛z¶˛Î˚ì˛ Óy·˛í¢õyã Á ˜Óã% â˛[˛yú Ó˚«˛y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú ˆÎÈÙÈÎyÓ˚ ú-íÜ[˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ≠ ˜Óã% Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ Üy Ó§yâ˛yˆÏì˛ xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ õ%Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
xR£y¢ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ó â˛[˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚ ˆÓ˚y˛ôƒõ%oy £yˆÏì˛ òÎ˚ñ Óy·˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ xyK˛y £Î˚ñ òy
£ˆÏú Úõ£y˛ôyì˛Ñ˛Û £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî Á ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï!›˛Á Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ v˛z¶˛Î˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ñ
ˆÎÈÙÈÎyÓ˚ õì˛ ≠ Úxy!õ üyúy ì˛ ≤Ãíyõ# !î!FäÈ òy ˆÎ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏÓyÛ ˜Óã%Ó˚ fl˛ô‹T ãÓyÓ–
¢ì˛#îyˆÏ£Ó˚ !â˛ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ òy ¢yö˛ ãÓyÓ ˆîÎ˚ ˆ¢– ˆŸ’°ÏÁ Ñ˛õ ˆò£zñ Úòy üyúy xyõÓ˚y
Ñ§˛y!î òyñ õ%!ì˛ÈÙÙÙÈˆÏâ˛yˆÏÖ ì˛ ãú ˆò£z–Û ˛ôM˛Èõ%![˛Ó˚ ˛ô%ˆÏíƒÓ˚ áy›˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ Ú£yì˛#Û– Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚
¢yïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ÌyÓyì≈˛y ˜Óã%Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏò ÓyˆÏã ÚÑ˛ú£Ó˚ì˛ ÖyòÑ˛#ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÁÎ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ õì˛òÛ– Ÿ¬üyˆÏòÓ˚
Ú¢%î#á≈ Ü“Û ì˛yÓ˚ ãyòy ÓˆÏú£z ˆõy«˛õ î%Ó≈úì˛y!›˛Á ˆ¢ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüƒ£z É Ú¢%ì˛y£y›˛y ÈÙÈ
ÌyòyÓ˚ õyÈÙÈÓy˛ôñ ì%˛!õ ˆõyv˛¸úñ xyõÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Ñ˛£zÓ ˆÑ˛yò õ%ˆÏÖ ˆÜyñ ˆäÈy›˛ãyì˛ ˆõyÓ˚y
ÈÙÙÙÈ Óú⁄Û ˆ›˛!ú@˘ÃyˆÏö˛Ó˚ ¢ì˛ƒì˛y Á ì˛yÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚Á ì˛yÓ˚ ãyòy– ˜Óã%Ó˚ ˆÎ úv˛¸y£zñ ˆÎ úv˛¸yÑ%˛
õˆÏòy¶˛yÓñ Ó,£_Ó˚ õÎ˚îyò ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˆÑ˛Óúõye «˛#Î˚õyòñ õ%õ)°Ï%≈ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõˆÏÑ˛£z ˆ¢ ›˛yˆÏÜ≈›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúy
ˆÑ˛òñ ˆÑ˛ò£z Óy ÚÎì˛ òˆÏ‹TÓ˚ ˆÜyv˛¸yÛ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò £ú ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõˆÏÑ˛£z⁄ ~Ó˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò !Ñ˛ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ñ
ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ôúyÓíƒ⁄ ¢Ω˛Óì˛ ì˛y£zÈÙÈ£zñ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!hs˛ˆÏõ fl˛ô‹Tì˛£z ˆ¢ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛
ˆ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ £zFäÈye´ˆÏõ£zñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ~ì˛ ú¡∫y ú¡∫y ò#!ì˛ÓyÜ#ü ïõ≈Ñ˛Ìy ˆÑ˛ò⁄
ˆÑ˛ò£z Óy ˆ¢ !õúòxˆÏhs˛ ˆÑ˛y›˛yˆÏú ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ÎyÁÎ˚y ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆú!úˆÏÎ˚
ˆîÎ˚⁄ ˆãˆÏò÷ˆÏò£z !Ñ˛⁄ Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆ¢ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyîÁ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ!˚ òñ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ï
ì˛ ¢Ω˛Ó£z òÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛– Ó,k˛ ã#í≈ñ õÓ˚ˆÏíyß√%Ö ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ «˛Î˚yˆÏ›˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆãyÓ˚ ˜Óã%
ˆ›˛Ó˚ ˛ôyÎ˚ ÜDyÎ˚ v%˛!ÓˆÏÎ˚ õyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ≠ ÚÓ,k˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ì˛y£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ ãÜjú ££zÎ˚y xyˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢
S˜ÏÓã%V ˆÎõì˛ ¶§˛yˆÏv˛¸ Ó§yïy ˆòv˛zú...Û– «˛Î˚yˆÏ›˛ Óy·˛íƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚£z ˆ¢
ˆ›˛Ó˚ ˛ôyÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛# xˆÏÌ≈Áñ Óy·˛íƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ãÜjú ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ ˆ¢ õyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚Á õyÓ˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyñ v%˛ˆÏÓ õÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ÎyÁÎ˚y ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yâ˛yˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚Á ˆ¢ Ñ˛yÎ≈ì˛ ˛ôÓ˚y¶)˛ì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÜDyÎ˚
v%˛ˆÏÓ õÓ˚ˆÏì˛ !îˆÏì˛Á ˆ¢ â˛yÎ˚ !ò– ˜Óã% xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# ¢£õÓ˚ˆÏí ¢ì˛# £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚£z
ˆÎyÜƒ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò ü_´ˆÏ˛ôy_´ ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüÑ˛v˛¸ñ úì˛yì˛ls˛ãyú ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ õyò%°Ï# õ,ì%˛ƒ
v˛z!â˛ì˛⁄ xÌâ˛ v˛zúD ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ Ó˚_´õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ õyò%°Ï#Ó˚ õì˛£z Ó§yâ˛yˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ Ú~õò
‡§˛y£z ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ xy¢Ó ˆì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛ñ ö˛Ó˚¢y £ˆÏÓñ ˆì˛òy SÑ˛y˛ôv˛¸V òy£z xy¢ˆÏì˛ úyÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ì%˛!õ £z£Ñ˛yú
˛ôyˆÏÓ...Û– ú£õyÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛zúD ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ ˆîˆÏ£ fl˛ô‹Tì˛£z ˆ¢ Ú÷º ¢%î#á≈ v˛z˛ôÓ#ì˛Û ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈú
ˆÎõò Ú˛ôyßÿ ˜¶˛Ó˚Ó#Ó˚ xˆÏD ˆ¢ £zì˛É˛ô)ˆÏÓπ≈ ˆî!ÖÎ˚yˆÏäÈÛ– â˛[˛yúˆÏÑ˛ ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˛ xyÓ˚Á úv˛¸yÑ%˛
ÓyòyˆÏì˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !¢k˛y£z Óyòyòñ ì˛s˛f¢yïˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ÈÙÙÙÈ ò%ƒòì˛õ xy˛ô!_Ó˚
ãyÎ˚Üy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˜Óã%Ó˚ fl˛∫y!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏòò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ÚÓy·˛í#ÈÙÈxÓï,ì˛#Ûñ
ÚüÓ äÈyv˛¸yÛ !Ñ˛ä%È òÎ˚ ˆ¢ñ ì˛yÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !¢k˛y£z ˜Óã%Ó˚ ˛ô)í≈ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚– ˆ¢£z x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚£z ˜Óã%
ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ ÚòŸªÓ˚ ˆî£Öy!ò î%£z £ˆÏhfl˛ ì%˛!úÎ˚y ï!Ó˚úÛ–
!Ñ˛ls˛ ~¶˛yˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ Ó§yâ˛yˆÏòy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎ Ó§yâ˛ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ òyñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yâ˛yˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛⁄ Ú~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%Ó,£Í
ÜˆÏ“ÛÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚Á ˜Óã% ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò Ú˛ô,!ÌÓ#›˛y Ö%Ó Óv˛¸Û– ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò !äÈú ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛#Ó xyáyì˛–
˜Óã% !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢yïòyÎ˚ !òˆÏãÁ !mïy@˘Ãhfl˛– ˆ¢ !òˆÏã£z !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ Úxy!õ !Ñ˛
á%õ– xyÓ˚ ãˆÏß√ xyõyÓ˚ òyõ !Ñ˛ á%õ !äÈú⁄Û !Ñ˛ÇÓy Úxy!õ !Ñ˛ ¶)˛ì˛–....£Î˚ì˛ xy!õ !â˛ì˛y–Û
¢Ó≈@˘Ãy¢# !â˛ì˛yÓ˚ ÷k˛ì˛yÎ˚ ˆ¢ v˛zj#Æ– ì˛y£ˆÏú ˜Óã%Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ñ˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ !mïym®µˆÏÑ˛Á
ˆë˛yÑ˛yˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò⁄ ˆ¢ÈÙÈÁ !Ñ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ Úxyï%!òÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏú õyò%°Ï !Ñ˛ ¢!ì˛ƒ á%õyÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
Î!î ~Ñ˛yhs˛£zñ ì˛y£y ££zˆú Ï ˆÑ˛yò !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢⁄Û á%õ ¶˛yày!òÎ˚y ˜Óã%Ó˚ úyÜyì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆâÏ ˛‹TyÎ˚ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚
ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆãˆÏÜ Á‡˛yñ Î!î ì˛y£zÈÙÈ£z ì˛yñ Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆãˆÏÜ Á‡˛y⁄ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ˆãˆÏÜ£z ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ !ö˛Ó˚
ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ xy!ö˛ˆÏõÓ˚ ˆáyˆÏÓ˚ á%!õˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ ãòƒ⁄
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ñ ¢õyã!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ £Î˚ ~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ òÎ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ˆÏò ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
˛ô!Ó˚£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Ú{ŸªÓ˚ îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ Ü“Û ˆüyòyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ò !òã≈ò
Ÿ¬üyò¶)˛ˆÏõ– Ñ˛# xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢ ˆÎÔÓòÓì˛# ¢yúB˛yÓ˚y òÓÓï)ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛y Ÿ¬üyˆÏò ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˆîÎ˚ ¢Óy£z
ÈÙÙÙÈ ~õòÑ˛# ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ ÓyÓyÁñ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# Ÿ¬üyˆÏí£z ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏì˛ ÙÙÙÈ Ó˚yßÿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ
ÜDyÎ˚ fl˛ÿò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ î%ï xyòˆÏì˛ ÎyÎ˚ñ ö%˛úÁ xyˆÏòñ !òˆÏã£z Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ö%˛úüÎƒy– xõò òãÓ˚
Ñ˛yv˛¸y Î%Óì˛#Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ›˛ƒyÓ˚y ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÁ ˆÑ˛v˛z ì˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ òyñ ˆ¢ !Ñ˛ ïõ≈¶˛ˆÏÎ˚ òy!Ñ˛ ~£z v˛z˛ôyÖƒyˆÏò
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫y«˛#£#ò !òã≈òì˛yñ ãò!ÓÓ˚úì˛y ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ¢õyã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˝ î)ˆÏÓ˚⁄
¢õyãÈÙÈ£z!ì˛£y¢ ÓˆÏú ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚›˛y£z !äÈú ¢#õy£#ò Óƒy!¶˛â˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !òˆÏã£z ì˛yÓ˚
!ÓÓÓ˚í !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò Ú¢%£y!¢ò#Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏõ›˛õÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ñ ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚y Ú!Ó›˛ ÖFâ˛v˛¸yÛ ˆÑ˛y›≈˛ Ó˚yë˛¸ ˆÖyÓ˚Û
ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y Ú¢îÓ˚ îÓ˚ãyÎ˚ ì˛v˛¸˛ôy... ~§ˆÏv˛¸ˆÏì˛ xy¢ˆÏÓ õ%Ö ˆîˆÏÓñ ›˛yòˆÏÓñ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓÛ–
ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Á xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢ ïÓ˚y !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˜Óã%Ó˚ x‹T˛ôyˆÏüñ ÚÓLˆÏãyˆÏÓ˚Û ˜Óã%ˆÏÑ˛ x§yÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸ ïˆÏÓ˚ñ
Úfl˛∫Î˚Ç ˆõy!£ò# õyÎ˚yÛ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõˆÏÑ˛ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆ‡˛ˆÏú !îˆÏì˛Á !mïy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy–
˜Óã% ~ì˛›˛y fl˛<úò xyüy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò– ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ =£ƒ ÖÓÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛ˆÏúñ ì˛Ó%Á–
Ÿ¬üyˆÏò ˛ôy ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚£z ˆ¢ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò ˆö˛ˆÏú xy¢y x˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆúyú%˛ô
x!ÓˆÏÓâ˛òyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎõò ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ì˛yÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yÓ˚ e´õÈÙÈ!ÓÑ˛yüÁ
ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈ– ÚõyÇ¢ú ˆÖõ›˛yÈÙÈ˛ô)í≈ Ÿ¬üyíñ ˆÎÔÓòÓì˛# Î%Óì˛#ñ Ñ˛yõ%Ñ˛ Ó,k˛ñ ü_´ ˛ôyÌˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ§˛yîy
˜Óã% â˛[˛yúñ ÎyˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ú¢ˆÏ¡øy!£ì˛yÛñ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Úxy!Ó‹Tñ òy!hfl˛Ñ˛ñ
ü!_´Ó˚!£ì˛yÛ– ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ñ ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ îyÎ˚ ì˛ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛yÓ˚ òÎ˚ñ áyˆÏ›˛Ó˚
õv˛¸yÁ ÎÖò Ÿ¬üyíˆÏÑ˛ ÚõyÇ¢ !£ÈÙÈ!£Û Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏúÊ Úî%ï xyúì˛yÛ fl˛∫ˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy˛ô˛ô)í≈
˛˛ô,!ÌÓ#£z ˆ◊¤˛ñ ˆ◊¤˛ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ !ò¶,˛ì˛ ~£z Ñ˛yõòyˆÏÑ˛ á%§!â˛ˆÏÎ˚ ãy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
ò‹T ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ «˛!Î˚°%å ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõ– õ,ì%˛ƒ õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛Á Ñ˛yõòyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ Ñ%˛Í!¢ì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yüÊ x¢Ω˛Ó
ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ |Ó˚&ˆÏîˆÏü xy‚yˆÏî ~Ñ˛ â˛y˛ôv˛¸ õyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÚÚˆÏäÈˆÏú î%ÓÛÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ
ˆÎÔòì˛yÓ˚ £züyÓ˚yñ ˆÎÔÓòÓì˛# ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Á ≤ÃÌõ ¢hs˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyfl˛∫yî @˘Ã£í Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ v˛zÍö%˛Õ‘–Û
ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ £z!Dì˛ ˆò£zñ ì˛y ã#ÓòyÑ˛yA«˛yÁ ì˛ òÎ˚ñ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛y ì˛yÓ˚
ã#ÓòˆÏ¶˛yÓ˚ òyÓ˚#ˆÏ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ x«˛õ !Ñ˛ls˛ xÓ!ü‹T Óy¢òyõye– ~ ¢Ó xyâ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z
xyÎ˚Ó˚!ò !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ Î!î xyÎ˚Ó˚!òÁ £Î˚ñ ì˛y ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ òÎ˚ñ «˛Î˚yˆÏ›˛ ¢õyã›˛yÓ˚
ì˛!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ x«˛õ ˆì˛ã›˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ñ˛›˛y«˛ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚–
Óyày!ú ã#ÓˆÏò ˆ≤Ãõ xyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ ~ú |ò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ xyˆÏÜ⁄ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆÑ˛Óú ¢hs˛yò
ïyÓ˚íñ fl˛∫yõ#ˆÏ¢Óy Á xì˛ƒâ˛yÓ˚ ¢£ƒÓ˚ ãòƒ£z ãß√ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ~Ó˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò fl˛∫yõ#ˆÏ¢ÓyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£zñ
Öy!òÑ˛›˛y £ˆÏúÁ ˆ≤Ãõ£#ò £ˆÏúÁ ˆÎÔòì,˛!Æ !äÈú ÈÙÙÙÈ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# ˆ¢£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚£z Î%Óì˛#ñ ïõ≈
Á ˆÎÔòì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y– ì˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ì˛yÁ ˆò£zÊ
ˆãƒy!ì˛!Ó˚w ò®#Ó˚ ÚÓyˆÏÓ˚y áÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛yòÛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛yˆÏú Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚
ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúòñ ~ Ú˜ãÓˆÏâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ Ü“Û– Úxy£yÓ˚ !òoy ˜õÌ%òÛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô â˛ˆÏú
òy– !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏ¶˛yÓ˚ ˜Óã%Áñ ÎyÓ˚ ÚãµúˆÏú x§yïyÓ˚ !ò¶˛ˆÏú xyˆÏúy ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ Óv˛¸ ¶˛yÜƒ ˆÎ
xyõy ˆ£ò õyò%°Ï !òŸªy¢ ˆòÎ˚Û ÈÙÙÙÈ Ñ,˛!õÑ˛#ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚Á xïõ ~õò ã#ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÑ˛Óú
!ÖˆÏî£z Óyhfl˛Óñ ˆ˛ô›˛ ãµúˆÏú ¢Ó xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ !ÖˆÏî !ò¶˛ˆÏú ¢Ó xyˆÏúyñ ì˛Ó%Á ˆ¢ ¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚
v˛yÑ˛y!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !â˛Ó˚¢ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛£z– ˆ¢ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏò Ó¢yˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚
ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ≠ ÚÚˆì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛ ÑˆÏò Óv˛zñ xyˆÏÜ Ó§yâ˛yˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúyõ...ì%˛!õ Üyúõ® Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ
ì˛Öò ¶˛yÓúyõ Á xy!õ !Ñ˛ ¶%˛ú Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ– ˆì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛ òy Ó§yâ˛yÓyÓ˚ ¢%Ñ,˛!ì˛ ö˛ˆÏú ì%˛!õ ˆÎ áˆÏÓ˚
ãß√yˆÏÓ xy!õÁ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ãß√yÓ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~›˛y !Ñ˛ ˆÓ!ü â˛yÁÎ˚y⁄ÛÛ ˜Óã% xyÎ˚yò ˆáy°Ï £ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛‹T ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚£z ÓyòyÎ˚– ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# ÚˆÏ≤ÃõÛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˜Óã%Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£zñ
~Ñ˛õyeñ Ó§yâ˛yÓ˚ õs˛f ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyÎ˚Ó˚!ò !Ñ˛ls˛ ~ÖyˆÏò£z ÈÙÙÙÈ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ Îy ˆ≤Ãõñ
˜Óã%Ó˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ì˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ xïÉ˛ôì˛òñ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛<úò– Ö%Ó ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ ˜Óã% ¢õÎ˚ Á
¢õyã›˛yˆÏÑ˛ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢ ¢£ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ !òñ ˆ¢ !òˆÏã£z ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒî[˛!›˛
ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÚÑ˛ˆÏò Óv˛z ~ˆÏ¢y...Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y...ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ÓÓ˚Û– ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛Á ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !îú òy ÓÓ˚Ç
ˆ›˛ˆÏò xyòú ÚÁã!fl˛∫ò# !Óüyú ì˛Ó˚ú ¢õì˛ú Ÿ¬üyòÛ Úîy!Ω˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓÛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ xy¢y ¢Ó≈@˘Ãy¢#
«%˛ïyÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¢ì˛# £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ô%íƒ›%˛Ñ%˛Á ˆÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸ !òú ˜Óã%– ò‹T ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã#í≈ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˜Óã%
˛ôÓ˚Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òúñ Ó%ˆÏG˛ !òúñ ¢ì˛# £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚Á ˆÎõò òƒyÎƒì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆò£zñ x¢ì˛# £ˆÏÎ˚Ï
ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚Á ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò ˆò£z ò‹T ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Ó˚– ˜Óã% xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛Ó˚ú ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛
xãyâ˛yÓ˚# Ú=Æáyì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõ xy£ì˛ÛÈÙÙÙÈ=Æáyì˛Ñ˛!›˛ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z òyñ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#£z–
~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚Á ˆúÖÑ˛ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ Úx“ÓÎ˚¢# °Ï˜Ïv˛¸ŸªÎ≈üy!úò# ˛ô!ì˛≤ÃyíyÛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ £Î˚ì˛
ˆ¢ ˛ô!ì˛≤Ãyíy£z !Ñ˛ls˛ xãy!õúñ !Ñ˛ls˛ =Æáyì˛Ñ˛ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ÚáyÜ#ñ Ñ%˛›˛ò#ñ Ó˚y«˛¢#ñ ò‹Tñ Öúñ
ÖFâ˛Ó˚ £yÓ˚yõãyî#Û– Ÿ¬üyò¶)˛ˆÏõ ˛ôy !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó,k˛ ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yõˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ,ì˛ˆÏî£ äÈyv˛¸y ¶˛yˆÏÓ
!ò– Úâ˛¡ôÑ˛ {ŸªÓ˚#Û ú-#≤Ã!ì˛õyÛÓ˚ !Ó¢ã≈ò xyˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò ˆÎ â˛eýhs˛ ˆÎ äÈúòy ˆÎ !òõõ≈ì˛y ˆÎ
!òîÎ˚≈ì˛y Á ˆúyú%˛ô x!ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü fl˛∫Î˚Ç ¢#ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ®£Óy!ì˛Ñ˛ x«˛õ Ñ˛yõ%Ñ˛#
Ó˚*˛ô!›˛ ˆ¢ ˆîˆÏÖ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ¢Ç!«˛Æ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢%î#á≈ ÎyeyÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚– ì˛ÖˆÏòy Ÿ¬üyˆÏò ˆãˆÏÜ
!äÈú ˆõˆÏ›˛ !¢•î%ˆÏÓ˚ x§yÑ˛y ˆòÔÑ˛yÜyˆÏeÓ˚ ˆâ˛yÖ!›˛ñ ì˛ÖˆÏòy ì˛y x◊&˛ôyì˛«˛õ !äÈú òyñ £Î˚ì˛
¢ì˛#îy£ ˆîˆÏÖ ˆîˆÏÖ ˆ¢ ˆâ˛yÖ x◊&£#òñ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#Á x◊&£#ò– ì˛yÓ˚ ÚˆÎÔÓò v˛zFä¥Èú
üÓ˚#Ó˚ Öy!òˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎò Óy !òàv˛¸y£zÎ˚y !îúÛ Ÿ¬üyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ƒ– !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ˜Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ƒÁ !ÓÑ,˛!ì˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏú ˆ¢ x˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒñ õyò¢â˛ˆÏ«˛ ˆ¢ ˆîˆÏÖñ Ú~Ñ˛ Ó,«˛ñ !üÑ˛v˛¸ Îy£yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏFâ˛ñ üyÖy !òˆÏ¡¨Û
~õò xyÎ˚Ó˚!ò˛ô)í≈ !ÓÓy£ ¢¶˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛£z ˆ¢ Ú!Óv˛¸yú Á ˛ôy!ÖÓ˚ ˆáyÓ˚ì˛Ó˚ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ xyÁÎ˚yˆÏãÓ˚
ˆÓ˚üÛ ˆüyˆÏò– !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ú£ì˛¶˛yˆÏÜƒÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ¶˛y!ÓÓyÓ˚ õì˛ ˆÑ˛yò õˆÏòyÓ,!_ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# Ö%§!ãÎ˚y
˛ôy£zˆÏúò òy– ÷ï%õye â˛«%˛ Ó%ãy£zÎ˚y á%õ â˛y!£ˆÏúò–Û xı˛ £ˆÏú !Ñ˛ ≤ÃúÎ˚ Óı˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛Ê ≤ÃúÎ˚
ì˛yÓ˚ ïπÇ¢ú#úy !‡˛Ñ˛£z â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú– ˜Óã%òyÌÁ Ó%ˆGÏ ˛ ˆÜäÈúñ Ú¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚ v˛zß√_ì˛y Sïy!¡ø≈ˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚
õì˛V xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ òy£zñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó«˛ˆÏîü úyú òˆÏ£– !Ó!òoì˛y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ òy£z–Û xyd!ãK˛y¢yÁ
òy£zñ xyd!ÓˆÏŸ’°ÏíÁ òy£z– xyˆÏäÈ ˆÑ˛Óú Ñ%˛Í!¢ì˛ ≤ÃˆÏÓ˚yâ˛òyñ Ñ˛yõòy ˛ô%Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !ò¤%˛Ó˚ â˛eýhs˛–
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˜Óã%ˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒÌ≈ £ˆÏì˛ ˆîò !ò– ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆ¢ÈÙÈ£z Ÿ¬üyòÈÙÈ¶)˛ˆÏõÓ˚ ~Ñ˛FäÈe ¢¡Ày›˛–
!ÓÜì˛ Î%ˆÜÏ Ó˚ ˆü°Ï ¢ì˛#îyˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢õhfl˛ Îs˛fíy ˆ¢ÈÙÈ£z ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ ãúyO!ú !îˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– Úî%É¢y£!¢Ñ˛
ˆõyˆÏâ˛ î,Æ â˛yv˛¸yÛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓñ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ õ,ì˛ˆÏîˆÏ£Ó˚ !â˛ì˛yÁ ãµúˆÏúy
ì˛yÓ˚£z £yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢ÈÙÈ£z fl˛∫Î˚Ç !â˛ì˛y– ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˜Óã% ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈ ≠ ÚÚãú xyˆÏúyv˛¸ˆÏòñ
Ó,k˛ˆÏî£ â˛e´ !îÎ˚y v˛z!‡˛úñ õ,!_Ñ˛y ˜ì˛ã¢ äÈeyÑ˛yÓ˚ ££zú– ~ì˛jü≈ˆÏò ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# ãˆÏú òy!õÎ˚y
˛ô!v˛¸ˆÏúò– ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,°ÏÑ˛y¤˛ ï!Ó˚ˆÏúòñ e´õyÜì˛ ÚÑ˛_≈y Ñ˛_≈yÛ !â˛ÍÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ £yì˛ äÈy!v˛¸Î˚y ˆÜúÊ
Óyò...¢£¢y ì§˛y£yˆÏÑ˛ ú£zÎ˚y Öyv˛¸y ££zÎ˚y î§yv˛¸y£zú–ÛÛ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚Á Ó,k˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖú ÎˆÏüyÓì˛#ñ
Ú°Ï˜Ïv˛¸ŸªÎ≈ƒüy!úò# ˛ô!ì˛≤ÃyíyÛ ÎˆÏüyÓì˛# ≤Ã!ì˛õyÓ˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ãˆÏú úyö˛ !îú ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚
Ó,Ìy Ú¢hs˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚Û ˆâ˛‹Tyñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚!_´õ ãˆÏúyFä¥Èy¢– ~Ñ˛!›˛ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ xhs˛ã≈ú# á›˛úñ ÜDy
ï%ˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈõ%ˆÏäÈ ¢yö˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú ì˛yÓ˚ Úõ,!_Ñ˛yÛ ì˛yÓ˚ Ú˜ì˛ã¢Û– ~ì˛«˛ˆÏíñ â˛«%˛ òÎ˚ñ â˛«%˛¢î,ü
ˆòÔÑ˛yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ x§yÑ˛y !¢•î%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆâ˛yÖ x◊&˛ôyì˛«˛õ £úó !Óú#Î˚õyò Á£z Î%Ü!›˛Ó˚ ãòƒ xˆÏG˛yˆÏÓ˚
ˆÑ§˛ˆÏî ˆÜˆÏäÈñ ˆÑ§˛ˆÏîˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú£z ì˛y õyÎ˚y– õy!Î˚Ñ˛ xÓ¶˛y¢ òÎ˚ñ ≤Ã¢Ó ï!õ≈ò# òÎ˚ñ ˆÑ˛Óú
Pity–
ÚˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÛÓ˚ ˆü°Ï xïƒyÎ˚ ≠ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆò˛ôˆÏÌƒ

◊yÓí# ˛ôyú*
ÚˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆü°Ï xïƒyˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ î%!›˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y– ~Ñ˛!›˛ x!õì˛Ó˚ !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛
Sì˛Ó xhs˛ï≈yò˛ôˆÏ›˛ ˆ£!Ó˚ ì˛Ó Ó˚*˛ô !â˛Ó˚hs˛òñVñ xòƒ!›˛ úyÓíƒÓ˚ SÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ÎyeyÓ˚ ïπ!ò ÷!òˆÏì˛
!Ñ˛ ˛ôyÁ⁄V– !ÓîyÎ˚ ˆÓúyÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ÓúyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy=!ú ïÓ˚y xyˆÏäÈ ˙ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚–
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï úyÓíƒˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòy x!õì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ Óv˛¸ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ
≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìyñ ì˛yÓ˚ @˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ xò%¶˛Óñ Úú!¶˛Î˚y!äÈ !â˛Ó˚fl˛ôü≈õ!íñ/xyõyÓ˚ ü)òƒì˛y ì%˛!õ ˛ô)í≈ Ñ˛!Ó˚
!ÜÎ˚yäÈ xy˛ô!ò–ÛÛ ¢y!ß¨ïƒ xyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ¢ úyÓíƒˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ò)ì˛ò ò)ì˛ò Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô–
úyÓíƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ≤ÃÌõ ¢y«˛yˆÏì˛ x!õì˛Ó˚ v˛zFä¥È!¢ì˛ xyˆÏÓÜ !äÈú Ú£‡˛yÍ xyˆÏúyÓ˚ G˛úÑ˛y!òÛÈÙÈÓ˚
õˆÏì˛y– xyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ x!õì˛ ÎÖò úyÓíƒˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ xò%¶˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ãyòyÎ˚ñ ì˛!îˆÏò
ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÈÚ¢ı˛ƒyÓ˚ ˆîv˛zúî#˛ôÛ– Úã#Óò xy§ïyÓ˚Û Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ úyÓíƒ !ÓîyÎ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚ x!õì˛ ˆ¢£z !ò¶,˛ì˛ î#˛ô!üÖy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ö%§ˆÏã ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ú!â˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ õ!®ˆÏÓ˚Û– úyÓíƒÓ˚
¢y!ß¨ïƒ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ò)ì˛ò ¢ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢ı˛yò !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ
î%!›˛ !¶˛ß¨ õyeyÎ˚ñ ÈÙÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ≤Ãyì˛ƒy!£ˆÏÑ˛ñ ≤Ãì˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ¢#õyÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚!›˛ x¢#õñ
x!òÉˆÏüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒyÆ– ì˛y£z !ÓîyÎ˚Ñ˛yˆÏúñ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ x!õì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãí!ì˛ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ
!îˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ úyÓíƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ–
xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ñ x!õì˛Ó˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏü úyÓíƒÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ !â˛!‡˛Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï– !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛
úyÓíƒ ˆüy¶˛òúyˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ÖÓÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ôy‡˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ î#á≈ Ñ˛!Óì˛y–
~£z Ñ˛!Óì˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ úyÓíƒ x!õì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !ÓîyÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ˆ¢ ãyòyÎ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ Úõ,ì%˛ƒOÎ˚Û
ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Úx˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò xá≈ƒÛ x!õì˛Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ ì%˛ˆÏú !îˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ã#Óòì˛Ó˚# ¶˛y!¢ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏFäÈ
ïyÓõyò Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛– Úü)ˆÏòƒˆÏÓ˚Û Ú˛ô)í≈Û Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Óì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ¢ ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ £ˆÏFäÈ ò)ì˛ò
˛ô)ãyÎ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÓîò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ– ¢õhfl˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ õïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ ì˛y £úñ úyÓíƒÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ì˛y ì˛yÓ˚ îyˆÏò ÈÙÈ Sü)ˆÏòƒˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ñ ~£z Óì˛
Ó!£Ó ¢îy£z–V– úyÓíƒ ì˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ x!õì˛Ó˚
¢y!ß¨ˆïÏ ƒ– x!õì˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏÜyFäÈú ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛ôˆÏü£≈ z ˆ¢ !â˛ˆÏòˆÏäÈ ˆüy¶˛òúyˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆõÏ Ó˚
õ)úƒ– ò)ì˛ò ˛˛ôˆÏÌ ÎyeyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ì˛y£z ˆ¢ x!õì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ }í fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚–
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛!Óì˛y î%!›˛ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ x!õì˛ xyÓ˚ úyÓˆÏíƒÓ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛
¢y!ß¨ïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y v˛z˛ôú!∏˛Ó˚ !òÎ≈y¢– ì˛y£z ˆúÖyÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& ˆì˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ÎyÓ˚ òyõ !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò
Ú!õì˛yÛñ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆ¢!›˛ Óîú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyõ Ó˚yˆÏÖò ÚˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÛ– ~£z
*xïƒy!˛ôÑ˛yñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ !¶˛ˆÏQy!Ó˚Î˚y £zò!fi›˛!›˛v˛züyò SÑ˛ˆÏúãV–
136 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ÚˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÛÓ˚ ˆü°Ï xïƒyÎ˚ ≠ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆò˛ôˆÏÌƒ
˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò ˆîˆÏÖ õˆÏò £Î˚ñ Ó˚â˛òy ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ ˆü°Ï xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ SÎyÓ˚ òyõÁ !îˆÏFäÈò
ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yV Ñ˛!Óì˛yˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ =Ó˚&c !îˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏäÈò– ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ
ˆúÖy ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Á v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆü°Ï xïƒyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˆÎ
Ñ˛ì˛ Ü¶˛#Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ !â˛!hs˛ì˛ !äÈˆÏúò ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ôˆÏì˛–
fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ó˚ xyˆÏÜ î%ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢õy!Æ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD !ì˛!ò
¢õyˆÏúy!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ¢õy!Æ !òˆÏÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ~£z ¶˛yÓòy ˆ¢!îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï
ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈Ó£ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò £Î˚–
ˆü°Ï ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Ó v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ˆÓúyÎ˚Á Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚
≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ Ö¢v˛¸y !úˆÏÖ ˆö˛úyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ñ òyòyò ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !äÈˆÏúò– ö˛ˆÏú
˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ô– ì˛yÓ˚£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ˆÏì˛ S!ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Ó˚ Ó˚Ó#w¶˛Óò
x!¶˛ˆÏúÖƒyÜyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚!«˛ì˛ ˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ô ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í ¢ÇÖƒy 236-iiV ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆü°Ï
xïƒyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò Óyî !îˆÏFäÈ ˆÑ˛!›˛ÈÙÈx!õì˛ ~ÓÇ úyÓíƒÈÙÈˆÏüy¶˛òúyˆÏúÓ˚ !ÓÓˆÏ£Ó˚ ≤Ã¢D–
xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢)â˛òyÎ˚ Î!ì˛üB˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚ x!õì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÌy˛ôÑ˛Ìò xÇü!›˛ Óã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xïƒyÎ˚!›˛ˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏäÈò xì˛ƒhs˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!õì˛ Á ~Ñ˛y@˘Ã– ˆü°Ï xïƒyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xòƒ ¢õhfl˛ ≤Ã¢D
¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ìy ÓúyÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú !îˆÏFäÈò õ)úì˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y î%!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚–
≤ÃÌõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ ˆúÖy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ñ ˆü°Ï xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÎ xÇü!›˛ !ì˛!ò
Óã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò ì˛yÓ˚ !¢Ç£¶˛yÜ ã%ˆvÏ ˛¸£z !äÈú Î!ì˛üÇÑ˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD x!õì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÌy˛ôÑ˛Ìò–
ˆÎÖyˆÏò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ãyòyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ x!õì˛ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ xy¢ß¨ !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚
¢ÇÓyîñ xyÓ˚ x!õˆÏì˛Ó˚ õ%ˆÏÖ ˆüyòy ÎyÎ˚ ˆ¢£z !ÓˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ ÓƒyÖƒy– x!õì˛ ãyòyÎ˚
Ú¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÛ xyÓ˚ Ú!ÓÓy£Û ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ì˛yÓ˚ òì%˛ò v˛z˛ôú!∏˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÈÙÈ ÚˆÎ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y ÓƒyÆ¶˛yˆÏÓ
xyÑ˛yˆÏü õ%_´ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ¢ ˆîÎ˚ ¢Dó ˆÎ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛!îˆÏòÓ˚
¢ÓÈÙÈ!Ñ˛ä%ÈˆÏì˛ Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ ˆîÎ˚ xy¢D–Û ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ ~£z !¶˛ß¨ì˛y xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚
ˆÑ˛ì˛Ñ˛# xyÓ˚ úyÓíƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ˛≈ˆÏÑ˛ !òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!õì˛ ÓˆÏúÈÙÈÚÚ ˆÑ˛ì˛Ñ˛#Ó˚
¢ˆÏD xyõyÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ˛≈ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚£zó !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢ ˆÎò áv˛¸yÎ˚ÈÙÈˆì˛yúy ãúñ ≤Ã!ì˛!îò ì%˛úÓñ
≤Ã!ì˛!îò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó– xyÓ˚ úyÓíƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyõyÓ˚ ˆÎ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y ˆ¢ Ó˚£zú !î!áó ˆ¢ áˆÏÓ˚
xyòÓyÓ˚ òÎ˚ñ xyõyÓ˚ õò ˆÎò ì˛yˆÏì˛ ¢§yì˛yÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÓ–Û ˆÓ˚yõƒy™ xyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yõƒy!r›˛Ñ˛ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚Á
~ÖyˆÏò x!õì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òãfl˛∫ ÓƒyÖƒy v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ã#Óò â˛â˛≈yÎ˚ Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ
ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ò)ì˛ò xÌ≈ ¢ı˛yò Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈˆÏúòñ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛£z
~Ñ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò !ì˛!ò– S~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ !òõ≈úÑ%˛õyÓ˚#
õ£úyò!ÓˆÏüÓ˚ ˆúÖy Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ô @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü– 1926 ¢yˆÏú Î%ˆÏÓ˚y˛ô ºõˆÏíÓ˚
fl˛ø,!ì˛â˛yÓ˚íyÎ˚ ◊#õì˛# õ£úyò!Óü !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ ÚÚ~Ñ˛!îò ~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˆÓv˛¸yÓyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˆÎˆÏì˛
ˆÎˆÏì˛ Ñ˛!Ó ÓúˆÏúò ≠ ~Ñ˛›˛y Ñ˛Ìy õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ ¶˛y!Óñ xyï%!òÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y !Ñ˛ls˛
ÚˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÛÓ˚ ˆü°Ï xïƒyÎ˚ ≠ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆò˛ôˆÏÌƒ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 137
ˆÓ˚yõy™ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛Á ãyˆÏò òy– ì˛y£z xyï%!òÑ˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ xyãÑ˛yú ~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˆâ˛£yÓ˚y– ¢Óy£z
ˆÎò fl˛i(ú– ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢%®Ó˚ !ã!ò¢£z ¢%◊#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ãyˆÏò òy– ¢ˆÏÓˆÏì˛£z ˆúyú%˛ôì˛yÓ˚
äÈy˛ô ˆúˆÏÜ Ñ%˛◊# £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– xyˆÏÜÑ˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏò !ÓÓ˚£›˛yˆÏÑ˛Á ˆúyˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚ì˛– ì˛y£z !õúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õyò£z ì˛yˆÏì˛ xyò®Á ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÓîòyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚– ~ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚
˛ô%Ó˚ˆÏòy Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôy£z– ì˛yÓ˚ xyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏò ÎyˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú xyï%!òÑ˛
¢y!£ì˛ƒ ÓúˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛Óú£z Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆîy£y£z !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢%®ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ x˛ôõyò– !Óïyì˛y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
Ñ˛“òyü!_´ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÑ˛ò⁄ ≤Ã!ì˛!îˆÏòÓ˚ ã#ÓòÎyeyÓ˚ ˜îˆÏòƒÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÁ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛“òyü!_´
!îˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ ˆÏì˛y ˆ¢ ˜îòƒ Öy!òÑ˛›˛y ˆáyâ˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚– ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˆì˛y ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yã£z
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–...ÛÛ S!òõ≈úÑ%˛õyÓ˚# õ£úyòÓ#üñ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î˚%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ôñ 1õ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ≠ 22ˆü ◊yÓí
1376ñ ˛ô,. 146V Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ~£z ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚£z xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚
ˆü°Ï xïƒyˆÏÎ˚ñ x!õˆÏì˛Ó˚ òyòy Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚–
ˆü°Ï xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõyÇü!›˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚ñ Î!ì˛üB˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ xyÓ˚ x!õì˛Ó˚
v˛z_Ó˚ ˆÎò fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ Ñ˛ÌyÓyì˛≈yÓ˚ äÈˆÏı˛ Ü§yÌy òÎ˚– ¢õhfl˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ Ñ˛Ìy=!ú Óúy
£ú xÌÓy òy Óúy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜúñ ~õò!Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏ¢ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛õˆÏò ˆÎ ¢Ó ≤ÃŸ¿
ãyÜˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓñ˚ ˆ¢=!ú x!ì˛ o&ì˛ Ó!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È xïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢)â˛òyÎ˚ñ Î!ì˛üÇÑ˛Ó˚
xyÓ˚ x!õˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ô– ˆúÖyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ !òˆÏãÁ ˆÓyï£Î˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛
ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ¢Ω˛Óì˛ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢õy!Æ
!òˆÏÎ˚– !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!õì˛ÈÙÈúyÓíƒÓ˚ !ÓîyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y î%!›˛ ˆÎò Ñ˛ÌyÓ˚ !¶˛ˆÏv˛¸ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ òy
ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ =Ó˚&c ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓîò ˆÎò ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÎÌyÌ≈ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ¢ãyÜ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈò– £Î˚ì˛ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z ~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ !ì˛!ò
x!õì˛ÈÙÈúyÓíƒÓ˚ !â˛!‡˛ î%!›˛ äÈyv˛¸y ˆü°Ï xïƒyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xòƒyòƒ ¢Ó ≤Ã¢D Óyî !îˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò–
ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ Î!ì˛üB˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚ x!õˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÌy˛ôÑ˛Ìò xÇü!›˛
Óyî ÎyÎ˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˆü°Ï xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢)â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
Sõ%!_´V á›˛òy xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ õ%!_´ xïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆüˆÏ°ñÏ x!õì˛ ˆâ˛Ó˚y˛ô%!O ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyÜõyÎ˚y
ˆîÓ#Ó˚ Óy¢yÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏÖÈÙÈÚÚ...áÓ˚ Óı˛ñ ¢Óy£z â˛ˆÏú ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
!‡˛Ñ˛yòy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ÎyÎ˚!ò–ÛÛ xïƒyÎ˚!›˛ ˆü°Ï £Î˚ x!õì˛Ó˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ü)òƒì˛yˆÏÓyˆÏïñ ÚÚ¢õhfl˛ !üúÇ
˛ôy£yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ◊# xyã â˛ˆÏú ˆÜˆÏäÈ– x!õì˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ¢ygs˛òy ˆ˛ôú òy–ÛÛ ~Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò
ÚˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÛ xÌ≈yÍ ˆü°Ï xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ !¶˛ß¨ ¶˛yˆÏÓÈÙÈ
ÚÚî%ˆÏ›˛y !îò ˆÜˆÏú ˛ôÓ˚ x!õì˛ ˆÜú v˛yÑ˛áˆÏÓ˚– !ãK˛y¢y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúñ ÚÚˆÎyÜõyÎ˚y ˆîÓ# !Ñ˛
ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛yòy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈò⁄ÛÛ
v˛yÑ˛yÓyÓ% Óú‰ˆÏúñ ÚÚ£y§ÛÛ–
Úxy!õ ˆ¢£z !‡˛Ñ˛yòy!›˛ â˛y£z–Û
ÚÑ˛yv˛zˆÏÑ˛ ãyòyˆÏì˛ ÓyÓ˚í–Û

~Ñ˛›%˛Öy!ò â%˛˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!õì˛ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚£zú– Ó%G˛ˆÏúñ ÓyÓ˚í›˛y !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚£z ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛–
˛ôˆÏÑ˛›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛Öy!ò !â˛!‡˛ ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãyÑ˛ÓyÓ%ˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú‰ˆÏúñ ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ úyÓíƒˆÏîÓ#Ó˚
!‡˛Ñ˛yòy›˛y !úˆÏÖ ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏÓ–ÛÛ
!â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ ~£z !äÈúÉÈÙÈÛÛ
x!õì˛Ó˚ !â˛!‡˛ xyÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ £Î˚ ~Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚– ˆü°Ï xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~£z ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD
Óì˛≈õyò v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~£z xÇˆÏüÓ˚ ì˛ö˛yÍ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y– ~£z ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆü°Ï
î%!›˛ xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Sõ%!_´ ~ÓÇ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yV õyˆÏG˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒÓïyò õye î%!îˆÏòÓ˚– ïˆÏÓ˚
ˆòÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ~£z î%!îˆÏòÓ˚ñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ !üúÇÈÙÈ~ ÓˆÏ¢£z x!õì˛ !â˛!‡˛ ˆúˆÏÖ– xyÓ˚
ˆ¢!›˛ ¢ˆÏD !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎyÜõyÎ˚y ˆîÓ#Ó˚ !‡˛Ñ˛yòy ¢ı˛yˆÏò ÎyÎ˚ v˛yÑ˛áˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈yÍ fl˛iyòñ Ñ˛yú xyÓ˚
õyò!¢Ñ˛ !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Úõ%!_´Û xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏ¢£z ˆúÖy £Î˚ !â˛!‡˛!›˛– ÎÖò
úyÓíƒÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xÑ˛!fl˛øÑ˛ ¢ÇÓyˆÏî ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿ !Óúy¢# õˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó xyˆÏúy õ%£)ˆÏì˛≈ !òˆÏ¶˛
ÎyÎ˚ñ x!õì˛ ~£z !â˛!‡˛ ˆúˆÏÖ ˆ¢£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚– ~£z ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ñ úyÓíƒÓ˚ !ÓîyÎ˚ xyÓ˚ x!õì˛Ó˚ !â˛!‡˛Ó˚
õyˆÏG˛ ÓƒÓïyò Ñ˛!õˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏò Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ¢Ω˛Óì˛ x!õì˛Ó˚ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò xò%¶)˛!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜyë˛¸ì˛y
¢M˛Èy!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ â˛yò !â˛!‡˛Ó˚ ÓƒOòyÎ˚–
xòƒ !îˆÏÑ˛ñ ~ÖòÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ñ S˛ôy‡˛!›˛ ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚£z ˆúÖy– õyˆÏG˛ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚
Óã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈò v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢– ì˛y£z ~ÖòÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆü°Ï xïƒyÎ˚ ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛
≤ÃÌõ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ xò%Ó˚*˛ô–V ˆü°Ï xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ á›˛òy ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ !üúÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ á›˛òyÓ˚ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛yú
˛ôˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛ì˛!îò ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆü°Ï xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ á›˛òye´õ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ˆ¢ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ~Öò fl˛ô‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È
Óúy ˆò£z– Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏúã ˛ôv˛¸y Î!ì˛üÇÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD x!õì˛Ó˚ !òÎ˚!õì˛ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xò%õyò £Î˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%ÈÑ˛yú x!ì˛eýhs˛– úyÓíƒÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ x!õì˛
!â˛!‡˛!›˛ Ñ˛Öò ˆúˆÏÖ ˆ¢ Ñ˛Ìy ~ÖòÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ fl˛ô‹T òÎ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ x!õì˛ ÎÖò ˆÏ¢!›˛ Î!ì˛üÇÑ˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
£yˆÏì˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ˆîÎ˚ ì˛ì˛!îˆÏò !üúÇ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛iyò Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y î)Ó˚c áˆÏ›˛
ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£z !â˛!‡˛›˛y ÷ï% úyÓíƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ òÎ˚ñ ˆÎ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛Öò
ì˛y xyÓ˚ x!õì˛Ó˚ !üúÇ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¶˛yÓyˆÏÓÜ Ó£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ ˆÎ ¶˛y°Ïƒ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ì˛y Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒÓïyˆÏò ú∏˛ñ x!õì˛Ó˚ ¢%!fl˛iì˛ xò%¶˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ ÓˆÏú ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôyÎ˚–
ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ñ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ xïƒyÎ˚!›˛ ˆúÖyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛yú !ÓòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆì˛õò =Ó˚&c ˆîÁÎ˚y
£Î˚!ò– ÓúyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy=!úˆÏì˛£z ì˛Öò ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜ !äÈú– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ £Î˚ì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~£z xÇˆÏü ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xfl˛ô‹Tì˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ !ü!Ìú !ÓòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏú x!õì˛ ~ÓÇ
úyÓíƒÓ˚ !â˛!‡˛ î%!›˛ˆÏì˛ !Óï,ì˛ !ÓîyÎ˚Ñ˛yú#ò xò%¶)˛!ì˛Ó˚ Üyë˛¸ì˛y «%˛ß¨ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ñ Óì˛≈õyò ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ~£z xfl˛ô‹Tì˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ úyÓíƒÓ˚
ˆÓúyÎ˚Á– x!õì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ úyÓíƒÓ˚ !â˛!‡˛ ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈyˆÏòyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ~Öò ˆ¢ !ÓÓÓ˚í!›˛
˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ¢õÎ˚ ¢%!ò!î≈‹T Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚!ò ÈÙÈ ÚÚì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Á xyˆÏÓ˚y !Ñ˛ä%ÈÑ˛yú ˆÜú–
ˆ¢!îˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ì˛Ñ˛# ˆÜˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xß¨≤ÃyüˆÏò– x!õì˛ ˆÜú òy– xyÓ˚yõ ˆÑ˛îyÓ˚yÎ˚
ÓˆÏ¢ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛Ô!Ñ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÈÙÈî%ˆÏ›˛y ì%˛ˆÏú !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!úÎ˚yõ ˆãõ‰ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôeyÓú# ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– ~õò
¢õÎ˚ Î!ì˛üÇÑ˛Ó˚ úyÓíƒÓ˚ ˆúÖy ~Ñ˛ !â˛!‡˛ ì˛yÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ !îˆÏú–...ÛÛ
fl˛ô‹T ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ñ ~ÖyˆÏò á›˛òy Ñ˛yú!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ò!î≈‹T Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ì˛y!Üî ˆò£z ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚–
!ü!Ìúñ x!ò!î≈‹T ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò fl˛∫“ !Ñ˛ä%È v˛zˆÏÕ‘ˆÏÖ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏäÈò x!õì˛ ÈÙÈˆÏÑ˛!›˛Ó˚
!ò!ÿ˛hs˛ ã#Óò ≤ÃÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ £z!Dì˛– xyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò Î!ì˛üÇÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ x!õì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ
ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ !îˆÏFäÈò úyÓíƒÓ˚ !â˛!‡˛–
~Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏü Ó˚yÖy ÎyÎ˚ ˆ¢£z Ó!ã≈ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛!›˛ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ xïƒyÎ˚!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ òì)˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚*˛ô ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ¶˛yÓ!äÈˆÏúò– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ˆüy¶˛òúyˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD úyÓíƒÓ˚ !ÓÓy£ ≤Ã¢D Óyî
ˆîÁÎ˚yÎ˚ xÇü!›˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y ¢Ç!«˛Æ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ
ÚÚì˛yÓ˚˛ôˆÏÓ˚ äÈÎ˚ õy¢ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– x!õì˛ ì˛Öò òy!¢ˆÏÑ˛– ¢ˆÏD ˆÑ˛!›˛Ó˚y !äÈú– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò
úyÓíƒÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆúÖy ~Ñ˛ !â˛!‡˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏúñÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ ˆ¢ ~Ñ˛ ˛ôy£yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ !‡˛Ñ˛yòy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆ˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚
Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ˆÑ˛yò‰ ~Ñ˛ ãyÎ˚Üy≠ÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ
úyÓíƒÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !‡˛Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôˆÏÓ˚– fl˛ô‹Tì˛£z ≤ÃÌõ ˆúÖy !ü!Ìú ¢õÎ˚
!Óòƒy¢ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ~ÖyˆÏò ¢%!ò!î≈‹T ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ïˆÏì˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– !üúÇ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚
äÈÎ˚ õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ úyÓíƒÓ˚ !â˛!‡˛›˛y ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ ãyÎ˚Üy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈÎ˚ òy!¢ˆÏÑ˛
x!õˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ– ˆÑ˛!›˛ xyÓ˚ ˆüy¶˛òúyˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD x!õì˛ xyÓ˚ úyÓíƒÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ!›˛ £z!DˆÏì˛
ï!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ~ÖyˆÏò– úyÓíƒ !â˛!‡˛›˛y ˆò˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ãyÎ˚Üy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy¢yÓ˚
v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö£z õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚ñ ˙ Ó˚Ñ˛õ ãyÎ˚ÜyˆÏì˛£z ˆüy¶˛òúyú ì˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã !òÎ%_´
!äÈú– xyÓ˚ !â˛!‡˛›˛y äÈÎ˚ õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈˆÏòyÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏòÁ îyÎ˚# ¢Ω˛Óì˛ úyÓíƒ xyÓ˚ x!õì˛Ó˚ ~£z
ÜÓ˚!‡˛Ñ˛yòyÎ˚ xÓfl˛iyò– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !â˛!‡˛£z !‡˛Ñ˛yòy xò%¢ı˛yò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎÌyfl˛iyˆÏò ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈˆÏì˛
ˆÎ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü ¢õÎ˚ úyÜˆÏÓñ ¢õÎ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ˆÏÖÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò ˆ¢£z ¢)«˛ !£¢yÓ!›˛Á
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜ ~v˛¸yÎ˚!ò– xò%õyò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ äÈÎ˚ õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈˆú Ï Á úyÓíƒÓ˚
!â˛!‡˛›˛y ˆúÖy £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú xyˆÏÓ˚y xyˆÏÜ–
úyÓíƒÓ˚ ~£z !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ äÈyv˛¸y x!õì˛Ó˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏü xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ñ˛ÌyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö
ˆò£z– ì˛ˆÏÓ £z ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ Îy !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ì˛y £ˆÏúyñ ÈÙÈ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ~ÖyˆÏò úyÓíƒÓ˚
Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ õyÌyÎ˚ ÓˆÏÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ !úˆÏÖ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈò Ú!òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Öyì˛y ££zˆÏì˛Û– ˆúÖyÓ˚
ïÓ˚ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õˆÏò £Î˚ õ)ú ˆúÖyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ òÎ˚ñ ˆúÖy ˆü°Ï £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~!›˛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ~ÖyˆÏò xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y !Ó!fl˛øì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ú££zˆÏì˛Û üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚– ≤ÃŸ¿ ãyˆÏÜñ
úyÓíƒÓ˚ !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢yï% !e´Î˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò ¶˛yˆÏÓñ òy x¢ì˛Ñ˛≈ì˛yÎ˚–
x¢ì˛Ñ˛≈ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í!›˛ v˛z!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy– Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy
ÓˆÏú !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÓy˚ òyòyò !îÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ £!FäÈú– S≤Ã¢Dì˛ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒñ
≤ÃÌõ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛£z !òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈# xy!Ó¶)˛≈ì˛ £ˆÏúÁ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö ~ÓÇ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚
¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛õ !äÈú– xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôy‡˛!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ôÓ˚ õ)ú Öyì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyúyîy
˛ô,¤˛y ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Óy!úÜˆÏOÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢¶˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚í!›˛ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚
õ)ú ˆúÖy â˛úyÑ˛yˆÏú òÎ˚ñ ~£z xÇü Î%_´ £Î˚ ˆúÖy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚– ~£z xÇˆÏü !ì˛!ò
ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Ó˚!Ó ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ x!õì˛Ó˚ üy!òì˛ xye´õíñ xyÓ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ Ñ˛!ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï
Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#ˆÏÑ˛– ~£z â˛!Ó˚eˆÏÑ˛ xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ˆÎò Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ
xyï%!òÑ˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyîü≈ ¢ı˛yˆÏò xÓì˛#í≈ £ˆÏúò v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢– e´ˆÏõ£z ¶˛yÓòy!›˛ ÎÖò
!ÓÑ˛!üì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Öò£z !ì˛!ò ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ÓˆÏú
v˛zˆÏÕ‘ˆÏÖÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÁ ¶˛yˆÏÓò–V
~ÖyˆÏò !ÓˆÏü°¶˛yˆÏÓ ú«˛ƒí#Î˚ñ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï úyÓíƒÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚
Öyì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y ÓˆÏú !òˆÏî≈ü Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏú x!òÓyÎ≈¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÎ ≤ÃŸ¿!›˛ ¢yõˆÏò â˛ˆÏú xyˆÏ¢
ˆ¢!›˛ £ˆÏúyñ Öyì˛y!›˛ úyÓíƒ ˆ˛ôú ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚–
Óì˛≈õyò v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆ¢ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛
!òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ v˛z_Ó˚ !äÈú– ˙ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ÚxyüB˛yÛ
xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï x!õì˛ úyÓíƒˆÏÑ˛ !òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Öyì˛y!›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚– ~£z xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆüˆÏ°Ï x!õì˛ÈÙÈúyÓíƒÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÌy˛ôÑ˛ÌˆÏòÓ˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò £‡˛yÍ ~ˆÏ¢ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆüy¶˛òúyˆÏúÓ˚ ≤Ã¢D–
x!õì˛Ó˚ õ%ˆÏÖ áÓ˚äÈyv˛¸y ˆüy¶˛òúyˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÷ˆÏò ÓƒÌy£ì˛ úyÓíƒ ÎÖò ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ãú xyv˛¸yú
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ñ ì˛Öò x!õì˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆv˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏúñ ÚÚxyFäÈyñ ÎyˆÏÓ Î!î !òÓyÓ˚í
â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Öyì˛yÖyòy !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁ–ÛÛ ö˛ˆÏú ˙ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï úyÓíƒ ÎÖò !òÓyÓ˚í
â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y v˛zk,˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛Öò ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¶%˛ú £Î˚ òy– S˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈#Ñ˛yˆÏú òì%˛ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ xÇü!›˛ Ó!ã≈ì˛ £Î˚ !¶˛ß¨ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí–V
ì˛ˆÏÓ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy ÓˆÏú v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ ¢õyïyò Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £Î˚– ~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ò)ì˛ò xÇü
!úˆÏÖ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛–
ÚxyüB˛yÛ xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï x!õì˛ ÎÖò úyÓíƒˆÏÑ˛ Öyì˛y!›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚ñ ì˛Öò fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛
¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆúÖy– fl˛ô‹Tì˛£z úyÓíƒ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ !òÓyÓ˚í
â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Öyì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ Ñ˛!Óì˛y v˛zk˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢!›˛ x!õì˛ ˆúˆÏÖ xyˆÏÜ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛
¢õÎ˚– ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ !ÓˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôyÎ˚ ì˛y úyÓíƒÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ£z
x!õì˛ xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ≤ÃŸ¿ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ !Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~!›˛ ¢Ω˛Ó £ú x!õì˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛– ˆÎ
x!õì˛ ÷ï% !õúˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy£z ˆãyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ !òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛
~£z !ÓˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ˆúÖy !Ñ˛ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ !äÈú ˙ ¢õÎ˚⁄ òy!Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚Á xò%¶˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆÜy˛ôò
ì˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÓyãˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú xÓ¢Ω˛yÓ# !ÓˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚–
~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏDñ ÚxyüB˛yÛÓ˚ xyˆÏÜñ Úá›˛Ñ˛y!úÛ òyˆÏõÓ˚ xïƒyˆÏÎ˚ úyÓíƒÈÙÈx!õì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÌy˛ôÑ˛ÌˆÏòÓ˚

~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü v˛zk˛yÓ˚ˆÏÎyÜƒ– x!õì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ñ˛# â˛yÎ˚ ˆ¢ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¢ˆÏ®£ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Sì%˛!õ
xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ñ˛# â˛yÁñ xyÓ˚ xy!õ ˆì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛›%˛Ñ%˛ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ñ ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ ˛ôy£z ˆò–V úyÓíƒ
ÎÖò ÓˆÏú ÚÚÎì˛£z xyõyÓ˚ xyˆÏúy ÌyÑ˛ xyÓ˚ ïπ!ò ÌyÑ˛ñ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚y ì˛Ó% äÈyÎ˚y£zñ ˆ¢
äÈyÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ xy!õ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó òy–ÛÛ
ì˛Öò ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ãì%˛ƒ_Ó˚ Á ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈# x!õì˛Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ xÇü!›˛ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛yÈÙÈ
x!õì˛ ÓúˆÏúñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ~Ñ˛!îò £Î˚ˆÏì˛y ˆîÖˆÏÓñ xyÓ˚ÈÙÈ!Ñ˛ä%È Î!î òy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ xyõyÓ˚ Óyí#Ó˚*˛ô
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ ÈÊ
úyÓíƒ ˆ£ˆÏ¢ ÓúˆÏúñ ÚˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ !òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚Û⁄
xyÿ˛Î≈ !Ñ˛ä%È£z ˆò£z– xyõyÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ïÓ˚y ÓÎ˚ñ !òÓyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆö˛yÎ˚yÓ˚yÎ˚
ˆÑ˛õò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢›˛y ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢–Û
Úì˛y £ˆÏú ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!îò £Î˚ˆÏì˛y ˆÑ˛Óú !òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ ˆö˛yÎ˚yÓ˚yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z ˆì˛yõyÓ˚
õò!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÓñ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ òÎ˚–Û
~õò ¢õÎ˚ Óy¢y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆúyÑ˛ ~ú v˛yÑ˛ˆÏì˛ÈÙÈÖyÓyÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚–
x!õì˛ â˛úˆÏì˛ â˛úˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ úyÜú ˆÎñ úyÓíƒ Ó%!k˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏì˛ ¢õhfl˛£z fl˛ô‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ãyòˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– õyò%°Ï fl˛∫¶˛yÓì˛ ˆÎÖyˆÏò xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¶˛yúyˆÏì˛ £zFäÈy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á ˆ¢ÖyˆÏòÁ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛
ˆ¶˛yúyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– úyÓíƒ ˆÎ Ñ˛Ìy›˛y ÓúˆÏú ˆ¢›˛yÓ˚ ˆì˛y ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚!äÈ ˆò–
xhs˛Ó˚ydyÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛£z £Î˚ñ ˆÑ˛v˛zÈÙÈÓy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã#Óòñ ˆÑ˛v˛zÈÙÈÓy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ äÈ§%ˆÏì˛ ä%È§ˆÏì˛ xÌâ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢Ó˚ˆÏì˛ñ òî# ˆÎõò ˆÑ˛Óú£z
ì˛#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛ˆÏú ˆì˛õ!ò– xy!õ ˆÑ˛Óú£z Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆfl˛Àyì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚£z ã#Óò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
¢ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓÊ ~£zÖyˆÏò£z !Ñ˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆ¶˛î⁄ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ ü!_´ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ñ ˆ¢£z ¢,!‹T xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÓyÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ£z xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏî ˛ôˆÏî ˆ¶˛yˆÏú–
ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ ü!_´ˆÏÑ˛ Öy›˛yÎ˚ xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ñ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏòyˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ£z
òì%˛òˆÏÑ˛ ¢,!‹TˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ Óyïy ˆîÎ˚– Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢,!‹T !ò¤%˛Ó˚ñ ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ó˚«˛y !Óá¯– ~õò ˆÑ˛ò
£ú⁄ ~Ñ˛ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ~Ó˚y ˛˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ xyáyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ£z– ˆÎÖyˆÏò Ö%Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !õú ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò£z
õhfl˛ !ÓÓ˚&k˛ì˛y– ì˛y£z ¶˛yÓ!äÈñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆÎ ˛ôyÁòy ˆ¢ !õúò òÎ˚ñ ˆ¢
õ%!_´–Û
~ Ñ˛Ìy›˛y ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ x!õì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô#v˛¸y !îˆÏúñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ÁÓ˚ õò ~›˛yˆÏÑ˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú òy–ÛÛ
Úá›˛Ñ˛y!úÛ xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï x!õˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~£z v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ó%!G˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚ ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚£z úyÓíƒÓ˚
õì˛ x!õì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÁ ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ x!õú xyÓ˚ xy¢ß¨ !ÓˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓƒ
¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛– ú«˛ƒí#Î˚ñ á›˛Ñ˛y!ú xïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆüˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ ~£z v˛zk˛, ì˛ xÇü!›˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò
¢ÇˆÏÎyãò xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ú!òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Öyì˛y ££zˆÏì˛Û ÓˆÏú
v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö!›˛Á ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ£z õˆÏò £Î˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò î%!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
~Ñ˛!›˛ xhs˛!ò≈!£ì˛ ˆÎyÜ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ ÓˆÏú !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ£z
˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈò ~ÖyˆÏò– ~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õì˛ÈÙÈ
Ú!õúò ì˛_¥Û xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï Ú¢ı˛ƒyˆÏÓúyÓ˚ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛!Óì˛yÛ SÑ˛ì˛ ˜ïÎ≈ ï!Ó˚/!äÈˆÏú Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ
!îÓ¢üÓ≈Ó˚#ÊV ÓˆÏú x!õì˛ ˆÎ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ xyÓ,!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD úyÓíƒÓ˚ !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ v˛zk,˛ì˛
ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎò ~Ñ˛ xhs˛ú#≈ò !õú Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏòÁ ˆüyòy ÎyÎ˚ÈÙ
ÚÚxyã ÎˆÏÓ / î)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ / ˆì˛yõyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y ÎyÓ îyò / ì˛Ó ãÎ˚Üyò–ÛÛ
ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ïyÓõyò Ñ˛yúˆÏfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xò%¶˛Ó
!òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ
ÚÚÑ˛ì˛ÓyÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ xyˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò / ~ ã#ÓˆÏò / ˆ£yõy!@¿ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ !ò ãµ!úñ / ü)ˆÏòƒ ˆÜˆÏäÈ â˛!ú /
£ì˛yŸªy¢ ï)ˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ%˛[˛ú#Ê / Ñ˛ì˛ÓyÓ˚ «˛!íˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !üÖy / xy§!Ñ˛Î˚yˆÏäÈ «˛#í !›˛Ñ˛y / !òˆÏÿ˛ì˛ò
!òü#ˆÏÌÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúÊ / ú%Æ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ì˛y£y !â˛£´£#ò Ñ˛yˆÏú–
xÌÓyñ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ˆü°Ï hfl˛ÓÑ˛!›˛ÈÙÈ
úˆÏ£y ~ ≤Ãíyõ / ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ ˛ô!Ó˚íyõ– / ~ ≤Ãí!ì˛ÈÙÈÛ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ / ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈ Ó˚yˆÏÖy
ˆfl˛¨£¶˛ˆÏÓ˚– / ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˙ŸªÎ≈ÈÙÈõyˆÏG˛ / !¢Ç£y¢ò ˆÎÌyÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yˆÏã / Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y xy£¥yò / ˆ¢Ìy
~ ≤Ãí!ì˛ ˆõyÓ˚ ˛ôyÎ˚ ˆÎò fl˛iyò–
~£z Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆúÖy ~Ñ˛!›˛ £zÇˆÏÓ!˚ ã Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ÓîˆÏú S...........V–
ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ñ ¢Ó Ñ˛Û!›˛ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò£z £ˆÏFäÈ õ)ú ˆúÖy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
ãyÎ˚Üy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ** !â˛£´ !îˆÏÎ˚– x!õì˛Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ xÇü!›˛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈò xyúyîy ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ !úˆÏÖ–
Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈò Öyì˛yÓ˚ Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Öy!ú ˛ô,¤˛yÎ˚– xyÓ˚ Ú!òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Öyì˛y
££zˆÏì˛Û Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ õyÌyÎ˚ ÓƒyˆÏÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y £Ó˚ˆÏö˛– ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò=!úÓ˚
!˛ôäÈˆÏò ˆÎ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%!ò!î≈‹T ú«˛ƒ !äÈú ì˛y xò%õyò Ñ˛Ó˚y ü_´ òÎ˚– Úá›˛Ñ˛y!úÛ xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆü°ÏyÇü xyÓ˚ Ú!õúò ì˛_¥ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛!Óì˛yñ î%!›˛ ¢Ω˛Óì˛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛
!òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy ÓˆÏú Î%!_´@˘Ãy£ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ãòƒ–
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢õy!Æ !òˆÏÎ˚ ò)ì˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏ¢ ˆü°Ï xïƒyˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˆÎ
˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò=!ú á›˛yˆÏúò ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú x!õì˛ ~ÓÇ úyÓíƒÓ˚ !ÓÓy£ ≤Ã¢D!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
Ó!ã≈ì˛ £ú– ¢yõyòƒ £z!DˆÏì˛ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏúò x!õì˛ ~ÓÇ úyÓíƒ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
ò)ì˛ò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÷ï%õye ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚£z ≤ÃÑ˛yü
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏúò ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ ¢#õy Á x¢#ˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ì˛ƒ!›˛ˆÏÑ˛– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ñ ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ x!õì˛Ó˚
õ%ˆÏÖ ˆ≤Ãõñ !ÓÓy£ Á xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ ¢Ó ≤Ã¢D v˛zay˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˆ¢=!ú ¢¡ô)í≈ Óã≈ò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ !ü!Ìú !ÓòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ ˆü°Ï xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yú ˛ô!Ó˚¢#õy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!õˆÏÎ˚
xyòˆÏúò ~ÖyˆÏò– xyÓ˚ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy ÓˆÏú !òˆÏî≈ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ x!õì˛ ~ÓÇ úyÓíƒÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ Á !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ !õ!úˆÏÎ˚
!îˆÏÎ˚– !ÓîyÎ˚ ˆÓúyÎ˚ Ó˚!Ó ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛_´ úyÓíƒ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏü Ñ˛!Ó !òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚
xy◊Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó%!G˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚ ÷ï% Ó£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ òÎ˚ !òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ fl˛iyò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚
xhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Á– x˛ôÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓƒyîˆÏü≈ v˛zm%k˛ x!õì˛ Ó˚!Ó ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y !îˆÏÎ˚
ì˛yÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xò%¶˛Ó ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ ãÜˆÏì˛–
õˆÏò Ó˚yÖy ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãòñ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~£z ˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ôˆÏì˛£z Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ Óy!úÜO ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢¶˛yÓ˚
!ÓÓÓ˚í ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚!Ó ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD x!õì˛ ì˛Ìy !òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ˆÏÑ˛
e´õü Óv˛¸ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò– ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òÓyÓ˚í â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy ÓˆÏú !â˛!£´ì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ˜mÓ˚ˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢õy!Æ!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈˛ô)í≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ˆü°Ï xïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyã≈ˆÏòÓ˚
¶˛yÓòyÎ˚ ~!›˛Á Óv˛¸ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ÓˆÏú õˆÏò £Î˚–
ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ñ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÚˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ÛÓ˚ ˆü°Ï xïƒyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~£z
Ó˚Ñ˛õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓÑ˛“ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy õˆÏò ~ˆÏúÁ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò
≤ÃÌõ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛– ~ÖyˆÏò ˆ≤Ãõ ~ÓÇ !ÓÓy£ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ¶˛yÓòy!›˛ x!õˆÏì˛Ó˚ õ%ˆÏÖ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú
ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï õõc ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚£z Ñ˛Ìy– ì˛y£z v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢!›˛ ¢¡ô)í≈
Óã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆÜˆÏú õˆÏò xy˛ô!_ ãyÜy£z fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y ~£z ì˛ˆÏ_Ó¥ ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ ˆÓ˚yõy!r›˛Ñ˛ì˛y
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È ˆ¢!›˛ x!õì˛ â˛!Ó˚êÏ Ó˚ e´õ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛Á ÎÌyÌ≈– Ó˚yí# õ£úyò!ÓˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛â˛yÓ˚íyÎ˚ñ
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ õˆÏïƒÁ xyò® úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˆÎ ≤Ã¢D Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛y£z ˆÎò Ó˚*˛ô
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ úyÓíƒ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ x!õì˛Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ã#Óò ¢yïòyÎ˚– Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢õy!Æ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ~£z !îÑ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚
¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˛ôyÎ˚!ò– ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !ÓˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓîòy!Óï%Ó˚ xyÓ£ˆÏÑ˛£z ˆÎò ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛
x›%˛›˛ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ¶˛yÓy £Î˚–
ÚˆüˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ÓƒyDyˆÏúyˆÏÓ˚ xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ Óˆã Ï wòyÌ ü#ˆÏúÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆìÏ ˛
ÓˆÏ¢ o&ì˛ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò– Ñ˛Ìy !äÈú ˆúÖy!›˛ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆüyòyˆÏòyÓ˚– ◊#õì˛# !òõ≈úÑ%˛õyÓ˚#
õ£úyò!ÓˆÏüÓ˚ Óí≈òyÎ˚ ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆ◊yì˛yÓ˚y !Ófl˛øˆÏÎ˚ õ%?˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ~£z ò)ì˛ò
Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy fl˛À‹TyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ¢¡ô)í≈ Ö%!ü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò ˆ¢ Ñ˛Ìy fl˛ô‹T– Ñ˛yÓ˚í
üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ˆÏò !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢£z !ì˛!ò £yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyã≈ˆÏò– ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú
ÚˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚Û ˆü°Ï xïƒyÎ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆò˛ôˆÏÌƒ ¢,!‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆúÖÑ˛ õˆÏòÓ˚ ›˛yòyˆÏ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ˆÏò
~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ £z!ì˛£y¢–
Ó%k˛ˆÏòÓ Ó§%Ó˚ fl∫ï˛sf û˛yÓöy ≠

Ú≤ÃÌü ˛õyÌ≈Û öyê˛ˆÏÜ˛ Ü˛î≈ Ä Ü%˛hsˇ#
x!öÓ˚&k˛ öyÎ˚Ü˛*
1969 §yˆÏ° ˆ°áy Ó%k˛ˆÏòÓ Ó§%Ó˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ !Óáƒyï˛ Ü˛yÓƒöyê˛ƒ Ú≤ÃÌü ˛õyÌ≈Û– ü•yû˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚
Ü˛y!•!öˆÏÜ˛ xÓ°¡∫ö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !öçfl∫ û˛yÓöyÓ˚ åÈy˛õ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈö Ó%k˛ˆÏòÓ Ó§%–
~Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ä xyüÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!åÈ Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ Ä ~Ó˚Ü˛ü ~Ü˛!ê˛ Ü˛yÓƒöyê˛ƒ Ó˚ã˛öy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚öÈÙÙÙÙÈ
ÚÜ˛î≈ Ü % ˛ hsˇ # §ÇÓyòÛ– ïÑ ˛ yÓ˚ Ü˛y!•!öÓ˚ Ä ü) ° í˛z Í § !åÈ ° ü•yû˛yÓ˚ ï ˛– ï˛ˆÏ Ó !ï˛!öÄ
ÚÜ˛î≈Ü˛% hsˇ#§ÇÓyòÛÈÙ~ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !öçfl∫ ç#Óö ò¢≈ö Ä û˛yÓöy ú%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ü•yû˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ÏÓ˚
âê˛öyÓ˚ ‡Ó‡ Óî≈öy !ï˛!ö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– ã˛!Ó˚e ò%!ê˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !ï˛!ö ç#ÓöÓ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ú˛ıôyÓ˚y Ó•zˆÏÎ˚
!òˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó%k˛ˆÏòÓ Ó§%ˆÏÜ˛ Ó˚!Óë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yÌ≈Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôÜ˛yÓ˚ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ !ï˛!ö ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x@ˇÃçˆÏÜ˛ xö%§Ó˚î Ü˛Ó˚ˆ° Ï Ä ã˛!Ó˚e ò%!ê˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !öçfl∫
û˛yÓöy ú%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö– ï˛y•z Óï≈˛üyö ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛õˆÏê˛Ä öyê˛Ü˛!ê˛ á%Ó•z =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ fliyö òá°
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– ~Ü˛ê˛y °«˛ƒî#Î˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ •° ˆÎ Ó%k˛ˆÏòÓ Ó§% û˛yˆÏ°y Ü˛!Ó öy •ˆÏ° ˆÓyô•Î˚
~ï˛ û˛yˆÏ°y Ü˛yÓƒöyê˛ƒ Ó˚ã˛öy Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö öy– Ó%k˛ˆÏòÓ Ó§% ≤ÃÌü fl∫ï˛sf ~ˆÏöˆÏåÈö
Ü˛yÓƒöyê˛!ê˛Ó˚ öyüÜ˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚– !ï˛!ö öyü !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö Ú≤ÃÌü ˛õyÌ≈Û– ~•z öyüÜ˛Ó˚î!ê˛Ó˚
ˆ˛õåÈˆÏö ˆÎ ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy !ï˛!ö çyöyˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ï˛yÓ˚y •° Ü˛î≈ Ä Ü%˛hsˇ#–
!ï˛!ö Ü˛î≈ˆÏÜ˛•z Ú≤ÃÌü ˛õyÌ≈Û Ó°ˆÏåÈö ~ÓÇ ˛õyÌ≈ Ó°ˆÏåÈö ~•zÜ˛yÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎ ˆ§ ˛õ,ÌyÓ˚ ˛õ%e–
xÌ≈yÍ Ü%˛hsˇ#Ó˚ öyü ˛õ,Ìyñ ï˛y•z ~Ó˚*˛õ öyüÜ˛Ó˚î– ~çöƒ•z ~•z Ü˛yÓƒöyê˛ƒ!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z ò%çˆÏöÓ˚
û)˛!üÜ˛y xï˛ƒhsˇ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ xöƒyöƒ ã˛!Ó˚e=!°Ó˚ ï%˛°öyÎ xˆÏöÜ˛ ˆÓ!¢ §ã˛°– xyüÓ˚y
˛õyÌ≈ Ó°ˆÏï˛ §Óy•z xç≈%öˆÏÜ˛•z Ó%!é˛– !Ü˛v ~áyˆÏö ~•z öyê˛ˆÏÜ˛ xç≈%ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö û)˛!üÜ˛y
ˆö•z– Ú≤ÃÌü ˛õyÌ≈Û •° Ü˛î≈– Ü˛î≈ÈÙÈÓ˚ öyü ˆÜ˛ö !ï˛!ö ≤ÃÌü ˛õyÌ≈ !òˆÏ°ö Ü˛yÓ˚î xö%§¶˛yö
Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° xyüyÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ ˆÎ Ü˛î≈ Ü%˛hsˇ#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü §hsˇyö xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛î≈ Ü%˛hsˇ#Ó˚ Ü%˛üyÓ˚# xÓfliyÓ˚
§hsˇyö– Ü˛!Ìï˛ xyˆÏåÈ ˆÜ˛yö ~Ü˛ ü%!öÓ˚ ÓÓ˚ °yû˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü%˛hsˇ# ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yö ˆòÓï˛yˆÏÜ˛ xy•¥yö
Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛üï˛y xç≈ö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– !Ü˛v û%˛°Ó¢ï˛ ˆ§ Ü%˛üyÓ˚# xÓfliyÎ˚ §)Î≈ˆÏÜ˛ xy•¥yö çyöyÎ˚
~ÓÇ àˆÏû≈˛ xyˆÏ§ Ü˛î≈– ï˛y•z Ü˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe üyï,˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚•z Óí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ !˛õï,˛˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚
öÎ˚– ï˛y•z §hsˇyˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ •ˆÏ° ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õyÌ≈öyü xç≈%ö öÎ˚ Ü˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚•z •ÄÎ˚y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ Ü˛yÓ˚î ˆ§•z Ü%˛hsˇ#Ó˚ S˛õ,ÌyÓ˚V ≤ÃÌü ˛õ%e– ï˛y•z Ü˛î≈ˆÏÜ˛ ≤ÃÌü ˛õyÌ≈ Ó°yÎ˚ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ï˛y
fl∫#Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ–
*ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ñ˛yã# òãÓ˚&ú !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–
Ó%k˛ˆÏòÓ Ó§%Ó˚ fl∫ï˛sf û˛yÓöy ≠ Ú≤ÃÌü ˛õyÌ≈Û öyê˛ˆÏÜ˛ Ü˛î≈ Ä Ü%˛hsˇ# ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 145
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xy§y ÎyÜ˛ ü•yû˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã§ˆÏD– ˆ§áyˆÏö xyüÓ˚y ˆò!á Îáö Ü%˛hsˇ# çyöˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òö §Ü˛yˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ò%•z ˛õ%e ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §¡ø%á§üˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ ï˛áö ˆ§ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛
•Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü xydç Ü˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ– ü•yû˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏåÈ ˆÎ Ü˛î≈ Ü,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ˆçˆÏöˆÏåÈ
ˆÎ Ü%˛hsˇ# ï˛yÓ˚ çöö#– !Ü˛v Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ Óy Ó%k˛ˆÏòÓ Ó§% ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ~ âê˛öyÓ˚ xÓï˛yÓ˚îy
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆÎ Ü˛î≈ Ü%˛hsˇ#ˆÏÜ˛ ˆã˛ˆÏö öy ~ÓÇ Ü%˛hsˇ#•z ≤ÃÌü Ü˛î≈ˆÏÜ˛ !öˆÏçÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ öyê˛ˆÏÜ˛ ÷ô%üye ò%!ê˛ ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏÜ˛•z ˆÓˆÏåÈ !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– !Ü˛v
Ó%k˛ˆÏòÓ Ó§% ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yÓƒöyˆÏê˛ƒ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ çöƒ Ü˛î≈ˆÏÜ˛ ˆÜ˛w Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü%˛hsˇ# åÈyí˛¸yÄ ôÔ˛õò# Ä
Ü,˛£èÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã§DÄ ~ˆÏöˆÏåÈö– ï˛yÍ˛õÎ≈˛õ)î≈û˛yˆÏÓ °«˛î#Î˚ ˆÎ ~•z ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yÓƒöyê˛ƒ xÌ≈yÍ
ÚÜ˛î≈Ü%˛hsˇ#§ÇÓyòÛ Ä Ú≤ÃÌü ˛õyÌ≈ÛÈÙÈ~ xç≈%ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ≤Ã§D ˆö•z– ü•yû˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆò!á xç≈%ö
~ÓÇ Ü˛î≈ í˛zû˛ˆÏÎ˚•z §Íñ ôü≈˛õÓ˚yÎ˚î ~ÓÇ ÎˆÏÌ‹T §ÇˆÏÓòö¢#°– xyÓyÓ˚ ò%çˆÏö•z §y•§#ñ
Ó#Ó˚ñ ˛õÓ˚ye´ü¢y°# ~üö!Ü˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚Ü˛ àë˛ˆÏöÄ ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ !ü° Óï≈˛üyö– xy§ˆÏ° ˆï˛y ï˛yÓ˚y
§ˆÏ•yòÓ˚– ï˛y•z §y!Ó≈Ü˛ ~•z ˜ÏöÜ˛ˆÏê˛ƒÓ˚ çöƒ xç≈%ö Î!ò ˛õyÌ≈ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ü˛î≈ xÓ¢ƒ ≤ÃÌü
˛õyÌ≈–
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xy§y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚!Ó ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÚÜ˛î≈Ü%˛hsˇ#§ÇÓyòÛÈÙÈ Ü˛yÓƒöyê˛ƒ ≤Ã§ˆÏD– ~•z
ÚÜ˛î≈Ü%˛hsˇ#§ÇÓyòÛÈÙÈÜ˛yÓƒöyê˛ƒ Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ ü•yû˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~Ü˛!ö¤˛ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä xy˛õö
û˛yÓöyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏÜ˛ öÓÓ˚*˛õ òyö Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ≤Ã¢yhsˇ Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ˛õy° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÚÓ˚!Óç#Óö#ÛˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö
ˆÎ çàò#¢ã˛w Ó§% ~Ü˛ÓyÓ˚ !°!áï˛ û˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚Ó#wöyˆÏÌÓ˚ xö%ˆÏÓ˚yô Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö ˆÎ Ü˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ ˆòy£Ï
=î !ü!◊ï˛ x˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ç#Óöñ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §•yö%û)˛!ï˛¢#° Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ÎyÓ˚
ç#ÓˆÏö «%˛oï˛y Ä ü•yö%û˛Óï˛yÓ˚ §Ç@ˇÃyü §Ó§üÎ˚ ˆ≤ÃÔIµ° !åÈ°ñ ˆÎ ~Ü˛ §üÎ˚ üyö%£Ï •ˆÏÎÄ ˚
ˆòÓï˛y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yçÎ˚ çÎ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÄ ü•_Ó˚ñ ï˛yˆÏÜ˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛!Ó !Ü˛å%È
!°áˆÏ° ˆ§ê˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z á%!¢Ó˚ Ü˛yÓ˚î •ˆÏÓ– ~•z xö%ˆÏÓ˚yô Ó˚«˛y Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛•z §Ω˛Óï˛ Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ
ÚÜ˛î≈Ü%˛hsˇ#§ÇÓyòÛÈÙÈ Ü˛yÓƒöyê˛ƒ ˆ°ˆÏáö–
ü•yû˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ°áÜ˛ Ü˛î≈ˆÏÜ˛ xˆÏöÜ˛ê˛y çyÎ˚ày !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ– ò%Ó≈y¢yÓ˚ ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ú˛ˆÏ° §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÅÓ˚ˆÏ§ Ü%˛üyÓ˚# Ü%˛hsˇ#Ó˚ àˆÏû≈˛ Ü˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ çß√ Ü˛î≈ˆÏÜ˛ •zˆÏwÓ˚ Ü˛Óã˛ÈÙÈÜ%˛[˛° òyöñ
~àyâ¯# Óyî òyöñ ˛õy[˛Ó Ä ˆÜ˛ÔÓ˚ˆÏÓÓ˚ xflf ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ Ü˛ˆÏü≈Ó˚ xyàüö Ä xç≈%ˆÏöÓ˚
§ˆÏD xflf ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ •zFåÈy ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü,˛˛õyã˛yÎ≈ Ü˛ï≈˛,Ü˛ Ü˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ !˛õï,˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛yÄÎ˚yñ
x˛õüy!öï˛ Ü˛î≈ˆÏÜ˛ ò%ˆÏÎ≈yôˆÏöÓ˚ xDÓ˚yçƒ òyöñ Ü%˛Ó˚&ˆÏ«˛e Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛ Ü,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü˛î≈ˆÏÜ˛
ï˛yÓ˚ çß√Ó,_yhsˇ çyöyˆÏöy ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏÜ˛ ˛õy[˛Ó ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÎyà ˆòÓyÓ˚ xyüsfîñ Ü˛ˆÏîÓ≈ ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyöñ
Ü%˛hsˇ#Ó˚ Ü˛î≈ˆÏÜ˛ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛ xyöyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Tyñ §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ü˛î≈ˆÏÜ˛ ˛õy[˛Ó ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÎyà ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ
Ä Ü˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyöñ ~•z Ü˛y!•!ö xÇ¢ê%˛Ü%˛•z Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yÓƒöyˆÏê˛ƒ @ˇÃ•î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
!Ü˛å%Èê˛y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ xyÓ˚ !Ü˛å%Èê˛y ~Ü˛ê%˛ ~!òÜ˛ Ä!òÜ˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ö„þ˜˜y vþz!˜Ÿ Ÿ“þ„þ#ëû ›)œÄöìîyöì•îû
ö²Ì!Çþöì“þ „þ’Å ç „%þhsþ# ‰þ!îûe ”%!Ýþîû xhsþöìîûîû m¨µöì„þ “%þöìœ •îûöì“þ ö‰þöìëû!Šéöìœ˜ îûî#w˜yíÐ
146 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Ó%k˛ˆÏòÓ Ó§%Ó˚ fl∫ï˛sf û˛yÓöy ≠ Ú≤ÃÌü ˛õyÌ≈Û öyê˛ˆÏÜ˛ Ü˛î≈ Ä Ü%˛hsˇ#
ò„þ’Å„%þhsþ#¢‚îy”óéôé „þyîÄ˜yöìÝþÄ îûî#w˜yí àþy„%þîû ~£z¦þyöìî Öîû& „þöìîûöìŠé˜ öë…yöì˜ „þ’Å

~î‚ „%þhsþ# ²Ìíöì›£z vþzþ™!ßþi“þ ~î‚ „%þhsþ#öì„þ ö”öì… „þ’Å “þyîû xyþ™˜ þ™!îû‰þëû !”öìëû „%þhsþ#îû
þ™!îû‰þëû ‹y˜öì“þ ö‰þöìëûöìŠéÐ „%þhsþ# “þyîû ²Ì“%þÄ_öìîû !„þlsþ „þöì’Åîû ¢öìD “þyîû ¢Á™„Åþ „þ# “þy
vþzöìÍÔ… „þöìîû£z îœöì“þ ö‰þöìëûöìŠé˜Ð ~îûþ™îû „þ’Å ë…˜ ‹y˜öì“þ öþ™öìîûöìŠé ~£z xþ™!îû!‰þ“þy îû›’#
„%þhsþ#– “þ…˜ “þyîû ›%… öíöì„þ !˜†Å“þ £öìëûöìŠé !îßþ¿ëûéôé òò“%þ!› „%þhsþ#æ x‹Å%˜ ‹˜˜#æóó1 ö„þ˜˜y
x‹Å%˜öì„þ ö¢ “þyîû ²Ì!“þm¨µ# îû*öìþ™ @ùÌ£’ „þöìîû !˜öìëûöìŠé ö¢£z xßþf þ™îû#Çþyîû !”˜ öíöì„þÐ
ë%öìkþîû ²ÌyEþyöìœ ö¢£z x‹Å%˜ ‹˜˜# ~öì¢öìŠé “þyîû „þyöìŠé– ²Ì#“þ “þyîû !îßþ¿öìëûîû ¢#›y ö˜£zÐ
„%þhsþ# “þyîû vþz_öìîû “¤þyîû ~£z þ™!îû“þÄ_« þ™%öìeîû ‹˜Ä öœy„þéôéxhsþîûyöìœ ¢›öìî”˜y ç þ™%öìeîû
xþ™›yöì˜ x×& !î¢‹Åöì˜îû „þíy ë“þ£z îœ%˜ ˜y ö„þ˜– „þöì’Åîû !‰þ_ “þyöì“þ !î†!œ“þ £ëû!˜Ð
x“þÄhsþ xyd ¢‚ë› ç ¦þo“þyöìîyöì•îû þ™!îû‰þëû !”öìë „þ’Å ²ÌÙÀ „þöìîûöìŠé ôôôôé
òò„þ’ÅÐ ²Ì’!› ö“þy›yöìîû xyöìëÅæ îûy‹›y“þy “%þ!›–
ö„þ˜ ö£íy ~„þy!„þ˜#Ú ~ öë îû’¦)þ!›–
xy!› „%þîû& ö¢˜yþ™!“þÐ
þ™%e– !¦þÇþy xyöìŠé ôôôôé
„%þhsþ#Ð !îšþœ ˜y !šþ!îû öë˜Ð
!¦þÇþy– ö›yîû „þyöìŠéæ
„þ’ÅÐ xyþ™˜ öþ™ïîû&¡ì Šéyvþüy– •›Å Šéyvþüy– xyîû
ëy£y xyKþy „þîû !”î ‰þîûöì’ ö“þy›yîûÐóó2
„%þhsþ# îöìœöìŠé˜– ›y“,þöìe«yöìvþü “,þ!¡ì“þ îöìÇþîû ›yöìGþ “þyöì„þ !“þ!˜ ßþiy˜ ö”öìî˜éôôôôé
ö‹ÄÛþþ™%eîû*öìþ™ ¢îyîû xyöì† î¢öìî˜Ð !„þlsþ „þ’Å “þy ‰þyëû ˜yÐ xy¢öìœ „þ’Å x‹Åö% ˜ì îû ²Ì!“þm¨µ#
£öìœç þ™Mþéþ™y[þöìîîû ²Ì!“þ ¢›öìî”˜yîû x¦þyî “þyîû £ëû!˜Ð
„þ’Å ‹yöì˜ „þþ™Ýþ þ™yŸyöì…œyëû ö£öìîû !†öìëû ¢yÁËy‹Ä– ¢Á™” öíöì„þ “þyîûy î!Mþé“þ £öìëöû Šì éÐ
›yöìëûîû ößþ¬£Ý%þ„%þ ¢Áºœ „þöìîû “þyîûy öî¤öì‰þ xyöìŠéÐ ö¢£z ößþ¬£¢Á™öì” ¦þy† î!¢öìëû “þyöì”îû
î!Mþé“þ „þîûy ~„þyhsþ x˜%!‰þ“þÐ ›yöìëûîû ößþ¬£ ò”)Ä“þþ™öì’ ˜y £ëû !îe«ëû– îyýîöìœ ˜y!£ £yöìîû
›y“þyîû £*”ëûéôé ö¢ öë !î•y“þyîû ”y˜óó
~„þ!”öì„þ x¦þy!î“þ þ™!îû!ßþi!“þöì“þ !‰þîûî!Mþé“þ ›y“,þöìßþ¬öì£îû öœyöì¦þ !‰þ_ xyd£yîûy–
x˜Ä!”öì„þ þ™y[þîöì”îû ›y“,þöìßþ¬£ ¦þy† î¢yöì˜yîû xöì˜ï!‰þ“þÄöìîyöì• xþ™îûyöì•îû xy¦þy¡ìÐ „þöì’Åîû
m¨µ›%…îûÐ ›yöìëûîû ößþ¬£›y…y „þy“þîû xy£ýöì˜ “þyîû xî”!›“þ ›y“,þöìßþ¬£Ç%þ•y ö‹öì† vþzöìàþöìŠéÐ
xõþ„þyîûyFŠé§¬ ›yëûyöìœyöì„þ ›öì˜ £öìFŠé ~ ¢î î%!Gþ “þyîû ßþº²ÀÐ “þî% ‹y@ùÌ“þ xhsþîûydy îœöìŠé ôôôôé
òò„þ’ÅÐ ¢“þÄ ö£y„þ– ßþº²À ö£y„þ– ~öì¢y ößþ¬£›ëû#–
ö“þy›yîû ”!Çþ’ £hßþ œœyöìÝþ !‰þî%öì„þ–
îûyöì…y Çþ’„þyœÐóó3
öœy„þ›%öì… „þ’Å Ööì˜öìŠé öë ö¢ ‹˜˜#îû þ™!îû“þÄ_«yÐ „þ“þîyîû ßþºöì²À ö”öì…öìŠé öë– ‹˜˜#
•#öìîû •#öìîû “þyîû „þyöìŠé ~öì¢ ”¤y!vþüöìëûöìŠéÐ „þ’Å ö”…öì“þ ö‰þöìëûöìŠé “þyîû ›%…Ð !„þlsþ ö”…öì“þ
þ™yëû!˜éôôôôé ßþº²À›)!“Åþ !›!œöìëû ö†öìŠé “þyîû Ÿ)˜Ä £*”ëûöì„þ xyöìîûy öî!Ÿ Ÿ)˜Ä „þöìîû !”öìëûÐ
òò„þ’ÅÐ ö¢£z ßþº²À xy!‹
~öì¢öìŠé !„þ þ™y[þî ‹˜˜#éôéîû*öìþ™ ¢y!‹
¢õþÄy„þyöìœ îû’öìÇþöìe– ¦þy†#îûí# “þ#öìîûÐóó4
„þyœ ²Ìyöì“þ Öîû& £öìî ›£yîû’Ð x‹Å%öì˜îû ¢öìD £öìî “þyîû ë%kþÐ xy‹ ‹y˜y ö†œ
x‹Å%˜‹˜˜# “þyîû ›yÐ “þyîû !î£´œ!‰þ_ þ™Mþéþ™y[þöìîîû þ™yöì˜ ¦þy£z îöìœ Š%éöìÝþ öëöì“þ ‰þy£zöìŠéÐ
xyîû “þ…!˜ ö‹öì† vþzöìàþöìŠé ¢!Mþé“þ x!¦þ›y˜éôôôôé
òò„þ’ÅÐ ö„þ˜ “þöìî
xy›yöìîû öšþ!œëûy !”öìœ ”)öìîû xöì†ïîûöìî
„%þœŸ#œ›y˜£#˜ ›y“,þöì˜e£#˜y
xõþ ~ xKþy“þ !îöìÙ»Ú ö„þ˜ !‰þîû!”˜
¦þy¢y£zëûy !”öìœ ö›yöìîû xîKþyîû ößþËyöì“þÚ
ö„þ˜ !”öìœ !˜îÅy¢˜ ¼y“,þ„%þœ £öì“þÚóó4
ö„þ˜ x‹Å%˜öì„þ xyîû xy›yöì„þ “%þ!› !î!FŠé§¬ „þöìîû îûy…öìœ– ëyîû šþöìœ !ŸÖ„þyœ £öì“þ
xy›yöì”îû ”%‹˜öì„þ ”%!˜Åîyîû xy„þ¡ìÅöì’ þ™îûßþ™îû !”öì„þ Ýþy˜öìŠé ôôôôé öë xy„þ¡ìÅ’ ö²Ìöì›îû ˜ëûéôôôôé
²Ìîœ !£‚¢yîûÐ
òò„þ’ÅÐ !î!•îû ²Ìí› ”y˜ ç !îÙ»¢‚¢yöìîû
›y“,þöìßþ¬£ ö„þ˜ ö¢£z ö”î“þyîû •˜
xyþ™˜ ¢hsþy˜ £öì“þ „þ!îûöìœ £îû’Ðóó
„%þhsþ# Çþ›y ö‰þöìëûöìŠé˜ þ™%öìeîû „þyöìŠéÐ „þ’Åöì„þ “þyîû !˜öì‹îû x!•„þyîû !˜öìëû !šþöìîû xy¢öì“þ
îöìœöìŠé˜Ð ö¢ ¢)“þþ™%e ˜ëûÐ ö¢ îûy‹yîû ¢hsþy˜Ð !„þlsþ x!¦þ›y˜# „þ›Å ßþº²À¢› ²Ìîœ xy„þ¡ìÅ’
!Šé§¬ „þöìîû îöìœöìŠé ôôôôé
òò„þ’ÅÐ ›y“þƒ– ¢)“þþ™%e xy!›– îûy•y ö›yîû ›y“þy–
“þyîû ö‰þöìëû ˜y!£ ö›yîû x!•„þ ö†ïîûîÐ
þ™y[þî þ™y[þî íy„þ– ö„þïîûî ö„þïîûîéôé
{¡ìÅy ˜y!£ „þ!îû „þyöìîûÐóó7
„%þhsþ# !¢‚£y¢öì˜îû öœy¦þ ö”…yöìœ „þ’Å îöìœöìŠé ôôôôé
òò„þ’ÅÐ !¢‚£y¢˜æ öë !šþîûyöìœy ›y“,þöìßþ¬£þ™yŸéôôôôé
“þy£yöìîû !”öì“þŠé ›y“þƒ– îûyöì‹Äîû xyÙ»y¢æ
ö¢ xyîû !šþîûyöìëû ö”çëûy “þî ¢y•Äy“þ#“þÐóó8
xy›yîû ›y– xy›yîû ¦þy£z – xy›yîû îû y ‹î‚Ÿ ¢î •¹‚¢ £öì ë û ö†öì Š é xy›yîû
‹§ÃÇþöì’£zéôôôôé ë…˜ “%þ!› xy›yöì„þ þ™!îû“þÄy† „þöìîûŠéÐ
xy¢öìœ „þ’Å ~„þ!”öì„þ öë›˜ ¢‚öìî”˜Ÿ#œ– ößþ¬£y„þyAÇþ# î%¦%þÇ%þ£*”ëû– ~„þ!”öì„þ öë›˜
öþ™ïîû&¡ì”#® î#îû– ö“þ›!˜ xyîû ~„þ!”öì„þ ¢“þÄ •öì›Å ‰þ!îûeîy˜– îõ%þîê¢œ– „,þ“þKþ!‰þ_Ð
¢)“þ x!•îûí ç îûy•y “þyöì„þ þ™%eKþyöì˜ ²Ì!“þþ™yœ˜ „þöìîûöìŠé˜. “¤þyöì”îû “þÄ† „þöìîû Ö•% !˜öì‹îû
¢%öì…îû ‹˜Ä ›y“þy „%þhsþ# ç ¼y“þy þ™Mþéþ™y[þöìîîû „þyöìŠé ‰þöìœ ëyçëûyîû ›“þ x›y˜!î„þ „þy‹
„þöì’îÅ û þ™öìÇþ „þîûy ¢½þî ˜ëûÐ ¢)“þ‹˜˜#öì„þ Šéœ˜y „þöìîû îûy‹›y“þyîû „þyöìŠé ‰þöìœ ëyçëûy †öìîîÅ û
£öì“þ þ™yöìîû !„þlsþ ö†ïîûöìîîû ˜ëûÐ Ÿ“þ ²Ìöìœy¦þ˜ ¢öì_´ç ”y“þyîû ²Ì!“þ @ùÌ£#“þyîû „,þ“þKþ“þyöìîy•
„þ’Å ‰þ!îûe!Ýþöì„þ ›£˜#ëû „þöìîû “%þöìœöìŠéÐ îûî#w˜yí !„þlsþ ~…yöì˜£z öíöì› ëy˜!˜Ð !“þ!˜
ö”!…öìëûöìŠé˜– ë%öìkþîû šþœ „þ’Å þ™yàþ „þîûöì“þ öþ™öìîûöìŠéÐ î%Gþöì“þ öþ™öìîûöìŠé ö„þïîûöìîîû þ™îûy‹ëû
£öìîéôé þ™y[þöìîîû ‹ëûÐ “þî% ö„þïîûöìîîû þ™Çþ “þÄy† „þöìîû þ™y[þöìîîû þ™öìÇþ ‰þöìœ ëyçëûyÝþyöì„þ
x„,þ“þKþ xöìþ™ïîû&öì¡ìîû „þy‹ îöìœ ›öì˜ „þöìîûöìŠé „þ’ÅÐ “þy£z !˜!mÅ•yëû îœöì“þ öþ™öìîûöìŠé ôôôôé
òò„þ’ÅÐ öë þ™öìÇþîû þ™îûy‹ëû
ö¢ þ™Çþ “þÄy!‹öì“þ ö›yöìîû ö„þyöìîûy ˜y xy£ý˜Ð
‹ëû# ö£y„þ– îûy‹y ö£y„þ þ™y[þî ¢hsþy˜éôôôôé
xy!› îûî !˜ßþ³þöìœîû– £“þyöìŸîû ”öìœÐóó9
›yöì„þ x˜%öìîûy• „þöìîûöìŠé– ÷ŸŸöìî ‹§Ã„þyöìœ ~„þ “þyöì„þ ˜y›£#˜– †,££#˜– •îûy“þöìœ
þšþöìœ !†öìëû!Šéœ– xyîyîûç ö“þ›!˜ “þyöì„þ “þÄy† „þöìîû ëy„þ ”#!®£#˜– „þ#!“Åþ£#˜ þ™îûy¦þöìîîû
›öì•ÄÐ ö¢ ”%ƒ… „þöì’Åîû „þyöìŠé ”%ƒ¢£ £öìî˜y– !„þlsþ ‹ëûöìœyöì¦þ– ëŸöìœyöì¦þ– îûy‹Äöìœyöì¦þ
ë!” ö¢ î#öìîûîû ¢”†!“þ öíöì„þ ¼ÜT £ëû– “þöìî “þy ›,“%þÄîû x!•„þ ësþf’y”yëû„þ £öìîÐ
„þöì’Åîû ~£z ›£ê ‰þy!îû!e„þ ”,‘þü“þy ›£y¦þyîû“þ¢Á¿“þÐ !„þlsþ “þyîû xhsþöìîûîû my!¨µ„þ
xyöìœyvþü˜éôé ëy ~£z ‰þ!îûe!Ýþöì„þ ‹#îhsþ ç ›y˜!î„þ „þöìîû “%þöìœöìŠé– “þy îûî#w˜yöìíîû „þ#!“ÅþÐ
„%þhsþ# ë%öìkþîû ²Ìy„äþ›%£)öì“Åþ „þöì’Åîû „þyöìŠé xydþ™!îû‰þëû !”öìëû “þyöì„þ þ™y[þî þ™öìÇþ !šþ!îûöìëû !˜öì“þ
~öì¢!ŠéœÐ „,þöì¡Œîû þ™îûy›öìŸÅ îûy‹÷ì˜!“þ„þ ö„þïŸœ !£¢yöìî– ~ „þíy xy›îûy ‹y!˜Ð „þ’Å ë!”
!šþöìîû ˜yç xyöì¢– “þyöì„þ xhsþ“þ ›y˜!¢„þ ¦þyöìî ”%îÅœ „þöìîû ö”çëûy ëyöìî öë– “þyöì“þ ö„þy˜
¢öì¨£ ö˜£zÐ ~…y˜„þyîû îûy‹÷ì˜!“þ„þ ¦þy¡ìyëû ~öì„þ ò”œ¦þyˆyöì˜yó îœy öëöì“þ þ™yöìîûÐ „%þhsþ#
ö¢ „þyöì‹ ¢šþœ £öìë!û ŠéœÐ öîyGþy£z ëyëû– ›£y¦þyîûö“ì þîû„þ% hsþ#îû þ™%eöìßþ¬£ xöìþ™Çþy „þ’Å ¢½þy¡ìö’ì
îûy‹÷ì˜!“þ„þ ßþºyíÅ£z !Šéœ ²ÌîœÐ !„þlsþ îûî#w˜yí „%þhsþ#îû ~£z þ™!îû‰þëûöì„þ îvþü „þöìîû ö”…y˜!˜Ð
!“þ!˜ „%þhsþ#öì„þ öœy„þœIyîû ¦þöìëû ¢hsþy˜öì„þ þ™!îû“þÄy† „þîûyîû ‹˜Ä xþ™îûy•#– ››Åy!hsþ„þ
ö„ÏþŸyFŠé§¬ ößþ¬£›ëû# ‹˜˜# îû*öìþ™£z “%þöìœ •öìîûöìŠé˜Ð “þyîû ~£z xyhsþ!îû„þ“þyëû “þy£z x!îÙ»y¢
„þöìî˜û !˜ „þ’ÅÐ “þy£z “þyîû xhsþîû ²Ìîœ ö”yÝþy˜yëû ö”yœy‰þœ £öìëöû Šì éÐ ö¢£z „þyîûö’ì £z îûî#w˜yí
¢,ÜT ~£z ‰þ!îûe ”%!Ýþ ›£y¦þyîû“þy˜%¢yîû# „þy!£!˜ ›ye ˜ëûéôé !‰þîûhsþ˜ ›£y„þy!îÄ„þ ‰þ!îûe £öìëû
vþzöìàþöìŠéÐ
“þöìî î%kþöì”î î¢% “¤þyîû ~£z „þyîÄ˜yöìÝþÄ ²Ìí› öë x!¦þ˜îc xy˜öìœ˜ ö¢Ýþy £œ !“þ!˜
„þ’Å ~î‚ „%þhsþ#îû „þöìíyþ™„þíöì˜îû xyöì† ”%£z î,öìkþîû ¢öìD „%þhsþ#îû „þöìíyþ™„þíöì˜îû ²Ì¢DÐ
öëÝþy …%î£z ²Ìy¢!D„þÐ ~£z ²Ìí› ö„þy˜ ~„þÝþy ¢“þÄ ‡Ýþ˜y „%þhsþ# ‹y˜yöì“þ ö‰þöìëûöìŠé– öë
„þíyÝþy ×#„,þ¡Œ Šéyvþüy xyîû ö„þvþz ‹yöì˜ ˜yÐ “þöìî ö¢Ýþy ‹˜¢›öìÇþ îœöì“þç ›y˜y „þöìîû
²Ì!“þ×&“þ „þ!îûöìëû !˜öìëûöìŠéÐ „%þhsþ# mÄíÅ£#˜ ¦þy¡ìyëû îöìœöìŠé ôôôô
òòÖ˜%˜ xy›yîû „þœBþ ç öî”˜y–
¢yÇþ# íy„%þ˜ xy›yîû ßþº#„þyöìîûy!_«îû–éôôôôé
xyþ™˜yöì”îû ›y‹Å˜y öþ™öìœ xy›yîû ›˜ xyöìîûy !˜¦Åþyîû £öìîÐóó10
~îûþ™îû „%þhsþ# ë…˜ „þ’Åöì„þ x!¦þ¦þy¡ì’ „þöìîûöìŠé “þ…˜ „þ’Å ²Ì’“þ £öìëû “þyöì„þ !‹Kþy¢y
„þöìîûöìŠé öë ö¢ “þyîû „þ# „þyöì‹ xy¢öì“þ þ™yöìîûÐ xyîû “þyîû þ™öìîû£z ë…˜ „%þhsþ# “þyîû þ™!îû‰þëû
!”öìëûöìŠé “þ…˜ ëíyîû#!“þ !îßþ¿öìëûîû ¢öìD „þ’Å îöìœöìŠé ôôôôé
òò„%þhsþ#æ x‹Å%öì˜îû ›y“þyæóó12 ²Ì“%þÄ_öìîû „%þhsþ# ‹y!˜öìëûöìŠé öë ö¢ Ö•%›ye x‹Å%öì˜îû
˜ëû– ~„þ£z ¢öìD ë%!•!Ûþîû– ¦þ#› ~î‚ xyöìîûy ~„þ ‹öì˜îû ›y ö¢Ð
~îûþ™îû „þ’Å ë…˜ ‹y˜öì“þ ‰þyëû öë x˜Ä ‹˜ ö„þÚ “þyîû vþz_öìîû „%þhsþ# îöìœöìŠé öë
ö¢ “þyöì„þ ²ÌFŠé§¬ öîûöì…öìŠé ~î‚ ~ç îöìœöìŠé öë ö¢ x‹Å%öì˜îû ›“þ î#îû xyîyîû ë%!•!Ûþöìîûîû
›“þ •›ÅydyÐ ~£z Ööì˜ „þ’Å öì¦þöìîöìŠé öë “þy£öìœ “þyîû ”%‹˜ ²Ì!“þm¨µ# £öìîÐ ~îû þ™öìîû£z
„%þhsþ# îöìœöìŠé ôôôôé
òòöì“þy›yîû ¢öìD x!‰þöìîû “þyîû ö”…y £öìî– „þ’Å–
ö”…öìî ö„þ›˜ x!î„þœ ö¢ ²Ì!“þm¨µ# ö“þy›yîû—
ö“þy›yîû£z ›öì“þy ”#‡Å„þyëû– xyëû“þyÇþ–
ö“þy›yîû£z ›öì“þy Ÿ!_«›y˜– £*”ëûîy˜–
›£_› îõ%þ– Ÿe&îû þ™öìÇþ x¢£˜éôé
¦þîû“þ î‚öìŸîû ö¢£z ²Ìí› þ™yíÅ– ëyîû ˜y›éô
S£àþyê öíöì›– vþzFŠ´é!¢“þ ßþºöìîûV
„þ’Å– þ™%e xy›yîûæóó12
„þ’Å „%þhsþ#îû þ™%e ¢öìÁºy•öì˜ „,þ“þyíÅ £öìëûç “þyîû !˜‹ þ™!îû‰þëû öíöì„þ !î‰%þÄ“þ £ëû!˜Ð „%þhsþ#
“þyöì„þ ‹y!˜öìëûöìŠé öë “þyîû †¦Åþ !Šéœ „þöì’Åîû ²Ìí› xy×ëûÐ “þyîû ²Ìy’ îyëû% !Šéœ „þöì’Åîû
²Ìy’îyëû%– “þyîû …y”Ä !Šéœ „þöì’Åîû þ™íÄÐ ö¢ ¢)öìëÅîû ¢õþy˜Ð ~îû vþz_öìîû „þ’Å ë…˜ îöìœöìŠé
öë ö¢ xyöì† Ööì˜!Šéœ ¢)ëÅöì”î “þyîû !þ™“þy “þ…˜ “þy “þyîû ¢!“þÄ îöìœ ›öì˜ £ëû ˜yÐ ö¢
îöìœ!Šéœéôôôôé
òò...!„þlsþ ö„þ ˜ëû–
ö„þ ˜ëû ¢)öìëÅîû ¢hsþy˜ ~£z ‹†öì“þÚóó10
„%þhsþ# ²Ì“%þÄ_öìîû ‹y!˜öìëûöìŠé öë ~„þ›ye ›y ‹yöì˜ “þyîû ¢hsþy˜ ö„þ xyîû “þyîû ¢hsþyöì˜îû
!þ™“þy ö„þÐ ~îûþ™îû „þ’Å !îßþ¿öìëûîû ¢öìD „þöìëû„þ ›%£)“Åþ !‰þhsþy „þöìîû îöìœöìŠé öë ¢)öìëÅîû
ö“þ‹ƒþ™%Oöì„þ •yîû’ „þîûöì“þ þ™yöìîû ~›˜ „þyîû xyöìŠéÐ „þöì’Åîû ~£z ¢öì¨£ ”)îû „þîûöì“þ „%þhsþ#
”%îÅyŸy ›%!˜îû xyŸÅ#îyöì”îû „þíyîû þ™%öìîûyÝþyëû „þ’Åöì„þ îöìœöìŠéÐ “þ…˜ xyöìîöì†îû ¢öìD „þ’Å
„%þhsþ#öì„þ ›y îöìœ övþöì„þöìŠéÐ ~£z ‡Ýþ˜yÝþy ›£y¦þyîû“þ îy ò„þ’Å„%þhsþ#¢‚îy”óéôé ö„þyíyç ö˜£zÐ
~Ýþy î%kþöì”î î¢%îû ~„þyhsþ !˜‹ßþº ¦þyî˜yÐ ~îû þ™îû „%þhsþ# „þ’Åöì„þ “þyîû ¢öìD ö›œyîyîû
ö‰þÜTy „þöìîûöìŠéÐ „þ’Å !„þlsþ “þyîû ‹§Ã !˜öìëû “þ…˜ç ¢!¨£y˜ ö¢ îöìœöìŠé ôôôôé
òòxy›yîû ‹§Ã ö˜îyîû ö„þy˜ „þyîû’ !Šéœ ˜y– !„þlsþ ö„þyöì˜yéôé ~„þ
˜yîû# ö‰þöìëûöìŠé ›y“,þc– öþ™öìëûöìŠé ö”öì£éôé›öì˜ ÷”î ö²Ìîû’yéôé
“þy£z xy›yîû ‹§ÃÐ
xy›yîû ›öì˜ £ëû ›y“þy ~„þy£z ¢hsþyöì˜îû ‹§Ã ö”˜–
xy›yîû ›öì˜ £ëû xy›îûy ¢„þöìœ£z „%þ›yîû#îû ¢hsþy˜éôé
!þ™“þy Ö•% vþzþ™œÇþÄ ö†ye !‰þ£«Ðóó14
~£z ¢y£¢ î%kþöì”î î¢%îû xyöì† ö„þvþz ö”…yöì“þ þ™yöìîû!˜Ð ~£z¦þyöìî ö„þyöì˜y ›!£œyöì„þ
¢îûy¢!îû îœöì“þ öþ™öìîûöìŠé ~„þ›ye î%kþöì”î î¢%îû „þ’ÅÐ „þ’Å ‹y˜öì“þ ö‰þöìëûöìŠé “þyîû ‹öì§Ãîû
þ™îû „%þhsþ# ö„þyíyëû !ŠéœÐ ö¢ !˜öì‹öì„þ îöìœöìŠé ôôôôé òòœ!I“þy ›y“þyîû þ™!îû“þÄ_« ¢hsþy˜æóó15
ö¢ „%þhsþ#öì„þ !‹Kþy¢y „þöìîûöìŠé öë xy‹ ö„þ˜ ö¢ œIy þ™yëû!˜ “þyöì„þ þ™%e îöìœ vþy„þöì“þÐ
„%þhsþ# ~…yöì˜£z îûy‹˜#!“þ!îöì”îû ›“þ îöìœöìŠé “þyöì„þ !•Eþyîû „þîûö“ì þÐ „%þhsþ# îöìœöìŠé ôôôôé òòxy›yîû
ö‰þyöì… ‹öìœ ö£y„þ ö“þy›yîû x!¦þöì¡ì„þóóÐ16
~“þ þ™öìîûç „þ’Å “þyöì„þ ²Ì“þÄy…Äy˜ „þîûöìœ „%þhsþ# “þyöì„þ vþz_îûy•#„þyîû @ùÌ£öì’îû îy“Åþy
!”öìëûöìŠé– “þyöì„þ ö‹ÄÛþ þ™y[þöìîîû ›ëÅy”y !”öì“þ ö‰þöìëûöìŠé– £zw²Ìöìßþiîû ¢‚Ÿëû›ëû ¦þ!î¡ìÄ“þ öíöì„þ
¦þîû“þ î‚Ÿöì„þ vþzkþyöìîûîû xyöìî”˜ öîûöì…öìŠé “þyîû „þyöìŠéÐ „þ’Å “þ…˜ ¢îûy¢!îû îöìœöìŠé ôôôôé
òò“þy£öìœ ~£z xyþ™˜yîû x¦þ#ÜTÚ þ™y[þöìîîû ×#î,!kþÚ
x‹Å%öì˜îû xyëû%Ú
ö¢£z‹˜Ä£z ~£z þ™!îû“þÄ_« þ™%eöì„þ xy‹
›y“,þöìßþ¬öì£ x!¦þ!¡ì_« „þîûöìœ˜Úóó
~öìÇþöìe „%þhsþ# ö„þy˜ !„þŠ%é£z ö†yþ™˜ ˜y „þöìîû îöìœöìŠé öë ~£z îûyöìÜTîÉ û vþz§!¬ “þ– „%þîû& î‚öìŸîû
›Dœ “þyîû „þy!AÇþ“þ !î¡ìëûÐ „þyÙÂ#îû öíöì„þ ö„þîûœ þ™ëÅhsþ ¦þyîû“þîöì¡ìÅ “þyîû ~„þÝþy „þ“ÅþîÄöìîy•
xyöìŠéÐ !„þlsþ „þöì’Åîû „þyöìŠé ö¢ „þ“ÅþîÄöìîyöì• xyöì¢!˜ ~öì¢öìŠé îûöì_«îû Ýþyöì˜ £*”öìëûîû xyKþyëûÐ
„þ’Å “þ…˜ ”%!Ýþ ‡Ýþ˜yîû „þíy vþzöìÍÔ… „þîûöì“þ ö‰þöìëûöìŠéÐ ë…˜ £!hßþ˜yþ™%öìîû îûy‹þ™%eöì”îû xßþf
!ŸÇþyîû ²Ì”ŸÅ˜# £!FŠéœ “þ…˜ ¢)“þþ™%e îöìœ „þ’Åöì„þ ö¢£z ²Ì”ŸÅ˜#öì“þ x‚Ÿ@ùÌ£’ „þîûöì“þ
ö”ëû!˜Ð “þyöì“þ „%þhsþ# xy˜!¨“þ£z £öìëû!Šéœ „þyîû’ “þyöì„þ ”%£z þ™%öìeîû œvþüy£z ö”…öì“þ £ëû!˜Ð
ö¢Ýþyöì„þ „%þhsþ# ¦þy†Ä îöìœ ›öì˜ „þöìîû!ŠéœÐ ~“þ ¢öì_´ç „þ’Å ~„þ!î¨% !î‰þ!œ“þ ˜y £öìëû
îöìœöìŠé ”%öìëÅy•˜ “þyöì„þ xy!“þíÄ !”öìëûöìŠé “þy£z öì¢ “þyîû ²Ì!“þ „,þ“þKþÐ ö¢ îöìœöìŠéÐ
òòxîKþyëû öî¤öì‰þ íy„þy ”%ƒöì…îû ¢Á¿y˜ ¢îÅ”yëû „þy›ÄÐ
xy!› Çþ!eöìëûîû ¢‚ßþñyîû þ™y£z!˜Ð !„þlsþ x‹Å˜ „þöìîû!Šé
”%öìëÅy•öì˜îû „þyöìŠé Çþ!eöìëûîû x!•„þyîûÐóó9
ö¢ xyîûç îöìœöìŠé ôôôôé
òòxy!› Ÿyßþf ›y!˜ ˜y— xy›yîû •öì›Åîû ˜y› ›˜%¡ìÄcÐ
ë!” þ™y[þöìîîûy xy›yîû ¼y“þy £˜– “þöìî ö„þïîûöìîîûyç “þyéôé£zÐ
ë!” ›˜% £˜ xy!”!þ™“þy– xy›yîû ¦þy£z “þöìî ¢îÅ›y˜îÐóó19
~£z „þíy Ööì˜ „%þhsþ# îöìœöìŠé öë î!Mþé“þ Ö•% „þ’Å ~„þy ˜ëû „%þhsþ#çéôé þ™%e£#˜ £öìëûÐ
„þ’Å îûy‹y £öìœç ë%!•!Ûþîû– ¦þ#› ~î‚ x‹Å%˜ ¢„þöìœ “þyîû ö¢îy „þîûöìîÐ öoïþ™”# !›!œ“þ
£öìî “þyîû ¢öìDÐ „þyîû’ ö¢ç •›Å“þ „þöì’Åîû ¦þyëÅyéôé ~„þíy „%þhsþ# îöìœöìŠéÐ !„þlsþ „þ’Å ßþºëû‚îîû
¢¦þyîû ‡Ýþ˜y ›öì˜ „þöìîû “þy ¢îûy¢!îû ²Ì“þÄy…Äy˜ „þöìîû îöìœöìŠé ôôôôé
òòþ™yMþéyœ# ¢%öì… íy„%þ˜Ð xyþ™˜yîû ›Dœ ö£y„þÐ xyþ™!˜ !šþöìîû ëy˜Ðóó20
!„þlsþ vþzöìþ™Çþy ¢öì_´ç ëyîyîû xyöì† „%þhsþ# „þ’Åöì„þ ‹y!˜öìëûöìŠé ~„þ ˜yîû#îû ¢ygsþ˜yîû
‹˜Ä ë%öìkþîû þ™öìîûç ö¢ öë˜ !šþöìîû xyöì¢ “þyîû „þyöìŠéÐ !„þlsþ „þ’Å ‹y!˜öìëûöìŠé ôôôôé
òòxyîû „þöìëû„þÝþy !”˜– „þöìëû„þ îê¢îûéôé
“þyîûþ™îû xy›îûy–
„%þhsþ#– „þ’Å– x‹Å%˜éôé
xy›îûy £óöìëû ëyöìîy
ö›‡yFŠé§¬ vþz¡ìyîû ›öì“þy •)¢îû
~„þ ßþº²À–
“þwyîû ö‡yöìîû x•Å×&“þ ö„þyöì˜y •¹!˜îû ›öì“þy
~„þ ››Åîûéôé
ö¢£z ¢î x˜Ä öœyöì„þöì”îû ›öì˜îû ›öì•Ä–
ëyîûy ~…öì˜y ‹§Ã ö˜ëû!˜Ð
S~!†öìëû ~öì¢– „%þhsþ#öì„þ xy!œD˜ „þóöìîûV
›y– ~öì¢y xy›îûy ö¢£z ßþº²Àöì„þ ¢Á™)’Å „þ!îû–
“%þ!› ö“þy›yîû ßþºßþiyöì˜– þ™Mþéþ™y[þöìîîû ¢öìD–
xyîû xy!›– xy›yîû !˜‹Å˜“þyëûÐóó21
î%kþöì”î î¢% „þ!î îöìœ£z £ëûöì“þy ~›˜ ¢%¨îû ~„þÝþy „þyîÄ˜yÝþÄ xy›yöì”îû vþzþ™£yîû !”öì“þ
öþ™öìîûöìŠé˜ ~öìÇþöìe “¤þyöì„þ îûî#w˜yöìíîû ¢%öìëy†Ä vþz_îûy!•„þyîû# îœy öëöì“þ þ™yöìîûÐ öë˜
îûî#w˜yí öë…yöì˜ öŸ¡ì „þöìîöû Šì é˜ !àþ„þ ö¢…yöì˜£z !“þ!˜ Öîû& „þîûöœ

ì ˜Ð îûî#w˜yíöì„þ xy×ëû
„þöìîû !“þ!˜ “¤þyöì„þ x!“þe«› „þîûöì“þ öþ™öìîû!Šéöìœ˜ Ö•%›ye !˜öì‹îû x!¦þ˜îöìcÐ
“þíÄ¢)e-
1. àþy„%þîû îûî#w˜yí– ¢Mþé!ëû“þy !îÙ»¦þyîû“þ# @ùÌsþi˜ !î¦þy†– „þœ„þy“þy– ²Ìí› ²Ì„þyŸ– öþ™ï¡ì–
1338– ~„þy”Ÿ ¢‚ßþñîû’– ›y‡ 1416– þ™%˜›Å%o’ ÷‰þe– 1416– ¦þyo– 1418– öþ™ï¡ì–
1418– þ™,. 396
2. “þöì”î– þ™,. 397éôé398
3. “þöì”î– þ™,. 399
4. “þöì”î– þ™,. 400
5. “þöì”î– þ™,. 401
6. “þöì”î– þ™,. 402
7. “þöì”î– þ™,. 402
8. “þöì”î– þ™,. 402
9. “þöì”î– þ™,. 403
10. î¢% î%kþöì”î– x˜y›# xD˜y ç ²Ìí› þ™yíÅ ”%!Ýþ „þyîÄ˜yÝþÄ– ö”ó‹ þ™yî!œ!Ÿ‚– „þœ„þy“þy–
²Ìí› ²Ì„þyŸ– ˜öì¦þÁºîû 1970 Sx@ùÌ£yëû’– 1377V– þ™Mþé› ¢‚ßþñîû’ ‹y˜%ëûy!îû 2012
S›y‡– 1418V– þ™,. 81
11. “þöì”î– þ™,. 84
12. “þöì”î– þ™,. 85
13. “þöì”î– þ™,. 87
14. “þöì”î– þ™,. 91
15. “þöì”î– þ™,. 93
16. “þöì”î– þ™,. 95
17. “þöì”î– þ™,. 100
18. “þöì”î– þ™,. 99
19. “þöì”î– þ™,. 102
20. “þöì”î–þ þ™,. 107
¢£yëû„þ @ùÌsþ-
i
1. þ™!Øþ›îD îy‚œy xy„þyöì”!›é– î%kþöì”î î¢%îû ²Ìîõþ ¢›@ùÌ– ‰þ“%þíÅ …[þ– ²Ìí› ²Ì„þyŸ– ‹y˜%ëyû !îû–
2015– „þœ„þy“þy
2. î¢% î%kþöì”î– x˜y›# xD˜y ç ²Ìí› þ™yíÅ ”%!Ýþ „þyîÄ˜yÝþÄéôé ö”ó‹ þ™yî!œ!Ÿ‚– „þœ„þy“þy–
²Ìí› ²Ì„þyŸ– ˜öì¦þÁºîû– 1970 Sx@ùÌ£yëû’– 1377V– þ™Mþé› ¢‚ßþñîû’ ‹y˜%ëûy!îû– 2012
S›y‡ 1418V
3. àþy„%þîû îûî#w˜yí– ¢Mþé!ëû“þy– !îÙ»¦þyîû“þ# @ùÌsþi˜ !î¦þy†– „þœ„þy“þy– ²Ìí› ²Ì„þyŸ– öþ™ï¡ì–
1338– ~„þy”Ÿ ¢‚ßþñî’û – ›y‡ 1416– þ™%˜›%oÅ ’ ÷‰þe– 1416– ¦þyo 1418– öþ™ï¡ì– 1818
4. ¦þRy‰þyëÅ vþzöþì ™w˜yí– îûî#w ˜yÝþÄ þ™!îûe«›y– ç!îûöëì rû Ýþyœ î%„þ ö„þyÁ™y˜#– „þœ„þy“þy– ²Ìí›
²Ì„þyŸ ÷îŸy…– 1361– þ™!îû›y!‹Å“þ ¢®› ¢‚ßþñîû’ ÷îŸy…– 1419
5. !îŸ# ²Ì›í ˜yí– ç!îûöìëûrÝþœ î%„þ ö„þyÁ™y˜#– „þœ„þy“þy– þ™)’ÅyD ¢‚ßþñîû’ ‹%œy£z– 2014
¢£yëû„þ þ™!e„þy
1. vþz_îûy!•„þyîû– î%kþöì”î î¢%îû ‹§Ã Ÿ“þîöì¡ìÅ îy‚œy ~„þyöìvþ›#îû ¢×kþ !˜öìî”˜éôé îy‚œy
~„þyöìvþ›#îû ¢,‹˜Ÿ#œ ¢y!£“þÄ ÷e›y!¢„þéôé 36 î¡ìÅ– 4íÅ ¢‚…Äy– xöìQyîîûéôé!vþöì¢Áºîû–
2008
2. vþz’Å˜y¦þéôé 4íÅ î¡ìÅ– ›£y¦þyîû“þ ¢‚…Äy– ‹y˜%ëûy!îû 2015– xy¢y˜öì¢yœÐ
~î‚ ²Ìy!hsþ„þ ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ ¢õÎ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛òyÎ˚ñ ˆüÖyÎ˚– !ü“# ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £yì˛ ïˆÏÓ˚
â˛ˆÏú ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˛ôˆÏÌ– ã#ÓÈÙÈxã#Ó ¢õhfl˛ Ó˚Ñ˛õ
v˛z˛ôyîyò Ñ%˛!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌˆÏÓ˚ ÌˆÏÓ˚ ¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖò xhs˛ˆÏÓ˚–
¢,!‹TÓ˚ ¢yïòyÎ˚ õ@¿ xydy !ò¢ˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ÎK˛ ˆÓî#ˆÏì˛ ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛–
!Óúy¢ ˜Ó¶˛ˆÏÓ ˆõyv˛¸y xyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ì˛õ ã#Óò–
v˛zß¨ì˛ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÎ%!_´Ó˚ xy!ì˛Ìƒ ¢õ@˘Ã ã#Óò ã%ˆÏv˛¸– ì˛yÓ˚£z
õˆÏïƒ fl˛∫yîÓîˆÏúÓ˚ Ü,£fl˛i Ó˚&!â˛ ¢ÇK˛yÎ˚ ãyÎ˚Üy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚
≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈxyï%!òÑ˛ ã#Óò– ˆ˛ôÔÓ˚y!íÑ˛ ˆäÈ§yÎ˚y äÈ§yî õ%˝ˆÏì˛≈Ó˚
ãòƒ ÓîˆÏú ˆîÎ˚ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ó˚#!ì˛ÈÙÈˆÓ˚ÁÎ˚yã– ˆúyÑ˛
ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ xhs˛Ó˚ Ö%§ˆÏv˛¸ xˆÏúyÑ˛ xyò® ì%˛ˆÏú xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yã
!ü“# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !òÖ§%ì˛ ÓÎ˚ò!üˆÏ“Ó˚ xyîˆÏú– ã#Óò
!ãK˛y¢yÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ Ö§%ˆÏã ˆö˛ˆÏÓ˚ò fl˛∫≤¿ã#Ó#Ó˚ õì˛–
ã#ÓòÈÙÈãÜÍ xhs˛£#ò ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò ˛ôyˆÏÌÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛À‹Ty
ˆâ˛òy xˆÏâ˛òy ˛ôÌ â˛úyÎ˚
â˛ˆÏúò õòö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏü– xydyÓ˚ xò%¢ı˛yò Ñ˛Ó˚y£z ˆÎ
¢%!õì˛y â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚
≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢ı˛yòñ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ı˛yò ˆ¢Ñ˛Ìy ≤ÃyÓ!ı˛Ñ˛
õ)úƒ ≠ 80 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%!õì˛y â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !ÓòƒyˆÏ¢
≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚

ˆ¢Ô!¶˛Ñ˛ ˛ô§yãy*
ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ xyŸªhfl˛ õyò%°Ï– ≤Ãyâ˛#ò Ñ˛yˆÏú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ˆÏ£z òyòy ˆîÓÈÙÈˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãy £ˆÏÎ˚
xy¢ˆÏäÈ– ~Ñ˛›˛y ¢õÎ˚ !äÈú ÎÖò õyò%°Ï !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛y ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ î%ˆÏÎ≈yˆÏÜÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ ú#ú ˆÖúy– ˛ôÓò ˆîÓì˛yñ ÓÓ˚&í ˆîÓì˛y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¢ Ñ˛ÌyˆÏÑ˛£z fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚–
xyãÁ ~£z !ÓŸªy¢ xÓƒy£ì˛– ì˛y£zˆìÏ ˛y G˛v˛Ȩ̀ÙÈãˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ îyî%ÈÙÈ‡˛yÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%ˆÖÏ ˆüyòy ÎyÎÈ̊ÙÈ
ÚÚ˛ôÓò !˛ô•ˆÏv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏ¢y
˛ôÓò !˛ô§ˆÏv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏ¢y
˛ôÓò !˛ô§ˆÏv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏ¢y–ÛÛ
õïƒÎ%ˆÜÏ Ó˚ ÓyÇúyˆÏì˛Á õyò%°Ï ˆîÓú#úyÓ˚ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ xyŸªhfl˛ !äÈú– ˆîÖy !îˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È òyòyò ˆîÓÈÙÈˆîÓ#–
Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ õDúÑ˛yÓƒ– Ó˚yë˛¸ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ã#ÓòyˆÏúÖƒ ïõ≈õDú Ñ˛yÓƒ– ~£z ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛
ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ£˚ z ˛ôÓ˚yï#ò Óyày!ú xyÎ≈ÈÙÈxòyÎ≈Óy˚ ¢ÇáÓk˛ £ÓyÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛“ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ~Ñ˛Ìy ÓúyÓ˚
Ñ˛yÓ˚í ïõ≈ ˛ôã ) y õ)úì˛ ˆv˛yõ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Óy˚ Ñ˛Óˆ˚ ú
Ï Á Óì˛õ≈ yˆÏò !£®% Óy·˛íÓ˚yÁ ~Ó˚ ˛ôˆ% ã
Ï y Ñ˛ˆÓÏ ò˚ –
ïõ≈Ó˚yãñ ïõ≈‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ñ ïõ≈Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆÎ òyˆÏõ£z v˛yÑ˛y ˆ£yÑ˛ òy ˆÑ˛ò ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ õ)ˆÏú
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Úïõ≈Û– ~£z òyõ!›˛Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ õì˛ˆÏ¶˛î ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÈ
l ˛ô%Ó˚yì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ £Ó˚≤Ã¢yî üyfl˛f# õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Úïõ≈Û üˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ ÚÓ%k˛Û– xõÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛y°Ï Ó%ˆÏk˛Ó˚
xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ òyõ ïõ≈Ó˚yã–
Ú¢Ó≈K˛≠ ¢%ÜˆÏì˛y Ó%ˆÏk˛y ïõ≈Ó˚yãy¢%ÌyÜì˛Û
l ò,ì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ fl˛∫Ü≈#Î˚ üÓ˚Íâ˛w Ó˚yÎ˚ õ£yüÎ˚ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò !£®% ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ¢)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ òyõ Úïõ≈Û–
l ò,ì˛_¥!Óî ◊# !«˛ì˛#ü≤Ã¢yî â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ Úïõ≈Û ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!îÑ˛ ÓÓ˚&í ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚
xyï%!òÑ˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í õye–
l ¶˛y°Ïyì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ ¢%ò#ì˛Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Úïõ≈Û ü∑!›˛ Ñ)˛õ≈Óyâ˛Ñ˛ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò
x!fl˛T…Ñ˛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ Ó˚*˛ô–
~£z â˛ì%˛Ì≈ õì˛!›˛ ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛ @˘Ã£íˆÏÎyÜƒ– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ÚÑ)˛õ≈Û üˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ ÚÑ˛FäÈ˛ôÛ– xy!õ ˆÎ
£y!ì˛ Ó˚*˛ô ïõ≈Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓy ˆ¢£z fl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó¢Óy¢Ñ˛yÓ˚# õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚y Ñ˛FäÈ˛ô
ÖyÎ˚ òy– ˆÑ˛yò ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛FäÈ˛ô ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏú õyÌyÎ˚ !¢§î%Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ãˆÏú ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸
ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ì˛y£z xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢£z Óúy ÎyÎ˚ ïõ≈ Ñ˛Ìy!›˛Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢ Ñ)˛õ≈ Ó˚*˛ô# Ñ˛FäÈ˛ô ˆÌˆÏÑ˛–
ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õ)!ì˛≈ ˆÑ˛õò⁄ ~ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ !õõyÇ¢y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ òyòy ˛ô![˛ì˛ òyòyò õì˛yõì˛ Óƒ_´
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛Ó˚ !üÓ˚òyˆÏõ ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ)!ì˛≈ˆÏÑ˛ Ú£y!ì˛Û ÓˆÏú!äÈ– ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈
*≤ÃyÓ!ı˛Ñ˛
ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 155
¢yïyÓ˚í ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Ó!úÈÙÈ

l £Ó˚≤Ã¢yî üyfl˛f# 1897 !ÖÉ Ó!DÎ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˛ô!Ó˚°ÏÍ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ 1894 !ÖÉ
Royal Asiatic Society ÈÙÈÓ˚ õ%Ö˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ ïõ≈õDú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò£z ≤ÃÌõ ïõ≈ ÈÙÈ ˆÓÔk˛ ˆîÓì˛y ÓˆÏúò–
l õy!òÑ˛Ó˚yõ ÜyD%!ú ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ ü)òƒ õ)!ì˛≈ ÓˆÏú ˆáy°Ïòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
l Úïõ≈‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!îÑ˛ ¢)Î≈ ˆîÓì˛y– £z!ò ˆŸªì˛ÈÙÈxŸªyˆÏÓ˚y£# !¢˛ôy£# ˆÓüïyÓ˚# ¢)Î≈Á ÓˆÏ›˛òÛ
ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆ¢ò–
l ü)òƒ˛ô%Ó˚yíñ xòyîƒõDúñ ïõ≈˛ô)ãy !ÓïyˆÏò ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô ü)òƒ õ)!ì˛≈–
l xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò fl˛iyˆÏò ~Ñ˛Ö[˛ ≤Ãhfl˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ !˛ôì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
l ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò õ!®ˆÏÓ˚ ïõ≈‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ófl˛fÖ[˛ myÓ˚y ¢Ó¢õÎ˚ ë˛yÑ˛y ÌyˆÏÑ˛– Óy£zˆÏÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ òy–
l ≤Ãhfl˛Ó˚Ö[˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ¢%ˆÏÜyú xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ !v˛¡∫yÑ,˛!ì˛– Ó§yÑ%˛v˛¸yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏúˆÏì˛yv˛¸ @˘ÃyˆÏõ
ïõ≈‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!›˛ üyú@˘Ãyõ !üúyÓ˚ òƒyÎ˚ ¢%ˆÜÏ yú– xy¢yòˆÏüyˆÏúÓ˚ ˆv˛õÓ˚y @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ïõ≈‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ !v˛¡∫yÑ,˛!ì˛–
l õy!òÑ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ÜyD%!úÓ˚ ïõ≈õDú Ñ˛yÓƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÜy˛ôyú˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ïõ≈‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!›˛
Ñ§˛yÑ˛v˛¸y !ÓäÈyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y–
l ü)òƒ˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏò ˆÑ˛Óú Ñ)˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö xyˆÏäÈ– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~£z ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õ)!ì˛≈ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚
òy– Î!îÁ xy!õ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ ÓˆÏú!äÈ ïõ≈ ü∑!›˛Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢ Ñ)˛õ≈ ü∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛–
≤ÃÓˆÏı˛Ó˚ ˆÎ!›˛ õ)ú !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ì˛y £ú ïõ≈Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ õ)!ì˛≈
£y!ì˛– ~!›˛ ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏÓ Ó§yÑ%˛v˛¸yÓ˚ £z®y¢ ÌyòyÓ˚ õîòÓy›˛#
@˘ÃyˆÏõ– ˆ¢£z ¢ˆÏD xyõÓ˚y ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓy ïõ≈Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚
˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü !Ó°%åÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ü#úyõ)!ì˛≈ ˛ô)!ãì˛ £Î˚– ˆÑ˛yò
ˆÑ˛yò @˘ÃyˆÏõ !Ó°%åÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ xÓì˛yÓ˚ Ñ)˛ˆÏõÓ≈ ˚ ¢ˆÏD x!¶˛ß¨
Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ïõ≈üyúyˆÏÑ˛ !Ó°%åÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
ì˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ïõ≈Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü !Ó°%åÓ˚ ü#úyõ)!ì˛≈
˛ô%ˆÏãy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚–
£y!ì˛Ó˚ õ)!ì˛≈!›˛ õy!›˛Ó˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚– v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ ö%˛›˛ ¢yì˛ £z!M˛È– ≤Ãfl˛i ~Ñ˛ ö%˛›˛– Óì˛≈õyˆÏò
£y!ì˛Ó˚ õ)!ì˛≈Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏü xyÓ˚Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ £y!ì˛Ó˚ õ)!ì˛≈ Á ˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ õ)!ì˛≈ ˛ô%ˆÏãy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãyÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í=!úÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÈ
l !òÉ¢hs˛yò @˘ÃyõÓy¢# ¢hs˛yò Ñ˛yõòyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÌ≈òy ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
l xòyÓ,!‹TÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ïõ≈‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓÓ ˚ ˚ ˛ô%ˆã
Ï y !îˆÏú Ó,!‹T £ˆÏÓ ~£z ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ ˛ô%ˆã
Ï y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
l Ñ%˛‹TˆÏÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yâ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ~£z ˛ô%ˆÏãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
l â˛«%˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜÁ ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ õyò!¢Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
l õ,ì˛ ¢hs˛yò ≤Ã¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yâ˛yÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
156 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚
xy!õ ˆÎ £y!ì˛Ó˚*˛ô# ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ– ˆ¢£z @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%°Ï ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
¢õhfl˛ â˛yÁÎ˚y ˛ôyÁÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ ïõ≈Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¢õ˛ô≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– õòfl˛Òyõòy ˛ô)í≈ £ˆÏú õyò!¢Ñ˛ ˆüyï
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ â˛yÁÎ˚y ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÈÙÈ
l ˆÑ˛Á ÎÖò =Ó˚&ì˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜ x¢%fl˛i ì˛Öò ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÓy ïÓ˚õ
xyõyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ãòˆÏÑ˛ ¢y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ îyÁ xy!õ ˆì˛yõyÎ˚ î%ÈÙÈ£y!v˛¸ !ÖÓ˚ ˆ¶˛yÜ ˆîÓ– ~£z ˆ¶˛yÜ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈
˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !Óhfl˛y!Ó˚ì˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ–
l ˆÑ˛Á Óy ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô%e ¢hs˛yˆÏòÓ˚ â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ïõ≈Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ õyò!¢Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÓy
xyõyÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚ â˛yÑ˛Ó˚# £ˆÏú xy!õ ˆì˛yõyÎ˚ ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ü!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÓ–
l ˆÑ˛Á ˆâ˛yÖ x˛ôyˆÏÓ˚üò £ˆÏÓ ì˛Öò ÓyÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ õyò!¢Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%òy ˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏòyÓ˚–
˛ô÷Ó!ú ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ x!ÓˆÏFäÈîƒ xD £ˆÏúÁ õîòÓy!›˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ô§yãy ˛ôyv˛¸yÎ˚
ˆÑ˛yò !Ñ˛ä%È Ó!ú ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ òy– ~ÖyˆÏò õyò!¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÎ ≤ÃÌy!›˛ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ ì˛y £ú
˛ôÓ˚õyß¨ ˆîÁÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ï)òy ˛ô%v˛¸yˆÏòy– î%!›˛£z £Î˚ ˆ˛ôÔ°Ï ¢Çeý!hs˛Ó˚ !îò– ì˛ˆÏÓ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚
õy!›˛Ó˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˆáyv˛¸y ïõ≈Ó˚yãˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÍ¢Ü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô%ãyÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y!£ì˛ ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ˆv˛yõ ¢¡±îyÎ˚ ¶%_´ £Î˚– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò
˜˛ôˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy– ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚y Óy˝ˆÏì˛ ì˛yõyÓ˚ ì˛yÜy Á £yˆÏì˛ ì˛yõyÓ˚ xyÇ!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ïyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
£y!ì˛ Ó˚*˛ô# ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãy ˜˛ôˆÏì˛ ïyÓ˚# Óy·˛íÓ˚y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˛ô%ˆÏãyÓ˚ õs˛f!›˛ £úÈÙÈ
~ˆÏì˛ ÜˆÏı˛ ˛ô%ˆÏ‹ô ïõ≈Ó˚yãyÎ˚ òõ
~ˆÏì˛ ÜˆÏı˛ ˛ô%ˆÏ‹ô òyÓ˚yÎ˚òyÎ˚ òõ
~ˆÏì˛ Üı˛ ˛ô%ˆÏ‹ô î%Ü≈yÎ˚ òõ
~ˆÏì˛ ÜˆÏı˛ ˛ô%ˆÏ‹ô !üÓyÎ˚ òõ
~ˆÏì˛ ÜˆÏı˛ ˛ô%ˆÏ‹ô ¢)Î≈yÎ˚ òõ
üÓ˚# ïõ≈Ó˚yãyÎ˚ òõ
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï Ú≤Ãíyõ õs˛fÛ–
ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ì˛ò ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãy ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛– ≤ÃÌõì˛ÈÙÈÓyÍ¢!Ó˚Ñ˛– ÓyˆÏÓ˚y!îò ïˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú–
˜â˛e ¢Çeý!hs˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ◊yÓí# ˛ô)!í≈õy ˛ôÎ≈hs˛– ì˛ˆÏÓ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˜ÓüyÖ õyˆÏ¢ v˛zÍ¢Ó
¢õyÆ £Î˚– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ Üyãò !ÓˆÏü°Ï v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚
ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xòƒ ˆÑ˛yò ¢õÎ˚ ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãy £Î˚– !mì˛#Î˚ì˛ Ü,£¶˛Ó˚í Óy áÓ˚¶˛Ó˚y– ÓyˆÏÓ˚y!îò
ïˆÏÓ˚ ~£z ˛ô%ˆÏãy â˛ˆÏú ÓˆÏú ~ˆÏÑ˛ Óyõ≈y!ì˛Á ÓˆÏú– ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ì˛ÈÙÈ!òì˛ƒˆÏ¢Óy– ˛ô%ˆÏãy £Î˚ !îˆÏò
î%ÈÙÈÓyÓ˚– ≤ÃÌõì˛ ÈÙÈ !m≤Ã£ˆÏÓ˚ ïõ≈!üúy!›˛ üÎƒy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú fl˛ÿòy!îÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¢Ç£y¢ˆÏò
fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– !mì˛#Î˚ì˛ ÈÙÈ Ó˚y!eÑ˛yˆÏú ˜ÓÑ˛yú# ˜òˆÏÓîƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ üÎƒyÎ˚ üÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏòy
£Î˚– £y!ì˛Ó˚*˛ô# ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !òì˛ƒˆÏ¢ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛úò xyˆÏäÈ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe î%ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãy
Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ≤ÃÌõì˛ÈÙÈ ¢Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛– !mì˛#Î˚ì˛ ÈÙÈ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏú Óy ¢ı˛ƒyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚– ˆÑ˛yò !ò!î≈‹T
¢õÎ˚ ˆò£z–
ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 157
ˆ˛ôÔ°ÏõyˆÏ¢ ¢Çeý!hs˛Ó˚ !îò ˛ô%ˆÏãy £Î˚ á›˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ áÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ £§y!v˛¸ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚õyß¨ Óyòyò õy!›˛Ó˚ £y!v˛¸ˆÏì˛– ì˛ˆÏÓ Óì˛≈õyˆÏò !˛ôì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ £y!v˛¸ ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £Î˚– ˛ôÓ˚õyß¨ Óyòyò
Óy·˛íÓ˚y– ˛ôÓ˚õyß¨ ÓyòyˆÏòyÓ˚ v˛zòyò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°Ï– õy!›˛Ó˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ â˛y˛ôˆÏÑ˛
ˆÑ˛ÔüˆÏú Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zòyò ÓyòyˆÏòy £Î˚ ¢Çeý!hs˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ !îò Óy ¢Çeý!hs˛Ó˚ !îò– ïõ≈Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚
õ!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÖyúy ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚õyß¨ ÓyòyˆÏúÁ ≤Ãïyò ˆÎ £y!v˛¸ˆÏì˛
¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚í ¢£ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ ˛ôÓ˚õyß¨ ÓyòyˆÏòy £Î˚ ì˛y £ú Ú!òãÛ ˆ¶˛yÜ– ~!›˛£z ≤Ãïyò–
ˆÑ˛yò ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ó¢ì˛ !òˆÏã ˛ôÓ˚õyß¨ ÓyòyˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú Ú!òãÛ ˆ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ £y!v˛¸ˆÏì˛
â˛yú Á xòƒyòƒ v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚í !îˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˛ôÓ˚õyß¨ ÓyòyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú ÖˆÏv˛¸ !ÓˆÏv˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜyú
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y òyõyˆÏòy £Î˚– ïõ≈Ó˚yãˆÏÑ˛ üCñ ár›˛y ïπ!ò ¢£ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ õ!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏò !‡˛Ñ˛
õyG˛ÖyˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˛ô%ˆÏãy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ˆÑ˛Óúõye ~Ñ˛!›˛ !îò£z ïõ≈Ó˚yãˆÏÑ˛
õ!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ xyòy £Î˚– ˛ô%ˆÏãy ˆüˆÏ°Ï ï)òy ˛ô%v˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ˛ôyúy–
!Î!ò ï)òy ˛ˆ˛ôyv˛¸yˆÏÓò ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ òì%˛ò ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÜúyÎ˚ ÜyõäÈy !îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ£z Úòì%˛ò
˛ô%Ñ%˛Ó˚Û òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô%Ñ%˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛ÿò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¶˛ˆÏã Ñ˛y˛ôˆÏv˛¸ xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆäÈyR ¢Ó˚yÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !äÈÓˆÏv˛¸ ˆãµˆÏú ÜyõäÈy !îˆÏÎ˚ õ%Ö ˆë˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yò üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚yÜƒ
£ˆÏú ˆ¢£z fl˛iyˆÏò ¢Ó˚y ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ïõ≈Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ õDú Ñ˛yõòyÎ˚ Óy·˛í xy=ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ï)òy
ˆîò– ì˛ˆÏÓ xòƒ ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛yÓ˚í £ˆÏú õyÌyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¢Ó˚y ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ï)òy ˆ˛ôyv˛¸yˆÏòy £Î˚– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚
ïõ≈Ó˚yãˆÏÑ˛ õ!®ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛ Ú!òãÛ ˆ¶˛yÜ !Óì˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ñ xy˛ôò xy˛ôò ˆ¶˛yÜ
¢Ñ˛ˆÏú Óy!v˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ò–
Ñ˛!Ìì˛ xyˆÏäÈ £y!ì˛Ó˚*˛ô# ïõ≈Ó˚yã xyˆÏÜ !äÈú õîòÓy›˛# @˘Ãyõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ î%ÈÙÈ!Ñ˛ˆÏúy!õ›˛yÓ˚
î)ˆÏÓ˚ ÚïÓ˚õ ¢yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Û òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô%Ñ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸– @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ~Ñ˛ãò fl˛∫≤¿yˆÏîü ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚
õ)!ì˛≈ˆÏÑ˛ õîòÓy›˛# @˘ÃyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òõÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ì˛úyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖ– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ xòƒˆÏÑ˛Á fl˛∫≤¿yˆÏîü
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ !Ó°%åÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü õ!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢– õ!®Ó˚!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚ 1302 ¢yˆÏú–
ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ)!ì˛≈ £y!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓúˆÏúÁ Á£z ~Ñ˛£z @˘ÃyˆÏõ xyÓ˚Á î%!›˛ ïõ≈ì˛úy xyˆÏäÈ–
~Ñ˛!›˛ !òõ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ !òˆÏâ˛ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó§yü ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏú– v˛z¶˛Î˚ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õ)!ì˛≈!›˛ £ˆÏFäÈ
ü)òƒ– Óì˛≈õyò !òõ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏú xyÓ˚ xyÓ˚yïòy £Î˚ òy– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü ¶˛y!ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú
£y!ì˛– Îy ïõ≈Ó˚yã òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ïõ≈ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢ ≤Ã¢ˆÏDÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xy!õ Óú!äÈ
Ñ˛FäÈˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ~Ó˚ !õú ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ xyÑ˛yÓ˚Üì˛ ˆÑ˛yò ¢yî,üƒ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy–
¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆ¢ò ÎÖò ÓˆÏúò ÚÚïõ≈Û ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!îÑ˛ ¢)Î≈ ˆîÓì˛y– £z!ò ˆŸªì˛ xŸªyˆÏÓ˚y£# !¢˛ôy£#
ˆÓüïyÓ˚# ¢)Î≈Á ÓˆÏ›˛òÛÛ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Óy!£ò# xŸªyˆÏÓ˚y£#– Îy xòƒyòƒ Óy!£ò# ˆÎò
˛ôîy!ì˛Ñ˛ Á £!hfl˛ Óy!£ò#Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ o&ì˛Üyõ#– ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ô ì˛y£z xŸªyˆÏÓ˚y£# ˆÓüïyÓ˚# ¢)Î≈
ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì%˛úòy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Óy!£ò# £ú £!hfl˛ Óy!£ò#–
Îy ˛ôîy!ì˛Ñ˛ Á xŸªyˆÏÓ˚y£#Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ü!_´üyú#– ~£z ü!_´Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy õyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ õîòÓy›˛#
@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ô £y!ì˛ ÓˆÏú xyõyÓ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚– xÌ≈yÍ ïõ≈Ó˚yã ÎÖò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚
158 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚
ì˛Öò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛yˆÏã Óyïy xy¢ˆÏÓ òy– Î%ˆÏk˛ ãÎ˚

úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ õì˛ ¢üfl˛f ˆ«˛ˆÏe ì˛yÓ˚y ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ
~Ñ˛›˛y ïyÓ˚òy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò Ók˛õ)ú–
Úïõ≈Ó˚yãÛ ü∑!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚
Úïõ≈Û Á ÚÓ˚yãÛ ü∑ î%!›˛– Úïõ≈Û üˆÏ∑Ó˚ xy!¶˛ïy!òÑ˛ xÌ≈
{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ô¢òy ˛ôk˛!ì˛– ÚÓ˚yãÛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ ≤Ãïyò–
~Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ v˛z_´ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚y˛ô¢òyÓ˚
ˆ◊¤˛ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ !äÈú £y!ì˛ Ó˚*˛ô# ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôy¢òy ì˛y£z ~Ó˚*˛ô òyõÑ˛Ó˚í ÓˆÏú xyõyÓ˚ õˆÏò
£Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ Úïõ≈Û üˆÏ∑Ó˚ xy!¶˛ïy!òÑ˛ x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÌ≈ £ú Ú¢ÍÑ˛õ≈Û xyÓ˚ ÚÓ˚yãÛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚
xÌ≈ £ú ÚÓ˚yãƒÛ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ òyõ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö xyˆÏäÈ ˆ¢£z @˘ÃyõˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
ì˛y£z xyõÓ˚y xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ v˛z_´ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚y Ñ%˛Ñ˛õ≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓ˚ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
¢ÍÑ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ã#Óò ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛y ÓˆÏú ~Ó˚*˛ô òyõ Ñ˛Ó˚í–
£y!ì˛ Ó˚*˛ô# ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ïõ≈Ó˚yã Óúy £Î˚– õyòÓÓ˚*˛ô# Ó˚yãyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ~Ó˚ !õú ˛ôyÁÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ òy– £y!ì˛Ó˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛Î˚B˛Ó˚ì˛y ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– Îy xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò ¶˛Î˚¶˛yÓ ãy!ÜˆÏÎ˚
ˆì˛yˆÏú òyñ ÓÓ˚Ç !˛ôì˛y ˆÎõò xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í £ˆÏúÁ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ xy◊Î˚ fl˛iúñ
!‡˛Ñ˛ ˆì˛õ!ò ïõ≈Ó˚yãÁ v˛z_´ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛õye xy◊Î˚ fl˛iú–
õîòÓy›˛# @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ õˆÏò Ók˛õ)ú ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚– ïõ≈Óy˚ ˆÏãÓ˚ òyˆÏõ ì˛yÓ˚y ¢õhfl˛ ¢ö˛úì˛y
xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛y£zˆÏì˛y @˘Ãyõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ î%!Ñ˛ˆÏúy!õ›˛yÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y üyhs˛y◊õ ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
¢y£zò ˆÓyˆÏv˛≈ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ Úïõ≈Ó˚yã Ófl˛fyúÎ˚Ûñ Úïõ≈Ó˚yã ¢% £yv˛z¢Û òyõ– ÷ï% Ñ˛# ì˛y£z ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚
Öyì˛yÎ˚ ÜˆÏíüˆÏÑ˛ fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎõò ˆúˆÏÖ Ú◊# ◊# Á§ ÜˆÏíüyÎ˚ òõÛ ˆì˛õ!ò ˆúˆÏÖ Ú◊# ◊#
ãÎ˚ÓyÓy ïõ≈Ó˚yãÛ– xy¢ˆÏú ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ õy!úˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸ õîòÓy›˛# @˘ÃyˆÏõ–
Ñ˛õˆÏÓ!ü ¢Ñ˛ú õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ õyò!¢Ñ˛ ü!_´Ó˚ â˛y!ÓÑ˛y!‡˛ ˆîÓì˛y– ì˛y ˆ¢ õò¢yñ
ü#ì˛úyñ â˛[˛#ñ Ñ˛yú#ñ î%Ü≈yñ ïõ≈ ˆÎ ˆîÓì˛y£z ˆ£yÑ˛ òy ˆÑ˛ò– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ¢ ¢yÑ˛yÓ˚ Á !òÓ˚yÑ˛yÓ˚
£ˆÏúÁ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ xyˆÏòÈÙÈ– ˆîÓì˛y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò ˆÎõò ¶˛Î˚ ¢M˛ÈyÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆì˛õ!ò ãy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú ¶˛!_´– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜy˛ôò myÓ˚ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí Ñ˛ÖòÁ
v˛zß√%_´ £Î˚ xyÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ÖòÁ Óy Ó˚&k˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚Á ˆÎõò xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ¢£z â˛y!ÓÑ˛y!‡˛–
xy¢ˆÏú xy!õ ~£z õîòÓy›˛# @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ãú £yÁÎ˚y !ì˛ú !ì˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈ !ì˛ˆÏúy_õy–
ì˛y£z Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï !ò!mïyÎ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛ £zˆÏFäÈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÈÙÈ ÚãÎ˚ ÓyÓy ïõ≈Ó˚yãÛ–
¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i
1– ÓyÇúy õDúÑ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ÈÙÈ v˛. xy÷ˆÏì˛y°Ï ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈–
2– ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ £z!ì˛Ó,_ Sì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Ö[˛V ÈÙÈ x!¢ì˛Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚
3– ÓyDyúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ S!mì˛#Î˚ Ö[˛V ÈÙÈ v˛. ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆ¢ò–
4– õ£yÑ˛!Ó áòÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ◊# ïõ≈õDúÈÙÈv˛. Ó˚õãyò xy!ú–
Á¢õyò ≠ õòˆÏòÓ˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ì˛y õ%!_´Ó˚ ˆ¢˛ôy£z

ˆ¢Ôõ# Ó¢%*
Ö%Ó ˆÓ!ü !îò £Î˚!ò õyò!â˛e›˛yÓ˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓîˆÏúˆÏäÈ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚– Ñ˛yò ˛ôyì˛ˆÏú ~ÖòÁ
Óyì˛y¢ ˆüyòyˆÏÓ â˛y˛ôy ˆÜ§yÜy!ò xyÓ˚ ï)¢Ó˚ õy!›˛Ó˚ ì˛úyÎ˚ !õúˆÏÓ â˛y˛ô â˛y˛ô Ó˚_´ñ £Î˚ˆÏì˛yÊ
õïƒÓ˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ár›˛y ÎÖò Ó˚yì˛ ÓyˆÏÓ˚y›˛y ˆÑ˛ ¢)!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚úñ ˛ô,!ÌÓ# ÎÖò !òoyÜì˛ñ ì˛Öò ~Ñ˛õy~
ˆÏãˆÏÜ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈– ˆãˆÏÜ v˛z‡˛!äÈúñ ˆãˆÏÜ v˛z‡˛ˆÏúyÁñ ˆÎò î%£yì˛ Ñ˛y›˛y !ÓÑ˛úyD
~Ñ˛ õyò%°Ï..ˆÓ˚v˛!Ñœ˛ö˛ úy£zˆÏòÓ˚ î%˛ôyˆÏü !òÌÓ˚ !òˆÏhfl˛ã £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ xyˆÏäÈñ ÎyÓ˚ î%£z ü_´ ¢Óú
ˆ˛ôü#– ˆîü xyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ›˛yòy›˛y!ò ˆì˛ ãÎ˚ !äÈ!òˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú Ó˚y‹T…–
òî#ÈÙÈ˛ôy£yv˛¸ÙÈãDúÈÙÈõyú¶)!õñ ü£Ó˚ÈÙÈ@˘ÃyõÈÙÈˆúyÑ˛ãòÈÙÈ˛ô÷˛ôyÖ#ñ üy§ÖÈÙÈxyãyòÙÈ£y!¢ ÈÙÈ
Ñ˛yßÿÙÈxy!v˛¸ÈÙ¶˛yˆÏÓ Üv˛¸y ˆîü›˛yÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ !˛ôˆÏ‡˛ x¢ÇÖƒ xãfl˛À Ó%ˆÏú›˛ îyÜyˆÏúy Ó˚y!‹T…Ñ˛
«˛õì˛yÈÙÈ!õ!ú›˛y!Ó˚ÈÙÈ ˆ¢òyÈÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚# Ó%ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ›˛£úîy!Ó˚ xyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È òyÓ˚Ñ˛#Î˚ Ö%òãÖõ– Óyì˛y¢ ˆ£yú
¶˛yÓ˚#– !â˛ÍÑ˛yÓ˚ =ˆÏúy Üúy ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ~ˆÏ¢Á xyÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚ú òyñ ˆÎò £§yÈÙÈõ%ˆÏÖ ˆÑ˛v˛z ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
Üyîy ì%˛ˆÏúy– xyúyîy £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú Ó˚ˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛ô§y˛ôÓ˚ xyÓ˚ {ˆÏîÓ˚ £y!úõ–
xyõÓ˚y xyúyîy £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜúyõ–
xyõÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜúyõ–
xyõÓ˚y üe& £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜúyõ–
~Ñ˛ üÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ö!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y î%ˆÏ›˛y ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yñ xÌâ˛ñ ˆÑ˛v˛z Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ˛ôú òy
!üÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ›˛yòÊ ˆîü ˆ£ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜú– ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú Ó˚y‹T… ÈÙÈ ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛
˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yò– ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ãˆÏß√Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌÁ ã%ˆvÏ ˛¸ xyˆÏäÈ ~£z Ñ˛y›˛yÑ%˛!›˛ ˆÖúy– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ñ˛fl˛iyòÈÙ
ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ Üyú ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ G˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛y Ñ˛yßÿÓ˚ ãú ¢õÎ˚ ÷Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ
xˆÏòÑ˛ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆúyòy ãˆÏúÓ˚ îyÜ ÎyÎ˚!ò– ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚ ãß√îyÜ=ˆÏúyñ ˆ¢¶˛yˆÏÓ£z
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ÁÓ˚y–
˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÚÓyÇúyˆÏîüÛ £ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛yÓ˚ úv˛¸y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈ ¶˛Ó˚yñ v˛zò¢_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÜíÈÙÈxyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ xyÖì˛yÓ˚&Iyõyò £z!úÎ˚y¢ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ~£z Ú!â˛ˆÏúˆÏÑ˛y‡˛yÓ˚
ˆ¢˛ôy£zÛñ ÓyÇúy Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ì˛ƒ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ õy£zúˆÏfi›˛yò £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ ~£z x!fl˛iÓ˚ì˛yÓ˚
ãƒyhs˛ î!úú– £z!úÎ˚y¢ ~Ó˚ ÚÚ!â˛ˆÏúˆÏÑ˛y‡˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢˛ôy£zÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ £§y›˛ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyõyÓ˚
õˆÏò ≤ÃÌˆÏõ£z ˆÎ ≤ÃŸ¿ ˆãˆÏÜˆÏäÈ ì˛y ˆ£yúñÈÙÈ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛ ÓyÇúyˆÏîü !Ñ˛ xyˆÏîÔ ÓyÇúyˆÏîü £ˆÏì˛
ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú⁄ !ãßÿ xyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&Ó˚ Ñ˛y›˛yÑ%˛!›˛ ˆÖúyÎ˚ xy!õ xhs˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ
*x!ì˛!Ì xïƒy!˛ôÑ˛yñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ !ü÷Ó˚yõ îy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏúã–

160 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Á¢õyò ≠ õòˆÏòÓ˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ì˛y õ%!_´Ó˚ ˆ¢˛ôy£
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ òyõ ˛ôy£z!ò– £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÏÑ˛yˆÏú ˆî!ÖÈÙÈ 1940 ¢yˆÏú ÚúyˆÏ£yÓ˚
≤Ãhfl˛yÓÛÈÙÈ~ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ˆÎ xM˛Èú=!úˆÏì˛ õ%¢!úõ ˆÓ!üñ ˆ¢Ó˚Ñ˛õ î%!›˛
xM˛ÈúˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ î%!›˛ ˆîü ~ÓÇ Óy!Ñ˛ xM˛Èú!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆîü ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ– !Ñ˛ls˛
1947 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 14 xyÜfi›˛ ˆÎ ~úyÑ˛y î%!›˛ˆÏì˛ õ%¢!úõÓ˚y ¢ÇÖƒy ˆÓ!ü ˆ¢£z ~úyÑ˛y î%!›˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ !¶˛ß¨ ˆîü òy £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yò òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆîü ~ÓÇ 15 xyÜfi›˛ Óy!Ñ˛ xM˛Èú!›˛ˆÏÑ˛
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ òyˆÏõ xòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆîˆÏü ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy– ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yò òyˆÏõ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛ ì˛Öò
xì˛ƒhs˛ !Ó!â˛e ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ãß√ £ˆÏúyñ ˆÎ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ î%!›˛ xÇü î%£z ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚– ~Öò ˆÎ!›˛
˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yò ˆ¢!›˛Ó˚ òyõ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yò ~ÓÇ ~Öò ˆÎ›˛y ÓyÇúyˆÏîü ì˛yÓ˚ òyõ ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yò–
õyG˛ÖyˆÏò ≤ÃyÎ˚ î%£z £yãyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ˆÏúy!õ›˛yÓ˚ î)Ó˚c ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !¶˛ß¨ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆîü ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛–
õyò!â˛ˆÏe !îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÑ˛yˆÏú xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ Ñ˛# ¶˛#°Ïí Ñ)˛›˛ v˛zˆÏjüƒ ~¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ˆÏÑ˛
!mÖ![˛ì˛ Óúy ¶˛yˆÏúy !eÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈÏ î%Ûü ÓäÈÓ˚ ~ˆÏîüˆÏÑ˛ üy¢ò Ñ˛Ó˚y üy¢Ñ˛–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yò ¶˛yÜ £úñ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ xyúyîy £ú î%£z ˆîü– ˛ôy!Ñ˛fl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
xyÓyÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈ Á ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ~£z î%£z ¶˛yÜ– ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôy!Ñ˛fl˛iyò ˛ôv˛¸úñ ¢õïõ≈ !Ñ˛ls˛ !¶˛ò ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚
üy¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛∂yÎ˚– ~Ñ˛£z ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ î%!›˛ xÇü üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ Á õyò!¢Ñ˛ñ ˆÑ˛yò ¶˛yˆÏÓ£z xy¢ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚!äÈú òy ~ˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ– ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ xy£zˆÏv˛!r›˛!›˛ eý£z!¢ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& ¢yì˛â˛!Õ‘ü
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z– ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÜ £ÁÎ˚y î%!›˛ xÇü ˆÑ˛v˛z Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚!äÈú òy– xyÓ˚ õ)ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ~Ñ˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚Á ì˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆò£z– ~õò£z ~Ñ˛
â˛y˛ôyˆÏòyì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛!ö˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛›˛y ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏúy 1948Û~ ˛ôy!Ñ˛fl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yì˛y
õ£¡øî xyú# !ãßÿˆÏ£Ó˚ ë˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zî%≈ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚y‹T…y¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏí–
xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ !ò˛ô#v˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ˆÓ˚yã Î%G˛ˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛y ˛ô)Ó≈ ÓyÇúy ˆÑ˛yò õ)ˆÏúƒ£z ˛ôy!Ñ˛fl˛iyò#
üy¢Ñ˛ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ ¶˛y°Ïyñ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ xyÓ˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒˆÏÑ˛ ú%!t˛ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ !îˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏúy òyñ ö˛ˆÏú
!ÓˆÏ«˛yˆÏ¶˛ ˆö˛ˆÏ›˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆú
Ï y ˛ô)Ó≈ ÓyÇúy– 1952ÛÓ˚ 21ˆü ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚...ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ õÎ≈yîyÓ˚«˛yÎ˚
õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò î§yv˛¸yˆÏúy Ó˚!ö˛Ñ˛ñ ¢yúyõñ ãÓπyÓ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ñ˛ì˛– ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyˆÏÓˆÏ¢ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛
¢§ˆÏ˛ô ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ~õò î,‹Tyhs˛ !ÓŸª ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈú ≤ÃÌõ– ~£z ¶˛y°Ïy xyˆÏ®yúò ˆÑ˛Óú xyˆÏÓÜ
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~õò›˛y òÎ˚ñ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ !ò!Óv˛¸ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜˆÏÑ˛ xò%ïyÓò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ˛ô)Ó≈ ÓyÇúy– hfl˛y!úˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚..Ú¶˛y°Ïy õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ
¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ã!v˛¸ì˛– ÷ï% v˛zÍ˛ôyîò ˆÑ˛òñ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ ¢Ñ˛ú Ñ˛õ≈Ñ˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ–Û ˛ôy!Ñ˛fl˛iyò# üy¢Ñ˛ ˆÜy¤˛# 1965 ¢yˆÏúñ ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ !îˆÏì˛
~Ñ˛≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ Óyïƒ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆ¶˛yÜy ˛ô)Ó≈ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ~£z á›˛òyÓ˚
ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ ¢%î)Ó˚≤Ã¢yÓ˚# ~Ñ˛Ìy xÓüƒ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈– ¶˛y°Ïy xyˆÏ®yúò£z ≤ÃÌõ ˛ô)Ó≈ ÓyÇúyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚
fl˛∫#Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ á›˛yˆÏúy– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ üy¢òñ äÈÈÙÈîö˛y xyˆÏ®yúòñ v˛zò¢_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Üí xyˆÏ®yúòñ õ%!_´Î%k˛....Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆîü– x!hfl˛c
Á¢õyò ≠ õòˆÏòÓ˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ì˛y õ%!_´Ó˚ ˆ¢˛ôy£ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 161
Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ úv˛¸y£zˆÏì˛ ˆòˆÏõ !òˆÏãÓ˚ xydì˛y Á fl˛∫yì˛s˛fƒˆÏÑ˛ !â˛ˆÏòˆÏäÈ– x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ !üÑ˛v˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ Ö§%ˆÏã
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛fl˛iyòñ ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôy!Ñ˛fl˛iyò ì˛Ìy ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆâ˛yÖ
ˆÖyúyñ £z!ì˛£y¢ˆÏÓ_yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛úõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ G˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y Ñ˛y!úÓ˚ ¢mƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚ üì˛y!ïÑ˛ Ó£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
¢£fl˛Ày!ïÑ˛ ˛ôyì˛y ã%ˆvÏ ˛¸ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yúˆÏÓúyÓ˚ ì˛Ìƒ ˆÑ˛y°Ï ˆõˆÏú– î%ÛõúyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ¶§˛yˆÏã ˆõˆÏú ãòˆÏòì˛y
õ%!ãÓÓ˚ Ó˚£õyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìyñ xyÁÎ˚yõ#!úˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìyñ ˛ôy!Ñ˛fl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ xy£zÎ˚%Ó üy£# Ñ˛Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyòy
xyÜÓ˚ì˛úy °Ïv˛¸Îs˛f õyõúyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìyñ õ%!ãˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚yÓy¢ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ õ%!_´Ó˚ îyÓ#ˆÏì˛ äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ ˆòì,˛c
ÜíÈÙÈxyˆÏ®yúòñ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛y ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ˆõˆÏú 1967ÈÙÈ68... !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy
!ò¡¨!ÓˆÏ_Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìyñ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy £y!U˛ !Ö!ãÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ !üÓ˚ ö%˛úyˆÏòy ˆŸ’yÜyò ïπ!òñ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy ì˛yˆÏúˆÏÓÓ˚
õ,ì˛ ò#ú üÓ˚#Ó˚ñ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy ã%¡øˆÏòÓ˚ õyñ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy Ó˚O% xyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúy ˆÓyò Ó˚yò%ñ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy
ãyúyú õy‹TyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ Á¢õyòÛÓ˚y– £z!ì˛£y¢ ¢yïyÓ˚íˆÏîÓ˚ ãyòyÎ˚ òyñ ˆâ˛òyÎ˚ òyñ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy–
ë˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ü£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏúì˛yÓ˚#ˆÏÎ˚ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛òyò £z!úÎ˚y¢ñ õM˛ÈˆÏÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖ ˆÎ Ó§yü=ˆÏúyñ xÌâ˛
ÎyÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚ îü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ xyv˛¸yˆÏúñ £z!úÎ˚y¢ ¢yõˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏúò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚– ˆîü
˜ì˛Ó˚#Ó˚ Ó%!òÎ˚yî# ü!_´ ÎyÓ˚yñ xÌ≈yÍñ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°ñÏ x!ì˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°ñÏ !Ó˚Ñ˛üyÁÎ˚yúyÈÙÈˆîyÑ˛yò#
â˛yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆäÈˆú
Ï ›˛yÈÙÈˆÓÏ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈÓ&˚ !ã¢ı˛yò#ÈÙÈäÈyeñ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏúò ¢yõˆÏò–
ˆâ˛òyˆÏúò ˆîü– £zì˛yú#Î˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zõÓyˆÏì˛≈y ~ˆÏÑ˛y ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúòñ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õõ≈Ñ˛Ìy
ˆ£yú ã#Óò#!ÓK˛yòñ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ äÈ!Ó òÎ˚– £z!úÎ˚y¢ ì§˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yñ K˛yò ~ÓÇ Ú¢â˛ú ≤ÃÎ˚y¢Û
myÓ˚y xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˆ¢£z !¢!k˛– ì˛yÓ˚£z ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ú!â˛ˆÏúˆÏÑ˛y‡˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢˛ôy£zÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚
˛ôyì˛yÎ˚– Úv˛z˛ôòƒy¢Û ¢¡ô)í≈ ¶˛yˆÏÓ xyï%!òÑ˛ Î%Üö˛¢ú– ì˛yÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ˆõˆÏú ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§yÓ˚
áyí– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ˆõˆÏú òy õïƒÎ%Ü#Î˚ ˆîÓÓyì˛≈yñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò õyò%°Ï ÚˆîÓì˛yÓ˚Á Óv˛¸Û ì˛y£z ì˛yÓ˚
£yˆÏì˛£z Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ £yú– ˆÎÖyˆÏò õyò%°Ï ì˛yÓ˚ xòhs˛ ˆÑ˛Ôì)˛£ú# õò !òˆÏÎ˚ ä%ÈˆÏ›˛ ˆÓv˛¸yÎ˚ ÚˆÑ˛òÛÈÙÈÓ˚
v˛z_Ó˚ ¢ı˛yˆÏò– x¢ÇÖƒyì˛ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿y_Ó˚ ãß√ ˆîÎ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ îü≈ò
ã#Óòõ%Ö#– ˆÎÖyˆÏò ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yì˛ £Î˚ ¢õÎ˚ÈÙÈãò˛ôîÈÙÈ¢õyã Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ õyò%°Ï– xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ
Ú!â˛ˆÏúˆÏÑ˛y‡˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢˛ôy£zÛÁ ~£z ˛ôˆÏÌ£z ˛ôy ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ö%Ó o&ì˛ì˛yÎ˚ áˆÏ›˛ ÎyÁÎ˚y ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È
á›˛òy ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yúyˆÏã Üv˛¸y ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ v˛z§!Ñ˛ ˆîÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ õ£Õ‘y xyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È Ü!ú˛ôÌ
ˆ£§ˆÏ›˛ ÎyÁÎ˚y ¢yïyÓ˚í ãòñ ì˛yÓ˚y£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õ)ú â˛!Ó˚e Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô !â˛!eì˛– £z!úÎ˚y¢ Ñ˛úˆÏõ
≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆ¢£z ¢õhfl˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ÚˆÓ˚yÖ xyˆÏäÈñ ˆÓ˚y°Ï xyˆÏäÈñ Ñ˛yˆÏÎ˚!õ fl˛∫yÌ≈
Á ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆÓyG˛ÓyÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ–Û õïƒ!Ó_ñ !ò¡¨!Ó_ñ ◊õã#Ó# ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°Ï
~ÓÇ ˜fl˛∫Ó˚üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛ î%‹T õ£yãò ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õyò%°Ïãò òÜÓ˚ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ã!›˛ú Á m®µõÎ˚
ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÎyÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x!hfl˛c !›˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ˆîÔˆÏv˛¸ ˆòˆÏõˆÏäÈñ v˛zò¢_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ Á
!õ!äÈú ì˛Ó˚!Dì˛ ë˛yÑ˛y ü£ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z !¶˛ˆÏv˛¸£z ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ Á¢õyò Ü!òñ ~Ñ˛yÑ˛#c Á Ú¶˛ˆÏúy
ˆò£zÛ ÈÙÈ ÙÈ ~Ó˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ x¢%ˆÏÖ v%˛ˆÏÓ ÌyÑ˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ õïƒ!Ó_ Î%ÓÑ˛– ì˛Öò â˛y!Ó˚!îˆÏÑ˛ !õ!›˛Ç xyÓ˚
!õ!äÈú xyÓ˚ =!úÓ°Ï≈í xyÓ˚ Ñ˛yö%˛≈– ˆ«˛y¶˛ Á !ÓˆÏoy£– ¢Ó õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ â˛yÁÎ˚y ˆÎÖyˆÏò ~Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ
õ%!_´– £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛ ˆüy!°Ïì˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õ%Ö ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈ
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ü“– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õ)ú â˛!Ó˚e Á¢õyò Ü!òˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ›˛ˆÏò ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈ
¢õÎ˚–
Á¢õyò Ü!ò– ÎyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ≤ÃÌõ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛ˆÏÎ˚£z ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È î,üƒ˛ô›˛ ˆîˆÏÖÈÙÈ ÙÈ
ÚÚ...ˆâ˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛Çfi›˛ˆÏÑ˛≈Ó˚ ˛ôƒyˆÏÑ˛›˛ñ ˆîüúy£zñ â˛y!Ó Á Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!îò xyˆÏÜÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yò
xÓãy¶˛≈yÓ˚– ≤ÃÌõ ˛ô,¤˛yÎ˚ â˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛úõ ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ~£z ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓŸª¢%®Ó˚#Ó˚ äÈ!Ó– Ó˚yˆÏì˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏú xyˆÏòyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yú î%˛ô%Ó˚ ˆÓúy !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– üyúyÓ˚ üÁÑ˛ì˛
¶˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyÕ‘yÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÓyàúyÓ˚ õyey›˛y ˆÓ!ü £ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ ~ˆÏ¢ Ñ˛Öò ˆÎ ˛ôƒyr›˛›˛ƒyr›˛¢%k˛
÷ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ ˆÖÎ˚yú ˆò£z–...ÛÛ
ˆÎ Óyv˛¸#Ó˚ !â˛ˆÏúˆÏÑ˛y‡˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyv˛¸y£z ÓäÈÓ˚ Óy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ Á¢õyòñ ˆ¢£z Óyv˛¸#Ó˚£z ˆîyì˛úyÎ˚
ÌyÑ˛y Ó˚O%Ó˚ îyîy !õ!ú›˛y!Ó˚Ó˚ =!úˆÏì˛ õyÓ˚y ˆÜˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛y!£ò# ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢
ì˛yÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛yv˛zˆÏÑ˛£z ˆâ˛ˆÏò òyÊ ~Ñ˛ õ,ì%˛ƒ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚
£Î˚ˆÏì˛y !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌÁ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˆîÖy £ÁÎ˚y ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ~Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚
â˛!Ó˚e ~£z Á¢õyò– ì˛yÓ˚ £yì˛ ï!Ó˚ˆÎÏ £˚ z £z!úÎ˚y¢ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Îyò v˛zò¢_ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyîÈÙÈ!›˛Î˚yÓ˚
Üƒy¢ÈÙÈúy!‡˛â˛yã≈ÈÙÈˆÏÓyõyÓy!ãÈÙÈÑ˛yö%˛≈ xyÓ˚ ˆÓ˛ôˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y =!úÖyÁÎ˚y ë˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yã˛ôˆÏÌ– Á¢õyò
Óy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛Ó˚y ~Ñ˛ î%!òÎ˚yÎ˚– ì˛yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ £§y›˛ˆÏì˛ £§y›˛ˆÏì˛ fl˛∫≤¿ xyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
õyˆÏG˛ ˆÜyúõyú £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÖyî ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚Á– Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ Á¢õyò Óy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ fl˛ô‹T !îÓyfl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚
ãÜˆÏì˛– ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆÎ úAáò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yö%˛≈ñ !õ!äÈˆÏúÓ˚ ¢¡ø%ˆÏÖ £§yˆÏ›˛ñ xy›˛Ñ˛yÎ˚ !õ!ú›˛y!Ó˚ ›˛∆yÑ˛–
ˆ¢£z ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛›˛y £z!M˛È ã%ˆÏv˛¸ Á¢õyò Ü!ò ~Ñ˛ úv˛¸yÑ%˛ ˜¢!òÑ˛– Á¢õyòñ ~Ñ˛ xq$ì˛
â˛!Ó˚eÊ !Óïπhfl˛ ë˛yÑ˛y Á ü£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyòyˆÏâ˛ÈÙÈÑ˛yòyˆÏâ˛ ãõˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛y ÓyÓ˚&î xyÓ˚ Ó˚_´ Á¢õyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆâ˛ì˛òyÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yáyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xÌâ˛ ˆ¢ â%˛˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆ¢ ˆîˆÏÖñ ˆ¢ £§yˆÏ›˛ñ ˆ¢ !¶˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
!õüˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛yÁ Ñ˛# ~Ñ˛ î%Ó≈yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !ò!‹;˛Î˚ ˆîˆÏÖ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
xˆÏòÑ˛yÇü ã%ˆÏv˛¸£zñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ~£z !ò!‹;˛Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ Îy ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ì˛y ˆ£yú ~£z
â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ v˛yòy G˛y˛ô›˛yˆÏòy– ~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛ ïyE˛yÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ãyòyò ˆîÎ˚ñ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚
â˛!Ó˚e Á¢õyò Ü!òñ Á xòƒì˛õ =Ó˚&cÓ£ â˛!Ó˚e £y!U˛ !Öã!Ó˚ £ˆÏúÁ ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
òyÎ˚Ñ˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ ÈÙÈ ¢õÎ˚– £y¢yò xy!ãã%ú £ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ñ ÚÚÓƒ!_´ òÎ˚ñ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ïyE˛y
!îˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!_´ˆÏÑ˛ ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ¢yõˆÏò â˛ˆÏú xy¢ˆÏäÈñ £z!ì˛£y¢£z Óƒ!_´– ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆÜy›˛y
ãò˛ôî ì˛yÓ˚ «˛Î˚ÈÙÈï¢ÈÙÈòyõ£#òì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òyÎ˚Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆâ˛òy ¢_y›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈyÓv˛¸yÓ˚
õˆÏì˛y ä%È§ˆÏv˛¸ ˆö˛ˆÏú !îˆÏÎ˚ òì%˛ò ~Ñ˛›˛y ˛ôÌ ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ
£z!úÎ˚y¢ !òˆÏã ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ...ÚÚxyõÓ˚y Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ õïƒ!Ó_ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ì˛Ó˚ú Á ˛ôyòˆÏ¢ î%ÉÖ
ˆÓîòyÓ˚ ˛ô§yâ˛y!ú Üy£z !Ñ˛ls˛ ~ˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ !Ñ˛ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xÓfl˛iyò!›˛ ˆÑ˛yò¶˛yˆÏÓ
≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚⁄ ~ˆÏì˛ ˆü°Ï ˆÎ Óƒ!_´!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zk˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆ¢ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ¢£z ü_´
¢õÌ≈ñ v˛zFâ˛yÑ˛yA«˛# õyò%°Ï òÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç îy!Î˚c ˆÓyï£#ò ˛ö§˛y˛ôy ~Ñ˛ ≤Ãyí#õye–ÛÛ SˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ îyÎ˚
≠ xyÖì˛yÓ˚&Iyõyò £z!úÎ˚y¢V
xyˆÏúyâ˛ò#Î˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆî!Öñ !ì˛!ò !Ñ˛ls˛ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yüˆÏÑ˛£z =Ó˚&c !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
Óƒ!_´Ó˚ £yì˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏäÈ ¢õÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ !òˆÏõ≈yÑ˛ ˆõyâ˛ˆÏò ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛
£ˆÏFäÈ– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛£z xyõÓ˚y ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ !mÖ![˛ì˛ £ˆÏú Á¢õyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyÓy
˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yˆÏò Óy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ~ˆÏúÁ xyÓyÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ãß√¶)˛!õ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈£zñ xyÓ˚
Á¢õyò ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yˆÏò– ~Ñ˛y– ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ Ó¢yÑ˛ Óy ¢y£yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
Ó˚£õì˛v˛zÕ‘y£Ó˚ e´Î˚Ñ,˛ì˛ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ !â˛ˆÏúˆÏÑ˛y‡˛yÎ˚– õˆÏò £Î˚ñ Á¢õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ó˚˛ôy!Ÿª≈Ñ˛ ãÜì˛
!Ó!FäÈß¨ì˛yÓ˚ !üÑ˛v˛¸ ~ÖyˆÏò£z– ˆÎòñ ~Ñ˛ Óyv˛¸#Ó˚ v˛z‡˛yò !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆ›˛ˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
~Ñ˛›˛y Ñ§˛y›˛yì˛yÓ˚ñ ¶˛yÜ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛›˛y£z v˛z‡˛yò î%ÈÙÈˆîüÊ õyò!â˛e ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xyõÓ˚y
xyÓ˚ ÁÓ˚y xyúyîy– Á¢õyò î%Éfl˛∫≤¿ ˆîˆÏÖ !˛ôì,˛!ÓˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ñ ˆÎ fl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yv˛¸y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÓv˛¸yÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛y...Ñ˛# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ˆ¢Ê ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó!FäÈß¨ì˛yñ ì˛yÓ˚
xydõ@¿ì˛y ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ v˛yˆÏÑ˛– Á¢õyò ì˛y£z ~Ñ˛y £ˆÏì˛ ¶˛Î˚ ˛ôyÎ˚– ë˛yÑ˛y ü£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !õ!äÈˆÏúÓ˚
ì˛Ó˚ˆÏDyFä¥ÈyˆÏ¢ ˆ¢ ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ˆÎˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆfl˛Àyì˛ñ î,ÆÑ˛t˛# ˆŸ’yÜyò ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ v˛z_y˛ô ˆîÎ˚–
ˆÎ v˛z_yˆÏ˛ô ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛yÑ˛#ˆÏcÓ˚ ü#ì˛úì˛y v˛z°åì˛y ˛ôyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ì˛y£z üÁÑ˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛#ì˛ £Î˚
ˆ¢ñ ˛ôyˆÏäÈ xyÓyÓ˚ Úõ)ú ˆfl˛Àyì˛ïyÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !äÈ›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òÉ¢D ãú!Ó®%Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆ¢
xyÓyÓ˚ £yÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆüy!°Ïì˛ òy £Î˚–Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õ)ú fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ôÈÙÈÁ¢õyò Ü!òÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ˆÖ§yãy–
Óúy ÎyÎ˚ñ ÚxydòyÇ !Ó!ïÈÙÈxÌ≈yÍ xydyˆÏÑ˛ ãyˆÏòy– â§˛yâ˛yˆÏäÈyúy ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò
ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ãyòy ˆâ˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôÌ ÓˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ v˛zò¢_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÜíÈÙÈxyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ !îˆÏÎ˚– ˆÎ
˛ôÌ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ˜fl˛∫Ó˚yâ˛yÓ˚# üy¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ xy˛ôˆÏ¢ ˆ¢ Ó˚y!ã Ó˚£õì˛v˛zÕ‘y£ñ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ xyˆÏòyÎ˚yÓ˚
£Î˚ÈÙÈÚõ%!_´ â˛y£z– õ%!_´ â˛y£zÛ– ≤ÃŸ¿ xyˆÏ¢ñ ~£z ˆÎ õ%!_´Ó˚ ì˛#Óì˛yÓ˚ xyÑ%˛!ì˛ ~Ó˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛ì˛Öy!ò⁄ Ñ˛# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´ â˛y£zˆÏäÈ ˆ¢⁄ ÷ï%õye£z !Ñ˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüy°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õ%!_´⁄ òy!Ñ˛ ~£z Úõ%!_´Û üˆÏ∑Ó˚ Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ xòƒ ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛Ìy⁄ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛
ˆîˆÏÖ Á¢õyò !òˆÏã Ö%ˆ§ ã Ï ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ~£z õ%!_´...õ%!_´ˆÏÓÜ...xyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ õ%!_´îyì˛y £y!U˛ !Ö!ãÓ˚–
!˛ôì,˛˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚£#ò !Ö!ãÓ˚– ÎyÓ˚ õy ~ÓÇ fl˛f# î%ÛãˆÏò£z õ£yãˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¶˛yÜƒ– ÎyÓ˚ ˆŸ’yÜyˆÏò Á¢õyˆÏòÓ˚
ü#ì˛ á%õ Ñ˛yˆÏ›˛ñ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z á%!õˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y x˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ Á¢õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆãˆÏÜ Á‡˛yÓ˚ õyîú ÓyãyÎ˚
Á¢õyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛–
Ñ˛y!£!ò ~ˆÏÜyˆÏú ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ £y!U˛ !Ö!ãÓ˚ ˆÎõò õ£yãˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆŸ’yÜyò
!îˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛!ì˛ xyÁÎ˚yõ# ú#ˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆòì˛y xyúyv˛zj#ò !õÎ˚yÓ˚ ïõÑ˛ ÖyÎ˚ñ ˆì˛õ!ò @˘ÃyˆÏõ @˘ÃyˆÏõ
ÜÓ˚&ˆÏâ˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÑ˛ì˛≈y ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ Ó˚y‹T…ÈÙÈ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ Óy!£ò#ÈÙÈxyÁÎ˚yõ# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛
~Ñ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ë˛yÑ˛y Ñœ˛yÓ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy£zÎ˚%Ó !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# !õ!äÈˆÏú =!ú Ó°Ï≈í Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏú
v˛zˆÏ_!ãì˛ ãòì˛y ÎÖò Ñœ˛yÓ!›˛ˆÏì˛ xy=ò ïÓ˚yˆÏì˛ ÎyÎ˚ ì˛Öò Óyày!úÈÙÈÓyày!ú ¶˛y£z ¶˛y£z
xyÁÎ˚yã ì%˛ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– @˘ÃyˆÏõ ˆãyì˛îyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ fl˛∫ì˛Éfl˛≥˛)ì˛≈ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
ÜíxyîyúˆÏì˛Á xy£zÎ˚%ˆÏÓÓ˚ îyúyúÓ˚y Ó˚«˛y ˛ôyÎ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yÎ˚– ~£z
îyúyúˆÏîÓ˚ Ó%!k˛õyò xÇü x!â˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ˆÎyÜ !îˆÏÎ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚Á ˛ô%‹T
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Á!îˆÏÑ˛ Á¢õyò ì˛yÓ˚ õïƒ!Ó_ ˆîyî%úƒõyòì˛y xyÓ˚ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !õúˆÏòÓ˚ xyÑ˛yA«˛yÎ˚
õyˆÏG˛ v˛yòy G˛y˛ô›˛yˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– !â˛ˆÏúˆÏÑ˛y‡˛yÓ˚ Ü[˛# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ ì˛yv˛¸òyÎ˚ xyÓ˚
xydõ@¿ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !Ó¢!ã≈ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ¢ ¢õòyõ# !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ Ó˚O%ˆÏÑ˛ äÈyî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆö˛ˆÏú !îˆÏì˛
â˛yÎ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy xydˆÏ≤ÃˆÏõ !òõ@¿ £ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛£z xyîˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚_ý_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Á¢õyˆÏòÓ˚
!üÑ˛ú !äÈˆÏv˛¸ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy¢yÓ˚ Á ~Ñ˛ â)˛v˛¸yhs˛ ¢õÎ˚– Ó˚yò% Îy ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!òñ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏì˛y òyñ ì˛y
ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ö!ãÓ˚– !ò¡¨!Ó_ ◊õã#Ó# ˆõ£ò!ì˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ü!_´ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!eì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÓyï£Î˚
£y!U˛ !Ö!ãÓ˚Ó˚y ˜ì˛Ó˚# £Î˚– ÜúyÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ ö%˛!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆŸ’yÜyò ˆîÁÎ˚yñ á%ˆÏõÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ õyˆÏÑ˛ Ö§%ˆÏã
Ñ˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛yñ fl˛f# ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÁÎ˚yñ ¢hs˛yò xy¢yÓ˚ ÖÓˆÏÓ˚ !ü£!Ó˚ì˛ñ !Ö!hfl˛Óyãñ xy£zÎ˚%Ó
ÖyòˆÏÑ˛ üÎ˚ì˛yò õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ¢yì˛/xy›˛ãò ˆúyÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÚãµyˆÏúy ãµyˆÏúy xy=ò ãµyˆÏúyÛ
Óúyñ õ£yãˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆŸ’yÜyò !îˆÏÎ˚ xyúyv˛z!jˆÏòÓ˚ ïõÑ˛ ÖyÁÎ˚y !Ö!ãÓ˚£z ˆ›˛ˆÏò ˆÓÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏò Á¢õyòˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏúˆÏÑ˛y‡˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– Üíx¶˛%ƒayˆÏòÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚yˆÏï
õïƒÓ˚yˆÏì˛ !õ!ú›˛y!Ó˚Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ Ö%ò £Î˚ ˆ¢ÈÙÈ ÙÈ
ÚÚ...!Ö!ãˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò î%ãò ˆúyÑ˛ =!ú!Ók˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆÜˆÏäÈñ Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò–
!Ö!ãÓ˚Á ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚£z ÎyˆÏFäÈñ v˛yò!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yhfl˛y ïˆÏÓ˚ñ ö%˛›˛˛ôyÌ ˆá§ˆÏ°Ï–... !Ñ˛ls˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~Ñ˛ G§˛yÑ˛
›˛Ñ˛›˛Ñ˛y›˛Ñ˛›˛Ñ˛›˛Ñ˛ ïπ!òÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏòÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yúˆÏâ˛ £ú%î xyˆÏúyÓ˚ £ú%î ¶˛yÜ !õ!úˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚ñ xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ Üyë˛¸ì˛Ó˚ £Î˚– Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚›˛y !Ñ˛ £ˆÏúy⁄ ˆÑ˛yò üyúÎ˚ Öyò!Ñ˛Ó˚ ÓyFäÈy ›˛∆yÑ˛ ~ˆÏ¢
ïyE˛y !îú ì˛yÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ñ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ Ó§y !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Á ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚¶˛yˆÏÜ– üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z î%£z ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚
¢!úv˛ xy=ò ~ˆÏ¢ !Ó•ˆÏï ˆÜú– ¢yõˆÏò ~Öò !Ñ˛ä%È îƒyÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ òy–... £‡˛yÍ Ö%Ó Ó!õÓ˚ ˆÓÜ
xyˆÏ¢ !Ö!ãˆÏÓ˚Ó˚– õ%Ö ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛úˆÏÑ˛ â˛úˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚_´ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ÜúyˆÏò !˛ôâ˛ ë˛yúyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y
Ó˚_´ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ òyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ñ Ó˚_´ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆ‡§˛yˆÏ›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ü ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ñ !â˛Ó%Ñ˛ ˆÓˆÏÎ˚– ˆâ˛yÖ ˆãyv˛¸y !òˆÏã
!òˆÏã£z Ö%ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚– Á˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó£z Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ó˚ˆÏà xy§Ñ˛y–ÛÛ
!Ö!ãÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~õò ¶˛Î˚yÓ£ õÓ˚ˆÏí Ó˚y!‹T…Ñ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy î%Ó≈ú £Î˚ òyñ ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚Á á%õ ¶˛yˆÏà
òyñ ˛ôpyÎ˚ ˆãyÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ òy– ÷ï% ˆãˆÏÜ ÁˆÏ‡˛ Á¢õyòÓ˚y– £z!úÎ˚y¢ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ Ñ˛# ¶˛yˆÏÓ
≤Ã!ì˛!òÎ˚ì˛ ~Ñ˛›%˛ ~Ñ˛›%˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ö!ãÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ Á¢õyˆÏò– !Ö!ãˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛yˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛
Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôyÎ˚ñ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÎ˚ Á¢õyò–
ÚÚÁ¢õyò¢yÓ Óy£zÓ˚y£zÎ˚y xyˆÏ£ò– ˆî!Ó˚ ££zÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ xyˆÏ£ò–ÛÛ
!Ñ˛ÇÓyñ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy
Ú!Ñ˛ ££zˆÏúy⁄ õÓ˚ˆÏúò òy!Ñ˛⁄ xyˆÏ£ò òy⁄ÛÛ
~£z v˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢!e´Î˚ ¢yv˛¸y !îˆÏÎ˚ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛yúy ¶˛yˆÏàò Á¢õyò– ¢ÓyÓ˚ xˆÏÜyâ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ñ Ñ˛yö%˛≈Ó˚ îy˛ô›˛ x@˘Ãy£ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈî!«˛íÈÙÈ¢Ó !îÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚
ˆÖyúy– ü,Cú äÈyv˛¸y ¢!ì˛ƒ£z ˆÎ £yÓ˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆò£z ì˛y ≤Ãõy!òì˛ £Î˚– Á¢õyò Ü!íÓ˚
!Ó!FäÈß¨ì˛yñ xydõs˛fíy Á ~Ñ˛y!Ñ˛ˆÏcÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ x¢%ÖñÎy ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ˆÜˆÏäÈ Ó˚yã˛ôˆÏÌ õ,ì˛ !Ö!ãˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ó˚_´ xyÓ˚ !õ!äÈˆÏúÓ˚ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛– Ó˝!îˆÏòÓ˚ xyÑ˛y!A«˛ì˛ õ%!_´Ó˚ ˆÖ§yã xÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ˛ôyÎ˚ Á¢õyò–
õòˆÏòÓ˚ Á˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ì˛y ˆÑ˛ õ%!_´ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !â˛ˆÏúˆÏÑ˛y‡˛yÓ˚ î)Ü≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢
!â˛ˆÏúˆÏÑ˛y‡˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢˛ôy£z– ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô ˆö˛ˆÏú xãfl˛À ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛– Á¢õyˆÏòÓ˚ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈òˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ¢§ˆ˛Ï ô Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ ÓˆÏúòñ Á¢õyò ˆÎ!îˆÏÑ˛£z ˛ôy Óyv˛¸yÎ˚ ˆ¢!îˆÏÑ˛£z ˛ô)Ó≈ Óyàúy....
ÚÚ@˘Ã£ ò«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆö˛yÑ˛yˆÏ¢...xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ !òˆÏâ˛ ~ÓÇ ˛ôy!òÑ˛yîy Ñ˛ö˛Ì%ì%˛ =õ%ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôy
›˛yòˆÏì˛ ›˛yòˆÏì˛ Á¢õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛£yÓ˚yÎ˚ òì%˛ò ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ îyÜ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– ~Öò Öy!Ñ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúy ÓˆÏúyñ
¢Ó%ã ÓˆÏúyñ ¢yîy ÓˆÏúyÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y ¢y!ïƒ ˆò£z ˆÎ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢£z Á¢õyò Ü!ò ÓˆÏú ¢òy_´
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ
~£z ˛ôÌ x!òÉˆÏü°Ï– Á¢õyˆÏò xyˆÏdyÍˆÏÓyï ˆò£z áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ õ%!_´– ~£z Îyey
xyò®Îyeyñ ˆÎ ÎyeyÎ˚ Á¢õyˆÏòÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ !Ö!ãˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ £yì˛ñ xyÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ¢õÎ˚– ˆÑ˛yò ~Ñ˛ õ£y!¢ı%˛Ó˚ Á˛ôyÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ñ ˆÑ˛yò ~Ñ˛ ãúîÜΩ˛#Ó˚ Ñ˛t˛ £Î˚ì˛
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚Á ÷!òˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~ Óyì˛≈yÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ Ù
ÚÚ...ÚÎyey Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yñ Îyey Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y Îye#îú/v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ xyˆÏîüÈÙÈ/ÚÓ®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yú £ú ˆü°ÏÛ–/
õ,ì%˛ƒ ˆ¶˛î Ñ˛!Ó˚/î%!úÎ˚y â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ì˛Ó˚#–/ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§!äÈˆÏÓ áyˆÏ›˛ñ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ˚ £ˆÏÓ ˛ôyÓ˚ñ/¢õÎ˚
ˆì˛y òy£z ÷ïyÓyÓ˚–/~£z ÷ï% ãy!òÎ˚yˆÏäÈ ¢yÓ˚ÈÙÈ/ì˛Ó˚ˆÏDÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ú!v˛¸/Óy!£Î˚y â˛!úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ
ì˛Ó˚#ó/›˛y!òÎ˚y Ó˚y!ÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˛ôyúñ/xy§Ñ˛!v˛¸ ï!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ £yúó/Ó§y!â˛ xyÓ˚ õ!Ó˚/Óy!£Î˚y â˛!úˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ ì˛Ó˚#–/~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ xyˆÏîüÈÙÈ/Ó®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yú £ú ˆü°Ï–ÛÛ
¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i ≠
1– !â˛ˆÏúˆÏÑ˛y‡˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢˛ôy£z ÈÙÈ xyÖì˛yÓ˚&Iyõyò £z!úÎ˚y¢
2– ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ¶˛yàyˆÏ¢ì%˛ ÈÙÈ xyÖì˛yÓ˚&Iyõyò £z!úÎ˚y¢
3– ÓúyÑ˛y ÈÙÈ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚
4– xyÖì˛yÓ˚&Iyõyò £z!úÎ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ã#Óò Á ¢õÑ˛yú ÈÙÈ Ñ˛Ó˚&íy Ó˚yí# ¢y£y
ºyhs˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ¢%ò#ˆÏúÓ˚ Ü“

üƒyõy◊# õ[˛ú*
!Ó!FäÈß¨ xyˆÏ®yúòñ xyì˛!Ñ≈˛ì˛ xye´õíñ ˆÜy˛ôˆÏò Ñ˛yv˛zˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ xyì˛B˛ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚yñ Óƒ!_´fl˛∫yÌ≈ â˛!Ó˚ì˛yÌ≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ÈÙÙÙÈ £zì˛ƒy!î !e´Î˚yÑ˛úy˛ô Ñ˛ÖòÁ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛
Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ v˛zˆjÏ üƒ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyñ ¢%ò#úñ ì§˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!_´ ã#ÓˆÏò ~£z ¢ì˛ƒ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò–
!ì˛!ò õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛òñ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy äÈyv˛¸y £‡˛yÍ ≤Ãyí ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yòÁ Ó#Ó˚c ÌyˆÏÑ˛
òyñ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ v˛z˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚Á £Î˚òy– ÷ï% ÷ï% ~Ñ˛›˛y ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ x˛ôâ˛Î˚ áˆÏ›˛ õye– ¢%ò#úñ
ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏúã ã#ÓˆÏò Óı%˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyÕ‘yÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ 1952 ¢yˆÏú ¢yïyÓ˚í !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Óyõ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚
£ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y Ó%ˆÏÌ ˆ˛ôy!úÇ ~ˆÏãr›˛ £ò– ÓyÜÓyãyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó%ˆÏÌ !ì˛!ò òÑ˛ú ˆ¶˛y›˛Á ˆîò–
ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ 1953 ¢yˆÏú ›˛∆yˆÏõÓ˚ ¶˛yv˛¸y Óyv˛¸ˆÏú äÈye îú Á ˛ô%!úüÑ˛õ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ ¢Çá°Ï≈
áˆÏ›˛!äÈúñ ì˛yˆÏì˛ ¢%ò#úñ ~Ñ˛ãò äÈye !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ¢Ç!e´Î˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– Î!îÁ !ì˛!ò
£yˆÏì˛ xfl˛f ì%˛ˆÏú ˆòò!ò ì˛Ó%Á ˛ô%!úüˆÏîÓ˚ ú«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £z§›˛ Á !›˛Î˚yÓ˚Üƒy¢ ä%È§ˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈò– ~Ó˚
!˛ôäÈˆÏò ˆÑ˛yòÁ Ó,£_Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy !äÈú òyñ ÷ï%õye ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ v˛zˆÏ_ãòy Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
~äÈyv˛¸y ÎÖò Ñ˛ˆÏúˆÏãÓ˚ îyîy ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˆòì˛yÓ˚yñ ¢%ò#ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ˆúÖy !òˆÏÎ˚ ÖÓÓ˚îy!Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ÖÓ≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛Öò !ì˛!ò Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ò–
õïƒõ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ ¢%ò#úñ òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛ ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò É ÚÚòÑ˛üyú
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ xy!õ Î!î v˛z!òü Ñ%˛!v˛¸ ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏúˆÏãÓ˚ äÈye £ì˛yõñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ö%Ó ¢Ω˛Óì˛
xy!õÁ ˆ¢ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ˆâ˛yÖ Ó%ˆÏã ˆÎyÜ !îì˛yõñ !òˆÏãÓ˚ äÈye ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ xy!õ Óyõ˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚
!õ!äÈˆÏú ˆÎyÜ !îˆÏì˛ !îˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈñ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD xyÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛ôü≈
!äÈú òyñ !Ñ˛ls˛ !Ó≤’Ó ü∑!›˛ xyÑ,˛‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛ ¢Ó ¢õÎ˚– ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ xÓò!ì˛ ˆîˆÏÖ xy!õÁ õˆÏò
õˆÏò ¶˛yÓì˛yõñ ~Ñ˛›˛y ¢ÓydÑ˛ !Ó≤’Ó äÈyv˛¸y ~ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ôâ˛yÈÙÈÜúy üy¢ò ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò
¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓñ xyõyÓ˚ ˆ¢ !Ó≤’ÓÈÙÈïyÓ˚íy !‡˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Ó !¶˛!_Ñ˛ òÎ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô ˆÓ˚Öy ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
fl˛ô‹T ˆÑ˛yòÁ ïyÓ˚íy !äÈú òyñ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z Ñ˛“òy Ó˚!M˛Èì˛– xy!õ ì˛Öò ã#!ÓÑ˛y xã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ
≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Ó≈«˛í Óƒy˛ô,ì˛ñ ¢îƒ !ÓÓy!£ì˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛ ¢hs˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !˛ôì˛yñ ì˛Ó% õˆÏò £ì˛ñ ~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚
!Ó≤’Ó ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÓ£z £ˆÏÓñ ì˛Öò xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÁ v˛yÑ˛ xy¢ˆÏÓñ xyõyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–ÛÛS1V ¢%ò#ú
õˆÏò õˆÏò ˆÎ !Ó≤’ˆÓÏ Ó˚ fl˛∫≤¿ ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈˆúÏ òñ ˆ¢£z !Ó≤’Ó xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy £Î˚!ò– òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚
!Ó≤’Ó#Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íyñ ¢%ò#ˆÏúÓ˚ xyÑ,˛‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúñ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ @˘ÃyõˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ü£Ó˚ ˆáÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ
Ö%Ó£z xyÑ˛°Ï≈í#Î˚ õˆÏò £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ¢%ò#ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ú!â˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛Î˚yÓ˚õƒyò
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛Î˚yÓ˚õƒyòÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z ˆáy°Ïíy ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôäÈ® £Î˚!òñ ¢%ò#úñ Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈˆÏúò !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy
*ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ ¶˛y°Ïy ¶˛Óòñ !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ñ üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ò–
ºyhs˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ¢%ò#ˆÏúÓ˚ Ü“ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 167
Á xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ~Ñ˛ òÎ˚ñ î%£z ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# ˛ôs˛iy ~Ñ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ˆîü Á
Ñ˛yúˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xy!DÑ˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ì˛ƒ›˛y òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#Ó˚y xò%¶˛Ó
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ !ò– ~äÈyv˛¸y ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ì˛Ó˚&íÓ˚y !â˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆòì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyîü≈ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúñ Ú!Ó≤’Ó#
ì˛Ó˚í#Ó˚Û Ñ˛í≈ïyÓ˚ ÓˆÏú Üíƒ Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈúñ ˆ¢£z !úò !˛ô. xyÁ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ Ñ˛yˆÏú «˛õì˛yˆÏúy¶˛# ~ÓÇ
!ÓŸªy¢áyì˛Ñ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ≤Ãõy!íì˛ £Î˚– ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˛ òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúò ÓƒÌ≈ £Î˚–
Ñ˛ˆÏúã ã#ÓˆÏò Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yñ ˆîü !ÓˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ñ òÑ˛üyú
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%È !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢%ò#ˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏò ˆÎ ïyÓ˚íy ˜ì˛!Ó˚
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ !ì˛!ò Ú˛ôúyì˛Ñ˛ Á xò%¢Ó˚íÑ˛yÓ˚#Ûñ ¢§yˆÏÑ˛yñ Á Ú!Óãò ì%˛!õ
!Ñ˛Û £zì˛ƒy!î Ü“ Á Úî˛ô≈ˆíÏ Ñ˛yÓ˚õÖ% Û v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò– ~£z !ì˛ò!›˛ ÜˆÏ“ Á v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚
ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ˆÎ ¢Ñ˛ú â˛!Ó˚e Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´– ¢%ò#ˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚
~£z Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ~§ˆÏîy Ü!ú äÈyv˛¸y !Ñ˛ä%È òÎ˚ñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ˆÑ˛yòÁ Ó,£_Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˆò£zñ xyîü≈
ˆò£zñ îú#Î˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈›˛y£z ≤Ãïyò– ~ÓÇ ˆÜy˛ôˆÏò Ñ˛yv˛zˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒyÓ˚ ãòƒ °Ïv˛¸Îs˛f Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˙ â˛!Ó˚eÓ˚yñ
≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ñ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ãò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!FäÈß¨ £ˆÏÎ˚ñ ¢Ó≈îy î%!ÿ˛hs˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
~Ñ˛≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ ã#Óò Îy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¢Ó ÈÙÈ ¢õÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓv˛¸yÎ˚ñ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛
~Ñ˛≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ !Óì,˛°åy ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ïÓ˚y òy ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏúÁ !ÓˆÏÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ îÇüò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
õ%!_´ ˆò£z– ¢%fl˛i ã#ÓˆÏò !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆö˛Ó˚y Ñ˛!‡˛òñ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆî!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó˛ôß¨ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò ¢!e´Î˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏúˆÏãÓ˚ îyîy ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚– ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ì˛Ó˚&í≤Ããß√ ºyhs˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôy‡˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyãÁ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏü Óy !ÓˆÏîˆÏü
ˆòì˛yˆÏ◊!íÓ˚ Óƒ!_´Ó˚y Ñ˛õÓÎ˚ˆ¢Ï Ó˚ ˆäÈˆú Ï ˆõˆÏÎˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ !Ó˛ôˆÏÌ â˛y!úì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈñ òyòy x˛ôÑ˛ˆÏõ≈
!òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ÙÙÙÈ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ ¶˛Î˚B˛Ó˚– Ü“ =!ú !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖy ˆÎˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ºyhs˛Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ Ñ˛#– Ú!Óãò ì%˛!õ Ñ˛#Û É xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
!Óãò òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛ Î%ÓÑ˛– ˆ¢ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ î%£z ¢yÌ#ñ Ó˚ì˛ò Á !£Ó˚^˘È¬Î˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ˆÏüñ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ü#ú
îˆÏúÓ˚ üe&ñ ˆ£õ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#ˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– õ%!_´Ó˚ úv˛¸y£z â˛yúyÓyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ÎyÓ˚y Óyïy ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ
ÎyÓ˚y ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ üe&ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ó Ñ˛›˛yˆÏÑ˛ Öì˛õ òy Ñ˛Ó˚y ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £ì˛ƒyú#úy â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚
ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– xyîˆÏü≈Ó˚ ãòƒ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £yì˛ Ñ§˛yˆÏ˛ô òy– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y ÓyFâ˛y ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
¢yõˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ îyî%ˆÏÑ˛ £‡˛yÍ ˆõˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛úyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y xõyò!ÓÑ˛ Ñ˛yã xyÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
£yˆÏì˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õÓ˚y£z ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó#¶˛Í¢ î,üƒ– £ì˛ƒy ú#úyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !Óãò ¢yì˛!îò
~Ñ˛›˛y xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ú%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ !äÈú– !ÓˆÏÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ îÇüò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ õ%!_´ ˆò£z– ì˛yÓ˚
!ÓˆÏÓÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú!Óãò ì%˛!õ !Ñ˛ xòƒyÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ⁄Û !Óãò ˆãyÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚
ÓˆÏúñ òy– Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢yì˛!îò ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆÜˆÏúÁ
ˆÑ˛v˛z £ì˛ƒyÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– !Óãò Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ãyõy ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ñ
ˆÓ˚yã îy!v˛¸ Ñ˛yõyÎ˚ñ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !¶˛ˆÏv˛¸ !õˆÏü ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ xyúyîy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛v˛z !â˛òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚
168 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ºyhs˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ¢%ò#ˆÏúÓ˚ Ü“
òy– ˆÑ˛v˛z ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy ì˛yÓ˚ £yì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!îò xyˆÏÜ ~Ñ˛ãò õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ Ó˚ˆ_ Ï ´ úyú £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
!ÓãˆÏòÓ˚ ¢D#Ó˚y ˆÎÈÙÈÎyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ ˆÑ˛yòÁ Ó˚Ñ˛õ x˛ôÓ˚yï ˆÓyï ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– !ÓãòˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛v˛z ¢ˆÏ®£ òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁñ ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ›˛ˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ
ˆ£õ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈñ ˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yòîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ¢ ãyòˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ ˆ£õ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#Ó˚
òyì˛!ò ˆÑ˛õò xyˆÏäÈ– ˆäÈyR ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õõ≈y!hs˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ñ õ,ì˛≤ÃyÎ˚ xÓfl˛iyÈÙÈ!ÓãòˆÏÑ˛ Óƒ!Ìì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏúñ ˆ¢ñ !ò!ú≈Æ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ÜyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ £ì˛ƒyÓ˚ îyÎ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÜˆÏúÁ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆÑ§˛ˆÏî ˆö˛ˆÏú–
xyîˆÏü≈Ó˚ ãòƒ îˆÏúÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ˆÏü £ì˛ƒyú#úy ¢Çá!›˛ì˛ £ˆÏúÁñ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ £ì˛ƒyˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏD
~Ñ˛›˛y Ñ˛Ó˚&í £z!ì˛£y¢ ú%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– õ,ì˛Óƒ!_´Ó˚ xy˛ôòãˆÏòˆÏîÓ˚ £y£yÑ˛yÓ˚ ãµyúy Îs˛fíy–
ˆ£õ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#ˆÏÑ˛ !Óãò £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yÓ˚ !ü÷ òyì˛!ò ˆÑ˛Á ˆ¢ õyò!¢Ñ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ £ì˛ƒy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ˆ¢£zãòƒ !ÓãòˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%!úü òy ïÓ˚ˆÏúÁ ˆ¢ !ÓˆÏÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚–
˛ôúyì˛Ñ˛ Á xò%¢Ó˚íÑ˛yÓ˚# É xyîü≈£#òñ Ó,£Í˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy£#òñ Ühs˛Óƒ£#òñ £ì˛ƒyÓ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛
~Ñ˛!›˛ xhs˛£#ò Ó,ˆÏ_£z á%Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ ÜˆÏ“ ~£z ¢ì˛ƒ ≤Ãõy!íì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÜˆÏ“Ó˚
÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛£z xyõÓ˚y ~Ñ˛ Î%ÓÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆî!Öñ ÎyÓ˚ òyõ Ó˚!Ó– ˆ¢ñ !˛ô!¢Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ £‡˛yÍ õy¢ ÖyˆÏòÑ˛
˛ôÓ˚ ë%˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ˆ¢ ≤Ãâ˛[˛ «%˛ïyì≈˛ñ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆÖˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏú ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ õ%!v˛¸ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– !˛ô!¢Ó˚ ˆÓÔõy
ÁÓ˚ˆÏö˛ ˆÓÔ!îñ Ó˚!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ›˛ò¢ò Á â˛yM˛Èúƒ ú«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˆÓÔ!îÛÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ïÓ˚y
˛ôˆÏv˛¸ Ó˚!ÓÓ˚ ˆâ˛£yÓ˚yÓ˚ òyòy Óîú ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆâ˛yÖ î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛y›˛Ó˚yÜì˛ñ ˆîˆÏÖ õˆÏò £Î˚ Ñ˛ì˛ Ó˚yì˛ á%õyÎ˚!òñ
fl˛∫yfl˛iƒ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– xy¢ˆÏú ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!îò ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓv˛¸yˆÏFäÈ– ˆ¢ñ ˛ôúyì˛Ñ˛ xyÓ˚
ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ !ì˛òˆÏ›˛ Î%ÓÑ˛– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ãµyúyÓ˚ Ó˚!Óñ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ !fl˛iÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚
òy– ãyòúy !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ ˆîˆÏÖñ õ%!v˛¸ ÖyÁÎ˚y x¢¡ô)í≈ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Ó˚!Ó ˛ôyúyÎ˚– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚
Ó˚!Ó â˛®ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÎyÎ˚ñ îÓ˚ãy ˆÖyúyÓ˚ ãòƒ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
¢yÓ˚yÓ˚yì˛ ÜDyÓ˚ ïyˆÏÓ˚ Ÿ¬üyˆÏò Ñ˛y›˛yÎ˚– ˆüˆÏ°Ï £yÁv˛¸y ˆfi›˛üò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ›˛∆ò ïˆÏÓ˚ ◊#Ó˚yõ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚
â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚ Óı%˛Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸ ¢%üyhs˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ–
¢%üyhs˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚!ÓÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÌy˛ôÑ˛Ìò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ Ó˚!ÓÓ˚ xò%¢Ó˚íÑ˛yÓ˚# ˛ôÌ xy¢ˆÏú
Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôÌñ ˆÑ˛ò xyã Ó˚!ÓÓ˚ ~õò ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ñ ˆÑ˛ò xyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˛ôˆÏÌ á%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓv˛¸yˆÏFäÈ–
ˆÑ˛ò ì˛yÓ˚ xyã !ò!î≈‹T xy◊Î˚ ˆò£z– ¢%üyhs˛ñ Ó˚!ÓˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ î%Û~Ñ˛!îò ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy
ÓúˆÏú Ó˚!Ó ¢îˆÏ˛ô≈ ÓˆÏúñ ÚÚõyÌyÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ äÈyî òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ xyõyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%˛ xyˆÏ¢ ÎyÎ˚ òy–
áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy !â˛hs˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy!õ Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚y£z !ò–ÛÛ2 Óı%˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ Ó˚!Ó ˆÎ
Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢ Ó˚yhfl˛y ¶%˛ú Ó˚yhfl˛y– ˆ¢›˛y ~§ˆÏîy Ü!ú–Û ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ÷ï% xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚– ˆ¢£z Ó˚yhfl˛y
òy ÓîúyˆÏú ã#ÓˆÏò ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ ÌyÑ˛y ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚– ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏî ˛ôˆÏî õ,ì%˛ƒ ¶˛Î˚– ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛
xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyúyˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y– ˆîÁÎ˚yˆÏú Ó˚!ÓÓ˚ !˛ô‡˛ ˆ‡˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚– õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
Ó˚!ÓÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò ïyÁÎ˚y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢y !ì˛ò!›˛ Î%ÓÑ˛ Ó˚!ÓÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛y xˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ xyáyˆÏì˛ !òÿ˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ºyhs˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ¢%ò#ˆÏúÓ˚ Ü“ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 169
ˆîÎ˚– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚y Óï≈òˆÏÑ˛ õyÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏüyï ˆòÎ˚– Ó˚!ÓˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y Óy!v˛¸
!ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛yÓ˚y !ö˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïÓ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ òÎ˚ ãˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y
îú ä%Èˆ›Ï ˛ xyˆÏ¢– ÎyÓ˚y ≤ÃÌˆÏõ xò%¢Ó˚íÑ˛yÓ˚# !äÈúñ ì˛yÓ˚y£z ~Öò ˛ôúyì˛Ñ˛ñ ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ £ì˛ƒyú#úyÓ˚
~Ñ˛›˛y â˛e´Ó)ƒ£ Óy Ó,_ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £Î˚– ~£z Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ xy¢y ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚– Ó˚!ÓÓ˚ £ì˛ƒyÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚
!òoy£#ò xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ñ ü#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £Î˚– Óy!v˛¸ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ õ%¢Ó% ã ˚ ú ÖyÁÎ˚y £Î˚ òy–
xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚!ÓÁ xyÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛Ó˚y £Î˚ òy– ˆäÈy›˛ ˆÓyòˆÏÑ˛ äÈ!Ó x§yÑ˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛Óy: Ó˚Ç
ˆ˛ôò!¢ú ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Ó˚!Ó Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– Óı%˛ñ ¢%üyhs˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yâ˛y ï)!ì˛ ˛ôyOyÓ# ˛ôˆÏv˛¸
xòƒ õyò%°Ï £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢yï xyÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó˚í £Î˚òy– îˆÏúÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ˆÏü xòƒ îˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛õ#≈ Óï≈òˆÏÑ˛
£ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ üy!hs˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ £Î˚– !Óòy ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏî ˆ¢ ≤Ãyí ˆÏîÎ˚– ì˛yÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒˆÏì˛ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚
ˆÑ˛yòÁ v˛z˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚òyñ ˆÑ˛yòÁ !Ó≤’Ó Á xyˆÏ¢ òy– ˆÑ˛yòÁ õ£Í v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ Ó˚!Ó ≤Ãyí
ˆîÎ˚!òñ «%˛o Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ~§ˆÏîy Ü!úˆÏì˛ Ó˚!Ó Á xòƒyòƒ Î%ÓÑ˛Ó˚y £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
¢Ç!«˛Æ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ˆÏÓ˚ñ £z!Dì˛ïõ#≈ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ñ £ì˛ƒyÓ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛!‡˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚íyõˆÏÑ˛ xì˛ƒhs˛
!ò˛ô%íì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
Ú¢§yˆÏÑ˛yÛ É ~£z ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ò#ú% òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛ â˛!Ó˚e– ˆ¢ñ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÎyÜ
ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ãò ÈÙÙÙÈ ÓyÓyñ õyñ Óı%˛ÈÙÈÓyı˛Ó ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛y ¢Óy£zˆÏÑ˛£z ì˛ƒyÜ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– Óì≈˛õyˆÏò â˛Ó˚õ !Ó˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ î§y!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ñ˚ õ,ì˛% ƒÓ˚ õ%ˆÖÏ yõ%!Ö £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú xy¢y ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
òyòy fl˛ø,!ì˛ fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyd¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyã ˆ¢ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¶%˛ú Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
xyã ˆÎñ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ x¢£yÎ˚ñ xyì˛ì˛yÎ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y ï,ì˛– ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ~Ñ˛ õÓ˚í ˆÖúyÎ˚
ˆõˆÏì˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y !˛ôäÈˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ õ%ˆÏv˛¸ ˆÓ§ˆÏïñ !òˆÏÓ˚›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆâ˛yÖ
ˆÓ§ˆÏïñ õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆÓü Óv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏúyÓ˚ ˆÜyÕ‘y ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆ‡§˛y›˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y !fi›˛!ö˛Ç ≤’yfi›˛yÓ˚
!îˆÏÎ˚ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÖÓ˚ˆÏfl˛Àyì˛y ˛ôy£yv˛¸# òî#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ü)ˆÏòƒ G%˛ˆÏú ÌyÑ˛yñ õye !ÓˆÏáì˛ ÖyˆÏòÑ˛
â˛Áv˛¸y ~Ñ˛›˛y ¢§yˆÏÑ˛yˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ ¢§yˆÏÑ˛y ˆ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ò#ú%ˆÏÑ˛
x¶˛Î˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ì˛yÓ˚ õò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛Z˛fl˛∫Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ xyˆÏ¢– !Ñ˛ls˛ ò#ú%ñ !Ó˚!òÓ˚ Ñ˛Z˛fl˛∫Ó˚
÷òˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– !Ó˚!òñ xyà%ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛ÜyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏõ ÌyÑ˛y xòhs˛ õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
!Ó˚!òÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy õˆÏò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– !Ó˚!ò£z ì˛yÓ˚ xyã ~Ñ˛õye xÓú¡∫ò ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%È
¶%˛ˆÏú ˆ¢ñ òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yúÓy¢y ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ñ Ó§yâ˛ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢ñ òy â˛y£zˆÏúÁ ì˛yÓ˚
xÓˆÏâ˛ì˛ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÜÜòîyÓ˚ Ñ˛Z˛fl˛∫Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ xyˆÏ¢– ˆ¢ !ÓÓ˚_´ £Î˚– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ÜÜòîyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈
xò%ÎyÎ˚# ã#ÓˆÏò â˛úˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚£z ò#ú%ñ ¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%È £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÓyÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆüyˆÏò !ò– áÓ˚
ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– ÓyÓyÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÎyÎ˚!ò– ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛y !Ó˚!òÛÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ì˛#Ó xyÑ˛°Ï≈í ˆÑ˛Á ˆ¢
xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ¢õyã ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆ¢ñ xyã xˆÏòÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚– ÜÜòîyÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ î#á≈!îò
x!ì˛Óy!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ K˛yòâ˛«%˛ Ö%ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚– Óì≈˛õyˆÏò xyã ÜÜòîyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ Ñ˛Ìy
!õÌƒy ≤Ãõy!íì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~Ñ˛îy ÜÜòîy ò#ú%ˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú!äÈúñ ÚÚ....@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚
170 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ºyhs˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ¢%ò#ˆÏúÓ˚ Ü“
¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆüˆÏÖyñ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆú Ï ò !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ãòƒ xfl˛f ì%˛ˆÏú òyÁ– ÓˆÏú!äÈˆú Ï ò Óƒ!_´Üì˛
ã#ÓˆÏò ˆ≤ÃõÈÙÙÙÈ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y !Ó¢ã≈ò îyÁ– ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò xyîˆÏü≈Ó˚ ãòƒ Óı%˛Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Á ä%È!Ó˚
õyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Á–ÛÛS3V
¢Ó =ˆÏúy ~Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏD ò#ú%Ó˚ õyÌy =!úˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ˆ¢ñ xı˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ÜÜòîyÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ã#Óò x!ì˛Óy!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢ñ ¢%fl˛iÈÙÈfl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ã#Óò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏ¢– Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓ ÜÜòîy ÈÙÙÙÈ ~¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%È£z õyˆÏòò !òñ !òˆÏã !î!Óƒ ö%˛Ó˚ö%˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã#Óò Ñ˛y›˛yò–
Ñ˛ˆÏúˆÏãÓ˚ îyîy ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˆòì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚!eÑ˛ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ò#ú% ÎÌyÎÌ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈ
ÚÚ....ÜÜòîyÓ˚ õì˛ò õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚y !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yú£z ~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ Óv˛¸ Óv˛¸ Üyú¶˛Ó˚y Óyí# !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓñ ì˛y
÷ˆÏò £Î˚ˆÏì˛y î% â˛yÓ˚ãò ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈyˆÏÓ õ%!_´Ó˚ îÓ˚ãyÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ Óy!Ñ˛ ˆÎ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ˆüy Óy
Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ £yãyÓ˚ ›%˛˛ô›˛y˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÖˆÏ¢ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÎyˆÏÓ xì˛ˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !£ˆÏ¢Ó ˆÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏÓ⁄Û xy!õ ˙
ÖˆÏ¢ ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ îˆÏú–ÛÛS4V Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓ ò#ú% ÓƒÌ≈ £ˆÏúÁñ ˆ¢ñ ≤ÃÓú¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó§yâ˛ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ñ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÁÎ˚y ¶˛yúÓy¢yˆÏÑ˛ xyÓyÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– òî#ˆÏì xyäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ õÓ˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚òy–
xyì˛ì˛yÎ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ˆ¢ñ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ïÓ˚y ˆîÎ˚ òy–
xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ !ì˛ò!›˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò â˛!Ó˚eÓ˚y ˛≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y Ñ˛!‡˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y
ˆÎ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ãˆÏß√ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏv˛¸y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ !Óü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ äÈÎ˚ Á ¢yˆÏì˛Ó˚
îüˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ xÓfl˛iy ˆÎõò !Ó˛ôÎ≈hfl˛ ˆì˛õ!ò Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Á ã!›˛ú
Ó˚*˛ô ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÓyÇúyÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ~£z î%£z îüÑ˛ £ú â˛Ó˚õ ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ îüÑ˛– áˆÏÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚
ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚y ˆÓÑ˛yÓ˚ñ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òì%˛ò !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓ
!Ñ˛ä%È£z £Î˚ òyñ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ õDˆÏúÓ˚ Óy ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õDˆÏúÓ˚ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y îú#Î˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈ Óv˛¸ £ˆÏÎ˚
ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚– Ó˝ Î%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ã#zÓò !Ó˛ôß¨ £Î˚– xyîü≈ ˆòì˛yÓ˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓñ !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚
x¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛yòÁ v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ£z ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ¢ö˛ú £Î˚ òy– xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ !ì˛ò ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ â˛!Ó˚eÓ˚y
Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ñ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ˆv˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈ– îˆÏúÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ü õyòˆÏì˛
!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y Ñ˛ÖòÁ ≤Ãyí ˆîÎ˚ Óy Ñ˛yv˛zˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xydì˛ƒyˆÏÜ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ
v˛z˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ òy– ¢%ò#úñ ~£z !ì˛ò!›˛ ÜˆÏ“ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆò!ì˛Óyâ˛Ñ˛ !îÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛‹Ty
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
ì˛Ìƒ ¢)e ≠
1. xˆÏïÑ≈ ˛ ã#Óòñ ¢%ò#ú ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ xyò® ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 700 014ñ ¢Æõ õ%oí
~!≤Ãúñ 2012ñ ˛ô,¤˛y 303–
2. ˛ ôúyì˛Ñ˛ Á xò%¢Ó˚íÑ˛yÓ˚#ñ ¢%ò#ú ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ Ü“ ¢õ@˘Ã S2Î˚ Ö[˛Vñ !õe Á ˆáy°Ï ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ñ
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 700 073ñ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ õ%oíñ x@˘Ã£yÎ˚íñ 1409ñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 65
3. ¢§yˆÏÑ˛yñ ÓyäÈy£z Ü“ñ ¢%ò#ú ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ õ[˛ú Ó%Ñ˛ £yv˛z¢ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 73ñ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ õ%oíñ
xy!Ÿªò 1402 ¢ò Sˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 1995V ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 219–
4. ì˛ˆÏîÓñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 220
!Ó˛ôíˆÏòÓ˚ Óí≈õyúy ≠ ~Ñ%˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜ“

ˆÑ˛Ô!üÑ˛ õ[˛ú*
Óì≈˛õyò ¢õˆÏÎ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyõÓ˚y ~Ñ˛›˛y Ñ˛Ìy ≤ÃyÎ˚£z ÷ˆÏò Ìy!Ñ˛ ˆÎ xyãÑ˛yúÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚
ˆÑ˛v˛z£z xyÓ˚ ˆ¢¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆúÖy˛ôe Óy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸£z òy– ì˛y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ~›˛y fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛
£Î˚ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ v˛zúˆÏ›˛ ˛ôyúˆÏ›˛ ˆîˆÏÖò !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜ“ ˜òÓ ˜òÓ â˛– Óì≈˛õyˆÏòñ
~ Ñ˛Ìy fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛£z £Î˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜ“ xyãÑ˛yú ü˝ˆÏÓ˚ Óyày!ú ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆì˛õò
xyÑ˛°≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z òy–
Î!îÁ ì˛!úˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏÓñ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛›%˛Ñ%˛ xM˛Èú ü£Ó˚ñ ì˛yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛£z Óy
˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛⁄ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ @˘Ãyõ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ˆë˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü– ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ÜˆÏ“
úy£zˆÏÓ!Ó˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yˆÏì˛ ˆãúy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó£z˛ô_Ó˚ ˆÑ˛òyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú
òì%˛ò òì%˛ò Ó£z ~Ó˚ ˆãyÜyò !òÎ˚!õì˛– xyÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ Ü!ì˛≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚
≤ÃÌˆÏõ£z ˆÎ›˛y õyÌyÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ ì˛y £ú ~¢Ó Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ÖyˆÏòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛ì˛=ˆÏúy
˜î!òÑ˛ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚!ÓÓy¢ˆÏÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜ“ äÈy˛ôy Óı˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îú– ì˛yÓ˚ ÓîˆÏú ~Öò
ì˛yÓ˚y ›˛Ñ˛G˛yú â%˛›˛!Ñ˛ äÈyˆÏ˛ôñ ö˛yãúyˆÏõyˆÏÑ˛ =Ó˚&c ˆîÎ˚–
2017 ¢yˆÏú ~ˆÏ¢ ~Ñ˛Ìy !ò!ÿ˛ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Óúy â˛ˆÏú ˝ã%Ü xyÓ˚ ˝ˆÏÕ‘yv˛¸ ~£z õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛
ü#°Ï≈!Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏ¢ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈˆÏäÈ– ≤Ã!ì˛!îˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ≤Ã!ì˛!îˆÏòÓ˚ òy!Ñ˛ !Óüyú ö˛yÓ˚yÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏFäÈ–
xyˆÏÜÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óì≈˛õyˆÏòÓ˚ Ü“ òy!Ñ˛ !Óhfl˛Ó˚ xòƒ Ó˚Ñ˛õ– xyÓyÓ˚ xòƒ fl˛∫Ó˚Á
xyˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚y ÓˆÏúòñ Îy !äÈú ì˛y£z xyˆÏäÈñ ÓîúyÎ˚!ò !Ñ˛ä%È– ~Ñ˛Ìy fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚y ¶˛yˆÏúy
ˆÎ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ Ñ˛yã ò!®ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ~ÖòÑ˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏò Óyày!ú xyò® ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚
õˆÏì˛y ≤Ãâ˛% Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ¢yõòyÈÙÈ¢yõ!ò– Óúy â˛ˆÏúñ ˆ›˛!ú!¶˛üˆÏò ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ÜˆÏú ˆö˛ˆÏú!äÈúñ
ˆÎ›%˛Ñ%˛ Óy!Ñ˛ !äÈú ˆ¢›%˛Ñ%˛ ˆÖú Ñ˛!¡ôv˛z›˛yÓ˚ñ ˆö˛¢Ó%Ñ˛ xyÓ˚ £zr›˛yÓ˚ˆÏò›˛–1 ö˛ˆÏú ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ~Öò
õ%!‹TˆÏõÎ˚Ó˚ !Óúy¢ SxÓüƒ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ äÈye !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Óyïƒì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óyî ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Óú!äÈV
xÌÓy xyò® v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚í– xÌâ˛ ¢%ˆÏÓyï ˆáy°Ïñ òˆÏÓ˚w !õeÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~õò›˛y !äÈú òy–
Ó˚Ó#wòyÌñ Ñ˛ˆÏÕ‘yú ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ !îˆÏò ˆì˛y ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚£z xòƒ ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ !äÈú– ˆÎõò
v˛zFâ˛ì˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢yÓ˚ á!›˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò ˆì˛õò£z áòˆÏõïy !îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚Óy˚
~ˆÏ¢!äÈˆÏúò ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ~£z ì˛Ó˚&í üyÖy!›˛Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ãòƒ– ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôyŒ›˛yÎ˚ñ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !â˛hs˛y
~Ñ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy– ˙ !â˛hs˛yñ ˆõïy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢,‹T !ü“ Á xòƒÓ˚Ñ˛õ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&Ó˚
!îò Ñ˛ÖòÁ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏòy £Î˚!òñ ˆÎÔÌ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌy ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ ÙÈxyd!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ £ÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty
*ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ fl˛∫yõ# !ÓˆÏÓÑ˛yò® !Ó˚¢yâ˛≈ ˆ¢r›˛yÓ˚ñ ˆÓú%v˛¸ õ‡˛–

172 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôíˆÏòÓ˚ Óí≈õyúy ≠ ~Ñ%˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜ“
¢ÓyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ– Óy!£ƒÑ˛ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ÁˆÏúy›˛ ˛ôyˆÏúy›˛ £ˆÏú !â˛hs˛y ãÜˆÏì˛Á !Ñ˛ä%È òy
!Ñ˛ä%È !Ó≤’Ó xy¢ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ– ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“ ˆÜy˛ôˆÏò !Ñ˛ä%È Óîú xy¢!äÈú–
~Ñ%˛ü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~›˛y ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú î,!‹T¶˛!DÓ˚ ˆÎ
!ÓˆÏü°Ï ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y Óúy ÎyˆÏÓ òy– Üì˛ üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆü°Ï !ì˛ò!›˛ îüÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ Î!î
xyõÓ˚y !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆîÖÓñ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ~Ñ˛£z ¢yˆÏÌ Î%!_´ Á Î%!_´£#òì˛y ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú
¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ÓˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ Îy ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ¢õyãˆÏÑ˛ !Óºyhs˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Üì˛ üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚e Á =íÜì˛ õyò o&ì˛ ÓîúyˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÁ ≤ÃÑ˛›˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ~£z Ó˚*˛ôˆÏÓ˚Öy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ˛ôM˛ÈyˆÏüÓ˚
¢õÎ˚˛ôÓ≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ~ÓÇ °ÏyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ˛ôk˛!ì˛=!ú ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÷Ó˚&
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúó ¢Ω˛Óì˛ ì˛yÓ˚£z ö˛úfl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô ¢_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚eÜì˛ Á
=íÜì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ≤ÃÑ˛!›˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ~ÓÇ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ õ)ú ïyÓ˚y Óy !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò ˆfl˛Àyì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ xˆÏòÑ˛Öy!ò Ó˚&k˛– ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò ~£z ˆfl˛Àyì˛!›˛ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Óyïy≤ÃyÆ £ˆÏÎ˚
ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ úy¶˛Óyò £Î˚!òñ ÓÓ˚Ç ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú Óyày!úÓ˚ õòòü#úì˛yñ !â˛hs˛yü!_´ñ Î%!_´Óyî
~õò!Ñ˛ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ¢,!‹Tü#úì˛y Óƒy£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôÌº‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ !¶˛ß¨ !¶˛ß¨ ÖyˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÓy!£ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚&
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–2 ¢_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ !ì˛ò!›˛ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy!£ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚&
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎõò SÑ˛V ˛ôíƒ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ– SÖV õì˛Óyî ¢y!£ì˛ƒ SÜV !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò ¢y!£ì˛ƒ– ~Ñ%˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛
~£z !ì˛ò!›˛ ïyÓ˚y£z !¶˛ß¨ ÖyˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ–
˛ôíƒ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ÓúˆÏì˛ xyõÓ˚y ˆÓyG˛yˆÏì˛ â˛y£z ˆÎÖyˆÏò ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ˛ôíƒ ¢õyÌ≈Ñ˛– ~Ñ˛ãò
˛ôˆÏíƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎy!Üì˛y ˆÎõò ê´ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎy!Üì˛y
¢õyò– ˛ôíƒ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ£z ì˛y£z £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ â˛y!£îy ˛ô)Ó˚í ~ÓÇ õˆÏòyÓ˚Oò–
¢y!£ì˛ƒõ)úƒ òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Óy ¢%fl˛i ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¶˛yÓòyˆÏÑ˛ !Ó˛ôÎ≈hfl˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ !Ó˛ôß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúy£z !äÈú ~Ñ%˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ~£z ˛ôòƒ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò
˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ– ~Ñ%˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“ ~Ó˚£z ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ õì˛Óyî ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
ïyÓ˚yñ ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò v˛zˆÏjüƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ò!î≈‹T õì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛ ˆõy£@˘Ãhfl˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúy– õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ Ó˚#!ì˛ !äÈú ÚÓ˚yãy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¶%˛ú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò òyÛÛ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ÚÚÓ˚yãy£z {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïÛÛñ ˛ö˛ˆÏú Ó˚yãyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ãòõì˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y
ˆ¢ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ω˛Ó !äÈú òy– !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆ¢¶˛yˆÏÓ£z õì˛Óyî ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓÓ˚&k˛ õì˛
ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ˆÏú£z î%ˆÏ‹TÓ˚ â˛eýhs˛ ÓˆÏú x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ì˛– õì˛Óyîñ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏì˛yÎ˚y £z¢úyõ#
ã!DˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õ ¶˛Î˚B˛Ó˚ òÎ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ £z¢úyõ# ã!DˆÏîÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏì˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&k˛yâ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú
Ñ˛yˆÏö˛Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆã£y!îˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ≤Ãyí !îˆÏì˛ £Î˚ñ xyÓ˚ õì˛Óyî ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ó!£¶)˛≈ì˛ Óy xî#!«˛ì˛
Ñ˛!ÓÈÙÈ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚ïyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xî,üƒ Ü![˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ñ ÎyˆÏì˛ xÓˆÏ£úy Á
v˛zˆÏ˛ô«˛yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ !Óòyü áˆÏ›˛– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛!ÓÈÙÈ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛yòy äÈ§y›˛y £Î˚– ˛ôíƒ ÈÙÈ
!Ó˛ôíˆÏòÓ˚ Óí≈õyúy ≠ ~Ñ%˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜ“ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 173
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ ÓyãyÓ˚ îÖú ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ õì˛Óyî ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ Ó˚y‹T…«˛õì˛y
îÖú Ñ˛Ó˚y ÈÙÈ xÌ≈yÍ ~£z î%£z ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚£z v˛zˆÏjüƒ ïòì˛s˛f ~ÓÇ ˆÜy¤˛#ì˛s˛fˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô%‹T
Ñ˛Ó˚y– ≤ÃÌõ Á !mì˛#Î˚ ïyÓ˚y!›˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ì˛y£z ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛– ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ Á
xyã !Óºyhs˛ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛õ#≈ ¢!e´Î˚ì˛yÎ˚– Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛£z ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Óì≈˛õyò ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ~£z î%£z ïyÓ˚yÓ˚
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ ˆõúÓı˛ò áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈñ xyÜyõ#!îˆÏò ˆ¢£z Óı˛ò xyÓ˚Á î,ë˛¸ £ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏú£z õˆÏò
£Î˚– ~Ó˚£z ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ÷¶˛ˆÏÓyï ~ÓÇ Î%!_´Óyî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢,!‹T £Î˚ !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò ¢y!£ì˛ƒ– ÷¶˛Ó%!k˛Ó˚
!ÓÑ˛yüñ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚õ%_´ õò ~ÓÇ îyÎ˚Ók˛ì˛y ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ¢_yÓ˚ ¶˛yÓïyÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚
£Î˚ !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y– ~Ñ%˛ü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Á ~£z ïyÓ˚y xÓƒy£ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÓ£õyò ÈÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚
xÓú%!Æ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ òy!Ñ˛ ïπÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Óòyü ¢yïò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ õ)ú !Ó°ÏÎ˚–3
¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ≤ÃÓú ¶˛yÇâ%˛Ó˚ñ ¢õyãÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ òì%˛ò òì%˛ò ü!_´ Á v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛Ó˚
ö˛ˆÏú õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚îÓîú Á xò%¢ı˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“Ó˚
üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Á ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò á›˛ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò!›˛ xy¢ˆÏäÈ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò£z–
Ñ˛y!£!ò ö§˛yîy xyÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚e v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôò ~Öò v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãòƒ ÎˆÏÌ‹T òÎ˚ñ ˆÑ˛Óú ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛y
Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢õhfl˛ îy!Î˚c ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ÓˆÏú ~Öò xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy–
ÜˆÏ“ ˆ¶˛ˆÏD v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛!›˛ Ü“ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏFäÈñ xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z Ü“ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“ xy¢ˆÏäÈ òyòyõyeyÎ˚ñ òyòy ¶˛!DˆÏì˛– ~Ñ˛£z â˛!Ó˚e ~Ñ˛£z òyˆÏõ Óy !¶˛ß¨
òyˆÏõ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“ xy¢ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛yˆÏì˛Á òyÈÙÈÑ%˛úyˆÏú ~ÈÙÈâ˛!Ó˚e xy¢ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏFäÈ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢– ÚˆäÈy›˛ ≤Ãyí ˆäÈy›˛ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏú ~Öò !Ñ˛ä%È xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛⁄ ÚˆäÈy›˛
î%ÉÖ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛⁄ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ î%ÉˆÏÖÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛yÖ !îˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ õhfl˛ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ñ ì˛yÓ˚
ã!›˛ú ˆâ˛£yÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ%˛!›˛ú v˛zÍ¢– ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ £*î!˛ôˆÏ[˛ ˆÎÈÙÈ≤ÃÓú ïyE˛y xy¢ˆÏäÈ ì˛y
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ üÓ˚#Ó˚ !Ñ˛ ˆÓ˚£y£z ˛ôyˆÏÓ⁄Û8
~£z xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú !ÓÜì˛ !ì˛!Ó˚ü ÓäÈÓ˚ñ ÎÖò xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ ¢Ó
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyúˆÏ›˛ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òì%˛ò üy¢Ñ˛ñ ~ÖòÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ì˛ÖòÁ– ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏFäÈ @˘Ãyõ
ÓyÇúyÎ˚ x˛ôyˆÏÓ˚üò ÓÜ≈y– ã!õÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ xyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏäÈ òy–
òì%˛ò Óƒ!_´Ó˚ xyˆÏÓÜ Î%_´ £ˆÏFäÈ ã!õÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD– ~Ñ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ £y£yÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü òì%˛ò
!ÓˆÏ_Ó˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ– ¢yõhs˛ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÈÙÈõ®ÈÙÈ!õ!üˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚›˛y !äÈú ì˛y
xy£zò ÓˆÏú ÖÓ≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ– @˘ÃyˆÏõ õyÌy â˛yv˛¸y !îˆÏFäÈ òì%˛ò «˛õì˛y– xòƒ ›˛yòyˆÏ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ò
¢Ó≈e– ~£z !äÈú xy!üÓ˚ ¢õyã Óyhfl˛Óì˛y– ¢_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì%˛õ%ú x!fl˛iÓ˚ òì%˛ò «˛õì˛y– xòƒ
›˛yòyˆÏ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ò ¢Ó≈e– ~£z !äÈú xy!üÓ˚ ¢õyã Óyhfl˛Óì˛y– ¢_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì%˛õ%ú x!fl˛iÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y
Ñ˛Ìy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈˆÏúò ì˛yÓ˚y xy!üˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏ¢ òì%˛ò ¢Ω˛yÓòyÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ e´ˆÏõ î,ë˛¸ £ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚â˛òy
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ xyÓ˚Ω˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– Óúy â˛ˆÏú ¢_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚y Üì˛
üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xy›˛ îüˆÏÑ˛£z ÎyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ «˛õì˛y õˆÏì˛y ˛ôyÖy ˆõúyˆÏúò– ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ òì%˛ò fl˛∫Ó˚
ÓúˆÏì˛ úyÜú òì%˛ò ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy– ¢yïò â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ x!¶˛!ãÍ ˆ¢òñ fl˛∫≤¿õÎ˚ â˛e´Óì˛#≈
ÓîˆÏú ÎyÁÎ˚y ü£Ó˚ì˛ú#ñ @˘Ãyõñ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ !Óòƒy¢ £y!ãÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò–
ì˛Öò ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¶)˛ÓòˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚Á !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yã xÑœ˛yhs˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈò õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y
ˆîÓ#– ˆÓyï Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÓyG˛y ÎyˆÏFäÈ xy!üÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Ñ˛# !Ó˛ô%ú ¢õyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ£ ÓyÇúy
ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜ“ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xy≤’%ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !î!FäÈú– ÷ï% ì˛y£z òÎ˚ ì˛ÖòÁ !Óõú Ñ˛Ó˚ñ ˆãƒy!ì˛!Ó˚w
ò®#ñ Ñ˛õú Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ õã%õîyÓ˚ñ x!õÎ˚¶)˛°Ïí !òãfl˛∫ !ÓˆÏŸ’°ÏˆÏí õyò%°Ï xyÓ˚ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyüˆÏÑ˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ !úÖˆÏäÈò !òãfl˛∫ Ñ˛y!£ò#– xÌ≈yÍ ÓúˆÏì˛ â˛y£z!äÈ ˆÎ xy!üÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z
ÓyÇúy ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜ“ !Ó˛ô%ú ˜Ó¶˛Ó !òˆÏÎ˚ £y!ãÓ˚ !äÈú–Û
xyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È òy ˆ£yÑ˛ñ ~£z Ó_´Óƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xhs˛ì˛ ~Ñ˛Ìy ≤Ãõy!íì˛ £ˆÏFäÈ ˆÎ ˆúÖy õ)úì˛
~Ñ˛!›˛ îyü≈!òÑ˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y– õˆÏò £Î˚ ~£z ¢ì˛ƒ ãß√¢)êÏ ¢õÎ˚ˆâÏ ˛ì˛ò ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ãòƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ
¢ì˛ƒ– òì%˛ò üì˛Ñ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ £yì˛ Óîú áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~Ñ˛Ìy xyã
≤Ãõy!íì˛ Îy !Ñ˛ls˛ Óyhfl˛Óñ Îy !Ñ˛ä%È ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ˆ¢›˛y£z Ü“ òÎ˚– Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îú=ˆÏúy
!òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ «˛õì˛y îÖˆÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÏÎ òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆãy›˛ Ó§yïˆÏäÈ– ~ˆÏÑ˛ x˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛
xyà%ú ì%˛úˆÏäÈ ˆ¢=ˆÏúy xyîˆÏì˛ ÖÓÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ òy ãyˆÏò ÖÓÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÎyãò
ˆÎyãò ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚– ÖÓÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á Ü“ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ¢›˛y Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛Ôüúñ
Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyÓ˚î!ü≈ì˛y ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ ~Ñ˛›˛y ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í ¢yïò â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚG%˛ú!hs˛Ñ˛yÛ
Ü“!›˛ ˆúÖy £Î˚ õye Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ xyˆÏÜñ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ xyãõú Ñ˛y¢ˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ö§˛y!¢– ˆúÖy!›˛Ó˚ ¢õhfl˛
v˛z˛ôyîyò ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÖÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yÜã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– ö§˛y!¢Ó˚ ˆ¢úñ Ñ˛y¢¶˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y
›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ÖÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÁòyÓ˚ !â˛hs˛y ¶˛yÓòy– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyñ ~Ñ˛ãò
¢yÇÓy!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ î,!‹T¶˛!DÈÙÈ¢Ó !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ÚG%˛ú!hs˛Ñ˛yÛ ÖÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛z_#í≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ–
ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢y¡±!ì˛Ñ˛ Ü!ì˛≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÓÏ ≈ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
≤ÃÌˆÏõ£z ˆÎ›˛y ãyòy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ì˛y £ú ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛Ìy ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ ~¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Ó˚â˛òy
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈò Á ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆãˆÏò ˆòÁÎ˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ ~£z ¢õÎ˚˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ˆÑ˛yò
ˆÑ˛yò !ÓˆÏü°Ï á›˛òy Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ òyv˛¸y !îˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È Á ì˛y ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛Ìy ¢y!£ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy v˛z‡˛ˆÏú£z ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy õˆÏò xyˆÏ¢ ì§˛yÓ˚y
£ˆÏúòÈÙÈü#ˆÏ°Ï≈®% õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ !ì˛ˆÏúy_õy õã%õîyÓ˚ñ fl˛∫≤¿õÎ˚ â˛e´Óì˛#≈ñ fl˛øÓ˚í!ãÍ â˛e´Óì˛#≈ñ
¢õˆÏÓ˚ü õã%õîyÓ˚ñ ¢%!â˛ey ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ñ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛ ¢y£yñ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛ì˛ =Æñ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ xyÓ˚Á
≤ÃõÖ% òyòyò Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ì˛ƒÑ˛– ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ~£z ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È Ü“@˘ÃˆsÏ ˛iÓ˚
òyõ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ÓˆÏú ˆòÁÎ˚y ¶˛yˆÏúy ˆÎ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
Ü!ì˛≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÎ ~£z üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ Ö%Ó ˆÓ!ü ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ~õò›˛y Óúy ÎyÎ˚ òy–
≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y£z ~£z ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆúÖyÎ˚ Ñ˛ÖòÁ
Óy ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ òÓ˚òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ ›˛yòy˛ôˆÏv˛¸òñ xyÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ÖòÁ Óy ¢õyãÓyhfl˛Óì˛y
ˆúÖ!ò !£¢yˆÏÓ ïÓ˚y !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆúÖyÎ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È òì%˛ò ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ Á
ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ~ˆÏ¢– ˆÎõò ÈÙÈ ˆÜÔì˛õ Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ú£z!v˛Î˚›˛ Á ˆ¢£z ˆõˆÏÎ˚!›˛Ó˚ Ü“Û ˆì˛
xyõÓ˚y ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Ü“ !úÖˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ÖòÁ ˆÎò â˛!Ó˚e=!ú ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ î%Ó˚Ófl˛iyÓ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy!›≈˛Ç
£ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ì˛Ó% ¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~£z Ü“=!úÓ˚ õ)ú v˛z˛ôyîyò £y¢ƒÓ˚¢ Îy ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ
~£z ¢ÇÑ˛úò!›˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ÜˆÏ“– ¢%Óì˛ â˛e´Óì˛#≈ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ ÚÎyˆÏÓy ÎyˆÏÓy Îy!FäÈÛ ˆì˛ xyõÓ˚y
ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã!›˛ú xyÓˆÏì≈˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#Óò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúñ Ü“=!úˆÏì˛ ì˛y£z
≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆ≤ÃõÈÙÈ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yñ £ì˛yüyñ ˜òÓ˚yüƒñ õyò!¢Ñ˛ mˆÏ®µÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ
ˆÑ˛yòÁ â˛!Ó˚e úv˛¸y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ– Ü“=!ú ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛
Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖyõ%!Ö î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛yd ˆÓyï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ– Óyîú
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ Ü“@˘Ãs˛iˆÏì˛ xyõÓ˚y ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛!Ó˚ Öƒy!ì˛Ó˚ ì˛#Ó ì˛yv˛¸òyÎ˚ õyò%°Ï Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ
ÓîˆÏú ÎyÎ˚ñ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ Óîú áˆÏ›˛ ÎyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ñ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ ì˛y ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚!äÈò Ó˚!â˛ì˛
Ü“=!úÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ– Îy!s˛fÑ˛ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ îÇüˆÏò ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˆäÈî ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚
á›˛òyÁ Ó!í≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È Ü“=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ– ¢%ãyì˛y ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ÚÎy˛ôòÎ%ˆkÏ ˛ ˆõˆÏÎÓ˚ y˚ Û Ü“@˘ÃˆsÏ ˛i
xyõÓ˚y ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛!Ó˚ !ü÷ã#Óò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˜Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ÈÙÈˆÎÔÓòÈÙÈÓyï≈Ñ˛ƒ ˆÓúy ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ ¢õyãñ
ïõ≈ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z òyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òÎ˚ˆÏõÓ˚ !òÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆÓ§ˆÏï ˆö˛úˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– ì˛yÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Ñ˛ÖòÁ òyÓ˚# Ó˚&ˆÏÖ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚ñ Ñ˛ÖòÁ x¢£yÎ˚ ˆ£ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ü“=!ú ˆ¢£z ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìy£z ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈ– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ ÚxyÎ˚úyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆö˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãyÎ˚Üy ˆò£z– Óylfl˛›˛y â˛ˆÏú ˆÜˆÏäÈ
òî#ˆÏì˛Û ~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ v˛zÍ˛ôˆÏú®% õ[˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ü“ Úõy!›˛Ó˚ Óy!üÛ– x!ì˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°Ïñ
Î§yˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ¢%®Ó˚Óò Á ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏü˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ Óy!¢®yñ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãyì˛ƒ!£Ñ˛ ã#Óòñ
î%ÉÖÈÙÈÎs˛fíyñ úv˛¸y£zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ Ñ˛y!£ò# ˆüyòyÎ˚ ~£z ˛@˘ÃˆsÏ ˛iÓ˚ Ú!òì˛ƒÓyãyÓ˚Ûñ Ú!õ◊ ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚yÛñ Ú¢%ÓyúyÓ˚
fl˛∫ãò ˛ô!Ó˚ãòÛ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ÜˆÏ“– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢y¡±!ì˛Ñ˛ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !îÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏò
xyÓ˚Á ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó§yÑ˛ Óîú áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ–6
ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ˆÎ á›˛ˆÏäÈ òy ì˛y òÎ˚ó !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛y ˆì˛õò ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ òy– ì˛yÓ˚
≤Ãïyò Ñ˛yÓ˚í ~£z ˆÎñ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ~£z Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜÔí– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢Í Á
«˛õì˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚y !Ñ˛ä%È!îò xyˆÏÜ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ïπˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £y!U˛õyÇ¢ ˆãyv˛¸y !îˆÏÎ˚
õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏòñ ¢y¡±!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏß√yâ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈£z
ˆÎ ~£z õyïƒõ!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸!˛ôˆÏ›˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ì˛y !òÿ˛Î˚£z £yˆÏv˛¸ £yˆÏv˛¸ ˆÓyˆÏG˛ò ì§˛yÓ˚y–
ì˛y£ˆÏú ì§˛yÓ˚y Ü“ ˆúˆÏÖò òy ˆÑ˛ò⁄ Öƒy!ì˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íy £Î˚ˆÏì˛y Öy!òÑ˛›˛y ˆîÎ˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ
Öƒy!ì˛ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚Á ˆÓ!ü ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖ Öƒy!ì˛ !òÓ˚y˛ôî Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã– !òˆÏãÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ñ
˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Á ˛ôÓ˚#!«˛ì˛ Ó˚#!ì˛!›˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆ˛ôy°Ïõyòyñ ~£z Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏïy ˆ‡˛ˆÏÑ˛–7
xì˛#ò ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢y«˛yÍÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÚxÓüƒ£z ~ˆÏÜyˆÏFäÈ–
~Ñ˛›˛y xyüB˛y £ˆÏFäÈ ˆü°ÏˆÏõü ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ !õˆÏü òy ÎyÎ˚– òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛
ã#Óò Óƒ!_´õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ñ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü ˆúÖy £ˆÏFäÈ– ~ ¢Ó£z ˛ô!ÿ˛!õ ˆîü=ˆÏúyÓ˚ xò%Ñ% ˛Ó˚í–Û
˛ôy £zˆÏFäÈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ xyõÓ˚y üì˛y∑# ˛ôyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îúyõ– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÎò òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
õˆÏò ˛ôv˛¸ú Ñ˛yö˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢£z v˛z!_´ ÚA book must be the axe which smashes the frozen
sea with us.’ Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ ˆÎò ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜ“ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyÓ˚Á ˆÓ!ü ¢ì˛ƒ– £z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ òì%˛ò üì˛y∑#
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ xyÓ˚Á Ñ,˛°åÜ£¥ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ‡˛ˆÏú ˆö˛ˆÏú !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛!¡ôv˛z›˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ G˛Ñ˛G˛ˆÏÑ˛ õyÌy ˜ì˛!Ó˚
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏFäÈ– Ó˚y‹T… ~Öò xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆõyv˛¸ˆÏúÓ˚ îyúyú £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢yÓ≈ˆÏ¶˛Ôõc
!Ó!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏFäÈ– ~£z ¢õyã Óyhfl˛Óì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óì˛≈õyˆÏò ¢!e´Î˚ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚Ó˚y òyòy î,!‹T¶˛!D
!òˆÏÎ˚ xyÖƒyò Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò–
ïyÓ˚y›˛y â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y›˛y â˛úˆÏäÈ£z– £Î˚ˆÏì˛y Óy ˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏòy !Ñ˛ä%È Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢¶˛yˆÏÓ xyÓ˚
¢yõˆÏò xy¢ˆÏäÈò òy– ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ü)òƒfl˛iyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ òì%˛ò òì%˛ò Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚Ó˚y ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ¢ò– òì%˛ò üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ü)òƒîüˆÏÑ˛ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÜú ~Ñ˛G§˛yÑ˛ òì%˛ò Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚– ¢y!îÑ˛
ˆ£yˆÏ¢òñ üì˛îú Ó¢yÑ˛ñ ¢!¡∫ì˛ â˛e´Óì˛#≈ñ xˆÏüyÑ˛ ì§˛y!ì˛ñ ˛ôyÌ≈!ãÍ ¶˛_´ñ fl˛∫yì˛# =£ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚
òì%˛ò fl˛∫Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÇúy ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ î%!òÎ˚yÎ˚ î,ë˛¸ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈò– ~£z üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸yÓ˚
!îˆÏÑ˛Á ÎÖò ˆÓyG˛y ˆÜú ã!õ !Óì˛Ó˚í ¢õyˆÏã Óv˛¸ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyòˆÏì˛ ÓƒÌ≈ ì˛ÖòÁ
~£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyÖƒyò ~£z Óyhfl˛Óì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !úÖˆÏäÈò– ˛ôy!›˛≈ì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ îy˛ôyîy!˛ôñ
õyò%°Ï ˆÎò fl˛∫≤¿£#ò– ˆÑ˛yò Óv˛¸ fl˛∫≤¿ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ õyò%°Ï ¶%˛ˆÏú£z ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ≤ÃÎ%!_´ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚
¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏäÈñ xyÓyÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚Á
¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏFäÈ– Ü!Ó˚Ó ˆîüñ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ Óı˛ñ Ó˝ãy!ì˛Ñ˛ xy@˘Ãy¢ˆÏò ≤ÃyÎ˚ !¶˛«˛yã#Óñ xÌâ˛
Óy£zˆÓÏ ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy¢ˆÏäÈ ì˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ!% _´ñ xy¢ˆÏäÈ xòƒ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏò ¢,!‹T òyòy Ñ,˛ì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ôüú
Îy ~£z xˆÏòƒÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò£z ~ÖyˆÏò Ó˚Æy!ò £ˆÏFäÈ– ~ÁˆÏì˛y ~Ñ˛ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
≤Ã!e´Î˚y– ~Ó˚ ö˛úyö˛ú ˜â˛ì˛ˆÏòƒñ õˆÏòñ xò%¶)˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ñ ÷ï% Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !e´Î˚y òÎ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚
Ü£ò Óƒ!_´ˆÏì˛ Á !Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò xyòˆÏäÈ⁄
~£z ¢Ó ã!›˛ú ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ îyÎ˚ !òÿ˛Î˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ òÎ˚– ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚Á
òÎ˚– ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˆÑ˛Óúõye ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛›˛y Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÓîòü#úì˛yÎ˚ ˆîÖyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Á ˆîÖˆÏì˛Á
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~£zõye ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ¢õ¢ƒyñ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ö%§!›˛òy!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyõ® ÈÙÈ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ î#á≈!îò ïˆÏÓ˚ x!ì˛ î«˛ì˛yÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú ~ˆÏò!äÈˆÏúò xyüy˛ô)í≈y ˆîÓ#– ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú
¢%!â˛ey ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ ~ÓÇ xÓüƒ£z Óyò# Ó¢%– òÓπ£z îüˆÏÑ˛ x£òy !ÓŸªy¢ñ ãÎ˚y ˆáy°Ïyúñ x!òì˛y
x!@¿ˆÏ£y!e ÓyÇúy ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ òì%˛ò ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈò– ~§Óy˚ ˆÎ ÷ï% òyÓ˚#!ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚
Ñ˛ÌÑ˛ ì˛y òÎ˚ñ ˆÜy›˛y ¢õyãˆÏÑ˛ òyòy ˆÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ î,!‹T !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– òì%˛ò üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òÎ˚y
Óyhfl˛Óì˛y– – õyòÓ ¢õyˆÏã ì˛y ÓˆÏ›˛£z Óƒ!_´ õyò%°ÏÁ ˛ôyúˆÏ›˛ ÎyˆÏFäÈ– e´ˆÏõ ˆÑ˛Óú ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛
£ˆÏFäÈ !mïyñ Ñ˛ò›˛∆y!v˛Ñ˛üò xyÓ˚ õyÓ˚ydÑ˛ Ñœ˛y!hs˛– ~Ñ˛£z ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xÓfl˛iy ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ !Ó!â˛e ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛yòy ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ x!ì˛
ì˛Ó˚&í ¢y!îÑ˛ ˆ£yˆÏ¢òñ ¢ãú ˆáy°Ï ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúy ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ î#á≈!îˆÏòÓ˚ xÑœ˛yhs˛ ˛ô!ÌÑ˛
¢yïò â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ˆ¢y£Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ£yˆÏ¢òñ x¢#õ â˛RÓ˚yãñ ¢%Ñ˛y!hs˛ î_ Á üÓ˚!Ó®% ¢y£yÓ˚
ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“– ˆâ˛ì˛òyñ ˆõïy Á v˛z˛ôú!∏˛Ó˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆúÖÑ˛Ó˚y ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛y õyò%°Ï– ˆ¢£z
õ)úïò›%˛Ñ%˛ x§yÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸ ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆv˛yÓy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ Ü[˛# x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓñ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆîˆÏü Ñ˛yˆÏú !Óhfl+˛ì˛ ¢ã#Ó ì˛Æ ≤ÃyíõÎ˚ ÓyàõÎ˚ ˆîü Á õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
!îˆÏÑ˛– ~ˆÏÜyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ñ Ó%!k˛Ó˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆÓyï Á v˛z˛ôú!∏˛Ó˚ !îÑ˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛....–8
õˆÏò xyˆÏ¢ ¢ˆÏúyõò Ó˚&ü!îÓ˚ ˆúÖy ‘Haroun and the sea of stories’ Ü“!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy–
ˆäÈyR ˆäÈˆÏú £yÓ˚&ò õyÓ˚ydÑ˛ !Ó˛ôß¨ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì˛yÓ˚ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓyÓ˚ Ü“ ÓúyÓ˚ «˛õì˛y £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ˆö˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛yÓ˚í xò%¢ı˛yˆÏò ˆ¢ ~Ñ˛ ãyî%Ñ˛Ó˚#ñ õyÎ˚y¶˛Ó˚y !Ó!â˛e x!¶˛ÎyˆÏò ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ì˛yÓÍ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢ÓÓ˚*˛ô# ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ìy¢!Ó˚Í¢yÜÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛–
ˆÎÖyˆÏò !Ó!â˛eÓˆÏí≈Ó˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆfl˛Àyì˛ òyòy !Ó¶˛ˆÏD ˆÖˆÏú ˆÓv˛¸yÎ˚ñ xÌâ˛ ˆÑ˛v˛z ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô
£yÓ˚yÎ˚ òy–
ì˛Ìƒ¢)e ≠
1– x!õÎ˚Ñ˛% õyÓ˚ ÓyÜâ˛# !ÓŸªyÎ˚ò ¶˛yÓòy ÈÙÈ î%¶˛≈ yÓòyñ ≤ÃÌõ Ö[˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ òƒyüòyú Ó%Ñ˛ ~ˆÏã!™ñ
¢Æõ õ%oíñ ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚ 2008 ˛ô,¤˛yÙÈ207ÈÙÈ213
2– x!õÎ˚Ñ˛% õyÓ˚ ÓyÜâ˛#ñ !ÓŸªyÎ˚ò ¶˛yÓòyÈÙÈî¶% ˛≈ yÓòyñ !mì˛#Î˚ Ö[˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ òƒyüòyú Ó%Ñ˛ ~ˆÏã!™ñ
¢Æõ õ%oíñ ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ñ˚ 2008 ˛˛ô,¤˛yÈÙÈ239ÈÙÈ326–
3– ì˛ˆÏîÓñ ˛ô,¤˛y 319ÈÙÈ326–
4– xyÖì˛yÓ˚&Iyõyò £z!úÎ˚y¢ñ ÓyÇúy ˆäÈy›˛Ü“ !Ñ˛ õˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ⁄ !â˛hs˛y¢)e £zr›˛yÓ˚ˆÏò›˛ (http://
www.chintasutra.com) date : 1/1/2017
5– x!¢ì˛Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ S¢¡ôyVñ ÓyÇúy Ü“ ¢ÇÑ˛úòñ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yñ ≤ÃÌõ Ö[˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ
¢y!£ì˛ƒ xÑ˛yˆÏî!õñ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ õ%oí 2008ñ ˛ô,¤˛yÈÙÈÑ˛ÈÙÈë˛–
6– ¢%ò#ú ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ S¢¡ôyVñ ÓyÇúy Ü“ ¢ÇÑ˛úòñ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yñ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ Ö[˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ
~Ñ˛yˆÏî!õñ !mì˛#Î˚ õ%oí 2009ñ ˛ô,¤˛yÈÙÈ 1ÈÙÈ7–
7– xyÖì˛yÓ˚&Iõyò £z!úÎ˚y¢ñ ÓyÇúy ˆäÈy›˛Ü“ !Ñ˛ õˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ⁄ !â˛hs˛y¢)eñ £zr›˛yÓ˚ˆÏò›˛ (http:/
/www.chintasutra.com) date : 1/1/2017
8– x◊&Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ !¢Ñ˛îyÓ˚ S¢¡ôyVñ ÓyÇúy Ü“ ¢ÇÑ˛úòñ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Ö[˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ
xÑ˛yˆÏî!õñ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ õ%oí 2006ñ ˛ô,¤˛yÈÙÈ 1ÈÙÈ12–
˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛ ≠ ˆúyÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˝õy!eÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ

x!˛ô≈ì˛y õ[˛ú*
Ó˚Ó#ˆÏwy_Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó!ü‹T Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ õy!òÑ˛ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ S1908ÈÙÈ1956

!ÖÉV ~Ñ˛ x!Ófl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚ ¢,!‹T £ú Ú˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛Û– ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ òî#ˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ ãòã#Óò
!òˆÏÎ˚ ~ì˛î‰Ñ˛yú ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ òyòyò ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆúÖyˆÏú!Ö ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ˆ¢£z ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ú˛ôpyòî#Ó˚
õy!G˛Û xyãÁ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ £*îˆÏÎ˚ xòòƒ ˜Ó!üˆÏ‹Tƒ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f– xyÓ˚ ~£z !ÓˆÏü°ÏˆÏcÓ˚ ãòƒ
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ xò)!îì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛– xyÓyÓ˚ñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÁ
~£z Ñ˛y!£!ò !òˆÏÎ˚ â%˛úˆÏâ˛Ó˚y !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Ó˝ ≤ÃyK˛ Óƒ!_´– ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ◊k˛y ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ£z
òÓ#ò ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ xyõyÓ˚ xy@˘Ãˆ£Ï Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Ú˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛ É ˆúyÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˝õy!eÑ˛
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜÛ–
ˆúyÑ˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ õõ≈õ)ˆÏú ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛z˛ôyîyòˆÏÑ˛£z xyõÓ˚y ˆúyÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò (Folk
Material) Ó!ú– ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ˆúyÑ˛¢õyˆÏã ~ Ó˚Ñ˛õ xãfl˛À v˛z˛ôyîyò !õˆÏú!õˆÏü ~Ñ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚
£ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– Îy ì˛yÓ˚y Traditionaly ˆ¶˛yÜ Óy ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏäÈ ÓÇü˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÎ˚–
~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòyÈÙÈÑ˛ÖˆÏòy ˆ¢£z ¢Ó ˆúyÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò=!ú Sˆ¢ Material
Óy Nonmaterial Îy£zÈÙÈ£zÈÙÈˆ£yÑ˛V K˛yì˛ Óy xK˛yì˛¢yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%_´ £ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚£z
¢,‹T ˛ô!Ó˚ü#!úì˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ– ö˛ˆÏú ˆúyÑ˛ã Ó˚¢@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!Ó˚ ˛ôyÁòy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢£*îÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛¢õyã
Ó!M˛Èì˛ £ò òy–
÷ï% ÓyÇúy Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ì˛ƒ òÎ˚ñ !ÓŸª¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ~Ñ˛ ¢yv˛¸y ãyÜyˆÏòy v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ £ú
õy!òÑ˛ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚ Ú˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛Û S1936 !ÖÉV– ÓúyÓy˝úƒñ õy!òˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyò¢≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛
ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü !îò=!ú x!ì˛Óy!£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ òÜÓ˚ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚– ì˛y£z fl˛∫¶˛yÓì˛£z
¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏò ≤ÃŸ¿ ãyˆÏÜñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖyˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛ò ~õò xãfl˛À ˆúyÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚
¶˛#v˛¸– !Ñ˛ls˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú~ˆÏ£y Óy£ƒÛ– õy!òˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yˆÏì˛ xy!õ ãyòˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚!äÈñ ~
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ !úÖÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ !ì˛!ò Ó˝!îò ˛ô)Ó≈ÓˆÏDÓ˚ñ ˛ôpyì˛#Ó˚Óì˛#≈ xM˛ÈˆÏú á%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
ˆ¢ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ õyò%°ÈÏ ÙÈãòñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓòÈÙÈã#!ÓÑ˛y Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !ì˛!ò ÁˆÏì˛y≤ÃˆìÏ ˛y¶˛yˆÏÓ
˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ãòƒ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛ˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò Á õyò%°Ï ˆõyˆÏ›˛£z
Ñ,˛!eõ òÎ˚ñ ÎÌyÌ≈£z ì˛yÓ˚y òî#õyì,˛Ñ˛ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ%˛ü#úÓñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyâ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈxyâ˛Ó˚íñ
Ñ,˛!‹TÈÙÈ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛ õy!›˛ÈÙÈõyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Üı˛– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ò!Óv˛¸ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~ ¢ì˛ƒ xÓüƒ£z
ïÓ˚y ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏÓ–
*ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛ ≠ ˆúyÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˝õy!eÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 179
ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò òî# ˛ôpy– ˆ¢£z ˛ôpyÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ ã#!ÓÑ˛y xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ÈÙÈÓˆÏì≈˛ñ
¢%ˆÏÖÈÙÈî%ÉˆÏÖ !îò Ñ˛y›˛yÎ˚ õy!G˛ÈÙÈˆãˆÏú ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyò%°Ïãò– Ó°Ï≈Ñ˛yˆÏú ˛ôpyÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ¢
£z!úˆÏüÓ˚ G§˛yÑ˛– ~£z ¢õÎ˚!›˛ˆÏì˛£z ˛ôpyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛
ˆÓ˚yãÜyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚– ˛ôpyÓ˚ £z!úˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛∫yî ˛ôyÓyÓ˚ xyüyÎ˚ ¢yÓ˚y ÓäÈÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ã ÓyÇúyÓ˚ õyò%°Ï
xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆ¢£z ˛ôpy Á ì˛yÓ˚ ˆãˆÏúÈÙÈõy!G˛ ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã#ÓòÈÙÈã#!ÓÑ˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÖƒyì˛
Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ õy!òÑ˛ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xòÓîƒ ¢,!‹T Ú˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ S1936
!ÖÉV– ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Óy £z!DˆÏì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆúyÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
î,!‹T xyÑ˛°Ï≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
Ú˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ õ)úì˛ ˆÑ˛ì%˛˛ô%Ó˚ @˘Ãyõ Á ˆ¢ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ õy!G˛ Ñ%˛ˆÏÓˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛
ˆÓ‹Tò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !òÓ˚«˛Ó˚ñ ˆÓyÑ˛yñ ÜÓ˚#Óñ xˆÏ“ Ö%!ü ˆÑ˛ì%˛˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆãˆÏú Á õy!G˛
¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓŸªy¢ Á ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !Ó˛ô%ú xy!ï˛ôì˛ƒ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ˆúyÑ˛¢õyˆÏã
≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ Ó˝ãò úy!úì˛ !ÓŸªy¢ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £*îˆÏÎ˚– ˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ õy!G˛ ÜˆÏíüñ õˆÏò
≤ÃyˆÏí !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ É
ÚÚ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛ õyò%°Ï xy!¢ˆÏú ì˛y£yˆÏÑ˛ ÖyÁÎ˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ îy!Î˚c ˆÎ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ òÎ˚ñ !Î!ò ã#Ó
ˆîò ì§˛yÓ˚–ÛÛ
~ÖyˆÏò Ó˝≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÓyî ≠ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ !õúyˆÏÎ˚ Ólfl˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÑ≈˛ Ó˝î)Ó˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy fl˛øÓ˚í
Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ñ.– òî#ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛y¢õyò Ñ˛y‡˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚Á ~£z xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xòƒÓ˚Ñ˛õ
!â˛hs˛yÈÙÈ¶˛yÓòy– ˆ¢£z Ñ˛y‡˛ ì˛yÓ˚y áˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú òy Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ òî#ˆÏì˛ ¶˛y¢õyò Ñ˛y‡˛
!â˛ì˛yÓ˚â˛òyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò£z òî#ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ xyòy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ÷ï% Á£z xM˛Èú òÎ˚ñ ~ÖòÁ ¢yïyÓ˚í
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~ ïyÓ˚íy Óì≈˛õyò–
ˆúyÑ˛¢õyã òyòy ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒ ¶˛Ó˚˛ô%Ó–˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !â˛hs˛y¶˛yÓòy òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z
˛ô,ÌÑ˛– òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ã#Óò Îy ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyñ ˆúyÑ˛ã#Óò ì˛y xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú
Ó,£fl˛ô!ì˛ÓyÓ˚ ˆÎ ïyÓ˚ SÑ˛ã≈V !îˆÏì˛ ˆò£z ~£z ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚˛ ˛ôpyì˛#Ó˚Óì˛#≈ õy!G˛ ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛–
ì˛y£z £#Ó˚&ãƒy‡˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÜˆÏíˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛f# v˛zú%˛ô# â˛yú ïyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú ¢£ˆÏã£z !ì˛!ò ÓúˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚ!Ó°Ï%ƒîÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ã≈ ˆîÁò õyòy–ÛÛ Î!îÁ ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆúyÑ˛â˛yì%˛Ó˚#Ó˚ ¢)- xy¶˛y¢
ú!«˛ì˛ £Î˚–ÛÛ
ˆ¶˛Ô!ì˛Ñ˛ !ÓŸªy¢ñ ¢£ãñ ¢Ó˚ú ˛ôpyì˛#Ó˚Óì˛#≈ ~£z õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò ~Ñ˛ !ÓÓ˚y›˛ fl˛iyò Óy
ãyÎ˚Üy x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£zñ !òã≈ò òî#Ó˚ áyˆÏ›˛ Ú¢ı˛ƒyÓ˚yˆÏeÛ £y!¢Ó˚ üˆÏ∑ Ñ%˛ˆÏÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
õˆÏò ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢M˛ÈyÓ˚ £Î˚ ÈÙÈ
ÚÚ....xyÑ˛!fl˛øÑ˛ £y!¢Ó˚ üˆÏ∑ Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyïõÓ˚y ££zÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ‡˛Ñ˛‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆ¢ Ñ§˛y!˛ôˆÏì˛
ÌyˆÏÑ˛– !òã≈ò òî#ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ı˛ƒyÓ˚yˆÏe ˆÑ˛ £y!¢ˆÏÓ⁄ õyò%°Ï òÎ˚ñ !òÿ˛Î˚ òÎ˚ÊÛÛ
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ˆ¶˛Ô!ì˛Ñ˛ !ÓŸªy¢ xyˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú£z òî#Ó˚ áyˆÏ›˛ ¢yîy Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏe ~Ñ˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛
180 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛ ≠ ˆúyÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˝õy!eÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ
Ó˚õí#ˆÏÑ˛ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˆîˆÏÖÁ Ñ%˛ˆÏÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏò ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢M˛ÈyÓ˚ £Î˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ÚÓ%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
£‡˛yÍ Ñ§˛y˛ô%!òÛ ïˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ãyî%õs˛f ì%˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈì˛yÑ˛ñ ¶)˛ì˛ˆÏ≤Ãì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Óü#¶)˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ=
˚ !ú ˛ôpyì˛#Ó˚Óì˛#≈
xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ !òÓ˚«˛Ó˚ õyò%°Ï=!úÓ˚ õˆÏò Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ˆÓ˚Öy˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛y£z ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚
â˛!Ó˚e ˆ£yˆÏ¢ò !õÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ v˛zˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyñ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚÑ˛# ãyî%õˆÏs˛f ì˛y£yˆÏÑ˛ Óü Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏäÈ ˆúyÑ˛›˛yÊÛÛ
!Ñ˛ÇÓy ˆ£yˆÏ¢ò !õÎ˚yÓ˚ ¶)˛ì˛ÈÙÈˆ≤Ãì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Óü#¶)˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÁ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚõˆÏò £Î˚ xy!ŸªˆÏòÓ˚ G˛v˛¸ òÎ˚ñ ˆ£yˆÏ¢ò !õÎ˚y£z xyõÜyäÈ ˆö˛!úÎ˚y xy!õò%!jÓ˚ Ñ%˛!›˛Ó˚Öy!ò
â)˛í≈ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y !îÎ˚y!äÈú– ˆúyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ÓˆÏú ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¶)˛ì˛ÈÙÈˆÏ≤ÃˆÏì˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ì,≈˛c
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆ£yˆÏ¢ˆÏòÓ˚Á ì˛y£z xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy ˆÑ˛ ãyˆÏòÊÛÛ
ˆúyÑ˛¢õyã ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛#°Ïí¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛y£z xy!ŸªˆÏòÓ˚ G˛v˛¸ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏú
ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y v˛z‡˛yˆÏò !˛ô•!v˛¸ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ˆîÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚG˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˆîÓì˛y Ó!¢ˆÏÓòñ üyhs˛ ££zˆÏÓò–ÛÛ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏü
≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆõˆÏÎ˚!ú Óì˛=!ú ~£z !ÓŸªy¢ ˛ôy!úì˛ £Î˚– !˛ôì˛yÈÙÈfl˛∫yõ# ˛ô%ˆÏeÓ˚ òî# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
!òÓ˚y˛ôˆÏî !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢yÓ˚ Ñ˛yõòyÎ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y Ñ˛˛ôyú ‡˛%ˆÏÑ˛ õï%¢)îòˆÏÑ˛ fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚Á !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏú Ñ˛!˛ôúy v˛zFä¥ÈyˆÏ¢ ˆÑ§˛ˆÏî ˆö˛ˆÏú Á ÓˆÏú ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ xyõyÓ˚ õ%Ö Ó˚yÖˆÏäÈò
ÈÙÈ xy!õ õyòì˛ Ñ˛£zÓ˚y Ì%£z!äÈ ˛ô§yâ˛ ˛ô£yÓ˚ £!Ó˚ú%›˛ !îõ%ÊÛÛ
ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ õì˛ ˆúyÑ˛¢õyã x˛ôˆÏîÓì˛yˆÏÑ˛Á ¶˛#°Ïí¶˛yˆÏÓ õyˆÏò– x!ì˛!Ó˚_´ ¶˛Î˚ Óy ˛ôÎ˚¢y
â%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˛ôy˛ôˆÏÓyï ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ£yˆÏ¢ò !õ~åyÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ òyòy xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ ü!_´Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛“òy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛Öò ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ «˛Î˚«˛!ì˛ Á xüÓ˚#Ó˚# ü!_´Ó˚ Ñ˛y[˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Öyòy ÓˆÏú !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛
£Î˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚáˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛yúy £Î˚ˆÏì˛y òÎ˚ñ £Î˚ˆÏì˛y ˆ£yˆÏ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛ôy°ÏÈÙÈõyòy xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xüÓ˚#Ó˚# ü!_´
ˆ¢!îò ˆÜy!˛ôÓ˚ £§y›%˛ ¶˛y!àÎ˚y !îÎ˚y!äÈúñ.....ÛÛ–
Ñ%˛ˆÏÓˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ fl˛f# õyúyÓ˚ ˛ôy ˆÖ§yv˛¸y £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !£¢yˆÏÓ ¢õyã xfl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ ˛ôy˛ôÈÙÈˆÑ˛
îyÎ˚# Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– õyúyÓ˚ õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ Óyõ%ò ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD x¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏ˛ô£z
õyúyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy ãß√ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yày !äÈú ÓˆÏú ˆúyÑ˛¢õyˆÏã !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~Ñ˛ãò ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˛ôyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ö˛úˆÏ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ xòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚Á ˆì˛y Ñ˛!˛ôúyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£z ˛ôy˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ÙÈ!Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò üy!hfl˛ ˆò£z ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ïüy!¢ì˛ ¢õyˆÏã– ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï
ÓˆÏú£z !Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ Ú¢yì˛=ò õy˛ôÛ⁄ ~!›˛ !Óì˛Ñ≈˛õ)úÑ˛ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ô«˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚– ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú
~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ xyüy Ó˚yÖúyõ–
~ÓyÓ˚ xy!¢ Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛õò¶˛yˆÏÓ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ‹T˛ô,ˆÏ‹T ˆÓ§ˆÏï Ó˚yˆÏÖ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚–
˛ôpyì˛#Ó˚Óì˛#≈ !òÓ˚«˛Ó˚ õyò%°Ï=!úÓ˚ õˆÏò ì˛y Ü¶˛#Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚Öy˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛y£z Ñ%˛ˆÏÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜy˛ô#ˆÏÑ˛ £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏú !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ Ú≤Ã!ì˛õy !Ó¢ã≈ˆÏòÓ˚Û ¢õyò ÓˆÏú ˆúÖÑ˛ Óí≈òy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚ@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏú ˆòÁÎ˚y ≤Ã!ì˛õy !Ó¢ã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õ =Ó˚&ì˛Ó˚
Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚ òÎ˚ ˆãˆÏú˛ôyv˛¸yÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÛÛ
ˆúÖy˛ôv˛¸y xÌ≈yÍ x«˛Ó˚K˛yò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ ˆãˆÏú ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyò%°ÏÓ˚y Óv˛¸£z
v˛zîy¢#ò– ì˛y£z ˆõˆÏãyÑ˛ì≈˛y xòhs˛ ì˛yú%Ñ˛îyÓ˚ !ü«˛y Á fl˛∫yfl˛iƒò#!ì˛Ó˚ K˛yò ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ
ˆãˆÏú˛ôyv˛¸yÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È!îò Îyì˛yÎ˚yì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ úy¶˛ !Ñ˛ä%È£z £Î˚ òyñ ÷ï% ˆãˆÏú˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚
ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓÔˆÏîÓ˚ òyˆÏõ Ñ%˛Í¢y Ó˚ˆÏ›˛– ~£z ~Ñ˛£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí Ñ%˛ˆÏÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛f# õyúyÓ˚ ö˛¢≈y ˆäÈˆÏú £ˆÏú
ˆõˆÏãyÑ˛ì≈˛yÓ˚ òyÏõ ì%˛ˆÏú Ó˚!¢Ñ˛ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛Á ~ ¢õyã !Ñ˛ä%Èõye !mïy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy–
ˆüy°ÏÑ˛ÈÙÈˆüy!°ÏˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÎ !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò ¢¡∫ı˛ ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Á ì˛yÓ˚ xòƒÌy £Î˚ òy ÈÙÙÙÈ ïòOˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
¢ˆÏD Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ÈÙÈÜˆÏíü Óy ã!õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ%˝!Ó˚ ü#ì˛ú ˆáyˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ%˛ˆÏÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚– õyäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÜÓ˚#Ó
Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛›˛y ˛ôÎ˚¢y !îˆÏì˛Á ü#ì˛úÓyÓ%Ó˚ xò#£y– ˆúÖÑ˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ ü#ì˛ú ˆÑ˛yò!îò
}íˆÏüyï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD õˆÏò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ Úâ˛[˛#õDúÛ ~Ó˚ õ%Ó˚yÓ˚#ü#ú â˛!Ó˚e!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy– !Î!ò
Óƒyï Ñ˛yúˆÏÑ˛ì%˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ õyÇ¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢yõyòƒ õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛›˛y ˛ôÎ˚¢yÁ ˆüyï
!òˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ òyñ Ñ˛yúˆÏÑ˛ì%˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ !Öv˛¸!Ñ˛ îÓ˚ãy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
˛ôpyì˛#Ó˚Óì˛#≈ ˆãˆÏú¢õyˆÏãñ Ñ˛òƒy˛ôí ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛– ÜˆÏíü v˛zú%˛ô#ˆÏÑ˛ áˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏò ˆì˛£zü
›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôí !îˆÏÎ˚– Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ Á ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜy˛ô#Ó˚ ãòƒ ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôí !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
ˆäÈy›˛ ÓÎ˚ˆ¢Ï £z ˆõˆÏÎˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ !ÓÓy£îyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚#!ì˛ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ !äÈú– !ÓÓy£ òy £ˆÏú ¢õyˆÏã ˆúyÑ˛!ò®yÓ˚
¶˛Î˚ !äÈú– ì˛y£z ˆÜy˛ô#Ó˚ ~ÜyˆÏÓ˚y ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!õˆÏÎ˚ òÎ˚ ÓäÈÓ˚ Óúy £ˆÏúÁ ì˛y !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ÎˆÏÌ‹T !äÈú–
Non-material Óy Ólfl˛!òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ ˆúyÑ˛v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ≤ÃÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛y[˛yÓ˚ !Óüyú–
≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¢õhfl˛ ˆîˆÏü£z ≤ÃÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢%≤Ãyâ˛#òÑ˛yˆÏú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z â˛ˆÏú xy¢ˆÏäÈ–
ˆîüÈÙÈÑ˛yúÈÙÈ¢õyãÈÙÈ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ÈÙÈ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüÈÙÈïƒyòïyÓ˚íyÈÙÈãÜÍÈÙÈ£zì˛ƒy!î õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ x!ã≈ì˛
x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü£z £ú ≤ÃÓyˆÏî– xÌ≈yÍ ~Ñ˛£z Ñ˛Ìy î#á≈!îò ˆúyÑ˛õ%ˆÏÖ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏì˛
≤ÃÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢,!‹T £Î˚– ≤ÃÓyî ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õì˛ £ú ÈÙÙÙÈ
“A proverb is a saying, usually short, that expresses a general truth
about lift”.
õy!òÑ˛ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚Á ˆãˆÏú ¢¡±îyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ú˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢
Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ £#Ó˚&ãƒy‡˛y â˛yú ïyÓ˚ òy ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ÜˆÏíü ÓˆÏú ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚÖy!ú !òÓyÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ !îÓyÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–ÛÛ
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ÜˆÏíˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÚÚã#Ó ˆîò !Î!òñ xy£yÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÓò !ì˛!òÛÛ
£zì˛ƒy!î ≤ÃÓyˆÏîÓ˚ £z!Dì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ˆúyÑ˛¢D#ì˛ £ú ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢õyãã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ,k˛ Á ≤ÃyíõÎ˚ xy!DÑ˛– xy÷ˆÏì˛y°Ï
¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÚÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛¢y!£ì˛ƒÛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ ÚÚÎy£y ~Ñ˛!›˛õye ¶˛yÓ xÓú¡∫ò
Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y Ü#ì˛ ££zÓyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Á ˆúyÑ˛¢õyã Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ ˆõÔ!ÖÑ˛ ≤Ãâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛y£yˆÏÑ˛£z
ˆúyÑ˛ÈÙÈÜ#!ì˛ ÓˆÏú–ÛÛ ˛Ú˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˆÎ ˆúyÑ˛¢D#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚
ì˛yˆÏì˛ õ)úì˛ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ xyˆÏÓîò ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÜˆÏíü ¶˛yˆÏúy Üy£zˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏúÁ ˆ¢
~Ñ˛!›˛ Üyò ÜyÎ˚ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ÚÚˆÎ Îy£yˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓyˆÏ¢ ˆ¢ ì˛y£yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÎ˚ òy ˆÑ˛òÛÛ ~£z Ü¶˛#Ó˚
¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óƒ_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ ˆ£yˆÏ¢ò !õÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ Á xyõÓ˚y ¢%Ö# îy¡ôì˛ƒã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ˛ô)í≈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü#ì˛
÷!ò ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚxyï§Ó˚ Ó˚y£zˆÏì˛ xyüõyò ã!õò ö˛yÓ˚yÑ˛ Ñ˛£zÓ˚y ˆÌyÁ
ˆÓyòï%ñ Ñ˛ì˛ á%õy£zÓy
Ó§yˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!Ó v˛y£zˆÏò ˆ˛ôyúy xyÑ˛yü ö˛¢ú ˆÓ˚yÁ–
!õÎ˚y Ñ˛ì˛ á%õy£zÓy–
!òî‰ ¶˛yˆÏD òyñ !îú ãyˆÏÜ òyñ !Ó!ÓÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !üÓ˚ñ
˛ôy!v˛¸ !îÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÜúñ õy!G˛ ì˛Ó% !ÌÓ˚ ÈÙÈ
õy!G˛ Ñ˛ì˛ á%õy£zÓy–ÛÛ
xyˆÏÓ˚y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Üyò xyõÓ˚y ÜˆÏíˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ ÷!ò ÈÙÈ
!˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛£zÓ˚y ãµ£zúy õúyõ ¢£zñ xy ˆúy ¢£zÊ
xyÁò ÎyÁò ¢õyò ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ñ ãv˛zúy â%˛Ñ˛y ˜îÊ
xy ˆúy ¢£z–
ÌyÑ˛!úÛ áˆÏÓ˚ äÈƒyâ˛ò ˆÑ˛õòñ ˆë§˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏú !â˛v˛¸y ˆÎõòñ
!ÓˆÏîü ˆÜ!úñ õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛ôyv˛¸ò ¶˛y£zãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˜ÖÊ
xy ˆúy ¢£zÊ
¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !ü÷ñ õïƒÓÎ˚¢# Óy ÓÎ˚fl˛Ò ÈÙÈ ¢õhfl˛ õyò%°Ï£z Ü“˛ôyÜú– ì˛y£z
˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ Ü“ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãyâ˛#òñ ¢Ó≈yˆÏ˛ô«˛y xyî,ì˛ Á ¢Ó≈ãò Ü,£#ì˛– ˆ¢£z ÜˆÏ“Ó˚
!Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛=!ú ◊&!ì˛˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÎ˚ xyãÁ â˛ˆÏú xy¢ˆÏäÈ– xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ xyõÓ˚y ˛ôy£z Ó˚y¢%Ó˚
õ%ˆÏÖ Óúy õÎ˚òym#ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Ü“– ˆ¢ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆ¢ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü“ ÷!òˆÏÎ˚ ¢Óy£zˆÏÑ˛ xyÿ˛Î≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
Á ¶˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yˆÏì˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓyˆÏ¢– Î!îÁ Ü“=!ú ˆÓü#Ó˚¶˛yÜ£z !äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛“òy ≤Ã¢)ì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚÈÙÙÙÈÓyá !¢!D– Óyá !¢!DÓ˚ òyˆÏõ v˛Ó˚y£zúy⁄ Ñ˛# òy£z õÎ˚òym#˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Á⁄ ¢y˛ô Îy xyˆÏäÈ
~Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛›˛yñ xyhfl˛ õy£zòˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ˚ !Üúy ÖyÎ˚Ê ¢%õ%®%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ%˛!õÓ˚ ¶˛yàyÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ƒy xy£z¢y õy£zòˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ˚
›˛y£zòy !òÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÛÛ
~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ%˛ˆÏÓˆÏÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆë§˛!Ñ˛ xyˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢£z ˆë•˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ Ü“ ÓúyÓ˚
¶˛!DˆÏì˛ !ÓÓ,ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ xyõÓ˚y Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛ÌyÓ˚ ≤Ã¢D ˛ôy£z– Ñ%˛ˆÏÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôD% fl˛f# õyúy Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛Ìy
ÓˆÏú– ˆ¢ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛ÌyÓ˚ Ó˚yãyñ Ó˚yí#ñ Ó˚yãÑ˛òƒyñ Ó˚yã˛ô%eñ Ó˚y«˛¢ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~õò ˆÑ˛yò xyˆÏÓ‹Tò#
˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏì˛ ¢Óy£zÈÙÈì˛yÓ˚ ¢hs˛yòÓ˚yñ !˛ô!¢ñ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓü#Ó˚yñ ~õò!Ñ˛ Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚Á xyÑ,˛‹T £Î˚
Á !òÉüˆÏ∑ ˆüyˆÏò–
ÚÚõyúy Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛Ìy ÓˆÏú– õyúyÓ˚ õyÌyÎ˚ v˛zÑ%˛òñ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ õy!›˛ñ ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏò ˆäÈ§v˛¸y î%Ü≈ı˛ Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ñ
ì˛y£z ~ ¢õÎ˚›˛y ˆ¢ ˆÎ Ñ˛ì˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y !òÖ%§ì˛ ¶˛oõ!£úyñ x¢yõO¢ƒ ì˛y£y fl˛ô‹T Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y
ˆîÎ˚–....
!v˛Ó!Ó˚Ó˚ !üÖy!›˛ |ïπ≈Ü ˆï§yÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆö˛yÎ˚yÓ˚yñ õyÌyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ â˛yú ˛ôâ˛y üˆÏíÓ˚ñ â˛y!Ó˚˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚
ˆîÎ˚yú ˆâ˛Ó˚y Ó§yˆÏüÓ˚ñ ¢§ƒyì˛ˆÏ¢§ˆÏì˛ ˆë˛v˛z ˆì˛yúy õy!›˛Ó˚ ˆõˆÏG˛– xy!îõ x¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ‹Tò#–
x!¶˛òÎ˚ ¢%õy!ã≈ì˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚–ÛÛ
v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyúyÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛Ìy ÓúyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ Óí≈òy õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚ ◊#Ñ%˛õyÓ˚
ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚÚÓ˚*˛ôÑ˛ÌyÛ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚÓ°≈íõ%ÖÓ˚ Ó˚y!eó !hfl˛!õì˛≤Ãî#˛ô Ü,£ó xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ü,£ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏí xyˆÏúy äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ú#úyâ˛M˛Èú
ò,ì˛ƒó ¢ˆÏÓ≈y˛ô!Ó˚ Ñ˛“òyÈÙÈ≤ÃÓí xyüyÈÙÈxyÑ˛yCy v˛zˆÏmú !ü÷£*îÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ‡˛yÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆfl˛¨£!¢_´
¢Ó˚¢ñ ì˛Ó˚ú Ñ˛Z˛fl˛∫Ó˚óÛÛ
ˆ¢yòyÖy!úÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆõúyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ xy¢y xß¨ÓyÓyÓ˚ õy‡˛ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ~Ñ˛!›˛
fl˛iy!òÑ˛ Óy xyM˛È!úÑ˛ Ñ˛y!£ò# ˆúÖÑ˛ v˛zm,ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~ xM˛ÈˆÏú ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ¶˛Î˚yòÑ˛ î%!¶≈˛«˛
£ˆÏú ~Ñ˛ ¢ß¨ƒy¢# ~ˆÏ¢ õyˆÏ‡˛ xyhfl˛yòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Á ~Ñ˛ !ÓÓ˚y›˛ xß¨¢)e ˆÖyˆÏúò– !òˆÏãÓ˚
ÓúˆÏì˛ ¢ß¨ƒy¢#Ó˚ ˆ¢Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˆÑ˛yò ¢¡∫ú òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ˆüyòy ÎyÎ˚ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ xyÿ˛Î≈ «˛õì˛y
!äÈú– ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏîü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z ÓˆÏv˛¸y ÓˆÏv˛¸y ã!õîyÓ˚ õ£yãˆÏòÓ˚yÁ ˆ¢£z xyˆÏîü
˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛ÈÙÈõˆÏò õˆÏò â˛yúñ v˛yú ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ !îì˛– ≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚ ¶˛oÜ,£fl˛i Óƒ!_´ !òˆÏãÓ˚y£z ì˛y Ó˚yßÿ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î%!¶≈˛«˛ÈÙÈ˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛ òÓ˚òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ xß¨ !Óì˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– ˆ¢£z ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~£z õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ òyõ xß¨ÓyÓyÓ˚
õy‡˛ òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
v˛zÍ¢Ó ¢õyãã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈ xD– ÚÓyày!úÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓy˚ õyˆÏ¢ ˆì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˛ôyÓ≈òÈÙÈxyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˆì˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˛ôyÓ≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ñ Îy Óyày!úÓ˚ ¢Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛ v˛zÍ¢Ó Úî%Ü≈y˛ô)ãyÛ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö
xyˆÏäÈ– ˆÑ˛ì%˛˛ô%Ó˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõ ã!õîyÓ˚ÓyÓ%ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô)ãy £Î˚– ˆ¢£z ˛ô)ãyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ë˛yÑ˛ÈÙÈˆë˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ£ ¢yÓ˚y @˘ÃyˆÏõ v˛zÍ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ Óyì˛yÓÓ˚í ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚–
Úî%Üy≈ ˛ô)ãyÓ˚Û !ÓãÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ â˛ì%˛îü≈#ˆÏì˛ Ú¶˛y¢yòÎyeyÛÓ˚ xy¢Ó˚ ÓˆÏ¢ xy!õòÓy!v˛¸ˆìÏ ˛– Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ñ
ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜy˛ô#ˆÏÑ˛ £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏú ˆîÖˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ¢yÓ˚yÓ˚yì˛ Ú¶˛y¢yòÎyeyÛ ˆîˆÏÖ– ˆ¢£z ¶˛y¢yòÎyeyÎ˚
â§˛yî¢îyÜÓ˚ÈÙÈõò¢yÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£ò# ì˛Ìy Úõò¢yõDˆÏúÛÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£ò# x!¶˛òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã¢D xyˆÏäÈ–
Ú!ë˛õy£zÎ˚y !ë˛õy£zÎ˚y x!¶˛òÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúñ õy õò¢y ~Ñ˛›˛y Üyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ â§˛yî¢yÜÓ˚ î%ˆÏ›˛y Ñ˛ì˛y
ÓˆÏúñ õ,ì˛ ú!Ö®Ó˚ v˛z!‡˛Î˚y ~Ñ˛›˛y Üyò Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y xyÓyÓ˚ õ!Ó˚Î˚y ÎyÎ˚–ÛÛ
Ó˚yïyÈÙÈÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ õï%Ó˚ !õúò ˆîyúv˛zÍ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã¢DÁ ˛ôy£z Ú˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢–
Ñ˛!˛ôúyÓ˚ ›˛yˆÏò Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆîyˆÏúÓ˚ !îò ì˛yÓ˚ Ÿª÷Ó˚Óy!v˛¸ â˛Ó˚v˛yàyÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆ¢ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîyúv˛zÍ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ õˆÏòyÓ˚õ î,üƒ ~ÓÇ ˆîyˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˚yãyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%®Ó˚ Óí≈òy xyõÓ˚y xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢
˛ôy£z ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚÜyïyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y «%˛oÑ˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!â˛e ¢yˆÏã ˆîyˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˚yãy x!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏ‹T
Ó!¢Î˚y xyˆÏäÈñ ÜúyÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆäÈ§v˛¸y ã%ˆÏì˛yÓ˚ õyúyñ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜy›˛y îˆÏüÑ˛ !äÈß¨ÈÙÈ!¶˛ß¨ ãyõyñ
â˛y!Ó˚!îˆÏÑ˛ úv˛¸Óv˛¸ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y G%˛ˆÏúˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈ xˆÏòÑ˛=!ú ˆäÈ§v˛¸y òƒyÑ˛v˛¸y–ÛÛ
Ó˚ˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆõúyÓ˚ ≤Ã¢DÁ Ú˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢yòyÖy!ú @˘ÃyˆÏõ
Ó˚ˆÏÌÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy xyˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢yòyÖy!úÓ˚ ã!õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚Ì xß¨ÓyÓyÓ˚ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏü
¢yì˛!îò ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ v˛zúˆÏ›˛yÓ˚ˆÏÌÓ˚ !îò xyÓyÓ˚ ã!õîyÓ˚Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚Áòy £Î˚– Ó˚Ì Á Ó˚ˆÏÌÓ˚
ˆõúyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛òy !ã!ò¢˛ôeˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆãˆÏú˛ôyv˛¸yÎ˚ Ó˚#!ì˛õì˛ v˛zÍ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyˆÏõã ˜ì˛!Ó˚
£Î˚–
ˆúyÑ˛¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ üyÖy=!úÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÑ,˛ì˛ xÓ≈yâ˛#òÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ¢,!‹T–
xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ≤Ã¢D ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ–
Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ xò%Ñ˛) ú ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ˆ£yˆÏ¢ò !õÎ˚y £Î˚ˆÏì˛y Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ì˛–
ˆ¢=!ú£z õ%ˆÏÖ õ%ˆÏÖ ≤Ãâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ üì˛y∑# ïˆÏÓ˚ ã#!Óì˛ ÌyÑ˛ì˛ Á î)Ó˚î)Ó˚yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÑ˛ì%˛˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yò ö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ ˆ£yˆÏ¢ò ¢yˆÏ£ˆÏÓÓ˚ îÓ˚ÜyÎ˚ òyõ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ì˛– ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ
Î%ÜˆÏúÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖ õ%ˆÏÖ äÈv˛¸y Ó§yïyÓ˚ ≤Ã¢DÁ v˛z!Õ‘!Öì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˆúyÑ˛â˛úyâ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õyïƒõ !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆòÔÑ˛y Á ˛ôyú!Ñ˛ÈÙÈÓ˚ ≤Ã¢D xyˆÏäÈ–
õy!G˛ Á ˆãˆÏú ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ñ ˆòÔÑ˛y ¢Ó¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢D#ÈÙÙÙÈxyÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ó!í≈ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ õy!G˛ ÈÙÈ ˆãˆÏú ÈÙÈ ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£ò#ñ ì˛y£z ˆòÔÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˝ú ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ
ˆòÔÑ˛y äÈyv˛¸y ˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ã#Óò xâ˛ú– Óì≈˛õyˆÏò ˛ôyú!Ñ˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ˆì˛õò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
ú!«˛ì˛ £Î˚ òy–
Ú˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ xyõÓ˚y ˛ô)Ó≈ÓˆÏDÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛¶˛y°Ïy ì˛Ìy ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
v˛z˛ô¶˛y°Ïy ÚÓDyú#ÛÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôy£z– Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ î,‹Tyhs˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ü#ì˛úÓyÓ% Á Ñ%˛ˆÏÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÌy˛ôÑ˛Ìò ÈÙÈ
Ú˛ôÎ˚¢y Ñ˛y£zú !îõ% Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚–
Ó!úÎ˚y ˆ¢ â˛!úÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚Á ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ˛ôy Óyv˛¸y£zÎ˚y ˛ôy Óyv˛¸y£zÎ˚y Ó!úúñ Ó˚ò
ˆüì˛úÓyÓ%ñ xõò cÓ˚y Ñ˛£zÓ˚y Îy£zˆÏÎ˚ò òy– îyõ›˛y îƒyò ˆî!Ö–
Ñ˛y£zúy !îõ% Ñ˛£zúyõ ˆÎ⁄
x§£zñ xÖò îƒyò– Öyõ% òy– ˆ˛ôyúyˆÏÜy ÖyÁÎ˚yõ% òy⁄
˛ôÎ˚¢y òy£z ˆì˛y !îõ% Ñ˛#⁄ Ñ˛yú !îõ%ñ !òÎƒ¢ !îõ%–ÛÛ
ˆúyÑ˛¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zÍÑ,˛‹T !õúòfl˛iú £ú £y›˛ ÈÙÈ ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢
Ú¢%Óâ˛ò#Ó˚ £yˆÏ›˛ÛÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
Ó˝!ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ÈÙÈÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Á xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ v˛z!Õ‘!Öì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆÎõò ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ£yˆÏ¢ò !õÎ˚yÓ˚
≤ÃÌõ fl˛f# Óì≈˛õyˆÏò Á ˆ¢ !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓÓy£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ñ Ñ˛!˛ôúyÓ˚ fl˛∫yõ# üƒyõyîy¢ Á Ñ˛!˛ôúyÓ˚
Óì≈˛õyˆÏò xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓÓy£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÈÙÈ Ñ˛!˛ôúyˆÏÑ˛ áˆÏÓ˚ fl˛iyò ˆîÎ˚ òy– xyÓyÓ˚ñ õÎ˚òym#ˆÏ˛ô
~òyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ x¢õy!ãÑ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ xyõÓ˚y ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ñ õy!òÑ˛ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ú˛ôpy
òî#Ó˚ õy!G˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˛ôpyì˛#Ó˚Óì˛#≈ xM˛Èú ì˛Ìy ˛ô)Ó≈ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò !Ó!¶˛ß¨¶˛yˆÏÓ
!â˛!eì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛õyÕ‘y Á ˆãˆÏúˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò x¶˛yÓ !â˛Ó˚¢D#ÈÙÈ!Ó˛ôîñ xy˛ôî
Á !˛ôä%È äÈyˆÏv˛¸ òyñ ì˛Ó%Á ~£z ÜÓ˚#Óñ ¢£ãñ ¢Ó˚ú õyò%°Ï=!ú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ¢yÓ˚yÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚◊õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚Á ¶˛yˆÏì˛Ó˚ x¶˛yÓ ÎyÓ˚y ˆõ›˛yˆÏì˛ x«˛õ ì˛yÓ˚yÁ â˛yÎ˚
~Ñ˛›%˛ ì,˛!Æ «˛!íˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyò®– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏòÁ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚¢ˆÏÓyï ÈÙÈ xyÓ˚ ~£z Ó˚¢ˆÏÓyï
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ãß√ ˆòÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆúyÑ˛¢y!£ì˛ƒ– ˆÎ=!úÓ˚ v˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z ÖÓÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖ òyñ Ó˚yˆÏÖ òy
!£¢yÓ– ˆÎ=!ú Î%ˆÏÜ Î%ˆÏÜñ Ñ˛yˆÏú Ñ˛yˆÏú x!Ófl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏò ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
ˆúyÑ˛¢,!‹T=!ú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyõÓ˚y !òˆÏ¡ÿ_´ ≤ÃŸ¿ v˛zay˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
Á òî# ˆÓ˚ñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛Ìy ÷ïy£z ÷ï% ˆì˛yõyˆÏÓ˚
Óú ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˆîüñ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˆò£z !Ñ˛ â˛úyÓ˚ ˆü°Ï...–
ì˛Ìƒ¢)e ≠
1– õy!òÑ˛ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ˛ôpyòî#Ó˚ õy!G˛ñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ ˆÓDú ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ ≤Ãy£zˆ¶Ï ˛›˛ !ú!õˆÏ›˛v˛ñ
1936
2– xÓ˚&íÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛õyñ ˆîÛã ˛ôyÓ!ú!üÇñ 2010
3– xy÷ˆÏì˛y°Ï ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ñ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛¢y!£ì˛ƒñ ≤ÃÌõ Ö[˛ñ ~ õ%Öyã#≈ xƒyu˛ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!ò ≤Ãy£zˆÏ¶˛›˛
!ú!õˆÏ›˛v˛ñ 2004
4– v˛. õÎ£yÓ˚&ú £z¢úyõñ ˆö˛yÑ˛ˆÏúyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ Á ˛ô‡˛òÈÙÈ˛ôy‡˛òñ xÓ¢Ó˚ ë˛yÑ˛yñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ
xyÜfi›˛ ÈÙÈ1667
ÓyÇúy ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü Á ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü“

¢%î#˛ô ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚*
ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Óƒy!Æ ¶)˛Óò ˆãyv˛¸yñ ì˛y ÷ï%õye Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y Óy ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ ¢#õyòyÎ˚
xyÓk˛ òÎ˚– ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ fl˛∫í≈Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ö˛¢ˆÏú ¢yÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ~õò!Ñ˛ ¢õ@˘Ã !ÓŸª ˛ô!Ó˚ÓƒyÆ
ì˛Ìy v˛zI#!Óì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛õye ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¶)˛Óò !£¢yˆÏÓ
˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ !äÈú– ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú ˛ô)Ó≈ÓˆÏDÓ˚ ë˛yÑ˛y !mì˛#Î˚ ¶)˛ÓˆÏò ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ú– ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
!Óhfl+˛!ì˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ ~ÖyˆÏò£z ˆÌˆÏõ ÌyÑ˛ú òy– ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢B˛›˛ Á x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ !Ó˛ôß¨ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
xyd≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ú ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¶)˛ÓòÈÙÙÙÈÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛y– v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô)Ó≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚
xy¢yõ Óy x¢õ òyõÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ î%!›˛ òî#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ £ú Ó·˛˛ô%eñ Á˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚
òyõ Óv˛¸Óe´ Óy Ñ˛úÇõy Óy ÓÓ˚yÑ˛– ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ òî#!›˛ xyÓyÓ˚ Ñ%˛!üÎ˚yÓ˚y Á ¢%Ó˚õy òyˆÏõ î%!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏÜ
¶˛yÜ £ˆÏÎ˚ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛– Ó·˛˛ô%e òî#Ó˚ ì˛#Ó˚Óì˛#≈ xM˛Èú Ó·˛˛ô%e v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛y
~ÓÇ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ Ñ%˛!üÎ˚yÓ˚y òî#Ó˚ ì˛#Ó˚Óì˛#≈ xM˛Èú ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ÈÙÈÑ%˛!üÎ˚yÓ˚y Óy ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛y òyˆÏõ
¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– Ñ˛yäÈyv˛¸ñ Ñ˛!Ó˚õÜO Á £y£zúyÑ˛y!®ÈÙÈ~£z !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆãúy myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛y xM˛Èú– Ó·˛˛ô%e v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÎ˚ õ)úì˛ x¢õ#Î˚y ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
Ó¢Óy¢– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆîü!Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)Ó≈ÓyÇúy xï%òy ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ xÖ[˛ ¢%Ó˚õy
v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢ÇÎ%_´ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Óyày!ú ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˛Ó¢!ì˛
xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÑ,˛ì˛ ˆÓ!ü–
xòƒyòƒ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ≤ÃÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ~ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ£z ~£z xM˛Èú xˆÏòÑ˛
ˆÓ!ü ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yì˛– ˆäÈy›˛Ü“£z ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ÈÙÈÑ%˛!üÎ˚yÓ˚y òî#Ó˚ Ó˚¢¢Oyì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ~£z ¶)˛ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ãòã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛
õ)ì≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– ÚÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛y ˆÎ î%É!Öò# Óí≈õyúyÓ˚ ¶)˛!õñ î%ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚yò#Ó˚ ˆîüÈÙÙÙÈ–Û1
ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò G˛Ó˚òyÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛y â˛yúì˛y ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ¢y!Ó˚Ó˚ ö§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ö§˛yˆÏÑ˛ !ü!üÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ãy
v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ ãòÈÙÈã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ äÈ!Óñ Ñ˛ÖòÁ Óy v˛z@˘Ã˛ôs˛iyÓ˚ !òõ≈õì˛yñ ¢#õyhs˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚ ãã≈!Ó˚ì˛
¢#õyhs˛Óì˛#≈ ãòõyòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x¢ˆÏhs˛y°Ïñ x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ G%˛G˛ˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛y x¢£yÎ˚ Óyày!úÓ˚ ò#Ó˚Ó
≤Ã!ì˛Óyî ≤Ã!ì˛!òÎ˚ì˛ ¶˛y°Ïy ˛ôyˆÏFäÈ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ xÓÎ˚ˆÏÓ– ì˛y£z Úx!òüÛ S1969V !Ñ˛ÇÓy Úüì˛e´ì%˛Û
S1973VÈÙÈÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˛ô!eÑ˛y ˆÜy¤˛# !Ñ˛ÇÓy üƒyõˆÏú®% â˛e´Óì˛#≈ñ !õ!ÌˆÏúü ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ñ G%˛õ%Ó˚
˛ôyˆÏ[˛ñ Ó˚òÓ#Ó˚ ˛ô%Ó˚Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛i ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !òÓ˚ú¢ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹TyÎ˚ !ò!õ≈ì˛ Ü“¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¶)˛ÓòÈÙÙÙÈî)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
£ˆÏúÁ ì˛yˆÏì˛ ˆÎò Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÓ˚ Ñ˛Z˛fl˛∫Ó˚£z ¶˛yfl˛∫!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚– ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ÈÙÈÑ%˛!üÎ˚yÓ˚y v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü“ÈÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚
¶˛y°Ïyñ ¶˛yÓ ~ÓÇ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ÈÙÈ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ xyÑ,˛‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚
Ü“=!úˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=ˆÏúy !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ xyõÓ˚y !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶˛yˆÏÓ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛!Ó˚– ˆÎõò ÈÙÙÙÈ
*ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ñ Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å !õüò !Óîƒyõ!®Ó˚ñ ˆÓú%v˛¸ õ‡˛–
ÓyÇúy ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü Á ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü“ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 187
v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ ãòã#Óòñ ¢#õyhs˛ ¢õ¢ƒyñ Óyày!ú ãy!ì˛Ó˚ x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ñ v˛z@˘Ã˛ôs˛iy ¢õ¢ƒy
≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛–
v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ ãòã#Óò É
ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#=!úÓ˚ ≤ÃˆìÏ ˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚£z fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È– Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È
xyúyîy xyúyîy ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ñ v˛z˛ô¶˛y°ÏyÜì˛ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z ~ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ xy!î
Óy!¢®yñ ˆÎõòÈÙÈõyv˛¸ñ !v˛õy¢yñ ú%¢y£zì˛ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z Óy xòƒe ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãß√¶)˛!õÓ˚
!üÑ˛v˛¸ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ xy¢y ¢¡±îyÎ˚– ~£z ˆüˆÏ°Ïy_´ ¢¡±îyÎ˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
‘When tea was discovered in upper Asam, it was found to be even
better than what was grown in China, The local population did not
want to work the plantations, so the British brought workers from Bihar,
Telengana and Mysore.’2 xÌ≈yÍ ~£z xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y Óv˛¸ xÇü
õ)úì˛ Ó!£Ó˚yÜì˛ ¢¡±îyÎ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚y õ)úì˛ ã#!ÓÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ı˛yˆÏò ~£z xM˛ÈˆÏú ~ˆÏ¢ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
G%˛õ%Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏ[˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ú¢%Ö ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ Ü“Û ˆì˛ Ó˚yõÓy!¢Î˚y òyõÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ Ó,k˛y v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ õ!£úyÓ˚
ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ ãòã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xyüyÈÙÈxyÑ˛yCyñ
≤Ãy!ÆÈÙÈx≤Ãy!Æ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ ì˛Ìy x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒyˆÏÑ˛– Ó˚yõÓy!¢Î˚y fl˛∫yõ# ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒ_´
¢Ó≈ ˛ô!Ó˚ãò£yÓ˚y ~Ñ˛ Ó,k˛y– ~Ñ˛õye òy!ì˛ ú«˛#®Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
ˆäÈyR ¢%ˆÏÖÓ˚ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#– !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò xyï%!òÑ˛ ¢õyã ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ¢¶˛ƒ xyï%!òÑ˛
î%!òÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢#õyòy äÈy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyáyì˛ £yˆÏò v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ ãòã#ÓˆÏòÁ– â˛y ÓyÜyˆÏò ˛ôy!ì˛ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚
Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óv˛¸ £ÁÎ˚y Ó˚yõÓy!¢Î˚yÓ˚ £zˆÏFäÈ !äÈú !òˆÏãÓ˚ òy!ì˛›˛yˆÏÑ˛Á â˛y ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã
!òÎ%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢õÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ ú«˛#®Ó˚ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú£y!õ ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚ ˆ›˛ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚
ˆîyÑ˛yò !îÓÛ– xy¢ˆÏú ú«˛#®Ó˚ ~Öò Úˆâ˛y!Ó˚ ˆâ˛y!Ó˚ â%˛˛ôˆÏÑ˛ â%˛˛ôˆÏÑ˛Û Üyò ˆüyˆÏòñ Ú!Ñ˛úyÓáˆÏÓ˚Û
!›˛ !¶˛ ˆîˆÏÖ– xyï%!òÑ˛ ¢õyã ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ xyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ ˆÜy¤˛# ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
!òÎ˚õÈÙÈÓ˚#!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xyÓk˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ òy– Ó˚yõÓy!¢Î˚y xyÓ˚Á ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚
¢õyã ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò=ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛– ˆ¢ ˆîˆÏÖ ÈÙ ÚxyˆÏÜ ˛ô)ãyÎ˚ Îyey £ˆÏì˛y ë˛˛ôÁ £ˆÏì˛y–
Óy¢hs˛# ˛ô)ãyÎ˚ £ˆÏì˛y Ó˚yõyÎ˚í Üyò– ~Öò ¢Óy£z ˛ô)ãyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ !¶˛!v˛Á ˆîˆÏÖ...~Öò xyÓ˚
ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆì˛õò õò¢y ÜyòÁ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy–Û3 ÷ï% ì˛y£z òÎ˚ñ ˆ¢ ÷ˆÏòˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚxyãÑ˛yú òy!Ñ˛
ˆúy¶˛ò#Î˚ ¢Ó !ã!ò°Ï !Ñ˛òˆÏì˛ üÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆÓâ˛ˆÏäÈ ˆÜÓ˚fl˛i áˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆõˆÏÎÓ˚ y˚ – ¶˛jÓ˚ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆäÈˆúÏ Ó˚yÁ
òy!Ñ˛ õ%ˆÏÖ Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ ˆÓ§ˆÏï £yˆÏì˛ !Ó˚¶˛ú¶˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ v˛yÑ˛y!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ Ó˚yˆÏì˛–Û v˛z˛ôãy!ì˛
4
ã#ÓˆÏò xyï%!òÑ˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ~£z ÜˆÏ“ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Ó˚yõÓy!¢Î˚yÓ˚ xò%¶˛ˆÏÓÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚–
¢#õyhs˛ ¢õ¢ƒy É
v˛z_Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó˚yãƒ=!ú ¢#õyhs˛Óì˛#≈ xM˛ÈˆÏú xÓ!fl˛iì˛– ì˛y£z !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚Ñ˛õ ¢#õyhs˛
¢õ¢ƒy ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÎ˚ Á !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶˛yˆÏÓ !Óîƒõyò– fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ~£z xM˛Èˆú Ï Ó˚ ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“Á
188 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ÓyÇúy ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü Á ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü“
ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ x!Ó˚!ãÍ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#Ó˚ Ú!òÓ˚yú¡∫Û ÜˆÏ“
ÓyÇúyˆÏî!ü !£®% Î%ÓÑ˛ ˆ¢ÔõƒÓ˚ ¶˛Î˚ñ £ì˛yüyñ xyüB˛yñ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛Ó˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ü!_´Ó˚
≤Ã¶˛yÓ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ î%£z ÓyÇúyÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ Ñ§˛y›˛yì˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢#õyhs˛ ì˛yÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ x!fl˛iÓ˚ì˛yÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ
Ñ˛yÓ˚í £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏü ¢ÇÖƒyúá% ¢¡±îyÎ˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ Ó¢Óy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ òyòy x¢%!ÓïyÎ˚ ˆ¢
ÓyÇúyˆÏîü ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÎ˚ Ó¢!ì˛ Üv˛¸yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ¶˛yˆÏÓ–
xy¢ˆÏú Ñ%˛!üÎ˚yÓ˚y òî#Ó˚ î%˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ î%£z Ñ˛!Ó˚õÜˆÏOÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ !äÈú òy– !Ñ˛ls˛
ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyúá% !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ xì˛ƒyâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ˆ¢Ôõƒ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¶)˛Ö[˛ˆÏÑ˛
!òˆÏãÓ˚ ÓˆÏú ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò– v˛z˛ôÓ˚ls˛ !£®% xï%ƒ!°Ïì˛ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ ¶)˛ÖˆÏ[˛ õ%¢!úõˆÏîÓ˚ xyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏí
xÓyÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ˆ¢ Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈú ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú¢ÇÖƒyúá% £ÁÎ˚y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ~Ñ˛ãò ¢yõyòƒ
!Ó˚:yâ˛yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ xyd≤Ãì˛ƒÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚ ~£z xM˛Èˆú Ï ú«˛ƒí#Î˚ñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ !£®%ˆîÏ Ó˚
õˆÏïƒ £yãyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛y!›˛ xhs˛ˆÏ¶˛≈î# ¢yâ≈˛ úy£z›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ö§%ãˆÏúÁ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ı˛yò ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ
òy– !£®%Ó˚y ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ¢îy ¢s˛fhfl˛ñ ì˛›˛hfl˛–Û5 ~ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ õ%¢!úõˆÏîÓ˚ xyd≤Ãì˛ƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD
≤Ãõy!òì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyúá% xyÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¶)˛ÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒyúá%ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfl˛iy
xyÓ˚ Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ñ ¢õyò òÎ˚– ì˛y£z ãß√¶)˛!õ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ¶)˛ÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛
v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛y£z ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ó¢ÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ!ü v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ# Á ÎÌyÌ≈ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
Î!îÁ xò%≤ÃˆÓÏ ü ¢Çeýhs˛ Óyïy ~ÓÇ ¢#õyhs˛˛ôyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Óy!¢®y £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢ £zˆFÏ äÈ Óyhfl˛Óy!Î˚ì˛
£Î˚ òy– î%£z Ñ˛!Ó˚õÜˆÏOÓ˚ ¢#õyòyÎ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ î,!‹T â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¢#õyòyÎ˚ v˛zˆÏv˛¸ â˛úy
!Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÑ˛yÑ˛=ˆÏúy v˛zˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏv˛¸ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ òî# ˆ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÇúyˆÏîü Îy!FäÈú–
xyÓyÓ˚ Ñ%˛!üÎ˚yÓ˚y ˆ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢!äÈú– ˆÑ˛yòÁ !Ó. ~¢. ~ö˛.ñ !Ó. !v˛.
xyÓ˚. Ñ˛§y›˛yì˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓv˛¸y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xy›˛Ñ˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚!äÈú òy– xy£y Î!î ˆ¢Ôõƒ Á£z Ñ˛yÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
õˆÏì˛y £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ì˛–Û6 Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ xõ¢,í õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛“ÈÙÈ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ ~£z xyüyÎ˚ ˆü°Ï
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ú!òÓ˚yú¡∫Û Ü“!›˛–
!£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢!úõ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ É
ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ˛ô)Ó≈ÓyÇúyÓ˚ !£®%ÈÙÈÓyày!ú xò%≤ÃˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÎ˚
!£®% Óyày!úÓ˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– xyÓyÓ˚ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢#õyhs˛Óì˛#≈ xM˛Èú £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚
õ%¢!úõ ïõ≈#Î˚ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÁ ~ÖyˆÏò Ñ˛õ !äÈú òy– ‘... Bengali-Hindu immigrants
(different classes, educated and uneducated) ao Assam were mainly
refugees, who had to leave their homeland under duress. The displaced
Bengali muslims were mainly uneducated poor people, who crossed
the border and settled in Assam in the quest of better economic
possibilities....–’7 ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ î%£z ¢¡±îyÎ˚ Ó˝!îò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~£z xM˛ÈˆÏú ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÖÈÙÈî%ÉˆÏÖ ü!Ó˚Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ £yòy£y!òÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ â˛y˛ôy ˆ«˛y¶˛– xyÓyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y î%É¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛ ¶%˛ˆÏú !õˆÏú!õˆÏü
~Ñ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
˛ôÓ˚õ ¶˛Ryâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Úxy£y Î!î x£!ò!ü îyDy £ˆÏì˛yÛ ÜˆÏ“ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ~£z xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚
v˛z¶˛Î˚ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy– Ü“!›˛ 1991 ¢yˆÏú Ú{üyòÛ òyõÑ˛ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ˛ôˆÏe
≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ ÓyÓ!Ó˚ õ¢!ãî ïπÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%ÈÑ˛yú xyˆÏÜ– xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ ÜˆÏ“ x˛ô% ˆÜ§yv˛¸y Óy·˛í
˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢hs˛yò £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ïõ≈¶˛yÓòyÎ˚ Ó˚«˛íü#ú !äÈú– x˛ô%Ó˚ õy ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ îyDy £yDyõyÓ˚
Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü õyÌy òy ÜúyˆÏúÁ ~£z›%Ñ%˛ ˆÓyˆÏG˛ ˆÎ ÈÙÙÙÈÛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yˆÏòÁ õ%¢úõyˆÏòÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚
¢£ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¶˛ˆÏ›˛õy!›˛ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈòñ ~ÖyˆÏòÁ ÁˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÓ˚ˆÏ›˛ ÓÇüÓ,!k˛ñ Óy!v˛¸áÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˆÎˆÏì˛
Óyïƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓñ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈˆÏúˆÏîÓ˚ £zIì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓòyÈÙÈ ÙÈì˛y£z õyÌy ˆ¢yãy Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ î§yv˛¸yÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ£z
G˛yˆÏõúy ¢yö˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖy ¶˛yˆÏúy–Û8 xòƒ !îˆÏÑ˛ x˛ô%Ó˚ !î!î ì˛y˛ô¢# Á îyîy Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛ Ú!£®%ˆÏîÓ˚
ˆ«˛yˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆÓyˆÏG˛ñ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ xòƒyÎ˚ ˆÓyˆÏG˛ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ò,üÇ¢ì˛y Óy ¶˛[˛ ˆÜ§yÎ˚yì%≈˛!õˆÏÑ˛
ÁÓ˚y á,òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–Û ì˛ˆÏÓ ~ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ â˛!Ó˚e x˛ô%Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòyÎ˚ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛y ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛
≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– îyîyÓ˚ Óı%˛ ˆîÓyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Ñ˛ˆÏÌy˛ôÑ˛ÌˆÏò ˆ¢ ãyòyÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ Úõ%¢úõyˆÏòÓ˚
ãˆÏòƒ xy£zò xyúyîyñ ÁÓ˚y £yãyÓ˚›˛y !ÓˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ÈÙÙÙÈ 100 ˆÑ˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˝ÈÙ˝ Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ îü ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚
ˆîv˛¸ˆÏüy ˆÑ˛y!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ ˆîˆÏÓ ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢ƒy›˛y!òÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏ¢≈¢ òy ˛ôÛˆÏv˛¸£z Óı˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ÈÙÙÙÈ â)˛v˛¸yhs˛
ö˛ƒyòy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆõyÕ‘yˆÏîÓ˚ x!@¿î,!‹TÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ˛ô ˛ôÛˆÏv˛¸ ¢y£Óyò% õyõúyÓ˚ ¢%!≤Ãõ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ≈›˛Ó˚ Ó˚yÎ˚›˛y£z
ò¢ƒyì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓñ xyÓ˚ Óúy £ˆÏÓ Ó˚yõõ!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓúyÎ˚ xyîyúì˛ õyˆÏòy ÈÙÙÙÈ ~›˛y !Ñ˛ õˆÏÜÓ˚
õ%ú%Ñ˛⁄Û9 ˆîÓyÎ˚ò x˛ô%Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ v˛z_Ó˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
Î%!_´Óyî# ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !£®% ~ÓÇ õ%¢!úõ ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛z¶˛Î˚ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚
õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ#≈Î˚ ˆÜ§yv˛¸y!õÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&k˛ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛–
ì˛ˆÏÓ ~ Ü“ !£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢!úõ !ÓÓyî !îˆÏÎ˚ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏúÁ ˆü°Ï £Î˚ ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò £z!ì˛Óyâ˛Ñ˛
¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚– îyDyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ_´ Ó˚_ý_´ x˛ô% ~Ñ˛!îò fl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ ˆáyˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ Ú˜Ü!Ó˚Ñ˛
¢ß¨ƒy¢#Ó˚Û õˆÏì˛y xy=ˆÏòÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ xfl˛f £yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãò Ñ˛üy£zˆÏÑ˛– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ¢ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ôˆÏÑ˛– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ïõ≈ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˆò£z– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÷ï% ~Ñ˛›˛y£z ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ì˛yÓ˚y Ñ˛üy£z– ïˆÏõy≈ ß√yîòyÓ˚ ÓˆÏü x˛ô% £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È Ó˝ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ !ò‹ôy˛ô õyÈÙÈÓyÓy ¶˛y£zˆÓÏ yòˆÏÑ˛–
xyã ˆÎò ˆ¢ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ö§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛£z Ó˚_ý_´ £ˆÏFäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õyñ !î!îñ
îyîy– ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛y !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# ~£z Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòy£z Óƒ!Oì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆõyv˛¸ˆÏÑ˛–
v˛z@˘Ã˛ôs˛iyÓ˚ x!¶˛üy˛ô É
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y v˛z_Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ì˛Ìy ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÁ v˛z@˘Ã˛ôs˛i#
¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚ ãã≈!Ó˚ì˛– !v˛õy¢y !Ñ˛ÇÓy ú%¢y£zì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ã!D ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ~
xM˛ÈˆÏú Ó˝ !îò ïˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ¢s˛fy¢– Ó˝ ¢yïyÓ˚í ãòõyòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏ_´ Ó˚_ý_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
~ˆÏîÓ˚ ò,üÇ¢ £yì˛– ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“ ì˛y£z ~£z ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ äÈ!Ó v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ xì˛ƒhs˛
ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈˛ô)í≈ ¶˛yˆÏÓ–
!ÓãÎ˚y ˆîˆÏÓÓ˚ ÚäÈyÎ˚y˛ôÌÛ ÜˆÏ“ ÓÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÜO ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ Úõyë˛¸Û Á Ú!v˛õy¢yÛ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚
v˛z@˘Ã˛ôs˛iyÓ˚ äÈ!Ó ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆ@˘ÃˆÏòˆÏv˛Ó˚ xyáyˆÏì˛ ãò¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏò fl˛iyò#Î˚ ã!DÓ˚y
¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ xyì˛B˛– ÓƒyB˛ ú%‡˛ !Ñ˛ÇÓy òyòy ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óy˝ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ≤Ãõyí !îˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ x!ì˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í Óƒ!_´ òˆÏ®Ó˚ õˆÏòÁ ≤ÃŸ¿
ãyˆÏÜ ÈÙÙÙÈ Úî%!›˛ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#£z xyì˛ˆÏB˛Ó˚ £yì˛ ïÛˆÏÓ˚ !òã !òã ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ,!k˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúy
ˆîÖyˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢›˛y Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢Ω˛Ó....–Û10
v˛z@˘ÃÓyî#ˆÏîÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD 1971 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ õ%!_´Î%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆÓîòyÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ–
ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ xM˛ÈˆÏú Ó¢ÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ ò®Ó˚y !äÈú ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÓy¢#– ÖyòˆÏ¢òyˆÏîÓ˚ xÑ˛Ìƒ
xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ ¢£ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚– ÚÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ v˛yõyˆÏõyú ò®Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛õye !˛ô!¢ Ñ˛yãÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛
ÖyòˆÏ¢òyÓ˚y ˆ›˛ˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚....ÖyòˆÏ¢òyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛!∂Ó˚ ˆãyÓ˚ !äÈú ÓU˛ñ ~ÖyˆÏòÁ ÚõyÓ˚ÛˆÏîÓ˚
â˛Áv˛¸y Ñ˛!∂ ˆîˆÏÖ ò® ¶˛Î˚ ˛ôyÎ˚ñ Ú!v˛õyäÈyÛˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛!∂ xÓüƒ ˆîˆÏÖ!ò ò®–ÛÛ11 ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
Óí≈òyÎ˚ !õˆÏú!õˆÏü ~Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ÖyòˆÏ¢òy Á õyÓ˚ÈÙÈ!v˛õyäÈy ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ã!DˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ô–
xy¢ˆÏú v˛z@˘Ã˛ôs˛iyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ãy!ì˛ ˆÜye ˆ¶˛î £Î˚ òy– ˆîüÈÙÈÑ˛yúÈÙÈfl˛iyòÈÙÈ˛ôye !ò!Ó≈ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
ãß√ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ !òÑ,˛‹T Ñ˛#›˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ– ò® !Ñ˛ÇÓy ì˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓy £yÓ˚yïˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y õyò%°ÏÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
xyì˛ˆÏD Ó˚yˆÏì˛ á%õyˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏúÁñ ÚÓy!ú£§y¢ˆÏîÓ˚Û õˆÏì˛y ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ v˛zˆÏv˛¸ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÁ
¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ÎyÓyÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛yòy ˆÎ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈÊ ì˛y£z !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yú£z
ì˛yÓ˚y v˛z@˘Ã˛ôs˛iyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ õyÓ˚£z ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Z˛òyú#Ó˚
ö˛ƒy!Ó˚Ç¢ÈÙÈ~–
Óyày!úÓ˚ x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢B˛›˛ É
xy¢yˆÏõ* Óyày!úÓ˚ x!hfl˛c Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ â˛ˆÏú xy¢ˆÏäÈ Ó˝ îüÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ–˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈
¢õˆÏÎ˚ xy¢yˆÏõÓ˚ xÜ˛ô Sx¢õ Üí ˛ô!Ó˚°ÏîV ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ xy¢yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z xy¢yˆÏõ
Óyày!ú ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆö˛úyÓ˚ â˛eýhs˛ â˛úˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚
1951 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ Óyày!ú !òïò ÎK˛ ÈÙÈ ÚÓàyú ˆÖîy xyˆÏ®yúòÛ–
~õò!Ñ˛ Óyày!úˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ Ó˚Ñ˛õ îyÓ#ÈÙÈîyÁÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÓÏ ˚ ¢!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ 1960 !Ö‹TyˆÏ∑Ó˚ 10£z xˆÏQyÓˆÏÓ˚
˛ôyü £ÁÎ˚y Ó˚yãƒ¶˛y°Ïy !ÓˆÏú x¢õ#Î˚yˆÏÑ˛ xy¢yˆÏõÓ˚ ~Ñ˛õye ¶˛y°Ïy !£¢yˆÏÓ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y
£Î˚–
* !Ó!ãÍÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ¶˛Ryâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ Úx¢õÛ òyˆÏõÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ x¢!õÎ˚y ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyïyòƒ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ £Î˚ñ
~ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ Óyày!úˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛yÓ˚í Ó˚#!ì˛ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ì˛y £ˆÏÓ Úxy¢yõÛ– [o. 19ˆü ˆõ ~ÓÇ xy¢yˆÏõ
Óyày!úÓ˚ x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ñ ˛ô,. 33]
~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏî Óyàyú#ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò Ñ˛Öò£z ˆÌˆÏõ ÌyˆÏÑ˛!ò– ì˛yÓ˚y ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ
¢Ç@˘Ãyõ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~£z â˛eýˆÏhs˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛– xÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï xyˆÏ¢ 1961ÈÙÈÓ˚ 19ˆü ˆõ !îò!›˛ñ ˆÎ!îò
!üúâ˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚úˆÏfi›˛üˆÏò x!£Ç¢ ¢ì˛ƒy@˘Ã£#ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ =!ú â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏ◊í#Ó˚ ò,üÇ¢yÓ˚
!òõ≈õ ≤Ãõyí ˆîÎ˚ xy¢yõ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– õyì,˛¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ¢¡øyò Ó˚«˛yˆÏÌ≈ ≤Ãyí !Ó¢ã≈ò ˆîÎ˚ 19ˆü ˆõÓ˚
xõÓ˚ ~Ñ˛yîü ü!£îÈÙÈ Ñ˛õúyñ üâ˛#wñ ¢%ò#úñ Ó#ˆÏÓ˚wñ Ñ˛yòy£zúyúñ ¢%ˆÏÑ˛yõúñ â˛[˛#â˛Ó˚íñ
¢ˆÏì˛ƒwñ !£ˆÏì˛üñ Ñ%˛õ%îÓ˚Oò Á ì˛Ó˚í# ˆîÓòyÌ– ÚxÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ~£z ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˆãˆÏÓ˚ xy¢yõ
!Óïyò¢¶˛yÎ˚ Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚ ¢ÇˆÏüy!ïì˛ ¶˛y°Ïy xy£zò– Ñ˛yäÈyv˛¸ ˆãúyÓ˚ ãòƒ ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛
xy˛ôyì˛ ÎÓ!òÑ˛y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ¶˛y°Ïy xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚– xy¢yˆÏõ ~Öò î%!›˛ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ¶˛y°Ïyñ
Ó·˛˛ô%e v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ x¢!õÎ˚yñ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ÓyÇúyñ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy
£zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã–Û12
üƒyõˆÏú®% â˛e´Óì˛#≈Ó˚ Úõyò%°Ï õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ãòƒÛ ÜˆÏ“ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z x¢!õÎ˚y ãy!ì˛!ÓˆÏmˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ x!hfl˛c Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ úv˛¸y£zˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ Óyày!úÓ˚ î,Æ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî– £#ˆÏÓ˚ò Ó·˛˛ô%e v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚
~Ñ˛ ˆäÈyR ü£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛yÑ%˛Ó˚#Ó˚ì˛ Î%ÓÑ˛– ˆ¢ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓyˆÏ¢ Ó˚&˛ôy!ú òyˆÏõÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ x¢õ#Î˚y ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛–
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ãy!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ¶˛y°ÏyÜì˛ !ÓˆÏ¶˛î ÌyÑ˛y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ì˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏÑ˛ x˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ö%Ó£z Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÓ˚–
¶˛y°ÏyÜì˛ !ÓˆÏ¶˛î ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò î)Ó˚c ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– !Ñ˛ls˛ ü£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÖˆÏÜò õ£hs˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y
x¢!õÎ˚y !ÓˆÏm°ÏÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ÚãÎ˚ xy£z x¢õÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛yˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚yÎ˚ ¢yÓ˚y Ó·˛˛ô%e v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛y
ÌõÌˆÏõ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ü£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óyày!úÓ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ¢s˛fhfl˛– ÖˆÏÜòˆÏîÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íyÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ Úx¢!õÎ˚y
¶˛y°Ïy Ñ,˛!‹T ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ xy!ã ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ì˛ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ áòy£z xy£zˆÏäÈ– xyÓ˚& ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ÓDy!ú
ˆ£ îyÎ˚#–Û13 !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~ ïyÓ˚íy ˆÎ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ºyhs˛ £#ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒ ì˛y fl˛ô‹T– £#ˆÏÓ˚ò
!ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ Óyày!ú £ˆÏúÁ xy¢yõ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚Á Ó˚yãƒ– xy¢yˆÏõÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢
Óyì˛ƒ òÎ˚– xy¢yˆÏõÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ì˛y£z Îì˛›˛y x¢!õÎ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ñ ì˛ì˛›˛y ì˛yÓ˚Á– ì˛y£z ÖˆÏÜò õ£hs˛ˆÏîÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xòƒyòƒ fl˛iyò#Î˚ Óyày!úˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏú ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî ¢¶˛y– xòƒyòƒˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛
~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ xy¢yÓ˚ xy£¥yˆÏò ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ Úxy˛ôòyÓ˚y ÷ï% Óyàyú#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy òy ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÎ
¢õhfl˛ !â˛hs˛yü#ú x¢!õÎ˚y õyò%°Ï Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚Á ›˛yò%ò– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚Á xÇü#îyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚&ò– ˆì˛õò
õyò%°ÏÁ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò ÎyÓ˚y ÷ï% ˆ¢!^˘›˛ˆÏõ^˘›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò òy– ~Ó˚¢ˆÏD ¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛
Ó˚yãƒ Ü‡˛ò !Óú!›˛ òyÑ˛â˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ îyÓ# ì%˛ú%ò–Û14 £#ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !â˛hs˛yü#ú Î%ÓÑ˛£z £ˆÏÎ˚
v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ~ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî# ¢_y– e%´k˛ ãy!ì˛!ÓˆÏm°Ï# x¢!õÎ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚
˛ôˆÏ«˛£z Óúy ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ÙÙÙÈÚxy¢yõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÓ...õˆÏò Ó˚yÖˆÏÓ xy!õÁ xy¢yˆÏõÓ˚£–z Û
¢Ó !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ Ü“ ì˛y£z xy¢yˆÏõÓ˚ Óyày!úˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xò%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚í#Î˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈy›˛Ü“ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ~£z ˆäÈyR xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ ~£z›%˛Ñ%˛ xhs˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ñ
ˆÎ ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yˆÏÑ˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy–
ÓÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õyã ã#Óò ì˛Ìy xyÓ˚ xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛ xÓfl˛iy xÓüƒ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¢y£yÎƒ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD !ÓŸª!ãÍ ˆâ˛Ôï%!Ó˚Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Öò#Î˚ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò £Î˚ñ ˆÎ
ÈÙÙÙÈ Úòyòy ¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚ ãã≈!Ó˚ì˛ òyòy¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó!M˛Èì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ úy!N˛ì˛ ˛ôÿ˛yÍ˛ôÓ˚ ~£z v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚...ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
xyˆÏúyÈÙÈ£yÁÎ˚yÈÙÈˆÓ˚yîÈÙÈ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD ì˛Ìy ˆÑ˛yúÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y òÎ˚– õˆÏò £Î˚ ˆÎÈÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈
ˆÑ˛yúÑ˛yì˛yÈÙÈˆ¢ÈÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ˆÎò !üúâ˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ÇÓy Ñ˛!Ó˚õÜO òÎ˚– ~õò !Ñ˛ä%È ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ
xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy ~ÖyˆÏò xyˆÏäÈ ÈÙÈ Îy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xòƒ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ
ˆò£z– ì˛y£z ~ xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¶˛y°Ïyñ xy!DÑ˛ñ Ó˚#!ì˛ ÈÙÈ Ó,£_Ó˚ ÓyÇúy¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ¢¡ô)í≈ òì%˛ò £ÛˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ–Û15 ~£z ˜Ó!â˛eƒõÎ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¶˛y[˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚
v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ ì˛y£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏõy!îì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ~£z ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¶)˛Óò
ˆÎò xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛y!Cì˛ ãÜÍ !£¢yˆÏÓ–
ì˛Ìƒ¢)e ≠
1. Ó˚íÓ#Ó˚ ˛ô%ÓÑ˚ ˛yÎ˚fl˛iñ ¢%Óõ˚ y ÜyàÓ˚ ˛ôy!ò S¶)˛!õÑ˛yVñ ~Ñ%˛ü üì˛Ñ˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ñ 2012–
2. Hinduism Today, Insights on Assam, USA, April-May, June, 2017, P.
23.
3. !ÓÑ˛yü Ó˚yÎ˚ Á x!õì˛y¶˛ ˆîÓ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# S¢¡ôy!îì˛Vñ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ˆäÈy›˛Ü“ Á
Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ v˛zÓî% üñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 9 £z !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ñ 2008ñ ˛ô,É 18–
4. ì˛ˆÏîÓ– ˛ô,. ÈÙÈ 19–
5. !õ!ÌˆÏúü ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ S¢¡ôy!îì˛Vñ õ%ÖyÓÎ˚Ó É ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ÈÙÈÑ%˛!üÎ˚yÓ˚yÓ˚ Ü“ñ õ%ÖyÓÎ˚Óñ 2011ñ
˛ô,. ÈÙÈ 78–
6. ì˛ˆÏîÓ– ˛ô,. ÈÙÈ 90–
7. Nirmal Kanti Bhattacharjee & dipendu das (Editior), Barbed wire Fench:
Stories of Displacement from the Barak Valley of Assam, Niyogi books,
New Delhi, P. XI.
8. !ÓÑ˛yü Ó˚yÎ˚ Á x!õì˛y¶˛ ˆîÓ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# S¢¡ôy!îì˛Vñ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ˆäÈy›˛Ü“ Á
Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ v˛zÓî% üñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 9 £z !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ñ 2008ñ ˛ô,. 58–
9. ì˛ˆÏîÓ– ˛ô,. ÈÙÈ 62–
10. ì˛ˆÏîÓ– ˛ô,. ÈÙÈ 21–
11. ì˛ˆÏîÓ– ˛ô,. ÈÙÈ 22–
12. !Ó!ãÍÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ñ 19ˆü ˆõ ~ÓÇ xy¢yˆÏõ Óyày!úÓ˚ x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ñ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ≤ÃÑ˛yüò#ñ
£y£zúyÑ˛y!®ÈÙÈxy¢yõñ !mì˛#Î˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íñ 21 ã%úy£zñ 2010ñ ˛ô,. ÈÙÈ 10–
13. !õ!ÌˆÏúü ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ S¢¡ôy!îì˛Vñ õ%ÖyÓÎ˚Ó ≠ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ÈÙÈÑ%˛!üÎ˚yÓ˚yÓ˚ Ü“ñ õ%ÖyÓÎ˚Óñ 2011ñ ˛
ô,. 21–
14. ì˛ˆÏîÓ– ˛ô,É ÈÙÈ 25–
15. !ÓŸª!ãÍ ˆâ˛Ôï%!Ó˚ñ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÎ˚ ÓyÇúy ˆäÈy›˛Ü“ â˛â≈˛yñ o. !ÓÑ˛yü Ó˚yÎ˚ Á x!õì˛y¶˛ ˆîÓ
ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# S¢¡ôy!îì˛Vñ ÓÓ˚yÑ˛ v˛z˛ôì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ˆäÈy›˛Ü“ Á Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ v˛zÓ%îüñ 9£z !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ñ
2008ñ ˛ô,. ÈÙÈ 242–
õ£yˆÏŸªì˛yˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Á ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“

xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ Á ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚
xÓ˚&íy¶˛ õ%ÖyI≈#*
!ÓŸªy¢ Á ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ õyòÓã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛#!_ ≤Ã¢)ì˛– Î%Ü Î%Ü ïˆÏÓ˚ õyò%°Ï ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ ~ÓÇ
¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚£z !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– ïõ≈ Îy õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ– ÎyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
xy˛ôòc Óy !òãfl˛∫ì˛y Óì˛≈õyò– ~£z ïõ≈ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#Óò ≤Ãíyú# Óy ˜îò!®ò ã#Óòâ˛Î≈yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T– ì˛ˆÏÓ ïõ≈Á ˛Ó˚!«˛ì˛ £Î˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyïyˆÏÓ˚– !ÓŸªy¢£z ü!_´ñ !ÓŸªy¢£z
¢yõÌ≈ñ !ÓŸªy¢£z ¢õ@˘Ã ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ õ)ú ¢yõ@˘Ã#– !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z õyò%°Ï ã#Óò mˆÏ®µ ãÎ˚#
£Î˚– !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÎÖyˆÏò ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ xı˛!ÓŸªy¢ñ ˆ¢ÖˆÏò ¢õÎ˚ ¢õÎ˚
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#Óò £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ !Ó˛ôß¨–
xò%Ó˚*˛ô !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚Á õyò%°Ïƒ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ õ£c˛ô)í≈ v˛z˛ôyîyò– ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚£z
õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ õyò%°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏúñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyd¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xyd¢¡øyò ˆÓyï ãy@˘Ãì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xyd!ÓŸªy¢ˆÏÑ˛ î,ë˛¸ì˛y ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ ¢õyãñ ˆÜy¤˛#ñ ¢¡±îyÎ˚ Á
ãy!ì˛ˆÏâ˛ì˛òy ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãß√¶)˛!õˆÏÑ˛ !¢!M˛Èì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÈÙÈ v˛zÓ≈Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– õyò%°Ï ˆÎÖyˆÏò£z ÎyÑ˛ xyÓ˚
ˆÎÖyˆÏò£z ì˛yÓ˚y Ó¢!ì˛ fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚&Ñ˛ òy ˆÑ˛òñ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ Á !ÓŸªy¢ˆÏÑ˛ ˆö˛ˆÏú ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚òyñ
ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xD !£¢yˆÏÓ£z !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ˆÎõò xı˛ !ÓŸªy¢
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ Îy õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ã!›˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏúñ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆì˛õ!ò ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ÌyˆÏÑ˛
Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ Îy õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ Óƒhfl˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚– Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ Á xı˛!ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#Óò ã!›˛ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ã!›˛úì˛Ó˚ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ Ñ˛Ìy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ì˛Ìy
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ ã#ÓòˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿!›˛ xyˆÏ¢ñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !ÓŸªy¢ Á ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ õò%°Ïƒ
ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ~£z î%!›˛ !Ó!ü‹T ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y â˛ˆÏúòy–
xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ ÈÙÈ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ≤ÃÌˆÏõ£z ~Ñ˛Ìy Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ xy!îÓy¢# ¢õyã xy!îõ !ÓŸªy¢ xyÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyì%§˛v˛¸ áÓ˚– ~Ó˚y ˆ¢£z x!ì˛≤Ãyâ˛#ò
Î%Ü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜy¤˛# ÈÙÈ ãy!ì˛ Á ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ â˛úõyò ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ â˛Ó˚õ !ÓŸªy¢ fl˛iy˛ôò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õ)ú ~ì˛ ¢%î,ë˛¸ ˆÎ ˆ¢£z õ)úˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈîò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
!ÓŸªy¢ x›%˛›˛– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyfl˛iy Óy !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó!Óï ¶˛yÓ Óy ˆÑ˛yò ˆîyúyâ˛yú ≤ÃÓ,!_ ˆò£z–
!ÓŸªy¢£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ õ)ú !¶˛!_– xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓˆÏú£z ì˛yÓ˚y xÓ˚íƒÑ˛®ˆÏÓ˚ñ
!Ü!Ó˚=£yÎ˚ñ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ üyhs˛ ¢%%®Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü ã#Óò Ñ˛y!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– ~£z xÓ˚íƒy◊Î˚#ñ !ò!¶˛≈Ñ˛ñ
*xÇüÑ˛yú#ò xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ñ˛yã# òãÓ˚&ú £z¢úyõ õ£y!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–
194 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ÚÚõ£yˆÏŸªì˛yˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Á ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“ xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚...
◊õã#Ó#ñ ¢£ãÈÙÈ¢Ó˚ú Ñ˛yˆÏúy õy!òÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ Á !ÓŸªhfl˛ ã#Óò Ñ˛y!£ò# ¢y¡±!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚
Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ã#Óhs˛ Ó˚*˛ô úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ Á Ü“=!úÓ˚ xò%¢Ó˚ˆÏí xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚
!ÓŸªy¢ÈÙÈ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ñ ¢%≤Ãyâ˛#ò Ñ˛yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z xÓ˚íƒy◊Î˚#
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ xy!îÓy¢#Ó˚y ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô)ãyÓ˚#– ¢,!‹TÓ˚ xy!îõÑ˛yú
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ó˚y !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ üyhs˛ÈÙÈ!fl˛¨?˛ ò#Ó˚ÓÈÙÈ!òã≈ò ˛ôÓ˚õ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈õÎ˚ xÓ˚íƒ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛–
!ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy!îÓy¢# ¢y§Áì˛yˆÏúÓ˚y ¢yÓ˚òy ïˆÏõ≈ !ÓŸªy¢#– ÚãyˆÏ£Ó˚y ÌyòÛ xÌy≈Í xÓ˚íƒ
≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏú ˛ôyÌÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆáÓ˚y üyúÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ÓyÜyò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò ïõ≈fl˛iyò– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢
xÓ˚íƒ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ¢Çú@¿ ~£z ãyˆÏ£Ó˚y ÌyˆÏò£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyÓ˚yïƒ ˆîÓÈÙÈˆÏîÓ#ˆÏîÓ˚ Óy¢fl˛iyò– ~£z
fl˛iyò!›˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ Á ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚ xì˛ƒhs˛ ˛ô!Óe fl˛iyò– ì˛yÓ˚y ≤Ã!ì˛˛ôÓ≈ Á xò%¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ
õy!›˛ Á ˆÜyÓÓ˚ ˆú˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛iyò!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Óe Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚#!ì˛ Á ≤ÃÌy xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆã Ï y˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚
xyˆÏÎ˚yãò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xÓ˚íƒ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ Á ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚
òîÈÙÈòî#ñ ˛ôy£yv˛¸ñ ˛ôÓ≈ì˛ ~ÓÇ Ó,«˛ˆÏÓ!‹Tì˛ õy‡˛ÈÙÈÓyÜyò ¢Ó£z ˛ô!Óe ˆîÓÈÙÈˆîÓ# fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô ~=!ú
¢Ó£z ïõ≈fl˛iú– xÓ˚íƒˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y õyì,˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô%ˆÏãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏäÈ !â˛Ó˚!îò– ˛ôy£yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ü,D
SÓ%Ó˚&V xyÓ˚ xÓ˚ˆÏíƒÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó,«˛ ~ÓÇ òîÈÙÈòî#ˆÏÑ˛Á ì˛yÓ˚y ˆîÓÈÙÈˆÏîÓ# K˛yˆÏò ˛ô%ˆÏãy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏäÈ– ~£z Ó%Ó˚&ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xy!î ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£!ò ã!v˛¸ì˛– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
!ÓŸªy¢ñ ÓÇüÈÙÈÓÇüyò%e´ˆÏõ ¶)˛È≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈ ¶˛yÓòyÎ˚
~£z ≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛Ó˚ fl˛iyò ˆîÓÈÙÈˆîÏ Ó#Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y£z– ˛ôy£yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ ü,D=!ú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ó%Ó&˚ ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô
˛ô%!ãì˛– õ%u˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÑ˛ÌyÎ˚ õyÓ˚yÇÓ%Ó˚&Ó˚ õy£yˆÏdƒÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö xyˆÏäÈ– ÓÓ˚&v˛yDy xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚
≤Ãïyò ˆîÓì˛y– xˆÏòÑ˛ òyˆÏõ ˆÓyDyˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö xyˆÏäÈ– ¢õ!¢¶˛ñ ˆÓyDyñ õyá ˆÓyDyñ !¢Ç
ˆÓyDyñ ~Ó˚&Ü ˆÓyDy £zì˛ƒy!î–
xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈ÈÙÈ!ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ Óv˛¸yõ ÓyÓyÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãy !îˆÏú @˘ÃyˆÏõ Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚yÈÙÈÓ¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y
õ£yõyÓ˚# ˆÓ˚yÜ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– ˆÎ fl˛iyˆÏò Óv˛¸yõ ÓyÓyÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãy £Î˚ñ ˆ¢£z fl˛iyò!›˛ Óv˛¸yõ fl˛iyò
òyˆÏõ ≤Ã!¢k˛– xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîÓfl˛iyò !¢!ò òyˆÏõÁ ≤Ã!¢k˛– xy!îÓy¢# Á õ%u˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈
!ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ !¢!òÓ˚y ¢yì˛ ˆÓyò ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ¢Óy£z òy!Ñ˛ x˛ôˆÏîÓì˛y– ~Ó˚y£z xy!îÓy¢# Á õ%u˛yˆÏîÓ˚
ãòƒ ã#ÓˆÏò òyòy Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˆÓ˚yÜÈÙÈÓƒy!ï Á î%ÉÖ Ñ˛ˆÏ‹TÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ì˛yÓ˚y !¢!ò x˛ôˆÏîÓì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
¢ls˛‹T Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !¢!òˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛iyˆÏò ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãy ˛ôy‡˛ ~ÓÇ ˛ôy‡˛yÓ!úÈÙÈõ%Ó˚!ÜÓ!úÁ
!îˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ¢yì˛!›˛ !¢!ò x˛ôˆÏîÓì˛y £ú ÈÙÈ ˆîyÎ˚y!¢!òñ â˛v˛¸Ñ˛y!¢!òñ Óyõ!ò!¢!òñ ˆÎy!Üò#
!¢!òñ Ó˚Ç!Ñ˛!ò¢!òñ úÑ˛y£z!¢!òñ x!¡∫Ñ˛y!¢!ò– Ñ˛#›˛ñ ˛ôy›˛ò#ñ xy!îÓy¢# Á õ%[˛y ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˆîÓfl˛iyò ãyˆÏ£Ó˚y fl˛iyò– ~!›˛ xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Óe Á ¢%≤Ã!¢k˛ ïõ≈fl˛iyò–
xy!îÓy¢# xï%ƒ!°Ïì˛ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ¢Ó≈e£z ~£z ãyˆÏ£Ó˚y fl˛iyò ≤Ãyâ˛#ò Ñ˛yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyã ˛ôÎ≈hs˛
!ÓÓ˚yãõyò– ˛ôyÌÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆáÓ˚y üyú ÜyäÈ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛ õy!›˛Ó˚ ˜ì˛Ó˚# £y!ì˛ ˆáyv˛¸y Ó˚yÖy £Î˚–
ÚÚõ£yˆÏŸªì˛yˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Á ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“ xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚... ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 195
xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ }ì%˛Ñ˛yú#ò x!ïÑ˛yÇü ˛ô%ãy ˛ôyÓ≈í=!ú ãyˆÏ£Ó˚y fl˛iyˆÏòñ xyÓyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È !Ñ˛ä%È
Óv˛¸yõ fl˛iyˆÏò ~ÓÇ Ó%Ó&˚ ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ≤ÃˆìÏ ˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ xy!îÓy¢# ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~£z ïõ≈fl˛iyò=!úÓ˚
õy£ydƒ xyˆÏäÈ– Óy£yñ õyˆÏáñ ¢yÓ˚ñ ˝ú ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ v˛zÍ¢Ó xò%¤˛yò=!ú ~£z fl˛iyˆÏò£z £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
ÓÇü ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚y e´ˆÏõ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ñ ~£z ãyˆÏ£Ó˚y fl˛iyˆÏò !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛zÍ¢Ó xò%¤˛yò Á
˛ô%ˆÏãy ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆÓ˚yÜ Óƒy!ï ~ÓÇ
î%á≈›˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ# ì§˛yÓ˚ Úüyú !ÜÓ˚yÓ˚ v˛yˆÏÑ˛Û
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈!ÓŸªy¢ ˛ô%ˆÏãy ˛ôyÓ≈í ≤Ã¢D!›˛ !ì˛úÑ˛yÓ˚ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚õyÓ˚ õ%Ö !îˆÏÎ˚
!ì˛úÑ˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛y!£!ò ˆüyòyˆÏòyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˆú!ÖÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ !ì˛úÑ˛yÓ˚ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚õy
¢ˆÏfl˛¨ˆÏ£ !ì˛úÑ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ ÚÚˆÜyòy ÎyÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÑ˛yˆÏü Îì˛ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆî!Ö¢ ì˛y!Ñ˛ =òˆÏì˛
˛ôy!Ó˚¢⁄ ì˛Öò xÜòò xÜòò â§˛yî– xyˆÏÜÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy– ì˛Öò !e¶%˛ÓˆÏò ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ !Ñ˛ä%È !äÈú
òy– ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆò£zñ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆò£zñ ˆÑ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏv˛¸ ~ú ~Ñ˛ Ó%ˆÏòy £§y!¢ú– ~ì˛ Óv˛¸ £§y¢ñ î%ˆÏïÓ˚
ˆö˛òyÓ˚ õì˛ ¢yîy Ó%ˆÏòy £§y!¢ú– ~ì˛ Óv˛¸ £§y¢ î%ˆÏïÓ˚ ˆö˛òyÓ˚ õì˛ ¢yîyñ xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ £z®y
â§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õì˛ ¢yîyñ ˆ¢£z £§y!¢ú ˛ôyv˛¸ú ¢yîy ˆÜyú ˆÓˆÏú– ˆ¢£z ˆÓˆÏú ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈˆÏúñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚– ì˛yÓ˚y£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ õyñ ≤ÃÌõ ÓyÓy– !˛ôúâ%˛ñ Ó%!v˛¸ñ !˛ôúâ%˛
£yv˛¸yõ– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢hs˛yòˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ú ≤ÃÌõ ¢yì˛!›˛ ˆÜyì˛– ˆÑ˛v˛z ÓˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚y !£!£!v˛¸ˆÏì˛
!äÈúñ ˆÑ˛v˛z ÓˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚y xy!£!v˛¸ !˛ô!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ !äÈú– ì˛ÖòÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy !ì˛úÑ˛ñ ¢Ó ˆÎò xˆÏòÑ˛
ãy!òñ xˆÏòÑ˛ ãy!ò òy– ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ á%Ó˚ˆÏì˛ á%Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ì˛yÓ˚y ~ú ˆÖyã Ñ˛yõyò– ~Öò Óú
ˆî!Ö xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !Ñ˛ !Ñ˛ ˛ôÓ˚Ó ˆî!Ö¢⁄ xyáyòñ õyáÈÙÈ¢#õñ ¢yˆÏã≈yõ Óy£ñ xyˆÏÓ˚y!¢õñ õy£õyˆÏÓ˚ñ
ˆÓ˚y!£òñ xy°Ïy!ë˛¸Î˚yñ ˆõyÓ˚ñ xy!ì˛ñ òÁÎ˚y£zñ ãyhs˛yúñ ˆÓyDyñ Ó˚yÑ˛yÓñ üyÑ˛ÈÙÈÓ˚yì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó⁄ÛÛ1
xy!îÓy¢# ¢¡±îyÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD !òÎ˚õ ˆõˆÏò ˛ô%ˆÏãy ˛ôyÓ≈ˆÏíÓ˚ xò%¤˛yò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆîy°ÏÈÙÈe&!›˛ £ˆÏú ì˛y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ó≈òyˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚– !ì˛úÑ˛yÓ˚
‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚õyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ ÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ ÚÚì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈˛ô%Ó˚&°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÖyã Ñ˛yõyˆÏò xÓfl˛iyòÑ˛yˆÏú !Ñ˛ä%È xá›˛ò Óy
ˆîy°ÏÈÙÈe&!›˛ á›˛yÎ˚ ˆÖyã Ñ˛yõyˆÏò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã#Óò Óƒ!ì˛Óƒhfl˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚y Üì˛ ˆúyÑ˛ÜyÌy
xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ xyÑ˛yü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎõò ãú òyˆÏõ ◊yÓˆÏí ˆì˛õò òyõú xy=ò– xy=ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!‹T
˛ôv˛¸ú ˆÖyã Ñ˛yõyˆÏò– ~Ñ˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ õÓ˚î v˛z‡˛ú £yÓ˚Í ˛ôy£yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ â)˛v˛¸yÎ˚–ÛÛ2 ~Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
á›˛òy xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óyî !îˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ¢Óy£z xy=ˆÏò ˛ô%ˆÏv˛¸ äÈy£z £ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚
ˆ¢£z ˆõˆÏÎ˚ õÓ˚î ˆÜú ¢õì˛ú ¶)˛!õ üüy ˆÓv˛¸yˆÏì˛– ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜú ¢yÓ˚!˛ô– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !äÈú
v˛z§â%˛ ˛ôy£yv˛¸ õyÓ˚yÇ Ó%Ó˚&– xòƒ ˆîˆÏü ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÌ òy ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyÓ˚yïƒ ˆîÓì˛y
ˆÓyDyˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%ãy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– ˆîÓì˛y ¢ls˛‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢ı˛yò !îˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚y xy!£!Ó˚ˆÏì˛
~ˆÏ¢ Ó¢Óy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ ˆö˛!u˛ñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚ ˆîüñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ â˛¡ôy– xyÓyÓ˚
Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyò%°Ï â˛¡ôyÎ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îú– ì˛yÓ˚y ~ú
¢yÁhs˛ ˆîˆÏü–3 SÓì˛≈õyò ¢§yÁì˛yú ˛ôÓ˚ÜòyV– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓÇüÓ,!k˛ £ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚y ~ÖyˆÏò
ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xÓ˚íƒ xM˛ÈˆÏú äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈!ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ~›˛yÁ xyÓ˚
~Ñ˛›˛y Üí!ÓŸªy¢ ˆÎñ ÎÖò£z ì˛yÓ˚y fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢%ˆÏÖ fl˛∫äÈˆÏ® ã#Óò Îy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛Öò£z
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy òy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆîyˆÏ°Ï Óy Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xyÜõò áˆÏ›˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ~ÓÇ
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ó≈òyˆÏüÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy £Î˚– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˆú!ÖÑ˛y õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ# ì§˛yÓ˚ Ú!¢ï% Ñ˛y£%´Ó˚
v˛yˆÏÑ˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ïˆÏõ≈y˛ô¢òy Á ˛ô%ˆÏãy ˛ôyÓ≈í ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
~ÖyˆÏòÁ ãyˆÏ£Ó˚y fl˛iyòˆÏÑ˛ xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò ïõ≈fl˛iú Á ïˆÏõ≈y˛ôy¢òyÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò ˆÑ˛w fl˛iú
Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïˆÏõ≈ üyú ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ô!Óeì˛y Á õ£c xòòƒ– xy!îÓy¢#
ãò¢¡±îyÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÜì˛ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓˆÏú£z ˝ú Óy !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ üyúÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚
äÈyˆÏú !ÜÓ˚y ˆÓ§ˆÏï xÌÓy üyúÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ v˛yú ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ ˆì˛úÈÙÈ!¢•î%Ó˚ úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚
@˘ÃyˆÏõ @˘ÃyˆÏõ ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!eì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ !òõs˛fí ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xüa ~ÓÇ Ó›˛
ÜyäÈˆÏÑ˛Á ˆîÓì˛y K˛yˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ô%ˆÏãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏú£z ì˛yÓ˚y ~£z ¢Ó ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ì˛úyˆÏì˛ ãˆÏv˛¸y £ˆÏÎ˚
¢¶˛y Ó¢yÎ˚– !òˆÏãÓ˚y ˜Ó‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˝ú Óy !ÓˆÏoy£ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î– Óv˛¸yõ fl˛iyò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
ïõ≈yâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ õ)Öƒ ˆîÓfl˛iyòñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚y @˘Ãyõ ˆîÓì˛y ˛ô%ˆÏãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– Ú!¢ï% Ñ˛y£%´Ó˚
v˛yˆÏÑ˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Úár›˛y ÓyˆÏãÛ Ñ˛y!£!ò xÇˆÏü õyò%°Ï ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ˆîÓì˛y Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ¢ÇˆÏÓ¶˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– !ì˛!ò£z ≤ÃÌõ xy!îõ õyòÓ õyòÓ# ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–4
xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈!ÓŸªy¢ ≤Ãyâ˛#òÑ˛yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓÇüyò%e´!õÑ˛ ~Ñ˛£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ â˛ˆÏú xy¢ˆÏäÈ–
!îÑ%˛ Óy Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyò%°Ï ¢Çfl˛ôˆÏü≈ ~ˆÏ¢ !Ñ˛ä%È ì˛yÓ˚ì˛õƒ á›˛ˆÏúÁñ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
î%¶˛≈yÓòy ¢,!‹T £Î˚!ò– !£®%ˆÏîÓ˚ î%Ü≈y ˛ô)ãyñ õò¢y ˛ô)ãyñ ˆîÓ# â˛[˛#ñ Óy¢%ú#ñ !üˆÏÓÓ˚ Üyãòñ
Ó§yîòy ˛ôÓ˚Ó £zì˛ƒy!î xˆÏòÑ˛ ˛ô%ˆÏãy ˛ôyÓ≈í ~ÓÇ ˆîÓÈÙÈˆîÓ#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆú!ÖÑ˛y õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ# ì§˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ Á ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“ xÓ˚íƒÓy¢#
xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD î%!ÖÎ˚yÓ˚ õ%Ö !îˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏÕÖ‘ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÚÚ!îÑ%˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ã%úõ% ›˛y
Óv˛¸ ˆîÖ%Ñ˛ñ !îˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó ¢§yì˛yúÓ˚y ì%˛°Ï £ˆÏÎ˚ ãµúˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈ– ~õò ¢õÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏG˛ ãyò!ú!î¢%ñ
~Ñ˛›˛y õ!£°Ï ÓyÓ˚yÎ˚– ÎyÓ˚ v˛z‡˛yˆÏò áy¢ xyˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z‡˛yˆÏò ˆ¢ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ áy¢ ÖyˆÏÓ–
ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆÖÓ˚ÁÎ˚yú ÓÇˆÏüÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛– ~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ !äÈú ÎÖò !îÑ%˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
!ÓÓyî !äÈú òyñ ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ !îÑ%˛Ó˚y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛y ¢õì˛ˆÏú xyÓ˚ xy!îÓy¢#Ó˚y ãDˆÏú– ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– ì˛y£z î%!ÖÎ˚y !¢ï%ˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈ ÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ ÚÚxÌâ˛ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛yˆÏú xyõÓ˚y
ˆÖÓ˚yÁÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚y ÷ˆÏò!äÈ ˆÎñ Ó˚yõ Ó˚yãyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏDñ Ó˚yÓò Ó˚yãyˆÏÑ˛ õyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜ!äÈúyõñ ì˛Öò
!îÑ%˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !ÓÓyî !äÈú òy– ì˛yÓ˚y ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ¢õì˛ˆÏú xyõÓ˚y Ìy!Ñ˛ ãDˆÏúñ !ÓÓyî !Ñ˛ˆÏ¢
£ˆÏÓ⁄ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓyîñ xyõÓ˚y ˆÎ ãyÎ˚Üy £y!¢ú Ñ˛!Ó˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸ !òˆÏÓÛÛ–6
õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ# ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ @˘Ãs˛i=!úÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xy!îÓy¢# ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚ÏÓ˚ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˆÎõò !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈ Á xïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚Á
v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ Óy ˝ˆÏúÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏòÁ xyˆÏäÈ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªy¢– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
ã#ÓˆÏò Îy áˆÏ›˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚y£z !òˆÏîü≈ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ú!¢ï% Ñ˛y£%´Ó˚ v˛yˆÏÑ˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢
ˆú!ÖÑ˛y v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ ÚÚÓú !Ñ˛ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈúñ xyˆÏîü !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì%˛£z ˆîÖˆÏì˛
˛ôy!FäÈ¢ Ñ˛y£%´⁄ Á£z !Óî%ƒÍ â˛õÑ˛yÎ˚ñ Ó#Ó˚ õyì˛y Öƒy!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ãú ˛ôyˆÏÓ ÓˆÏú =õ!òÓ˚ ÷Ñ˛òy
Ó%ˆÑÏ ˛ Óyú% v˛zˆvÏ ˛¸– ì%˛£z ÓˆÏò xy=ò ˆîÖ!äÈ¢ñ ˜ÓüyˆÏÖ xy=ò ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈ¢ñ @˘Ã£ˆÏí äÈyÎ˚y ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈ¢ñ
ˆÜÓ˚yõ ˆîÓì˛y Ó,«˛Ó˚yã üyúÜyäÈ ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈ¢ñ ¢Ó ì˛yˆÏì˛ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏî≈ü ãyòy ÎyˆÏFäÈ– xy!õ
xı˛ !äÈúyõñ Ó%!G˛ òy£z– ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏú òyñ Ó!úˆÏäÈ– ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ÷ï% xyõyˆÏÑ˛ ãyòyˆÏFäÈ ˝ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛yÑ˛
ˆî–ÛÛ7 ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªy¢ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚y˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚ñ !ÓŸªy¢ñ !Ó˛ôˆÏî Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y !òÓ˚y◊Î˚ˆÏÑ˛
xy◊Î˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ Ñ˛yã ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªy¢áyì˛Ñ˛ñ ˆÓ£zõy!òñ äÈúÈÙÈÑ˛˛ô›˛ñ «˛!ì˛ ¢yïò
£zì˛ƒy!î ¢Ñ˛ú ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ x˛ôÑ˛õ≈ ˛ôy˛ô ÓˆÏú !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛– ü‡˛ñ äÈú# Á !ÓŸªy¢áyì˛Ñ˛ ˆÓ£zõyòˆÏîÓ˚
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ «˛õy ˆò£z– Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ# ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ Á Ñ˛y!£!ò=!úˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
ˆ¢£z ïõ≈ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ xïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !ÓˆÏoy£ Óy úv˛¸y£z
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !Ó®%õyeÁ ˛ôÿ˛yÍ˛ôî £Î˚ òyñ ì˛yÓ˚Á ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢=!úˆÏì !Óï,ì˛–
xy!îÓy¢#Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Üí¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äÈú ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
!ÓŸªy¢ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ ãÎ˚úyˆÏ¶˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ£ÓˆÏîÓ˚ =!úÁ
ãú £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ~£z î,ë˛¸ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z !¢ï%ÈÙÈÑ˛yò% ¢yˆÏ£ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˜¢ˆÏòƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%k˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôy£yv˛¸ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õì˛ú ¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ ˆòˆÏõ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú– ~Ó˚*˛ô ïõ≈ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚
ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ÚxÓ˚íƒÓ!£´ÛˆÏì˛Á ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆú!ÖÑ˛y õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ# ì§˛yÓ˚
Ú!ÓÓ˚¢y õ%u˛yÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ~ì˛!îò ïˆÏÓ˚ õ%u˛y xy!îÓy¢#Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ ïˆÏõ≈
!ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– â˛ì%˛Ó˚ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã !õüòy!Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ£ÓÓ˚y õ%u˛yˆÏîÓ˚ îy!Ó˚oƒì˛y Á î%Ó˚yÓfl˛iyÓ˚
¢%ˆÏÎyÜ !òˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛£z ¶%˛!úˆÏÎ˚ ¶%˛!úˆÏÎ˚ !Öfi›˛yò ïˆÏõ≈ î#«˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ !£®% Á !Öfi›˛yò ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚
≤Ã¶˛yÓ õ%u˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓÇü ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÜì˛ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õ)ˆÏú Ñ%˛‡˛yÓ˚áyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆú!ÖÑ˛y ì§˛yÓ˚
ÚÚ!ÓÓ˚¢y õ%u˛yÛÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ ÚÚ1895 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z !ÓÓ˚¢y Ó%ˆÏG˛ ˆö˛ˆÏú ˆÎ
!Öfi›˛yò Á !£®%ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ôyÓyÓ˚ ˆò£z–Û8 ˆÓyï£Î˚ !ÓÓ˚¢y ˆ¢£z ãòƒ£z ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú
~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y– â˛yúÑ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÓyÓ˚£z !ÓŸªy¢ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Ó#Ó˚¢y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛ÜÓyò–
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚Á ïõ≈ÈÙÈ!ÓŸªy¢ ˆ¢ õ%u˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó˛ôˆÏî ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîÓˆÏîÓ#Ó˚yÁ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô ïˆÏÓ˚ xy!Ó¶)˛≈ì˛
£ò– õ%u˛yÜyˆÏò ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ xyˆÏäÈ– Ú!ÓÓ˚¢y õ%u˛yÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆú!ÖÑ˛y õ%u˛y ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
˛ôÇ!_´ v˛zk,˛!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ ÚÚ!ÓÓ˚!¢ ¢%Ö â˛yúÑ˛î £y›%˛ˆÏÓ˚ ïÓ˚y!ì˛ xyÓy ˆîyˆÏÎ˚ ãòõ ˆúòy–ÛÛ9
xÌy≈Í ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚ â˛yúÑ˛yî @˘ÃyˆÏõ ï˛ô!ì˛ xyÓy ãß√ !òú– xyÓyÓ˚ fl˛∫Î˚Ç !ÓÓ˚¢y õ%u˛yÁ
!òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ïÓ˚!ì˛ xyÓy ÓˆÏú õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ# !ÓÓ˚¢yÓ˚ õ%Ö !îˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ
ÚÚxy!õ !ÓÓ˚¢y ò£zñ xy!õ ïÓ˚!ì˛ xyÓy– ~£z ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xy!õ ¢hs˛yò– xy!õ õ%u˛yˆÏîÓ˚ òì%˛ò ïõ≈
!üÖyÓ– xy!õ ˆì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏú !òˆÏÎ˚ ¶%˛úyÓ òy– î%úyÓ òy– xy!õ õ%u˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õÓ˚ˆÏì˛ xyÓ˚
õyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ !üÖyÓ–ÛÛ10 !ÓÓ˚¢y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ¢Ñ˛ú õ%u˛y ãy!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !ÓÓ˚¢y ¶˛ÜÓyò– ˆú!ÖÑ˛y
ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ ÚÚ!ÓÓ˚¢yÓ˚ òì%˛ò ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ !ÓŸªy¢ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˝ú Á ˜îÓ !òˆÏî≈ˆÏü ì˛yÓ˚yÁ
!£®%ïõ≈yÓú¡∫#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˛ô)í≈ãˆÏß√ !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆú!ÖÑ˛y õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ# Ú!¢ï% Ñ˛y£%´Ó˚
v˛yˆÏÑ˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ñ˛yò%Ó˚ ö§˛y¢# £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ õ%Ö !îˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÚÚxy!õ xyÓyÓ˚
xy¢Ó– xyÓyÓ˚ ˝ú £ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ12 !ÓÓ˚¢y õ%u˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ xy!îÓy¢# õ%u˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ !ÓÓ˚¢y
ïÓ˚!ì˛ xyÓyñ ì˛yÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ £Î˚ òy– õ,ì%˛ƒ £ˆÏúÁ !ÓÓ˚¢y ˆÎ xyÓyÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏÓ ˆ¢ !ÓŸªy¢Á
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !äÈú–
Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛Ó,ˆ_ Ï Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Úxy§ïyÓ˚ õy!òÑ˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Á
xÓ˚íƒ◊Î˚# x§yïyÓ˚ õy!òÑ˛ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈!ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö xyˆÏäÈ– ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yë˛¸
ÓyÇúyÓ˚ xy§ïyÓ˚ õy!òÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîÓü!_´ñ !üÓ õ!£õyÓ˚ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy xyˆÏäÈ– xyÓ˚Á ˜â˛e
õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !üÓ ÜyãˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy– ˆú!ÖÑ˛y ˜üÓ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªy¢# Úxy§ïyÓ˚ õy!òÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚Û ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò
ÈÙÈ ÚÚ¢%Ó˚ Ñ˛t˛ ãyˆÏòòñ Ó˚yë˛¸ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ó˚_ý¶%˛õy!›˛ñ Ó˚&«˛ ≤Ãyhs˛Ó˚ñ xyÓ˚ ˜Ü!Ó˚Ñ˛ òã# ãˆÏú ÷ï%
~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ xy¢ò£z ˛ôyì˛y– üŸ¬yòâ˛yÓ˚# ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ïñ xydˆÏ¶˛yúy v˛zîy¢#òñ ü!_´Ó˚ ˛ôîì˛ˆÏú
üy!Î˚ì˛ !üÓ– ˆîÓì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!î˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï– ~Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú xyˆÏäÈò– ~Ñ˛
˜îˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ xyÑ˛yü ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆ£yõÑ%˛[˛– x§yïyÓ˚ õy!òÑ˛ @˘ÃyõÖy!ò ¶˛ˆÏ_´Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ xyˆÏäÈ
˛ôîì˛ˆÏú–ÛÛ13 ˆú!ÖÑ˛y ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ ÚÚ~ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Ü,£fl˛iÓy˚ ˆîÓy◊Î˚# ì˛y£z áˆÏÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÓ õ!®Ó˚–ÛÛ14
˜â˛e õyˆÏ¢ !üˆÏÓÓ˚ ~£z ˛ô%ˆã Ï y â˛v˛¸Ñ˛ ˛ô%ˆã
Ï y òyˆÏõÁ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ˆú!ÖÑ˛y ~£z â˛v˛¸ˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ õˆÏ£yÍ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìy v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ÚÓƒyïÖ[˛Û– ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ !ì˛!ò !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
üÓÓ˚ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy !úÖˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈ Á !ÓŸªy¢ Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌyÁ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
xy!îÓy¢# ˆÜy‹T#Ó˚ xhs˛¶)˛≈_´ üÓÓ˚ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªy¢ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ ~Ó˚yÁ õyì,˛
ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôy¢Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ ¢Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛ ˆîÓ#fl˛iyò £ú Óv˛¸yõ õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô)íƒfl˛iúñ Îy
Óv˛¸yõ fl˛iyò òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ˆú!ÖÑ˛y ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò üÓÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªy¢ õˆÏì˛ ˆúyïy üÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y£z
ˆîÓÈÙÈˆîÓ#Ó˚ ˛ô)ãyÓ˚# xÌ≈yÍ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y!£ì˛– ÚÓƒyïÖ[˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓƒyïˆÏÑ˛£z
!ì˛!ò üÓÓ˚ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– xÌ≈yÍ ÓƒyïÓ˚y£z £ú ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ üÓÓ˚ ãy!ì˛–
~£z üÓÓ˚ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ xy!î˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï Ñ˛yúˆÏÑ˛ì%˛ õyì,˛ˆÏîÓì˛y xÌ≈yÍ î%Ü≈yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôy¢Ñ˛ !äÈˆÏúò– ˆú!ÖÑ˛y
ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ ˆúyïyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆúÖy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ Ñ˛yúˆÏÑ˛ì%˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xy!îõ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ïñ î%Ü≈y‹Tõ#ˆÏì˛
fl˛∫í≈ˆÏÜyïy !üÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%ö˛úñ ˛ô%Ó˚#Ó˚ ãÜßÿÌ xy!îˆÏì˛ ˆúyïyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîÓì˛y !äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ã˜ÏòÑ˛
Óy·˛í ì˛y â%˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏú£z ˆúyïyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Óy·˛í ≤Ãíyõ xˆÏÎyÜƒ £zì˛ƒy!î ì˛Ìƒ ãyòy
ÎyÎ˚–15 ˛ôy˛ô ˛ô)ˆÏíƒÓ˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚Á !äÈú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò– ~£z ˛ôy˛ô ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ˆú!ÖÑ˛y
ì˛yÓ˚ ÚÓƒyïÖ[˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ÚÚ!Ñ˛ls˛ !õáy üÓÓ˚ ˆ¢ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúñ üÓÓ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏí ˆ¢
Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ «˛õy ˆò£z– õ£y˛ôy˛ôñ õ£y˛ôy˛ô ˆ¢›˛y– ~Ñ˛ Ü!¶˛≈ò# £!Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ K˛yò ˆ£yÑ˛ñ xK˛yˆÏò
ˆõˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ˆõáy– ¢õyã ÓˆÏ¢!äÈú– !Óâ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ˆ¢£z ˛ôyˆÏ˛ô£z ˆõáy îú˛ô!ì˛ £ÓyÓ˚
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ £yÓ˚yÎ˚–ÛÛ16
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªy¢ õˆÏì˛ !Î!ò ¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ì˛≈y ì§˛yÓ˚ !òÎ˚õ òy õyòy£z ˛ôy˛ô– ˆú!ÖÑ˛y
õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#Ó˚ ÚxÓ˚ˆÏíƒÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚Ûñ Ú!ÓÓ˚¢yõ%u˛yÛñ ˆâ˛Ô!Rõ%u˛y ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ì˛#Ó˚Û ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ÈÙÈ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÜì˛ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªy¢£z Ñ˛yˆÏÎ˚õ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ– Î!îÁ
Ú!ÓÓ˚¢y õ%u˛yÛÓ˚ xyõˆÏú !Ñ˛ä%È ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ xÓ˚íƒy◊Î˚# xy!îÓy¢# ¢§yÁì˛yú Á õ%u˛y ¢¡±îyÎ˚
!e´ÿ˛yò £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z ïõ≈ !ÓŸªy¢ fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúñ xyÓyÓ˚ !£®% Á ˜Ó°åÓ ïõ≈ myÓ˚yÁ
≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˙ ¢Ó ïõ≈ !ÓŸªy¢ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy›˛y£z Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò–
ÓÓ˚Ç ì˛yÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓÇü ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÜì˛ !â˛Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ ¢yÓ˚òy ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛£z !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ˆõˆÏò
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ xˆÏòÑ˛=!ú ˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“Á xÓ˚íƒÓy¢# xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛zˆÏÕÖ‘
xyˆÏäÈ– xˆÏòÑ˛=!ú ÜˆÏ“ xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˜üÓ ïˆÏõ≈ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚Á ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò ˆú!ÖÑ˛y–
!ì˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ÚÓ˚&îyú#Û ÜˆÏ“ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ü!òâ˛Ó˚#Ó˚ ÓÓ˚ Óúúñ ÚÚâ˛úˆÏì˛y £!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˜ÓüyÖ#
ˆõúy ˆîˆÏÖ xy!¢– !üÓ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ˛ô%ãyÁ ˆîÓ– ¢yì˛›˛y ›˛yÑ˛yˆÏì˛y ãˆÏõˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ17 xÌ≈yÍ ü!òâ˛Ó˚#Ó˚
Ó˚&@¿ fl˛∫yõ#Ó˚ !ÓŸªy¢ £Î˚ˆÏì˛y !üˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãy !îˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y v˛z˛ô¢õ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
Úhfl˛òîyò# Á xòƒyòƒ ÜˆÏ“Û Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÚãÜßÿˆÏÌÓ˚
Ó˚ÌÛ ÜˆÏ“ ˛ô)òƒîy¢#Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ ãÜßÿÌˆÏîÓ Á ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÌÏ Ó˚ õ!£õy x˛ôyÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚ ãÜßÿˆÏÌÓ˚
Ó˚ˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ˚£y£z ˆò£z Ú~¶˛yˆÏÓ õÓ˚ˆÏú õyò%°Ï Ü!ì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ˆÏÜyÊ Ó˚Ì ÎyeyÓ˚ ˛ô)íƒ
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ !îÓƒ ˆîˆÏ£ fl˛∫ˆÏÜ≈ ÎyÎ˚–Û ˛ô)íƒîy¢#Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛!Ó˚ â˛u˛yúñ ÓyÜî#
≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛ ì˛Ìy Ñ˛!Ìì˛ xhs˛ƒã ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õyò%°ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚ Úõò¢yÛ Ó,«˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÓì˛y K˛yˆÏò !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚–
~ ÜˆÏ“ õ£y≤Ã¶%˛ xÓì˛yÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ õ!£õyÓ˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏDÁ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö xyˆÏäÈ– xÌ≈yÍ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
xÓ˚íƒy◊Î˚# xy!îÓy¢# ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ïõ≈!ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˜Ó°åÓ ïõ≈ òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò ïõ≈
!ÓŸªy¢Á ˆÎ ã%›˛ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢ Ñ˛Ìy xyõÓ˚y v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚– Ú¢y§G˛ ¢Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ õyÛ
ÜˆÏ“ ã!›˛ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yò#Ó˚ Ñ,˛°å ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚£z Ñ,˛˛ôyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
¢y§G˛ ¢Ñ˛yˆÏú ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢›˛y ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢– â§˛yî Á ¢%Ó˚ã xÌ≈yÍ â˛w Á ¢)Î≈
~£z î%£z ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xy!îÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªy¢ !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚Á ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~£z
ÜˆÏ“– ¶˛ÜÓyˆÏò ãyÓ˚y Óy Óƒyï ãy!ì˛Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛Öy!ò !ÓŸªy¢ñ ã!›˛ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yò#Ó˚ ~£z
v˛z!_´ˆÏì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !Óï,ì˛ ÈÙÈ ÚÚ¶˛ÜÓyò ˆÑ˛ ÎyÓ˚y õyˆÏò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ áÓ˚ˆÏîyÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˆò£z– ì˛y£z
˜îÓÓyò# ÓúˆÏúñ ãyÓ˚yˆÏÎ˚ ãyÓ˚yÊ ÓƒyïˆÏ£ Óƒyï– ~£z ˆ¶˛yÓˆÏò ¶˛ÜÓyò ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢–
ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ õì˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y Ñ˛¢y£z ¶˛ÜÓyòˆÏÑ˛ Óyò ö%§˛v˛¸y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÎyÓ˚y £z Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ õyòy– ì%˛!õ ~Öò ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ xy§ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛ñ Ü§yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ v˛z!jüy £Á ÜyÊ
ãyòˆÏú⁄ÛÛ18 ~£z v˛z!_´!›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ xhs˛ƒã ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛ÜÓyò xÌ≈yÍ ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛
!ÓŸªy¢ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÓì˛yÓ˚c ~ÓÇ ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Óyò !ÓˆÏk˛Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚yˆÏï Óƒyï ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ÎyÎyÓÓ˚ˆcÏ Ó˚
Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~£z ÜˆÏ“ xyÓyÓ˚ £ò%õyòˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÓì˛y Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô
!ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚Á xyˆÏäÈ– Ú!Óüyúy«˛#Ó˚ ÓÓ˚Û ÜˆÏ“ ì˛ÌyÑ˛!Ìì˛ ò#â%˛ ãyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ õy
õò¢yñ Óy¢%ú# xyÓ˚ ˆîÓ# õy ü#ì˛úyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ !ò¤˛y ~ÓÇ x¢õ ˜îÓ# ü!_´Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ !ÓŸªy¢
!äÈú– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ ˆîÓÈÙÈˆîÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÑ˛yˆÏ˛ô @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ òyòy ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yÜÈÙÈÓƒ!ï
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– xyÓyÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãy !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢ls˛‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚yñ Ó¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y õ£yõy!Ó˚
ˆÓ˚yÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á Ó§yâ˛y ÎyÎ˚– ˆú!ÖÑ˛y õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#Ó˚ Ó˝ ÓyäÈy£z ÜˆÏ“Á xÓ˚íƒyÓy¢# õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚
ïõ≈ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ xyˆÏäÈ– ÷ï% ˆîÓÈÙÈˆÏîÓ#£z òÎ˚ xÓ˚ˆÏíƒÓ˚ ˛ô÷ ˛ôy!ÖÓ˚yÁ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ
ˆîÓì˛y fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô– ˆ¢£z ïõ≈ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓˆÏú£z ÚãÜˆÏõy£ˆÏòÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÛ ÜˆÏ“ £y!ì˛Ó˚ ˆîÓc Á
xÓì˛yÓ˚cˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ Ñ%˛!t˛ì˛ £Î˚ òy–
~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆú!ÖÑ˛y õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ# ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˝ Ü“ Á Ñ˛y!£!ò Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xÓ˚íƒy!◊ì˛
õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïõ≈ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Î%ÜÈÙÈÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢õyã ÓƒÓfl˛iy Á
ïõ≈yâ˛Ó˚íñ ~õò !Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ó!£Ó˚yÜì˛ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ Á !ÓŸªy¢ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ ã#Óò
â˛Î≈yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ £z!ì˛£y¢ ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˆú!ÖÑ˛y ì§˛yÓ˚ x˛ôyÓ˚ xò%¢!ı˛Í¢y !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛ !Óhfl+˛ì˛ ¢õÎ˚ ¢#õyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ e´õ !ÓÓ!ì˛≈ì˛ xy!îÓy¢#
ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ÈÙÈ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ñ ïõ≈¶˛yÓòyñ ˛ô%ãy v˛z˛ôy¢òyñ v˛zÍ¢Ó xò%¤˛yòñ !ÓŸªy¢ÈÙÈx!ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚
˛ô)í≈yD ã#Óò Ñ˛Ìy ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ Á Ü“ ¢õ)ˆÏ£– !ÓŸªy¢ÈÙÈx!ÓŸªy¢ñ
¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ õyò ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ õ£yõ)úƒ ¢¡ôîó ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xÓ˚íƒy◊Î˚# xy!îÓy¢# Á xhs˛ƒã
¢õyˆÏã ˆÎ Ó!M˛Èì˛ òÎ˚ñ ˆú!ÖÑ˛y ˆÎ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD òyòy ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòñ !ÓŸªy¢ˆÏÎyÜƒ
˛≤Ãyõy!òÑ˛ ¢ì˛ƒ Á ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüˆÏò–
ì˛Ìƒ˛¢)e ≠
1– Úüyú!ÜÓ˚yÓ˚ v˛yˆÏÑ˛Û ÈÙÈ õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#ñ Ñ˛Ó˚&íy ≤ÃÑ˛yüò#ñ Ñ˛!úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 9ñ x@˘Ã£yÎ˚í 1389ñ
˛ô,¤˛yÈÈÙÈ24
2– ì˛ˆÏîÓñ ˛ô,¤˛yÈÙÈ24ÈÙÈ25
3– Ú!¢ï% Ñ˛yò%Ó˚ v˛yˆÏÑ˛Û ÈÙÈ õ£yŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#ñ Ñ˛Ó˚&íy ≤ÃÑ˛yüò#ñ Ñ˛!úÑ˛yì˛ ÈÙÈ 9ñ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í 2001ñ
ár›˛yÓyˆÏãñ ˛ô,¤˛yÈÙÈ113
4– ì˛ˆÏîÓñ ˛ô,¤˛yÈÙÈ30
5– ì˛ˆÏîÓ
6– ì˛ˆÏîÓ
ár›˛yÓyˆÏãñ ˛ô,¤˛yÈÙÈ113
8– Ú!ÓÓ˚¢y õ%u˛y4 ÈÙÈ õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#ñ ˛ôƒy!˛ôÓ˚y¢ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íñ Ñ˛!úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 4ñ â˛ì%˛Ì õ%oíñ òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚
2007ñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü 1981ñ ˛ô,¤˛yÈÙÈ32
10– ì˛ˆÏîÓ
ár›˛yÓyˆÏã
13– Úxy§ïyÓ˚ õy!òÑ˛Û ÈÙÈ õ£yŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#
14– ì˛ˆÏîÓ
15– ÚÓƒyïÖ[˛Û ÈÙÈ È õ£yŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#ñ ˆîÛã ˛ôyÓ!ú!üÇñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 73ñ ˛ô,¤˛yÈÙÈ57
16– ì˛ˆÏîÓ
17– ÚÓ˚*îyú#Û ÈÙ õ£yŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#ñ ˆîÛã ˛ôyÓ!ú!üÇñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 73ñ ˛ô,¤˛yÈÙÈ11
18– Ú¢§yG˛ ¢Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ õyÛ ÈÙÈ õ£yŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#
¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i˛ôO# ≠
1– Úv˛z˛ôãy!ì˛ ¶˛yÓòyÛ ÈÙÈ ¢%Ñ˛yhs˛ ˛ôyúñ ≤ÃÓ#Ó˚ ˆîñ ◊yÓò# ˆáy°Ï ÈÙ ≤Ãˆ@Ï ˘Ã!¢¶˛ ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y
ÙÈ 73ñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü 2001
2– ÚòÓã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ı˛yˆÏò v˛z˛ôãyì˛#Î˚ ãòÜíÛ ÈÙÈ xÓ˚&í ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó#˚ ñ òƒyüòyú Ó%Ñ˛ ~ˆÏã™#ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y
ÈÙÈ 73ñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü 1991
3– Ú¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xy!îÓy¢#Û ÈÙÈ ¢%ˆÏÓyï ˆáy°Ï ÈÙÈ òƒyüòyú Ó%Ñ˛ ~ˆÏã™# ÈÙÈ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 73ñ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ õ%oí
ÈÙÈ òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ñ 2000
4– Úˆ◊¤˛ Ü“Û ÈÙÈ õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#ñ ˆîÛã ˛ôyÓ!ú!üÇñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 73ñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÈÙÈ ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ñ
2004
~î‚ ²Ìy!hsþ„þ ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ ≤ÃÌy òÎ˚ñ £z!ì˛£y¢ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ xyˆÏäÈ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˛ÈÙÈ≤Ãyhs˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ
≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò ¢!ì˛ƒ !Ñ˛òy ì˛y !õ!úˆÏÎ˚
ˆîÖyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò £Î˚ òy ˆúÖƒyÜyˆÏÓ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ–˚ Î!îÁ ~Ñ˛ÌyÁ
!‡˛Ñ˛ ˆÎ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ã £z!ì˛£y¢ !úÖˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú
ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ¢y!£ì˛ƒÁ xy¢ˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛y£z xhs˛£#ò £z!ì˛£y¢ xyÓ˚ xhs˛£#ò ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
¢ˆÏD ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÌ â˛úy– £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ˆÖ§yãyÓ˚ Ñ˛yã
Ñ˛úˆÏõ Ñ˛úˆÏõ â˛ˆÏú ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ !â˛Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ¶˛!DˆÏì˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
Ö§yˆÏã Ö§yˆÏã– ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛Óú ˆÖ§yãyÓ˚ ˆâ˛yÖ !òˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚
Ó§yÑ˛ñ ˆõyâ˛v˛¸ñ áyì˛ÈÙÈx!¶˛áyì˛ˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~£z
@˘ÃˆsÏ ˛i v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢ı˛yò# ˆâ˛yÖ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ›˛ˆÏò
ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãyíyhs˛ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢#– ˆâ˛òyˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛òyˆÏòy òÎ˚ñ
£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyÖƒyò xˆÏâ˛òyˆÏÑ˛ñ Îy xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yîy ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ¢â˛Ó˚yâ˛Ó˚ ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸
v˛. x!Ó˚!ãÍ ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ òyñ ˆ¢£z xâ˛#ò ≤Ãyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ÁÎ˚yÓ˚# v˛. x!Ó˚!ãÍ ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈
õ)úƒ ≠ 135 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ì˛y§Ó˚ ~£z @˘Ãs˛i–
üD°Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ !ã˛!ë˛˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã§D

x!öˆÏü£Ï öflÒÓ˚*
ÓyÇ°y ¢∑ û˛y[˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ú!ã˛!ë˛Û ¢∑!ê˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ !•!® ¢∑ Ú!ã˛ê‰˛ë˛#Û ˆÌˆÏÜ˛– xyÓ˚ Ú˛õeÛ
¢∑!ê˛ ï˛Í§ü– ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ Ú!ã˛!ë˛Û ~ÓÇ ˛ÚõeÛ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §üyÌ≈Ü˛ ¢∑ •ˆÏ°Ä !ã˛!ë˛Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ §Óê%˛Ü%˛ ÓƒOöy ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ öy– Ú!ã˛!ë˛Û xˆÏöÜ˛ê˛y Ú˛õeÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xyô%!öÜ˛
§ÇflÒÓ˚î– Ú˛õeÛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yˆÏÜ˛ ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚– ≤Ãyã˛#ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚
˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°ö !åÈ°– ˆ§•z§üÎ˚ Ó˚yçÜ˛#Î˚ Ä ˜Ó£Ï!Î˚Ü˛ Ü˛yˆÏç ˆ°áyÓ˚ çöƒ
Ü˛y¤˛ÈÙÈú˛°Ü˛ñ ôyï˛Ó ˛õyï˛ñ !¢°y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ÌyÜ˛ˆÏ°Äñ ˆ°áyÓ˚ Ó‡° ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛
üyôƒü !åÈ° àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y– §ÇÓyò ≤ÃòyˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ !°ˆÏá ˛õyë˛yˆÏöy ~Ü˛
xˆÏÌ≈ ˛õe ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î– §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ÚÜ˛yàçÛñ ÓyÇ°y ¢∑
û˛y[˛yˆÏÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎy!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ öï%˛ö ¢∑ó ï˛Ó% Ü˛yàˆÏç ˆ°áy !ã˛!ë˛ xyçÄ ˛õe öyˆÏü
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
Óƒ!_´àï˛ !Ü˛ÇÓy ˜Ó£Ï!Î˚Ü˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õe ˆ°áyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ Ó‡
˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏöy– Ü˛y!°òyˆÏ§Ó˚ ¢Ü%˛hsˇ°y öyê˛ˆÏÜ˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ò%‹øhsˇ ¢Ü%˛hsˇ°yˆÏÜ˛ ˛õp˛õyï˛yÎ˚
≤ÃîÎ˚˛õe !°ˆÏá!åÈ°– §Çfl,Òï˛ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xöƒe ˛õe ˆ°áyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆàˆÏ°Ä
≤Ãyã˛#ö Ä xy!òÈÙÈüôƒÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˛õe ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ≤Ãüyî ˆüˆÏ° öy–
Ú◊#Ü,˛£èÜ˛#ï≈˛öÛ Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ Ó˚yôy Ä Ü,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyà Ó˚«˛y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ Óí˛¸y•z– xÓ¢ƒ üôƒÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚
ˆòÓÈÙÈˆòÓ# !öû≈˛Ó˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õe ˆ°áyÓ˚ xÓÜ˛y¢ !öï˛yhsˇ•z Ü˛ü– üï≈˛ƒ
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆòÓˆÏòÓ#Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ Îï˛ !ö!Óí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ xyáƒyˆÏö !ã˛!ë˛˛õˆÏeÓ˚
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçö ï˛ï˛ê˛y•z ú%˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~•z Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî üD°Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÚˆòÓ á[˛ÛÈÙÈ~ ˛õe ˆ°áyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ˆö•z– xyÓyÓ˚ fl∫à≈Óy§#Ó˚y Îáö ¢y˛õº‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ üˆÏï˛ƒ≈ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ˆöˆÏü
~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ï˛áö ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçö §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ï˛yÓ˚yÄ !ã˛!ë˛ÈÙÈ˛õe ˆ°áyÓ˚ ï˛y!àò xö%û˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ÓyÇ°y üD°Ü˛yÓƒ=!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ üö§yüD° Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ü˛y!•!ö §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y ≤Ãyã˛#ö–
üö§yüD° Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ ˆòÓï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ~ï˛ê˛y•z my!®µÜ˛ Ä ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˆÎñ
Ü˛y!•!öÓ˚ e´ü ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õe ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy xÓÜ˛y¢ !åÈ° öy– Óy§Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏe fl∫yü#
üyÓ˚y ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ü,ï˛ fl∫yü#ˆÏÜ˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛°yÓ˚ üy®yˆÏ§ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ˆÓ‡°y
ãÑ˛y˛õyÓ˚ í˛yˆÏ° ÓˆÏ§ ÌyÜ˛y ˆŸªï˛Ü˛yÜ˛ˆÏÜ˛ !˛õï˛yÓ˚ à,ˆÏ• §ÇÓyò ˛õyë˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ !üö!ï˛
çy!öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ÈÙÈÙÈÙÈÚxyüyÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ Îy• ˆŸªï˛Ü˛yÜ˛†≤ÃyîöyÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° ˜°Î˚y çˆÏ° û˛y§ƒy
*ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ó˚Ó#w¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–
üD°Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ !ã˛!ë˛˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã§D ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 203
Îy•z–†Ü˛!•Ä üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆòáy öy•z–Û1 Ü˛y!•!öÓ˚ ~•z fliyˆÏö ˛õe ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã§D
xÓyhsˇÓ˚ •ï˛ öy– Ü˛yÓ˚î ï˛ÍÜ˛y°#ö §üyˆÏç ˛õy!áˆÏòÓ˚ à°yÎ˚ !ã˛!ë˛ ˆÓÑˆÏô í˛z!j‹T Óƒ!_´Ó˚
!öÜ˛ê˛ ˛õe ˛õyë˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ÄÎ˚yç !åÈ°– !Ü˛v ˆŸªï˛Ü˛yÜ˛ ~áyˆÏö !öç ü%ˆÏá ˆÓ‡°yÓ˚
§üyã˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– §ÇÓyò Óy•Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆŸªï˛Ü˛yÜ˛ˆÏÜ˛ !öÓ≈yã˛ö Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÓyô•Î˚
üôƒÎ%à#Î˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ°Ô!Ü˛Ü˛ !ÓŸªy§ Ä §ÇflÒyÓ˚ !ö!•ï˛ !åÈ°– Ü˛yÓ˚î Ü˛yÜ˛ xyçÄ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚
Óyï≈˛yÓ• ò)ï˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ xyÓ˚ §yòy Ó˚ä ˜ÓôˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#Ü˛– ~•z ò%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ü!°ï˛
ÓƒOöy ˆŸªï˛Ü˛yˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ï˛y•z ˛õe ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fliyˆÏö
ˆŸªï˛Ü˛yˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã§D ~ˆÏö üö§yüD° Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ü˛!Ó ÎˆÏÌ‹T ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö–
üD°Ü˛yÓƒ Ó˚ã˛!Î˚ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ü%Ü%˛® ã˛e´Óï˛#≈Ó˚ Úã˛[˛#üD°Û Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ ≤ÃÌü ˛õˆÏeÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– Î!òÄ Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÚxyˆÏá!ê˛ á[˛ÛÈÙÈ~ §Dï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã§D
xyˆÏ§!ö– Ü˛y°ˆÏÜ˛ï%˛ÈÙÈú%˛Õ‘Ó˚yÓ˚ ày•≈fliƒ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ô xˆÏöÜ˛ê˛y•z §#üyÓk˛– Óö ˆÜ˛!wÜ˛
ç#ÓöÈÙÈÎy˛õˆÏöÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ Ó,•_Ó˚ §üyç ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˆÎyà !åÈ° öy–
!ÓòƒyÈÙÈ!¢«˛yÓ˚ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÜ˛y Ü˛y°ˆÏÜ˛ï%˛ÈÙÈú%˛Õ‘Ó˚yÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!eÜ˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD
§yüO§ƒ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆÓyô•Î˚ Ü˛y°ˆÏÜ˛ï%˛ Ó˚yçy •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ä ˛õe ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy– ï˛ˆÏÓ ÚÓ!îÜ˛ á[˛ÛÈÙÈ~ ôö˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õyáƒyö ~Ü˛y!ôÜ˛ ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
°«˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ôö˛õ!ï˛ í˛zçy!ö öàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §æyhsˇ Ó!îÜ˛ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ flf# °•öy– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ òy¡õï˛ƒ ç#ÓˆÏö
á%Õ‘öyÓ˚ fliyö •ë˛yÍ ˛õyÜ˛y˛õy!Ü˛û˛yˆÏÓ !fliÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°Ä §ï˛#ö Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ °•öyÓ˚ á%Õ‘öyˆÏÜ˛
üy!öˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏï˛ x§%!Óôy •Î˚!ö– !Ü˛v ò%•z §ï˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ ~•z §¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏÜ˛ û˛yˆÏ°y ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆòˆÏá!ö
≤Ãôyö òy§# ò%Ó°y– ï˛yÓ˚ Ü%˛üsfîyÎ˚ °•öyÓ˚ üˆÏö x!ÓŸªy§ çß√yÎ˚– °•öyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy •Î˚
ˆÎñ á%Õ‘öyÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yü#ÈÙÈˆ§Ôû˛yàƒ ö‹T •ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z °•öy á%Õ‘öyˆÏÜ˛ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §Ó˚yˆÏöyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏî ò%Ó°yˆÏÜ˛ §á# °#°yÓï˛#Ó˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ˛õyë˛yÎ˚– ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ °#°yÓï˛#
xˆÏöÜ˛ !ã˛hsˇyÈÙÈû˛yÓöyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !§k˛yˆÏhsˇ xyˆÏ§ ˆÎñ á%Õ‘öyÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õöy¢ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
ôö˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆüy• Ü˛yê˛ˆÏÓ– ~•z §üÎ˚ Ó˚yçÜ˛yˆÏÎ≈ ôö˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ ÌyÜ˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàˆÏÜ˛
Ü˛yˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ °#°yÓï˛# çy° ˛õe ˆ°ˆÏá– ˛õe!ê˛ ôö˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ çÓyö#ˆÏï˛ °•öyˆÏÜ˛
ˆ°áyÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
ò%•z çˆÏö ~Ü˛ˆÏe Ó§ƒy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö ç%à!ï˛
Ü˛˛õê˛ ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ ˛õe !°ˆÏá °#°yÓï˛#–
fl∫!hflÏ xyˆÏà !°!áxy !°!á° ôö˛õ!ï˛
xˆÏ¢£Ï =ˆÏîÓ˚ ôyü °•öy Î%Óï˛#–2
xyáƒyˆÏö ~•z ˛õe!ê˛Ó˚ =Ó˚&c x˛õ!Ó˚§#ü– Ü˛yÓ˚î ~•z ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ á%Õ‘öyÓ˚
û˛yàƒ !Ó˛õÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §)e˛õyï˛ âˆÏê˛– ˛õˆÏe ò%à≈• Ü˛yê˛yÓyÓ˚ çöƒ á%Õ‘öyˆÏÜ˛ x°ÇÜ˛yÓ˚ Ó!ç≈ï˛
204 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ üD°Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ !ã˛!ë˛˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã§D
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎÍ§yüyöƒ xy•yÓ˚ Ä ö#ã˛ §yçÈÙÈ¢ÎƒyÎ˚ ~Ü˛ ÓÍ§Ó˚ Ü˛y° ≤Ãï˛ƒ• öàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚
åÈyà° ã˛Ó˚yˆÏöyÓ˚ !öˆÏò≈¢ ˆòÄÎ˚y •°– ˛õe!ê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ á%Õ‘öy fl∫yü#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ÓŸªy§ •yÓ˚yÎ˚!ö–
ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏ®• •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˛õe!ê˛ çy°ÈÙÈÙÈÙÈÚ§yô%Ó˚ x«˛Ó˚ !û˛ö!~è åÈ®†ˆÜ˛ !°!á° ˛õy!ï˛
Ü˛˛õê˛Ó¶˛Û–3 ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hsˇ ~•z ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ çöƒ•z °•öyÓ˚ xï˛ƒyã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ á%Õ‘öyˆÏÜ˛ üyÌy
öï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ !öˆÏò≈¢ á%Õ‘öy ˆüˆÏö !öˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚– °#°yÓï˛#Ó˚ ˆ°áy ~•z
çy° ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ çöƒ ~Ü˛!òˆÏÜ˛ ˆÎüö á%Õ‘öyÓ˚ û˛yàƒ !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ âˆÏê˛ ˆï˛ü!ö ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ !öˆÏò≈¢
üˆÏï˛y ÓˆÏö åÈyà° ã˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ÓˆÏ°•z á%Õ‘öy ˆòÓ#Ó˚ Ü,˛˛õy °yû˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ fl∫yü#
!ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚•z ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ ç#Óö !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÎ˚–
°#°yÓï˛#Ó˚ ˆ°áy ~•z ˛õe!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÎüö §y!•ï˛ƒ ü)°ƒ xfl∫#Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ öyñ ˆï˛ü!ö
~Ó˚ §yüy!çÜ˛ ü)°ƒÄ Ü˛ü öÎ˚– ˛õe!ê˛Ó˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛ÍÜ˛y°#ö §üyˆÏç ˛õe ˆ°áyÓ˚
Ó˚#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˆüˆÏ°– ˛õe ˆ°áyÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛ Úfl∫!hflÏÛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°ˆÏöÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy ~•z ˛õe
ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ çyöy ÎyÎ˚– ˆï˛ü!ö çyöy ÎyÎ˚ ˛õe ˛õyë˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ xyˆÏà Îb Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ =!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ày°yÓ˚
ˆüy•Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyê˛ˆÏÜ˛ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ !öÎ˚ü– Óƒ!_´àï˛ Ä ˜Ó£Ï!Î˚Ü˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçö åÈyí˛¸yÄ öyöy
§yüy!çÜ˛ xö%¤˛yˆÏö ˛õe !°ˆÏá !öüsfî Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°ˆÏöÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy çyöy ÎyÎ˚ !˛õï,˛◊yk˛Ü˛yˆÏ°
ôö˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ°áy ˛õe ˆÌˆÏÜ˛– ôö˛õ!ï˛ !˛õï,˛◊yˆÏk˛Ó˚ §üÎ˚ §Ü˛° fl∫çy!ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ ˛õe !°ˆÏá
˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ ÚˆòˆÏ¢ ˆòˆÏ¢ xyˆÏåÈ çï˛ Ü%˛ê%˛¡∫ ˆK˛xy!ï˛†≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛ §ÓyÓ˚ ˛õe !°ˆÏá
ôö˛õ!ï˛–Û4 Úã˛[˛#üD°Û Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ˛õe ôö˛õ!ï˛ !§Ç•°
ÎyeyÜ˛yˆÏ° á%Õ‘öyˆÏÜ˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈ– ˛õe!ê˛ á%Õ‘öyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ°áy– ~áyˆÏö ˛õe
Óy•ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçö •Î˚!ö– ˛õe!ê˛ ~Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ˛yÓ˚ fl∫#Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚y!_´– ~!ê˛ Ú§ˆÏ®•û˛Oö
˛õeÛ öyˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ˛õe ≤Ãy˛õˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ Óï≈˛üyö ~ÓÇ û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ~•z ˛õe!ê˛Ó˚
=Ó˚&c §%ò)Ó˚≤Ã§yÓ˚#– ôö˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ !˛õï,˛◊yk˛ Ü˛yˆÏ° x!ï˛!ÌˆÏòÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ á%Õ‘öyˆÏÜ˛ ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚
§ï˛#ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ÓˆÏö ~Ü˛yÜ˛# åÈyà° ã˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ– fl∫yü#Ó˚
xy§ß¨ ≤ÃÓy§ ÎyeyÜ˛yˆÏ° á%Õ‘öyÓ˚ àˆÏû≈˛ åÈÎ˚üyˆÏ§Ó˚ §hsˇyö– ~•z xÓfliyÎ˚ ~Ü˛çö öyÓ˚#Ó˚
˛õˆÏ«˛ öï%˛ö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#ö •ÄÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó öÎ˚– ï˛y•z §ï˛#ˆÏcÓ˚
üÎ≈yòy Ä §hsˇyˆÏöÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ Ó˚«˛yˆÏÌ≈ á%Õ‘öy fl∫yü#Ó˚ Ü˛yåÈ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ˛õe!ê˛ !°!áˆÏÎ˚
!öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ ˛õˆÏe ôö˛õ!ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° !öˆÏçÓ˚ û˛yÓ# §hsˇyˆÏöÓ˚ fl∫#Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚y!_´ öÎ˚ñ
ˆåÈˆÏ° xÌÓy ˆüˆÏÎ˚ çß√yˆÏ° Ü˛# öyü Ó˚yáˆÏÓ ˆ§ê˛yÄ !ë˛Ü˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
çáö ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ àû≈˛ ••z° åÈÎ˚ üy§
ˆ§•zÜ˛yˆÏ° ö,˛õyˆÏòˆÏ¢ Ü˛!Ó˚° ≤ÃÓy§–
ç!ò Ü˛öƒy •Î˚ ¢!¢Ü˛°y öyü Ì%Î˚ƒy
í˛z_ü ÓÇ§ç ˆò!á !é˛ ~ !Óû˛y !ò•–
ç!ò ˛õ%e •Î˚ öyü Ì%•zÎ˚ ◊#˛õ!ï˛
˛õí˛¸y•zxy ÷öy•zxy ˛õ%e Ü˛!Ó˚• §%ü!ï˛–5
ôö˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ°áy ~•z Ú§ˆÏ®•û˛OöÛ ˛õe!ê˛Ó˚ û)˛!üÜ˛y ï˛yÍ«˛!îÜ˛ öy ÌyÜ˛ˆÏ°Äñ û˛yÓ#

≤Ãçß√ˆÏÜ˛ û˛yˆÏ°y Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ~ !åÈ° ~Ü˛ ò,ì˛¸ xD#Ü˛yÓ˚– á%Õ‘öy ï˛y•z ˛õe!ê˛ˆÏÜ˛ §ÎˆÏb ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
!òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– xï˛É˛õÓ˚ ˛õ%e çß√yˆÏ° ˛õˆÏe í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ ôö˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ •zFåÈyö%§yˆÏÓ˚ §hsˇyˆÏöÓ˚
öyüÜ˛Ó˚î •Î˚ ◊#˛õ!ï˛– xöƒ!òˆÏÜ˛ ˆòÓ#Ó˚ åÈ°öyÎ˚ ôö˛õ!ï˛ !§Ç•° Ó˚yˆÏçÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ Ó!®
•Î˚– Óy°Ü˛ ◊#˛õ!ï˛ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛_¥yÓôyˆÏö =Ó˚&à,ˆÏ• !¢«˛y°yû˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏÜ˛– ~àyˆÏÓ˚y
ÓåÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy°Ü˛ ~Ü˛!òö =Ó˚&Ó˚ §ˆÏD ÓyÜ‰˛!Óï˛[˛yÎ˚ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ï˛áö e%´k˛ çöyò≈ö
˛õ![˛ï˛ ï˛yˆÏÜ˛ ÚçyÓ˚çÛ ÓˆÏ° x˛õÓyò !òˆÏ° ˆ§ !˛õï˛yÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏö !§Ç•° ÎyeyÎ˚ üö!fliÓ˚
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÎyeyÜ˛yˆÏ° ˆ§ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~•z ˛õe!ê˛– ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hsˇ ~•z ˛õe!ê˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏÎƒ ◊#˛õ!ï˛
çöyÓ˚ˆÏîƒÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ !ã˛ˆÏö !öˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yˆÏÜ˛– ôö˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ xyáƒyˆÏö ~•z ˛õe!ê˛Ó˚
fliy!Î˚c Ä =Ó˚&c !åÈ° §%ò)Ó˚≤Ã§yÓ˚#– ~àyˆÏÓ˚y ÓåÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §üÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õe!ê˛
§ÎˆÏb Ó˚!«˛ï˛ !åÈ°– ~•z ˛õe!ê˛ á%Õ‘öyˆÏÜ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ §ï˛#ˆÏcÓ˚ üÎ≈yòy xyÓ˚ ◊#˛õ!ï˛ˆÏÜ˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ !˛õï,˛ §y!ß¨ôƒ–
üD° Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ ôü≈üD° Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §Ó≈y!ôÜ˛– Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˛õÑ!ã˛¢!ê˛
˛õy°yÓ˚ xyê˛!ê˛ ˛õy°yÎ˚ ˆüyê˛ öÎ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ü˛y!•!öˆÏÜ˛ xá[˛ §¡õ)î≈ï˛y
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– §Æò¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ üôƒû˛yà ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ çöç#ÓˆÏö Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ñ Óƒ!_´àï˛
Ä ˜Ó£Ï!Î˚Ü˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õe ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ï˛y !ë˛Ü˛ Ü˛ï˛ê˛y Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ôü≈üD°
Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ í˛zˆÕÏ !‘ áï˛ ˛õe=!°Ó˚ !Ó!ã˛e Ó˚#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛y flõ‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ôü≈üD° Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛
˛õe=!°Ó˚ ˆ°áÜ˛ Ä ≤Ãy˛õÜ˛ ~•zÓ*˚ ˛õ ≠
˛õy°y ˛õeˆÏ°áÜ˛ ˛õe≤Ãy˛õÜ˛
xyòƒˆÏì˛Ü)˛Ó˚ ˛õy°y ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚ Ü˛î≈ˆ§Ï ö
°yí˛zˆÏ§ö ã%˛!Ó˚ ˛õy°y Ü˛î≈ˆ§Ï ö ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚ñ ü•yüòñ Ó¶%˛Ó˚y
üÕ‘Óô ˛õy°y Ü˛î≈ˆ§Ï ö ü•yüò
Ü˛yä%Ó˚ Îyey˛õy°y ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚ °yí˛zˆ§Ï ö
ˆ°Ô•à[˛yÓ˚ ˛õy°y ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚ °yí˛zˆ§Ï ö
xö%ü,ï˛y ˛õy°y ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚ °yí˛zˆ§Ï ö
xˆÏâyÓ˚Óyò° ˛õy°y ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚ °yí˛zˆ§Ï ö
çyàÓ˚î ˛õy°y °yí˛zˆ§Ï ö Ü˛yöyí˛¸y
çyàÓ˚î ˛õy°y Ü˛yöyí˛¸y °yí˛zˆ§Ï ö
ôü≈üD° Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˛õe=!°Ó˚ !òˆÏÜ˛ xyˆÏ°yÜ˛˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ x!ôÜ˛yÇ¢
˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ°áÜ˛ ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õeÈÙÈ≤Ãy˛õÜ˛ °yí˛zˆÏ§ö– Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÚxyòƒˆÏì˛Ü)˛Ó˚ ˛õy°yÛÎ˚
Ó˚yçy ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°áy ≤ÃÌü ˛õe!ê˛ ~Ü˛!ê˛ §Ó˚Ü˛y!Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ÄÎ˚yöy– ü,àÎ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ
Ó˚yçy ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚ Ó˚ü!ï˛ öàˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ƒy°Ü˛ ü•yüˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ó!® •ÄÎ˚y
ˆ§yüˆÏâyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §¡ø%á#ö •ö– ˆ§yüˆÏây£Ï ≤Ãçy òÓ˚!ò Ó˚yçyˆÏÜ˛ !öˆÏçÓ˚ Ó!®ò¢yÓ˚ Ü˛yÓ˚î
!çK˛y§y Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° Ó˚yçy Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ x!Óã˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚
§¡øyö !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛yˆÏÜ˛ ˆì˛Ü)˛Ó˚ àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ≤Ãôyö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòö– ˆ§ §üÎ˚ ˆì˛Ü)˛Ó˚
àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ x!ô˛õ!ï˛ !åÈˆÏ°ö Ü˛î≈ˆÏ§ö– ï˛y•z Ü˛î≈ˆÏ§ˆÏöÓ˚ Ä˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏÜ˛ ≤Ãôyö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyë˛yˆÏöyÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ xÓàï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚ ˆ§yüˆÏâyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü˛î≈ˆÏ§öˆÏÜ˛ ˛õe !°ˆÏá ˛õyë˛yö–
ˆ§yüˆÏây£Ï Ó˚yçyÓ˚ !öˆÏò≈¢ üˆÏï˛y ˆì˛Ü)˛Ó˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆ˛õÔÑˆÏåÈ ˛õe!ê˛ Ü˛î≈ˆÏ§ˆÏöÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆòÎ˚ÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
ÚÓ˚yçyÓ˚ Ü˛Óç ˛õe ˆ§yüˆÏây£Ï !ò°–†Ü˛î≈ˆÏ§ö ˛õí˛¸ƒy üˆÏö !ã˛!hsˇï˛ ••z°–Û6 ~•z ˛õe!ê˛Ó˚
üyôƒˆÏü ˆì˛Ü)˛Ó˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆ§yüˆÏâyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ!_ Ó,!k˛ ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%e •zåÈy•z
ˆây£Ï ~Ü˛§üÎ˚ ˆì˛Ü)˛Ó˚ àˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ¢yy§Ü˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ !öˆÏçˆÏÜ˛ xyd≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– xöƒ!òˆÏÜ˛
Ü˛î≈ˆÏ§ˆÏöÓ˚ ~Ü˛§üÎ˚ !ã˛hsˇyÓ˚ Ü˛yÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˆÎ ˛õeñ ˆ§•z ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z
ï˛yÓ˚ û˛yàƒ!Ó˛õÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!üÜ˛ §)e˛õyï˛ âˆÏê˛–
Ó˚yçy ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°áy ≤ÃÌü ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ §)e ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛Ü)˛Ó˚ àˆÏí˛¸ •zåÈy•z ˆâyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
í˛zayö ~ÓÇ ˛õe≤Ãy˛õÜ˛ Ü˛î≈ˆÏ§ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õï˛ö âˆÏê˛– •zåÈy•z ˆây£Ï ~Ü˛åÈe «˛üï˛yÓ˚ x!ô˛õ!ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ Ü˛î≈ˆÏ§öˆÏÜ˛ Ó˚yçƒ Ä §Ç§yÓ˚ã%˛ƒï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– xï˛É˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yçy ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚ Ü˛î≈ˆÏ§ˆÏöÓ˚
ˆÓÑˆÏã˛ ÌyÜ˛yÓ˚ öÓ!òàhsˇ í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !öç ¢ƒy!°Ü˛y Ó˚OyÓï˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏD !ÓÓy• !òˆÏÎ˚
ï˛yˆÏÜ˛ öï%˛ö Ó˚yçƒ üÎ˚öyÓ˚ x!ô˛õ!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòö– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §hsˇyö Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ °yí˛zˆÏ§ö
çß√°yû˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° Ü˛î≈ˆÏ§ö xyö® §ÇÓyò ¢ƒy°Ü˛ ü•yüò §• Ó¶%˛ÈÙÈÓy¶˛Ó §Ü˛°ˆÏÜ˛ ˛õe
!°ˆÏá çyöyÎ˚ÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
ü§#˛õe Ü˛°ü xy!ö° ¢#âà!ï˛–
÷ˆÏû˛yòÎ˚ ÓyÓ˚ï˛y !°!á° öÓ˚˛õ!ï˛––
Ó˚yçy ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚ xyˆÏà !°!á° ˛õˆÏÓ˚yöy–
˛õyeˆÏÜ˛ !°!á° ï˛Ó •Î˚ƒyˆÏåÈ û˛y!àöy––
ˆàÔí˛¸ÈÙÈòÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ û˛y•z Ó¶%˛ Îï˛ !åÈ°–
§û˛yÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛î≈ˆÏ§ö ÓyÓ˚ï˛y !°!á°––7
~•z xyö® §ÇÓyˆÏò §Ü˛ˆÏ° á%!¢ •ˆÏ°Ä °yí˛zˆÏ§ˆÏöÓ˚ üyüy ü•yüò á%!¢ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö– Ü˛î≈ˆÏ§ˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏöy ¢e&ï˛yÓ˚ •z!ï˛ ê˛yöˆÏï˛ °yí˛zˆÏ§öˆÏÜ˛ ã%˛!Ó˚ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
Ü˛Ìy û˛yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ öyöyû˛yˆÏÓ °yí˛zˆÏ§ˆÏöÓ˚ xöÌ≈ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ~•z §%ˆÏÎyàê˛y ï˛yÓ˚
§yüˆÏö ~ˆÏ§!åÈ° xÎy!ã˛ï˛û˛yˆÏÓ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü– Ó˚y!ö Ó˚OyÓï˛# §hsˇyöˆÏÜ˛ ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸
ÎyÄÎ˚y xyê˛Ü˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ÈÙÈ˛õy ˆû˛ˆÏä ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy û˛yˆÏÓ– ˆ§•z Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî
Ó˚OyÓï˛# û˛y•z ü•yüòˆÏÜ˛ !ã˛!ë˛ !°ˆÏá §yˆÏÓ˚Dô°ˆÏÜ˛ xyöyˆÏöyÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy ÓˆÏ° fl∫yü#
Ü˛î≈ˆÏ§öˆÏÜ˛– Ü˛î≈ˆÏ§ö flf#Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy üˆÏï˛y ¢ƒy°Ü˛ ü•yüòˆÏÜ˛ ˛õe ˆ°ˆÏáÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
Ú˛õyeˆÏÜ˛ !°!á° Ó˚yÎ˚ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï ˛õˆÏÓ˚yöy–
§Ó˚î !¢!áÓ ï˛Ó °yí˛zˆÏ§ö û˛y!àöy––

xÓ¢ƒ ˛õyë˛yÎ˚ƒy !òˆÏÓ §yˆÏÓ˚DôÓ˚ üy°–
ï%˛!ü xyüyÓ˚ §¡õò §yÓ˚!Ì §Ó≈Ü˛y°–8
˛õe ˛õyÄÎ˚y üye ü•yüò §yˆÏÓ˚DôÓ˚ üÕ‘ˆÏÜ˛ ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° û˛yˆÏ@¿Ó˚ üÕ‘!Óòƒy !¢«˛yÓ˚
çöƒ öÎ˚ó ÓÓ˚Ç ~•z §%ˆÏÎyàˆÏÜ˛ Ü˛yˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ °yí˛zˆÏ§öˆÏÜ˛ •ï˛ƒy Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
xÓ¢ƒ ü•yüˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏã˛‹Ty ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚– °yí˛zˆÏ§ˆÏöÓ˚ Ó#Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ §yˆÏÓ˚DôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ üyˆÏö–
ü•yüòˆÏÜ˛ ˆ°áy ~•z ˛õe!ê˛ °yí˛zˆÏ§ˆÏöÓ˚ Ó#Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ í˛zò‰ây!ê˛ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– xyÓyÓ˚
~•z ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ°•z ü•yüˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!•Ç§y Ä û˛#!ï˛ í˛zû˛Î˚•z Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ÚÜ˛yä%Ó˚Îyey ˛õy°yÛÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ ˛õe!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏö ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚
üÎ˚öyÓ˚ ü•#˛õy° °yí˛zˆÏ§öˆÏÜ˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö– Î!òÄ ~•z ˛õe ˆ°áyÓ˚ xhsˇÓ˚yˆÏ° ü•yüˆÏòÓ˚
!üÌƒy ≤ÃÓM˛Èöy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ü•yüò ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !öÜ˛ê˛ Óyï≈˛y ˆòÎ˚ Ü˛yä%Ó˚ Ó˚yç ˆàÔí˛¸
xye´üî Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈ– ï˛y•z Ü˛yä%Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Î%k˛ ÎyeyÓ˚ çöƒ ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ü ¢!_´ôÓ˚
°yí˛zˆÏ§öˆÏÜ˛ ˛õe ˆ°ˆÏáöÈÙÈÙÈÙÈÚ˛õyˆÏe Óã˛ö ÷!ö Ó˚yçy §yÎ˚ !ò°†Ü˛yä%Ó˚ ü!•ü ˆ•ï%˛
˛õˆÏÓ˚yöy !°!á°Û9– ~•z ˛õe ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ °yí˛zˆÏ§ö Ü˛yä%Ó˚ Îyey Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ Ó˚yçy ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yçÜ˛öƒy Ü˛!°DyˆÏÜ˛ !ÓÓy• Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ~Ü˛•zû˛yˆÏÓ !¢ü%°Ó˚yç Ü˛öƒy Ü˛yöyí˛¸yÓ˚ §ˆÏD
°yí˛zˆÏ§ˆÏöÓ˚ !ÓÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÎyà§)e àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛!åÈ° ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°áy ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚–
!¢ü%°Ó˚yç •!Ó˚˛õy° Ü˛öƒyÓ˚ !ÓÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ çöƒ fl∫Î˚Ω˛Ó˚ §û˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçö Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚
°yí˛zˆÏ§öˆÏÜ˛ ˆ§áyˆÏö í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ ÌyÜ˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ˛õe ˆ°ˆÏáö– fl∫Î˚Ω˛Ó˚ §û˛yÎ˚ ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚
ˆ°Ô•à[˛yÓ˚ !má![˛ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •öñ !Ü˛v °yí˛zˆÏ§ö ˆ°Ô•à[˛yÓ˚ !má![˛ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ü˛yöyí˛¸yˆÏÜ˛ flf# Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ °yû˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö–
°yí˛zˆÏ§ˆÏöÓ˚ Ó#Ó˚c Ä üÎ≈yòyˆÏÜ˛ ü•yüò Ü˛áˆÏöy•z û˛yˆÏ°y ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆòˆÏá!ö–
°yí˛zˆÏ§öˆÏÜ˛ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ x˛õòfli Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏ° ü•yüˆÏòÓ˚ Ü)˛ê˛˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ã˛eýhsˇ xyÓ˚Ä
ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– Úxö%ü,ï˛y˛õy°yÛÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ü•yüˆÏòÓ˚ Ü%˛!ê˛° £Ïí˛¸ÎˆÏsf ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚ ˆòÓï˛yÓ˚
ÓÓ˚˛õ%e •zåÈy•z ˆây£ÏˆÏÜ˛ !öˆÏçÓ˚ Ó¢ƒï˛y fl∫#Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çöƒ °yí˛zˆÏ§öˆÏÜ˛ ˆì˛Ü)˛Ó˚àí˛¸ çÎ˚
Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyë˛yˆÏï˛ ã˛yö– ˆ§•z Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî !ï˛!ö °yí˛zˆÏ§öˆÏÜ˛ ï˛°Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˛õe
ˆ°ˆÏáöÈÙÈÙÈÙÈÚÓ˚yçy ÓˆÏ° ÷öˆÏÓ˚ ôyÓÜ˛ •zwçy°–†xyö !àÎ˚y °yí˛zˆÏ§ö üÎ˚öyÓ˚
ü•#˛õy°†...üyÌyÎ˚ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y !öÏÎ˚ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚yöy†ôyÓÜ˛ !ÓòyÎ˚ ˜•° ò!«˛î üÎ˚öy–Û10
~•z ˛õe ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ °yí˛zˆÏ§ö ˆì˛Ü)˛Ó˚ çÎ˚ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ü•yüò !üÌƒy åÈ°öyÓ˚ xy◊Î˚ !öˆÏÎ˚
üÎ˚öy öàˆÏÓ˚ °yí˛zˆÏ§ˆÏöÓ˚ üyÎ˚yü%[˛ ˛õyë˛yÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ° Ó˚yˆÏçƒ ˆ¢yˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ åÈyÎ˚y ˆöˆÏü xyˆÏ§
~ÓÇ Ü˛yöyí˛¸yÈÙÈÜ˛!°Dy xö%ü,ï˛y •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ •ö– xÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ôü≈ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü,˛˛õyÎ˚
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §ï˛ƒ í˛zò‰ây!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ üÎ˚öyöàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢y!hsˇ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– ü•yüˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z Ü%˛!ê˛°
ã˛eýˆÏhsˇ ôü≈ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏÜ˛•z Ó˚&‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ !åÈˆÏ°ö– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ü•yüˆÏòÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy üˆÏï˛y
ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈!§!k˛Ó˚ çöƒ ôü≈˛õ)çy Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° !ï˛!ö e%´k˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ xÜ˛y° Ó£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚
xyˆÏò¢ ˆòö– ˆòÓÓ˚yç •zˆÏwÓ˚ Ü,˛˛õyÎ˚ xÜ˛y° Ó£Ï≈ˆÏî ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ã˛Ó˚ü «˛!ï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆòÓï˛yÓ˚
ˆÓ˚y£Ï ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚ °yí˛zˆÏ§öˆÏÜ˛ ˛õe üyÓ˚ú˛ï˛ ˆí˛ˆÏÜ˛ ˛õyë˛yö–
ôü≈üD° Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÚçyàÓ˚î ˛õy°yÛÎ˚ °yí˛zˆÏ§ö Ä Ü˛yöyí˛¸yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ò%!ê˛ Óƒ!_´àï˛
˛õey°y˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏü §)ˆÏÎ≈yòÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ °yí˛zˆÏ§ö •yÜ˛ˆÏ[˛ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
Ó‡!òö ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚– üÎ˚öy öàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óyï≈˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üö !Óã˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÄˆÏë˛– ˆ§•z
Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî °yí˛zˆÏ§ö •yÜ˛[˛ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ üÎ˚öy Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ §ÇÓyò çyöˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛yöyí˛¸yˆÏÜ˛ ˛õe
ˆ°ˆÏáöÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
~ï˛ ÷!ö °yí˛zˆÏ§ö í˛zÍÜ˛° ü•#öyÌ–
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ö° ü§ƒy!ö Ü˛°ü ï˛y°˛õyï˛––
◊#ü!ï˛ Ü˛!°Dy ˆï˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ xy¢#£Ï–
û˛y°ü® öy!• çy!ö âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï––11
°yí˛zˆÏ§ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ°áy ~•z ˛õe üÎ˚öy öàˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏö!åÈ° ¢yÓ˚#ÈÙÈ÷Î˚y ˛õy!á– Ü˛yöyí˛¸y ~•z
˛õe ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ °yí˛zˆÏ§öˆÏÜ˛ üÎ˚öyÓ˚ Óyï≈˛y !°ˆÏá ˛õyë˛yö ¢yÓ˚#ÈÙÈ÷Î˚yÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü–ÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
fl∫!hflÏ xy!ò ≤ÃÌü !°áö üˆÏöy•Ó˚–
àçˆÏüy!ï˛§ü Ü˛y!hsˇ Ü˛yöyí˛¸y x«˛Ó˚––
üˆÏ•yò!ô üÎ≈yòy ü!•üy ü•y¢Î˚–
Ü˛yöyí˛¸y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ òy§# !°ˆÏá §!ÓöÎ˚––12
Ü˛yöyí˛¸y ~•z ˛õˆÏe üÎ˚öy öàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ û˛yàƒ !Ó˛õÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy !°ˆÏá ˛õyë˛yö– ˛õˆÏe
≤ÃˆÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ âê˛öyÓ˚ ˛õ%Cyö%˛õ%C !ÓÓÓ˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~•z âê˛öy °yí˛zˆÏ§ö çyöyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏü §)Î≈ í˛zòÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛˛õ§ƒyÎ˚ x!ôÜ˛ üˆÏöyˆÏÎyà ˆòÎ˚– Ü˛yÓ˚î Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚
çöƒ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ üö ÓƒyÜ%˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛–
ôü≈üD° Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ °«˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ Ü˛y!•!ö Îï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚
!òˆÏÜ˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ï˛ï˛•z Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xÌ≈yÍ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ e´üyàï˛
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ âê˛öyˆÏÜ˛ o&ï˛ à!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ôü≈üD° Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ ˛õe Óy•Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ôyÓÜ˛ Ä
÷Ü˛ÈÙÈ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆÎüö í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆï˛ü!ö ˛õe ˆ°áyÓ˚ !Ó!¢‹T Ó˚#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚
ˆüˆÏ° Ü˛yöyí˛¸yÓ˚˚ ˆ°áy ˛õe ˆÌˆÏÜ˛– Ü˛yöyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆ°áy x«˛Ó˚ˆÏÜ˛ ~áyˆÏö ï%˛°öy Ü˛Ó˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÚàçˆÏüy!ï˛ÛÓ˚ §ˆÏD– xyÓyÓ˚ °yí˛zˆÏ§ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ°áy ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˛õˆÏe Ü˛°ü !òˆÏÎ˚
ï˛y°˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˆ°áyÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy çyöy ÎyÎ˚– §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ôü≈üD° Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ ˛õe=!°
ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ üôƒÎ%ˆÏà ˛õeˆÏ°áyÓ˚ !Ó!¢‹T Ó˚#!ï˛ñ ˆ°áyÓ˚ üyôƒÏü Ä ˛õeÓy•ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ §Ó≈yD#î
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ °yû˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ Úxß¨òyüD°Û Ü˛yÓƒ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛öy •ˆÏ°Ä ˛õˆÏeÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §!ÓˆÏ¢£Ï ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õˆÏí˛¸ öy– Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ á[˛ Ú!Óòƒy§%®Ó˚Û Ü˛y!•!öˆÏï˛ ò%•z
fliyˆÏö ˛õe ˆ°áyÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy çyöy ÎyÎ˚– Ó˚yçy üyö!§Ç• ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ xyàüˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ û˛Óyö®
üç%üòyÓ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏÜ˛ !Óòƒy§%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛y!•!ö ˆ¢yöyÎ˚– Ú!Óòƒy§%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛ÌyÓ˚Ω˛Û xÇˆÏ¢ û˛Óyö®
üç%üòyÓ˚ˆÏÜ˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢yöy ÎyÎ˚ Ó#Ó˚!§Ç• Ó˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õe ˆ°áyÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy– Óô≈üyö Ó˚yçy
Ó#Ó˚!§Ç• ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~Ü˛üye Ü˛öƒy !ÓòƒyÓ˚ !ÓÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ çöƒ Ü˛yM˛È# Ó˚yç =î!§¶%˛ Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%e
§%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˛õe ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚öÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
ÚÓ#Ó˚!§Ç• ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyê˛†˛õyë˛y•zÎ˚y !ò° û˛yê˛†!°!áÎ˚y ~§Ó §üyã˛yÓ˚––
ˆ§•z ˆòˆÏ¢ û˛yê˛ !àÎ˚y† !öˆÏÓ!ò° ˛õe !òÎ˚y† xy!§ˆÏï˛ Óy§öy ˜•° ï˛yÓ˚––Û13
û˛yê˛ ˛õe !öˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛yM˛È# ˆòˆÏ¢ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ˆÏ° §%®Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ü%á ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ !ÓòƒyÓ˚ §!ÓˆÏ¢£Ï
Óî≈öy çyöˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ åÈpˆÏÓˆÏ¢ !Óòƒy °yˆÏû˛Ó˚ çöƒ Óô≈üyˆÏö ~ˆÏ§ •#Ó˚y
üy!°ö#Ó˚ à,ˆÏ• xy◊Î˚ ˆöÎ˚– •#Ó˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!òö !ÓòƒyˆÏÜ˛ ú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆçyàyö ˆòÎ˚– ~•z
§%ˆÏÎyàˆÏÜ˛ Ü˛yˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ §%®Ó˚ •#Ó˚y üy!°ö#ˆÏÜ˛ ÓˆÏ°ÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
Ú!öï˛ƒ !öï˛ƒ üy°y ï%˛!ü !ÓòƒyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyàyÄ–
~Ü˛ !òö ˆüyÓ˚ àÑyÌy üy°y °ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄ––
üy°y üyˆÏé˛ ˛õe !òÓ ï˛yˆÏ• Ó%é˛y ÷é˛y–
ˆÓí˛¸y ˆöˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎö à,•ˆÏfliÓ˚ üö Ó%é˛y–14
§%®Ó˚ üy°yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˛õe ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ !öˆÏç üy°y àÑyÌˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§– ˆÜ˛Î˚yñ ü!Õ‘Ü˛yñ
ÓÜ%˛° ÌˆÏÓ˚ ÌˆÏÓ˚ §y!çˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ Ú!ã˛eÜ˛yˆÏÓƒ ~Ü˛ ˆŸ’yÜ˛ !°!á ˆÜ˛Î˚y˛õyˆÏï˛Û–
ˆày˛õˆÏö ˆÜ˛Î˚y˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˛õe !°ˆÏá §%®Ó˚ !ÓòƒyˆÏÜ˛ ˛õyë˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !Óòƒy !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚
~Ü˛•zû˛yˆÏÓ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˆŸ’yˆÏÜ˛ !°ˆÏá ˛õyë˛yÎ˚– ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ !Óòƒy§%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §)e˛õyï˛
•Î˚– !ÓòƒyÈÙÈ§%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyˆÏé˛ §ÇÓyò Óy•Ü˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ •#Ó˚y üy!°ö# ÌyÜ˛yÎ˚ í˛zû˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˛õe
ˆ°áyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçö ˛õˆÏí˛¸!ö–
üD°Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ !ã˛!ë˛ÈÙÈ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ °«˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ üö§yüD° Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚
Ü˛y!•!ö ≤Ãyã˛#ö Ä §Ó˚°˜ÏÓ˚!áÜ˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy– ã˛[˛#üD°
Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xyˆÏá!ê˛ áˆÏ[˛ ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçö öy •ÄÎ˚yê˛y•z fl∫yû˛y!ÓÜ˛ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó!îÜ˛ áˆÏ[˛
°#°yÓï˛#Ó˚ Ü˛˛õê˛ ˛õe Ä ôö˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ üyöû˛Oö ˛õe Ü˛y!•!öÓ˚ ò%•z !öÎ˚yüÜ˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ–
ôü≈üD° Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ ˛õe ˆ°áyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°ö ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ï%˛°öyÎ˚ xˆÏöÜ˛ê˛y•z ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– xöƒ!òˆÏÜ˛
üôƒÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õyˆÏò ˆ°áy xß¨òyüD° Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ã˛üÜ˛≤Ãò xÌã˛ §Çáƒy
xˆÏöÜ˛ Ü˛ü– xy§ˆÏ° §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˛õe ˆ°áyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°ö §üyˆÏç ÌyÜ˛ˆÏ°Ä §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ
˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ xˆÏöÜ˛ê˛y•z xyáƒyö !öû≈˛Ó˚–
ï˛Ìƒ§)e≠
1. ï˛ß√Î˚ !üeñ ü#Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ç!í˛° Ü˛!Ó˚üñ §%ˆÏÓyôÜ%˛üyÓ˚ Î¢ S§¡õy.Vñ ˆÜ˛ï˛Ü˛yòy§ ˆ«˛üyöˆÏ®Ó˚
üö§yüD°ñ ÓD#Î˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ §Ç§òñ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yñ 2010ñ ˛õ,. 78
2. §%Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ˆ§ö S§¡õy.Vñ Ü˛!ÓÜ˛B˛î ü%Ü%˛® !ÓÓ˚!ã˛ï˛ ã˛[˛#üD°ñ §y!•ï˛ƒ xÜ˛yˆÏò!üñ !öí˛z
!ò!Õ‘ñ 1993ñ ˛õ,. 136
3. õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ñ ˛õ,. 137
4. ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ñ ˛õ,. 178
5. ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ñ ˛õ,. 194
6. x«˛Î˚Ü%˛üyÓ˚ Ü˛Î˚y° S§¡õy.Vñ Ó˚*˛õÓ˚yü ã˛e´Óï˛#≈ !ÓÓ˚!ã˛ï˛ ôü≈üD°ñ û˛yÓ˚!Óñ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yñ
2011ñ ˛õ,. 61
7. ˛ õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ñ ˛õ,. 123
8. õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ñ ˛õ,. 160
9. ˛ õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ñ ˛õ,. 263
10. ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ñ ˛õ,. 319
11. ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ñ ˛õ,. 411
12. ˛˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ñ ˛õ,. 413
13. üòöˆÏüy•ö ˆàyfl∫yü# S§¡õy.Vñ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ã˛wñ §y!•ï˛ƒ xÜ˛yˆÏò!üñ !öí˛z !ò!Õ‘ñ 1961ñ
˛õ,. 72
14. ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ñ ˛õ,. 73
~î‚ ²Ìy!hsþ„þ ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ xy£ì˛ ˛ôy!ÖÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏü
Áv˛¸yÈÙÈv˛z!v˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ú~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚
xy¢y ÎyÎ˚–Û òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ !î!Üwâ˛w ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢£z xy£ì˛ ˛ôy!ÖˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚
xy¢yÓ˚ Ü“ ˆüyòyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– òyÓ˚# ÎyÓ˚y òy!Ñ˛
¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ïyÓ˚Ñ˛ñ Óy£Ñ˛Á– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yÓú¡∫# £ˆÏÎ˚
Á‡˛yÓ˚ Ü“ñ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ¢õ%ˆÏoÓ˚ !òì˛ƒ ˜ò!õ!_Ñ˛
ˆãyÎ˚yÓ˚ ¶˛y›˛yÎ˚ v˛zÌyú ˛ôyÌyú ã#ÓˆÏò !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛
£y!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ òy ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ü“ ÷!òˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò
!î!Üwâ˛w ÓˆÏ®y˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚– ≤ÃyÓ!ı˛Ñ˛ xy!ü¢ Ó˚yÎ˚ ~ÖyˆÏò îü!›˛
~Ñ˛yB˛ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ òyÓ˚#Ó˚y
≤ÃÓˆÏı˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ¢£z fl˛∫yÓú¡∫# £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚
xy!ü¢ Ó˚yÎ˚
õ)úƒ ≠ 80 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛Ìy ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
ÚÚÓDÓyö#ÛÛ ≠ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yö ˆÜ˛!wÜ˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w

!Óû˛y£Ï öyˆÏÎ˚Ü˛*
ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Ü,˛ï˛!Óòƒ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ≤ÃÓÓ˚ K˛yöï˛˛õfl∫# !åÈˆ° Ï ö ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö– §yü!Î˚Ü˛
Ä üy!§Ü˛ ˛õ!eÜ˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áÜ˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ åÈyí˛¸yÄñ ò%!ê˛ §yü!Î˚Ü˛ ˛õ!eÜ˛yÓ˚ §¡õyòÜ˛
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ x!û˛K˛ï˛y xyˆÏåÈ– ≤Ã§Dï˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒñ !ï˛!ö ~Ü˛§üÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÚÓDò¢≈öÛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚Ó#wöyˆÏÌÓ˚ û˛y•z!é˛ §Ó˚°yˆÏòÓ#ˆÏÜ˛ Úû˛yÓ˚ï˛#Û ˛õ!eÜ˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ˆÏö !ÓˆÏ¢£Ïû˛yˆÏÓ
§•yÎ˚ï˛y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– ÚâˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy Ä Î%à §y!•ï˛ƒÛ @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ 20 xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
xyˆÏåÈ– í˛z˛õˆÏÓy˚ _´ ò%!ê˛ ˛õ!eÜ˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ö!Óí˛¸ §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ü≈˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ üôƒ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ í˛zFã˛!¢«˛y
@ˇÃ•öñ K˛yö°yû˛ñ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#Ü˛yˆÏ° ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛wˆÏÜ˛ üy!§Ü˛ ˛õ!eÜ˛y §¡õyòöyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°öyÎ˚
ÎˆÏÌ‹T !e´Î˚y¢#° Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– 1ü Ä 2Î˚ Ó£Ï≈ ÎÌye´ˆÏü 13 ú˛yıö 1328 ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ üyâ
1330 Ü˛y°˛õÓ≈ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆ°áÜ˛ Ä §¡õyòÜ˛ !åÈˆÏ°ö– ï˛ˆÏÓñ ÚÓDÓyö#Û ˛õ!eÜ˛yÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü
§•Ü˛yÓ˚# §¡õyòÜ˛ !ÓçÎ˚ã˛w üç%üòyÓ˚– xöƒ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˛õ!eÜ˛yÓ˚ Ú˜ÏÓòƒ!•˜Ïï˛!§ö#Û Sˆ˛õÔ£Ï 1331
ÓDy∑V– ˛õ!eÜ˛y!ê˛ ˜Óòƒ Óy·˛î ˆ◊î#Ó˚ ü%á˛õe !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~Ü˛!ê˛ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï §¡±òyÎ˚û˛% _´
Óƒ!_´ü[˛°#Ó˚ !öçfl∫ §yÇàë˛!öÜ˛ ˛õ!eÜ˛y– ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ~•z ˛õ!eÜ˛yÓ˚ §¡õyòöyÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
xöƒï˛ü §•Ü˛yÓ˚# ˛§û˛y˛õ!ï˛Ä !åÈˆ° Ï ö– ÓDyÓyö# ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛ ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ï˛y!°Ü˛y
Ü˛y°e´ü§• ~Ü˛!ê˛ §)!ã˛ !öˆÏ¡¨ ≤Ãò_ÈñÈÙÈ
≤ÃÓ¶˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˛õ!eÜ˛y ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛y°
Ü˛. ê˛üy§ Ä Ó˚yüÓ˚yü Ó§% ÓDyÓyö# 1ü Ó£Ï≈ñ 1ü §Çáƒy 1328 üyâ
á. ÜÑ˛yã˛Ó˚y˛õyí˛¸y ÈÙÈ Ü˛!ÓÜ˛î≈˛õ%Ó˚ ÓDyÓyö# 1ü Ó£Ï≈ñ 2Î˚ §Çáƒy 1328 ˜ã˛e
à. öò#Î˚yÓ˚ ˆê˛y° ÈÙÈ ~Ü˛¢ï˛ ÓDyÓyö# 1ü Ó£Ï≈ñ 2Î˚ §Çáƒy 1328 ˜ã˛e
ÓÍ§Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈
â. ◊#Óy§ ÈÙÈ {ŸªÓ˚ =Æ ÓDyÓyö# 1ü Ó£Ï≈ñ 3Î˚ §Çáƒy 1329 ˜Ó¢yá
ä. ˆây£Ï˛õyí˛¸y SÜ˛_≈yû˛çyÓ˚ ò°V ÓDyÓyö# 1ü Ó£Ï≈ñ 4Ì≈ §Çáƒy 1329 ˜çƒ¤˛
ã˛. ò!«˛ˆÏîŸªÓ˚ ÓDyÓyö# 1ü Ó£Ï≈ñ 5ü §Çáƒy 1329 xy£Ïyì˛¸
åÈ. ˆÓ°%í˛¸ ÓDÓyö# !mï˛#Î˚yô≈ñ 1ü Ó£Ï≈ 1329 xy£Ïyì˛¸
ç. áí˛¸ò• ÓDyÓyö# S!mï˛#Î˚yô≈ñ 3Î˚ §ÇáƒyV 1ü Ó£Ï≈ñ Ü˛y!_≈Üñ 1329 Ó.
é˛. ö®ò%°y° Ä Ó˚yôyÓÕ‘û˛ç# ÓDÓyö#ñ S!mï˛#Î˚yô≈ñ 6¤˛ §ÇáƒyV 1ü Ó£Ï≈ñ Ü˛y!_≈Üñ 1329 Ó.
~è. ˆò¢Ó¶%˛ !ã˛_Ó˚Oö ÓDÓyö# S≤ÃÌüyô≈ñ 6¤˛ §ÇáƒyV 4Ì≈ Ó£Ïñ≈ ◊yÓîñ 1332 Ó.
ê˛. xy÷ˆÏï˛y£Ï flø,!ï˛ ÓDÓyö# S≤ÃÌüyô≈ñ 5ü §ÇáƒyV 4Ì≈ Ó£Ïñ≈ xy£Ïyì˛¸ñ 1332 Ó.
*§•Ü˛yÓ˚# xôƒy˛õÜ˛ñ ÓyÇ°y !Óû˛yàñ !ã˛_ üy•yï˛ ˆüˆÏüy!Ó˚Î˚y° Ü˛ˆÏ°ç–
212 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ÚÚÓDÓyö#ÛÛ ≠ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yö ˆÜ˛!wÜ˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w
≤Ã§Dï˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒ Ú§y!•ï˛ƒ §yôÜ˛ ã˛!Ó˚ï˛üy°yÛ @ˇÃˆÏsi §áyÓ˚yü àˆÏö¢ ˆòí˛zflÒÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ÈÙÈ ÓDÓyö# ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚ ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö 1328 ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ 1330 ÓDy∑ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˛õ!eÜ˛y
§¡õyòöy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– !Ü˛v !ö!Óí˛¸ @ˇÃsi ˛õyë˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!eÜ˛y xö%§¶˛yˆÏö xyÓ˚Ä ò%!ê˛ ï˛Ìƒ
§ÇˆÏÎy!çï˛ •°– ≤ÃÌüï˛ñ !ï˛!ö ≤ÃÓ¶˛ !°áö ~ÓÇ ˛õ!eÜ˛y §¡õyòöyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏˆÏÎ˚ 1332
ÓDy∑ xÌ≈yÍ xyÓ˚Ä ò%!ê˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ §!e´Î˚ !åÈˆÏ°ö– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ ò%•z !ÓÓ˚°ï˛ü Óƒ!_ćˆÏÜ˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛
ü•ï˛# ˛≤ÃÓ¶˛ Ó˚ã˛öy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– Îy ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §û˛ƒï˛y Ä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆàÔÓ˚ÓçöÜ˛–
xÓ¢ƒñ !mï˛#Î˚ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ xy÷ˆÏï˛y£Ï ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚È !ï˛!ö í˛zò‰!Ó@¿ñ !Óã˛!°ï˛ xÓfliyÎ˚ ü•y≤Ãyî
Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ xû˛yÓç!öï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y Óƒ_´ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ÚÓDÓyö#Û ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚ ~àyÓ˚!ê˛ !Ó!ã˛e
≤ÃÓ¶˛ °«˛Ïƒ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆòí˛zflÒÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ ˆüˆÏö !öˆÏ° ò%!ê˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ˆÏÜ˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ü@ˇÃ Ó˚ã˛öy ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ Óyò
!òˆÏï˛ •Î˚– í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒñ ÓDò¢≈ö ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚ ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ~àyÓ˚!ê˛ !ÓˆÏŸ’£ÏîydÜ˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ !°ˆÏá!åÈˆÏ°ö–
ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §yï˛!ê˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛•z ôü≈#Î˚ñ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yî ˆÏÜ˛!wÜ˛– xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !öÓˆÏ¶˛Ó˚
û˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw §yï˛!ê˛ ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ Ó›!ö¤˛ ï%˛°öyü)°Ü˛ !ÓˆÏŸ’£Ïî ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ÎyÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
≤Ãyã˛#ö ôü≈ˆÏÓyôñ fliy˛õï˛ƒñ û˛yflÒÎ≈ƒñ xyã˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ≤ÃÌy •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ó‡üy!eÜ˛ !òÜ˛ í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
Ü˛Ñyã˛Ó˚y˛õyí˛¸y ÈÙÈ Ü˛!ÓÜ˛î≈˛õ%Ó˚
ÚÜÑ˛yã˛Ó˚y˛õyí˛¸y ÈÙÈ Ü˛!ÓÜ˛î≈˛õ%ÓÛ˚ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ ÓDÓyî# ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚ ˜ã˛e 1328 ÓDyˆÏ∑ ≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛
•Î˚– xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó›!ö¤˛ û˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ ÜÑ˛yã˛Ó˚y˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#öc ~ÓÇ !•®%ôü≈
ã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ !ÓˆÏŸ’£Ïî Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– !ÓˆÏ¢£Ïï˛ñ ˜Ó£èÓã˛ã˛≈y ~ÓÇ ˜ã˛ï˛öƒã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ ˛õ#ë˛fliyö
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ÜÑ˛yã˛Ó˚y˛õyí˛¸Ó˚ xï˛#ï˛ ü!•üy ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ˆ«˛e !ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£ñÏ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛
§ï˛ƒï˛y §yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ˆ˛õÔÑˆÏåÈ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ Ü˛!Ó Ü˛î≈˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à,•!ã˛eñ !§Ç•y§ˆÏö í˛z˛õ!Ó‹T
Ü,˛£èÓ˚yÎ˚!çÓ˚ !Ó@ˇÃ•ñ !§Ç•y§ö Ó!ç≈ï˛ Ü,˛£èÓ˚yÎ˚ç#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ü)!_≈ñ Ü,˛£èÓ˚yÎ˚!çÓ˚ ü!®Ó˚ñ
Ü,˛£èÓ˚yÎ˚ç#Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓ¢ ˛õÌñ ˆòy°üM˛È ~ÓÇ Ü,˛£èÓ˚yÎ˚ç#˛Ó˚ ˜öˆÏÓòƒ Óy ˆû˛yà≤Ãfli ˆ«˛e=!°Ó˚
ú˛ˆÏê˛y!ã˛e Óî≈öyÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ í˛z˛õfliy˛õö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– xy§ˆÏ° ÓDˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜Ó£èÓ ã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚
~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ü[˛° flõˆÏÜ˛≈ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˜ï˛Ó˚#Ó˚ §!òFåÈy ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ xhsˇˆÏÓ˚ !åÈ°– ~üö!Ü˛ñ
û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ xï˛#ï˛!òˆÏöÓ˚ flø,!ï˛=!° §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚Ä !öü≈yî Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛Ó˚ §)ã˛öyÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛•z ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ §üÜ˛yˆÏ° òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xï˛#ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ú˛°ï˛ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ öàÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ~Ü˛!òˆÏÜ˛ Úí˛zˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛ ˆòy°üM˛ÈÛ ~ÓÇ
Ú˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ_´ ï%˛°§# üˆÏM˛ÈÛÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !öç •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xö%û)˛!ï˛ñ xöƒ •*òˆÏÎ˚ §M˛Èy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ˆÜ˛ööyñ xyçß√ ˛õÕ‘#≤Ã#!ï˛•z ïÑ˛yˆÏÜ˛ ~ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– xçhsˇyñ üyò%Ó˚yÓ˚
=•y!ã˛e ~ÓÇ Úï˛yçü•ˆÏ°ÛÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ˆÏ§Ôô ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ û˛@¿ ˆòÓy°ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏ§
xyÓ˚!ï˛ñ ârê˛yñ ¢C Ä áOö#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏ∑ •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã¢y!hsˇ á%ÑˆÏçˆÏåÈö– ~•z xö%§¶˛yö Ü˛!°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚
ÚÚÓDÓyö#ÛÛ ≠ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yö ˆÜ˛!wÜ˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 213
üye 28 üy•z° ò)ˆÏÓ˚ó ÜÑ˛yã˛Ó˚y˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ Ü˛!ÓÜ˛î≈˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à,•myˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ Ü,˛£èû˛!_´Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ

§¶˛yˆÏö §yÌ≈Ü˛ •ˆÏÎˆ˚ åÏ Èö– !¢Óyö® ˆ§ö ü•y¢ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛öƒû˛!_´ñ ü•y≤Ãû˛% Ó˚ Ó˚ÌÎyeyÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏ°
˛õ%Ó˚#ˆÏï˛ û˛_´ §üyˆÏÓˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï˛Ìy ˜ã˛ï˛öƒ ò¢≈ˆÏîÓ˚ òyÎ˚û˛yÓ˚ x˛õ≈ö •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– §Æ@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ Ü%˛üyÓ˚
Ó˚yçy Ó˚â%öyÌ òyˆÏ§Ó˚ §Ç§yÓ˚ ï˛ƒyàñ §ß¨ƒy§ @ˇÃ•îñ !˛õï˛y ˆàyÓô≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ¢yÜ˛y!Ó•Ó° xÓfliy ÈÙÈ
ÓˆÏDÓ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛öƒôˆÏü≈Ó˚ §¡±§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÌ §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˆòÎ˚– §Æ@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚yçy
ˆàyÓô≈ˆÏöÓ˚ xŸªyˆÏÓ˚y•# §• ò)ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ã˛!ë˛ Ó˚â%öyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ xyˆÏ§– ~Ü˛y!ôÜ˛ âê˛öyÓ˚ xö%§)e
≤Ãüyî Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¢Óyö® ˆ§ö ~Ü˛y!òˆÏÜ˛ ˆÎüö ˜ã˛ï˛öƒ xyfliyû˛yçö !Ómò‰çöñ ˆï˛ü!ö Úxàyô
˛õy![˛ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚Û x!ôÜ˛yÓ˚#–
!¢ÓyöˆÏ®Ó˚ Ú˛õòÜ˛“ï˛Ó˚&Û @ˇÃsi!ê˛ í˛zÍÜ,˛‹T ˜Ó£èÓ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §ü!‹T– !¢ÓyöˆÏ®Ó˚ ˛õ%e
Ü˛!ÓÜ˛î≈˛õ%Ó˚– 1827 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ ÜÑ˛yã˛Ó˚y˛õyí˛¸yÎ˚ !Óáƒyï˛ ÓÇˆÏ¢ çß√@ˇÃ•î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ÓÇ¢àï˛
§)êÏ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ü˛ ˙!ï˛•ƒ Ü˛!Ó Ü˛î≈˛õ%Óˆ˚ ÜÏ ˛ ˜ã˛ï˛öƒ ã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ í˛zÍ§y•# Ä §ü,k˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ!˚ åÈ°– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚
Ó›!ö¤˛ Ó_´Óƒ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ xyÓ˚Ä çyöy ÎyÎ˚ñ Ü˛!Óc ¢!_´Ó˚ xyôƒyd ü!•üy §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈–
ÚÚ˜ã˛ï˛öƒã˛ˆÏwymÎ˚Û öyê˛Ü˛!ê˛ Ü˛!Ó Ü˛î≈˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜ã˛ï˛öƒ ç#Óö xy!◊ï˛ !òÓƒ û˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ Óî≈üÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢
•ˆÏ°Äñ Úˆ§•z§ˆÏD ü•y≤Ãû%˛Ó˚ !ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôyˆÏö ˛õ%Ó˚#Ó˚ Ó˚yçy ≤Ãï˛y˛õÓ˚&ˆÏoÓ˚ üyö!§Ü˛ x!fliÓ˚ï˛y §•
çöüyöˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ¢yÜ˛!Ó•¥° xÓfliyÓ˚ !öá%Ñò í˛z˛õfliy˛õö °«˛ƒ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– xyòƒyhsˇ û˛!_´Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚
û˛yÓ%Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚ !•®% ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ §üyç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆàÔÓ˚ÓàyÌy ˜ã˛ï˛öƒã˛ˆÏwymˆÏÎ˚ !°!˛õÓk˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
Ü,˛£èòy§ Ü˛!ÓÓ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ Ú˜ã˛ï˛öƒã˛!Ó˚ï˛yü,ï˛Û @ˇÃs!i ê˛Ó˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !ÓˆÏŸ’£ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ ÚÜ˛!ÓÜ˛î≈˛õ%Ó˚ 1572
!áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ §Çfl,Òï˛ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ Ú˜ã˛ï˛öƒã˛ˆÏwyòÎ˚Û öyê˛Ü˛ Ä Ú˜ã˛ï˛öƒã˛!Ó˚ï˛yü,ï˛Û Ü˛yÓƒ ~•z ò%•z ˛õ%hflÏÜ˛
§üyé˛y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö–Û ú˛°ï˛ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛û˛yˆÏÓÄ Ü,˛£èòy§ Ü˛!ÓÓ˚yç @ˇÃsiÓ˚ã˛öyÎ˚ í˛z˛õyòyö§•
í˛zÍ§y•ÈÙÈí˛zj#˛õöy ˆ˛õˆÏÎˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ Ó˚ã˛öy üˆÏôƒ Ü˛!ÓÜ˛î≈˛õ%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛û˛y˛Ä ˛õy![˛ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ≤Ãòyö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ @ˇÃsi=!°Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ ò%!ê˛ @ˇÃsi åÈyí˛¸yÄ
Ü˛î≈˛õ%Ó˚ ÚˆÏàÔÓ˚àˆÏîyˆÏj¢ò#!˛õÜ˛yÛ S1576Vñ ÚÚxyö® Ó,®yÓöã˛¡õ%Ûñ ÚÜ,˛£èàˆÏöyˆÏj¢ò#!˛õÜ˛yÛ
~ÓÇ Úx°ÇÜ˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô›û˛Û öyüÜ˛ ü•yü)°ƒÓyö ˜Ó£èÓ ôü≈ ÈÙÈ §yôöy ˆÜ˛!wÜ˛ @ˇÃsi=!° Ó˚ã˛öy
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– fl∫Î˚Ç Ü,˛£èòy§ Ü˛!ÓÓ˚yç í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ @ˇÃsi=!°Ó˚ xˆÏöÜ˛ ˆŸ’yÜ˛ Ú˜Ïã˛ï˛öƒã˛!Ó˚ï˛yü,ï˛Û @ˇÃˆÏsi
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– 350 ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ Ó≈ ˚ x!ôÜ˛ §üˆÏÎñ˚ ÜÑ˛yã˛í˛¸y˛õyí˛¸y !¢Óyö® ˆ§ö Ä Ü˛!ÓÜ˛î≈˛õ%Ó˚
Sˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚V ≤Ã!§k˛ K˛yöy Óƒ!_´Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ÎˆÏÌ‹T çö!≤ÃÎï˚ ˛y xç≈ö Ü˛ˆÏÓ!˚ åÈˆ° Ï ö– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚
x!û˛üˆÏï˛Ó˚ §)e òˆÏÓ˚ ˜Ó£èÓ ü•yçöˆÏòÓ˚ ôü≈ï˛_¥– Ó˚yôyÜ,˛£è °#°y !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛ ˛õò ü!•üyÓ˚
ˆ§ÔÜ˛Î≈ xö%üyö Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~åÈyí˛¸yÄñ ˜Ó£èÓ xö%Ó˚yà# ü•yçöˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õy§öyñ Ü˛ü≈˛õk˛!ï˛ Ä
Ü˛ü≈fliyö ~•z ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ ≤Ãy§!DÜ˛ =Ó˚&c ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~•z §ˆÏD •y!°¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xï˛#ï˛ à!Ó˚üyñ
{ŸªÓ˚˛õ%Ó˚#Ó˚ çß√fliyö ~ÓÇ xô%öy Ó˚yü≤Ã§yò ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w =Æ ~•z ¢•ˆÏÓ˚•z çß√û)˛!ü
Úï˛#ˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ üï˛ ˛õ!ÓeÛ fliyö– xÌã˛ñ ~=!°Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xû˛yÓ ü!®Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ü)!_≈ ˛õÎ˚hsˇ
ôùÇˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ e´ü x@ˇÃ§Ó˚üyö–
öò#Î˚yÓ˚ ˆê˛y° ÈÙÈ ~Ü˛¢ï˛ ÓÍ§Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈

ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö K˛yöò#Æ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ ˆÓ˚ÑˆÏö§yÓ˚ §hsˇyö– Î%_´Óyòñ üyöÓï˛yÓyò
~ÓÇ Óƒ!_´fl∫yï˛sfï˛y ~•z ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï üyey ˆ˛õˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ° ÈÙÈ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ !¢ˆÏ“– ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛wÄ
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ üyöòˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !ö!Ó˚ˆÏá ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ ≤Ã!ï˛û˛yÓ˚Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚Ä !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ !öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ üy˛õÜ˛y!ë˛ !åÈ°– ï˛y •° xï˛#ï˛
˙!ï˛•ƒˆÏÜ˛ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ ˛õ%öÓ˚y!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Ä ˛õ%ö!Óã˛≈yÓ˚– Úöò#Î˚yÓ˚ ˆê˛y° ÈÙÈ ~Ü˛¢ï˛ ÓÍ§Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Û
¢#£Ï≈Ü˛ ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ öò#Î˚yÓ˚ ˆê˛y° ˆÜ˛!wÜ˛ ≤Ãyã˛#ö !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfliyñ ˛õë˛öÈÙÈ˛õyë˛öñ ˛õ!eÜ˛yñ
åÈyeÈÙÈxôƒy˛õˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ §üyö%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ •yÓ˚ñ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ Ó,!_≤Ãòyö §• §y!•ï˛ƒ ã˛ã˛≈y !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛
í˛zÍÜ,˛‹T ≤ÃÌü ˆ◊î#Ó˚ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ Ä Ó˚*˛õˆÏÓ˚áy ~•z ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ Óƒ_´ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~•z
§ˆÏD ~Ä çy!öˆÏÎˆ˚ åÏ Èöñ ÓDˆÏòˆÏ¢ ôö# Óƒ!_´ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zã˛!¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ çˆÏö xÜ%˛t˛!ã˛ˆÏ_ ÓƒyÎ˚û˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
≤ÃÓîï˛y– !¢«˛y•z ˆÎ ~Ü˛!ê˛ çy!ï˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏö §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yˆÏÜ˛ Ó•ï˛y Óy ã˛!°£%è Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá
ÈÙÈ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ •z!Dï˛ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ü%§°üyö ¢y§öÜ˛yˆÏ°Ä ï%˛!Ü˛≈ xye´üˆÏöy_Ó˚
Ü˛yˆÏ° öò#Î˚yÎ˚ ˆê˛y°ˆÏÜ˛!wÜ˛ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ !Ó®%üye ˆåÈò ˛õˆÏí˛¸!ö– öò#Î˚yñ ¢y!hsˇ˛õ%Ó˚ñ
ˆàyÎ˚y°y˛õyí˛¸yˆÏÜ˛ ˆÜ˛w Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛ö!ê˛ í˛zFã˛!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆê˛y° SÜ˛ˆÏ°çV ÎˆÏÌ‹T xÌ≈áÓ˚ˆÏã˛ §Ó≈
!Ó£ÏˆÏÎ˚ ˜ÓK˛y!öÜ˛ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˜ï˛Ó˚# Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!å°È– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ í˛zFã˛!¢«˛yÓ˚
ˆ§!òˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ÈÙÈ
ÚÚ....~Ü˛üye öò#Î˚y Ü˛ˆÏ°ˆÏç•z ~àyÓ˚¢ï˛
åÈye Ä ˆòí˛¸¢ï˛ xôƒy˛õÜ˛ xyˆÏåÈö– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈
Îï˛ åÈye xôƒy˛õÜ˛ !åÈˆÏ°öñ ï˛y•y ••zˆÏï˛
xÓ¢ƒ Ó_≈ ü yö §Çáƒy x!ï˛ x“–
öÓm#˛õy!ô˛õ!ï˛ ÚÓ˚&ˆÏoÓ˚Û §üÎ˚ ~Ü˛ öò#Î˚y
ˆê˛yˆÏ°•z 4000 åÈye ~ÓÇ ï˛òö%˛õyˆÏï˛
xôƒy˛õÜ˛ü[˛°# !åÈˆÏ°ö–ÛÛ1
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ §üy˛õyˆÏhsˇ í˛zFã˛!¢«˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàÈÙÈ§%!ÓôyÓ˚ çöƒ ˆ§Ü˛yˆÏ° åÈyeåÈye#Ó˚y
~•z ˆê˛y°=!°ˆÏï˛ xy◊Î˚ !öˆÏï˛ö– ≤Ãyã˛#ö !Óòƒyã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ñ xôƒy˛õÜ˛ü[˛°#Ó˚ !öï˛ƒöï%˛ö
@ˇÃsi≤ÃöÎ˚öñ ˛õ%hflÏˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ !ê˛Ü˛yÈÙÈ!ê˛Øö#ñ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ í˛zÍÜ˛£Ï≈ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒÄ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®yÓhflÏ
!åÈ°– ˆÓyé˛y•z ÎyˆÏFåÈ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛zÍÜ˛£Ï≈ñ üyˆÏöyß¨Î˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ à!ï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚
§üÜ˛y° ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ~Ü˛¢ï˛ ÓÍ§Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ !Ü˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ !åÈ°–
ˆê˛y° ˆÜ˛!wÜ˛ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfliy Ü˛ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ !öÎ˚ü¢,C°yÎ˚ xyÓ!ï˛≈ï˛ •ï˛– ˆÓ°y 10 ˆÌˆÏÜ˛
3ê˛y ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ~•z !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ ˛õyë˛òyö ≤Ã!e´Î˚y x!û˛öÓ ≤Ãîy°#ˆÏï˛ §%§¡õß¨ •ï˛– !Ó£ÏÎ˚
xö%ÎyÎ˚# ò%•zçö xôƒy˛õˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ Ä ï˛y!Ü˛≈Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛öy !¢«˛îÓ#¢ˆÏÜ˛ ÎˆÏÌ‹T í˛zÍ§y•
≤Ãòyö Ü˛Ó˚ï˛– ~üö!Ü˛ Ü˛ü ˆüôy §¡õß¨ åÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ü˛y!ôÜ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ !çK˛y§yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•°Ä
xôƒy˛õÜ˛ ü[˛°# !öÓ˚§ö Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ö– ÎÌyÌ≈ òy!Î˚cÈÙÈÜ˛ï˛ˆÏÓ≈ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD xôƒy˛õÜ˛ü[˛°#Ó˚

˜ôÎ≈ƒÈÙÈxôƒyÓ§yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï%˛°öy Ó˚!•ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ˆÏüÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö ~û˛yˆÏÓ
Óƒ_´ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ÈÙÈ
ÚÚåÈ y e !öˆÏ Ó ≈ y ô ••z ˆ Ï ° Ä Î!ò ˆÜ˛yö
xôƒy˛õÜ˛ ï˛y•yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿ !ÓÓ˚!_´ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚öñ ï˛ˆÏÓ §ühflÏ xôƒy˛õÜ˛ü[˛°#Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ !ï˛!ö ÎÍ˛õˆÏÓ˚yöy!hflÏ !ö!®ï˛ ••zÎ˚y
ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛ö ~ÓÇ ïÑ ˛ y•yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !¢!«˛ï˛
§¡±òyÎ˚ ~ˆÏ Ü ˛ÓyˆÏ Ó ˚ !Óü% á •ˆÏ Î ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸ö–ÛÛ2
§%ï˛Ó˚Ç xôƒy˛õÜ˛ ü[˛°#ˆÏÜ˛ ˛õyë˛òyöÜ˛yˆÏ° ÎˆÏÌ‹T §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö ÌyÜ˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛y–
˛õyë˛≤Ã!e´Î˚yÎ˚ x!ôÜ˛yÇ¢ §üÎ˚ öò#Î˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yçy fl∫Î˚Ç í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ ÌyÜ˛ˆÏï˛ö– !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ x§yôyÓ˚ö
≤Ã!ï˛û˛yôÓ˚ ˛õ![˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yçy !öç •ˆÏhflÏ Ú˛õye û˛!Ó˚Î˚y fl∫î≈ü%oyÛ ≤Ãòyö Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ö– §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ÓƒÓôyˆÏö Ó˚yçˆÏÜ˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xÓà!ï˛ xy§yÎ˚ ÈÙÈ
ÚÚ!ÓçÎ˚# xôƒy˛õÜ˛ ~üö àÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ô)!ï˛
Ä ÜÑ˛y§yÓ˚ ˛õye ˛õy•zÎ˚y ÌyˆÏÜ˛ö– Ó˚yçyÓ˚
!öç •ˆÏhflÏ ••zˆÏï˛ ~•z ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚
°yû˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚y !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï ˆàÔÓ˚ˆÏÓÓ˚
!ç!ö§ Ó!°Î˚y üˆÏö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö–ÛÛ3
~Ü˛¢ï˛ ÓÍ§Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ öò#Î˚yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ Ó‡ü%á# Ü˛ü≈ÎK˛ §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ ï˛Ìƒàï˛ Ó_´Óƒ
ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö ü•y¢Î˚ §Ç!«˛Æ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ §yô%àˆÏòƒ Óƒ_´ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– !Ü˛vñ ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˆ¢£ÏyÇˆÏ¢
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §üÜ˛yˆÏ° í˛zFã˛!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ä åÈyeÈÙÈxôƒy˛õˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ xyö%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ •yÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó£ÏˆÏÎ˚
í˛z‹øy ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ï˛y•z xï˛#ï˛ ˆàÔÓ˚Óüyáy ÓDˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó_≈üyö •#ï˛◊# xÓfliy xÓˆÏ°yÜ˛ö
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ü˛!òˆÏÜ˛ ˆÎüö ˆò¢Óy§#ˆÏÜ˛ Ú!¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆàÔÓ˚ÓÛ §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ Óyï˛≈y !òˆÏ°öñ
ˆï˛ü!ö ¢y§Ü˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏ˛õy£ÏÜ˛ˆÏòÓ˚Ä !¢«˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈yD#ö ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ xÓfliy §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö
Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ÎyˆÏï˛ û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ ≤Ãçß√ xï˛#ï˛ à!Ó˚üyˆÏÜ˛ ôyÓ˚î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛Ìy ◊#Ó,!k˛
âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆây£Ï˛õyí˛¸y ≠ Ü˛_≈yû˛çyÓ˚ ò°
Úˆây£Ï˛õyí˛¸yÛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö ü•y¢Î˚ Ú˜ÏÓ£èÓ ü•yçö §¡±òyÎ˚
~Ó˚ §yôöÈÙÈû˛çˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ãîy°#ñ !e´Î˚yÈÙÈÜ˛ü≈ §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ !öçfl∫ x!û˛üï˛ ≤Ãòyö Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛
ˆ°áˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ !Óã˛«˛î !Óã˛yÓ˚ ¢!_´Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÓDˆÏòˆÏ¢ ˆÓÔk˛ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ Ú¢)öƒÓyò#Û ò¢≈ö
§¡±§y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˜Ó£èÓ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ü[˛ˆÏÜ˛ §ü,k˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– !Ü˛v Ü˛yŒê˛ ˆÜ˛wÜ˛ m®µ §Çâyï˛
xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛û˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓÔk˛§Çâ Óy ôˆÏ¡ø≈Ó˚ xÓö!ï˛ âê˛yˆÏ°Äñ Ü˛y°e´ˆÏü ˜Ó£èÓ˛õsi#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yôöã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚

ˆÓÔk˛Óyò# ôü≈ã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ à)ì˛¸ ≤Ãîy°# Ü˛_≈yû˛çy Óƒ!_´ˆÏòÓ˚ §ü,k˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– ˆÓÔk˛ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ ü•yÎyö
§¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zòyÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ §•ç §Ó˚° ôü≈#Î˚ ç#Óö ˆÓyô !Ü˛å%Èê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!_≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
˜Ó£èÓ ¢yáyˆÏÜ˛ §ü,k˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ !Ó£ÏˆÏÎ˚ §ˆÏ®• ˆö•z– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ ~Ü˛y!òÜ˛ §yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ xö%§)e
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !Ü˛å%È ò,‹Tyhsˇ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏö– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ
ÚÚÓ_≈üyö Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜Ó£èÓ ôˆÏ¡ø≈Ó˚ Ó‡ ¢yáy
~•z ˆÓÔk˛ üˆÏï˛Ó˚•z §yôöy Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈñ
•z Ñ • yÓ˚ y ÚÚ§•!çÎ˚ y ÛÛñ ÚÚÜ˛_≈ y û˛çyÛÛñ
ÚÚÓ˚yüÓÕ‘û˛ç#ÛÛñ ÚÚ!Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚# û˛çÜ˛ÛÛ
≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ Ó‡ ˆ◊î#ˆÏï˛ !Óû˛_´–ÛÛ4
Ü˛_≈yû˛çyÓ˚ ò°=!° ~Ü˛!ôÜ˛ ˆ◊î#ˆÏï˛ !Óû˛_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏD ˜Ó£èÓã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ ˛õÌˆÏÜ˛ §ü,k˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ!˚ åÈ°–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ !öï˛ƒyö® ˛õ%e Ó#Ó˚û˛o áí˛¸ò• @ˇÃyˆÏü 2500 x!ï˛ÈÙÈ•#ö §¡±òyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
çöàöˆÏÜ˛ S!û˛«%˛ Ä !û˛«%˛öyV ˜Ó£èÓôˆÏü≈ ò#!«˛ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓö˚ – •#öò¢y≤ÃyÆ !Ü˛å%È üyö%£Ï Ó#Ó˚û˛ˆÏoÓ˚
Ü,˛˛õyÎ˚ ˜Ó£èÓ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yÜ˛ flõˆÏ¢≈ !öˆÏçÓ˚y ü!•üy!ß∫ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÄˆÏë˛– Ü˛_≈yû˛çy §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
xxí˛z° üyöˆÏôÎ˚ ~Ü˛ Óƒ!_´ ≤Ãôyö ≤ÃÓ_≈Ü˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˜Ó£èÓ ôü≈ˆÏÜ˛ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ü%á# Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ö–
Ü˛y!ÓƒÜ˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ §ï˛ƒÈÙÈôü≈ÈÙÈˆÏ≤ÃüˆÏÜ˛ xÓ°¡∫ö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy•z¢çö Óƒ!_´ Ü˛_≈yû˛çy
§¡±òyÎ˚ˆÏÜ˛ ÓDˆÏòˆÏ¢ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ü%á# Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ Ü˛_≈yû˛çy §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ,ÌÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚
≤ÃòyˆÏöÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛ï˛=!° Ó_´Óƒ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ≤ÃÌüï˛ñ Óy·˛î §¡±òyÎ˚ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yö
ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ §ˆÏD §¡õÜ˛≈ åÈyí˛¸y !öˆÏçÓ˚y•z ≤ÃˆÏ•y!°Ü˛yüÎ˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ xÌã˛ §%flõ‹T üô%Ó˚ §%ˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ ÓyÜ‰˛ÈÙÈ!Ó!öüÎ˚ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ö– ˆÓÔk˛ §¡±òyÎ˚Ä Ü˛yÎ˚y =!ÆÓyˆÏÜ˛ƒÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
ôü≈#Î˚ à)ì˛¸yÌ≈ ã˛ã˛≈y Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ö– x‹Tyò¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ °y°¢¢# öyüÜ˛ ~Ü˛ Ü˛_≈yû˛çy ¢ï˛ ¢ï˛
àyˆÏöÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ fl∫#Î˚ ô¡ø≈ã˛Fã˛≈y §¡±§y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ÓyÓy xyí˛zˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy•z¢çö !¢ˆÏ£ÏƒÓ˚ öyü
ï˛Ìƒ!ö¤˛û˛yˆÏÓ ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w !°!˛õÓk˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ÓˆÏDÓ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ Ü˛_≈yû˛çyÓ˚ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ,ÌÜ˛
˛õ,ÌÜ˛ ˛õsiyñ ôü≈#Î˚ ≤Ãîy°# xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ §)ˆÏe !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï üyey ˆÎyçöy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– Óy•zç !¢£Ïƒ
ÎÌye´ˆÏü ÈÙÈ •ê%˛ ˆây£Ïñ ˆÓã%˛ ˆây£Ïñ xyö®Ó˚yüñ !öï˛y•z ˆây£Ïñ Ó˚yü¢Ó˚ö ˛õy°ñ öÎ˚öñ °«˛#Ü˛yhsˇñ
!öï˛ƒyö® òy§ñ ˆá°yÓ˚yü í˛zòy§#öñ üˆÏöy•Ó˚ òy§ñ !Ó£%èòy§ñ !Óö%ñ ˆày!Ó®ñ Ü,˛£èòy§ñ •!Ó˚ˆâÏ y£Ïñ
Ü˛yöy•z ˆây£Ïñ ¢B˛Ó˚ñ ¢ƒyü ÜÑ˛y§y!Ó˚ñ û˛#üÓ˚yÎ˚ñ Ó˚yç˛õ%ï˛ñ ˛õÑyã%˛ Ó˚&•zòy§ñ !ö!ôÓ˚yü ˆây£Ïñ !¢÷Ó˚yü–
≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w Ü˛_≈yû˛çyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yôö û˛çö §Çeýhsˇ ï˛Ìƒ ~ÓÇ
xˆÏ°Ô!Ü˛Ü˛ ü!•üyÓ˚ öyöy!òÜ˛ Úˆây£Ï˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ !°!˛õÓk˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛ˆÏÓñ Ü˛_≈yû˛çy
§¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xˆÏ°Ô!Ü˛Ü˛ ü!•üy §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ çö◊&!ï˛=!°ˆÏÜ˛ @ˇÃ•ö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– ˆÜ˛ööy
ò)Ó˚ò,!‹T §¡õß¨ í˛zòyÓ˚˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ û˛yÓôyÓ˚yÎ˚ û˛y!Óï˛ !¢!«˛ï˛ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ Ü˛_≈yû˛çy §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
xˆÏ°Ô!Ü˛Ü˛ ü!•üy xfl∫yû˛y!ÓÜ˛ üˆÏö •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ï˛!ö !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ~ !Ó£ÏˆÏÎ˚ñÈÙÈ
ÚÚˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Îy•y ˛õÓ˚#«˛y Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆòáy •Î˚

öy•zñ ï˛y•y @ˇÃy•ƒ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x¶˛ !ÓŸªy§ Ä
x@ˇÃy•ƒ Ü˛!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ô,‹Tï˛y xyüyÓ˚ öy•z–ÛÛ5
ôü≈#Î˚ û˛yÓyˆÏÓˆÏà x¶˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ S≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛V ˆ°yÜ˛ç Å£Ïôñ §ï˛#üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xŸªÌ Ó,«˛ñ §ï˛#üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xˆÏ°Ô!Ü˛Ü˛ S!Ü˛ÇÓòhsˇ#V üy•ydƒÜ˛ü≈ §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ !öÓ˚Óï˛yˆÏÜ˛ ≤Ãôyö xÓ°¡∫ö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
ú˛yıö üyˆÏ§ ˆòy° í˛zÍ§ÓˆÏÜ˛ ˆÜ˛w Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛_≈yû˛çyÓ˚ ò° ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˆü°yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçö
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆü°yˆÏÜ˛ ˆÜ˛w Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §üû˛yÓy˛õß¨ üyö!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ !ö!Óí˛¸ Ó¶˛ö §%ò,ì˛¸ •Î˚ñ ~•z §ˆÏD
ôü≈ˆÏÓyô çyï˛#Î˚ hflÏˆÏÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ §Ç•!ï˛ˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ û˛yÓöyˆÏÜ˛ ≤Ã§y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ï˛ò‰§ˆÏ_¥Ä xô%öy
•zÇˆÏÓ˚!ç !¢!«˛ï˛ öÓƒ §¡±òyÎ˚ ÚˆÜ˛Ó˚yö#Û •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ !¢!«˛yÎ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ôü≈#Î˚
û˛yÓyˆÏÓà ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ– ï˛y•z ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ x!û˛üï˛ñ ÈÙ
ÚÚ§¶˛ƒy û˛y£Ï y ÛÛÓ˚ Ó) ƒ • ˆû˛ò Ü˛!Ó˚ Î ˚ y
Ü˛_≈yû˛çyˆÏòÓ˚ ôü≈ï˛ˆÏ_¥ ≤ÃˆÏÓ¢ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚ˆÏ° ü•yÎyˆÏöÓ˚ xˆÏöÜ˛ !öà)ì˛¸ ï˛_¥
ïÑ˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ«˛ çyçµ°ƒüyö ••zï˛–ÛÛ6
ò!«˛ˆÏîŸªÓ˚
Úò!«˛ˆÏîŸªÓ˚Û ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ §y«˛#– Î%àç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ò˛õ≈ö fl∫Ó*˚ ˛õ– çyï˛ÈÙÈ˛õyï˛ñ
Óö≈ÈÙÈ˜ÏÓ£Ïüƒ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ çµyçµ°ƒüyö §ü§ƒy !åÈ°– ~•z §ü§ƒyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛
Ó˚y§ü!ö ˆòÓ#Ó˚ xï%˛°ö#Î˚ ü•yö%û˛Óï˛y ~ÓÇ üyö!ÓÜ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ü)!_ í˛z˛õfliy˛õö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
çyï˛ÈÙÈ˛õyï˛ñ Få%Èï˛ÈÙÈxFå%Èò Óƒ!_´àï˛û˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚y§ü!öˆÏòÓ# öy üyöˆÏ°Äñ §üÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ §yüy!çÜ˛˛
≤ÃÌyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ xy!û˛çyˆÏï˛ƒñ ˆÜ˛Ô!°ˆÏöƒ ~=!° !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï üyey ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ú˛ï˛°ñ §yüy!çÜ˛ Óƒy!ôÓ˚
ò%ˆÏû˛≈yà Îsföy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛û˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚y§ü!îˆÏòÓ#ˆÏÜ˛ §•ƒ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– x§#ü ˜ôÎ≈¢!_´ñ ~ÓÇ
çö!•ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈ Ü,˛˛õyü%á# Ó˚y§§%®Ó˚#Ó˚ Óö≈üÎ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ ~•z ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛
Óƒ_´ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– 1805 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ xÌ≈¢y°# Ó˚yçã˛w üyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˜ÏÜ˛Ó_≈ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü˛öƒy
Ó˚y§ü!îÓ˚ òy¡õï˛ƒ §%ò,ì˛¸ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏÜ˛– fl∫Î˚Ç Ó˚yçã˛w Ó%!k˛üï˛# Ó˚y§ü!îÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yü¢≈ xö%ÎyÎ˚#
!Ó˛õ%° xÌ≈§¡õò ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°öy Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ö– ~!òÜ˛ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ Ó˚y§§%®Ó˚#Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä ~Ü˛!ê˛
!òÜ˛ í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˜Ó£Ï!Î˚Ü˛ Ó%!k˛ ~ÓÇ !•§yÓ¢yflf §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x§yôyÓ˚î ≤Ã!ï˛û˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓñ !Ó˛õ%° ˙ŸªˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ x!ô˛õ!ï˛ •ÄÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥Ä Sfl∫yü#Ó˚ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚V
!ï˛!ö çö!•ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ Ü˛yÎ≈Ü˛°y˛õ ~ÓÇ ò%Éá#çˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ§Óy ÓˆÏï˛ xyd!öˆÏÎ˚yà Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– °«˛
°«˛ xÌ≈ÓƒˆÏÎ˚ àDyÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈!òˆÏÜ˛ ÚÜ˛!°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ xö!ï˛ò)ˆÏÓ˚Û !ö!ü≈ï˛ ò!«˛ˆÏîŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü!®Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚•z
í˛zòyÓ˚ ˆüy•Î%_´ ≤ÃˆÏã˛‹TyÓ˚ ú˛°– ÎˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ôˆÏöÓ˚ üï˛ fl∫yü# §¡õòˆÏÜ˛ ˆû˛yàÓyò# üyö!§Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚
@ˇÃ•î Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yö!ö–
˜Ü˛Ó_≈ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈ÓƒˆÏÎ˚ ü!®Ó˚ñ xÌã˛ ~•z ÎçöÈÙÈÎyçöñ ˛õ)çyÈÙÈxã˛≈öy §ühflÏÓ˚•z
!§Ç•û˛yà òy!Î˚c Ü˛ï˛≈Óƒ Óy·˛îƒ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛– §%ï˛Ó˚Ç ˆû˛ò Ó%!k˛Ó˚ ï%˛FåÈï˛y K˛yˆÏö ˆ§!òö
Ó˚y§ü!îÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ü!®Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö Óy·˛î ˛õ)çyÜ˛yˆÏÎ≈ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ö!ö– ú˛°ï˛ñ ≤ÃyÌ!üÜ˛
û˛yˆÏÓ üyö!§Ü˛ x!fliÓ˚ï˛yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö !Ó˛õÎ≈hflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ !åÈˆÏ°ö ÈÙÈ ~!ê˛ xö%üyö Ü˛Ó˚y x§Dï˛ öÎ˚–
fl∫Î˚Ç xhsˇÎƒyü# Ó˚y§§%®Ó˚#Ó˚ ÓƒÌy í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ü!®ˆÏÓ˚ ~üö•z ~Ü˛ ˛õ)çÜ˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚öñ
âê˛öy§)ˆÏe !ï˛!ö §y«˛yÍ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD Ü˛ÌyÓyï˛≈y Ó°ˆÏï˛ö– ü,ß√Î˚# ˛õyÌ%ˆÏÓ˚ ü)!_≈ !ã˛ß√Î˚# §_¥yÎ˚ñ
~•z ò!«˛ˆÏîŸªˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yüÜ,˛£è ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD !ö!Óí˛¸ §y•ã˛ˆÏÎ≈ ÓyÜ˛ƒ°y˛õ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ö– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛
~! âê˛öyÓ˚ §)e ôˆÏÓ˚ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ ÈÙÈ
ÚÚÓ˚yüÜ,˛£è fl∫Î˚Ç ˆ§ ü!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)çy!Ó˚
••zˆÏ°öñ ˆ§•z ü!®ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆòÓï˛y fl∫Î˚Ç
xy§ö @ˇÃ•î Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏ°öñ ï˛y•yˆÏï˛ Ü˛y•yÓ˚
§ˆÏ®• ••zˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~•z ò!«˛ˆÏîŸªÓ˚
ÓˆÏ D Ó˚ §ühflÏ ï˛#ˆÏ Ì ≈ Ó ˚ Ó˚ y çy ••z Î ˚ y
òÑ y í˛¸ y •z ° – Ó˚ y §ü!îÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ% ö ƒÓ°
Ó˚yüÜ,˛£èˆÏÜ˛ xyÜ˛£Ï≈î Ü˛!Ó˚Îy˚ xy!öÎ˚y!åÈ°ñ
ˆ§•z ˆ§Ôû˛yàƒ Ä ˛õ%îƒÓ° Ü˛ü öˆÏ•–ÛÛ7
ú˛°ï˛ ˆÓyé˛y ÎyˆÏFåÈñ Ü˛ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ï˛˛õ§ƒyÎ˚ñ ï˛ƒyàÈÙÈï˛#!ï˛«˛yÎ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ fl∫Î˚Ç ôÓ˚y ˆòö– û˛ˆÏ_´Ó˚
xyÜ%˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ û˛!_´Ó˚ àû˛#Ó˚ï˛y üyöÓˆÏÜ˛ ˆÎüö {ŸªÓ˚ü%á# Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ñ ˆï˛ü!ö ˆòÓï˛yˆÏÜ˛Ä
üyöÓü%á# Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
ò!«˛ˆÏîŸªÓ˚ ü!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD Äï˛ˆÏ≤Ãyï˛ÓyˆÏÓ Ó˚yüÜ,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛Ó˚ §)e ôˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛
ü!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)çy˛õyë˛ñ xyã˛yÓ˚≤ÃÌyñ !öï˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏü≈Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!° §)«˛û˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õfliy˛õö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈ ò!«˛ˆÏîŸªˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !¢Óü!®Ó˚ñ Ü˛y°#ü!®Ó˚ñ öyê˛ü!®Ó˚ Ä Ü,˛£èü!®Ó˚ñ
~Ü˛ˆÏe Ü˛y°#ü!®Ó˚ñ öyê˛ü!®Ó˚ Ä Ü,˛£èü!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyŸª≈!ã˛eñ Ó˚yüÜ,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ à,•ñ Ó˚yüÜ,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ §Iyñ
˛õM˛ÈÓê˛#Óö Ä ˆÓ°àyˆÏåÈÓ˚ !ã˛e ˛õ,ÌÜ˛ ˛õ,ÌÜ˛û˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛fliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~•z fliyö=!°Ó˚
§ˆÏD Ó˚yüÜ,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ ˆàyê˛y ò!«˛ˆÏîŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ü[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛e=!° §!ß¨!Ó‹T •ˆÏ°Äñ àDyâyˆÏê˛Ó˚
åÈ!Ó!ê˛ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ fliyö ˆòö!ö– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ àû˛#Ó˚û˛yˆÏÓ ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ–
~Ü˛ Ó˚y§ü!ö ˆòÓ#Ó˚ §yÌ≈Ü˛ ˆòÓy°Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ò%É§y•!§Ü˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ– ˆÜ˛ööy ˆ§Ü˛yˆÏ°
~Ü˛çö öyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !öÉ§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• ò!«˛ˆÏîŸªÓ˚ ü!®Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y çö!•ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ~Ü˛ §yüy!çÜ˛
!Ó≤’Ó– xhsˇÉ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!ô!öˆÏ£ÏôˆÏÜ˛ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ x§#ü §y•!§Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚ ÓˆÏDÓ˚ ~Ü˛ ˆàÔÓ˚Ó
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– Îy ˆû˛yàÓyò# ç#Óöã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ xyï˛!B˛ï˛ üyöˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã¢y!hsˇÓ˚ ≤ÃyîˆÏÜ˛w–
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛≠ Ó˚yüÜ,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ x˜Ï•ï%˛Ü˛# §yôöy ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yï˛y˛õ%Ó˚#Ó˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ !¢ˆÏ£ÏƒÓ˚ û˛!_´Ó˚ Ü˛yï˛Ó˚ï˛yÎ˚
çàÍ Ó·˛yˆÏ[˛ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°Ïö– üyï,˛öyˆÏüÓ˚ Ó®öyÎ˚ ü%á!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛y°#§yôÜ˛
Ó˚yüÜ,˛£è 1833 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ ‡à!° Ü˛yüyÓ˚˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚ çß√@ˇÃ•î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– ò!«˛ˆÏîŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)çÜ˛
ˆüÌÓ˚ üô%ÓyÓ%ñ ˆÜ˛¢Óã˛w ˆ§ö ≤Ãü%á í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚° !Óò?˛ Óƒ!_´ˆÏòÓ˚ Ü˛yåÈ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛
Ó˚yüÜ,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ ï˛˛õ§ƒyÓ˚ û˛!_´ÈÙÈû˛yÓ%Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ÇÓyò ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ @ˇÃ•î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ üÌ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚

Óƒ!_´ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ öy !òˆÏ°Äñ ˛õyë˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ x§%!Óôy •Î˚ öy ÈÙÈ üÌ%Ó˚ˆÏÜ˛ xflõ,¢ƒ ÓˆÏ° ü!®ˆÏÓ˚
fliyö ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö ˆ§!òˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚«˛î¢#° Óy·˛î §¡±òyÎ˚– Ó˚yüÜ,˛£è !öˆÏç
ïÑ˛yˆÏÜ˛ ü!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)çˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ fliyö ˆòö– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ Óö≈öy xö%ÎyÎ˚# Ó˚yüÜ,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ x!ï˛
§Ó˚°ï˛yñ §òy Ü˛y°#û˛!_´Ó˚ ÓƒyÜ%˛°ï˛y ~ÓÇ Óƒy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õ)çyÈÙÈ˛õk˛!ï˛ñ xyã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌyÎ˚ xy¢!_´•#ö
ü%_´ üˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ˆÓ°%í˛¸
ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö ü•y¢Î˚ ÷ô%üye xï˛#ï˛ Ó#«˛ö ˆÌˆÏÜ˛•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ã˛ã˛≈yˆÏÜ˛ ≤Ã§y!Ó˚ï˛
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö !ö– ÓÓ˚Çñ §üÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ àˆÏí˛¸ Äë˛y ôü≈fliyöñ ï˛#Ì≈ˆÏÜ˛w=!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚
≤ÃáÓ˚ ò,!‹T ¢!_´ öƒhflÏ !åÈ°– xï˛#ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ ˆÎüö Óï˛≈üyˆÏö !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈöñ ˆï˛ü!ö Óï˛≈üyˆÏöÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚=!° !öˆÏÎ˚ û˛!Ó£ÏƒˆÏï˛ ã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ û)˛!ü ˜ï˛Ó˚# Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈö– Úò!«˛ˆÏîŸªÓ˚Û ~ÓÇ
ÚˆÓ°%í˛¸ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚Ü˛ü•z ò%!ê˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛– ò%!ê˛ ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ ò%•z xyˆÏ°yÜ˛Iµ° Óƒ!_´Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ñ
Ü˛yÎ≈Ü˛°y˛õ ~ÓÇ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ≤Ãòyö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ Ó˚yö#Ó˚y§ü!îÓ˚ x§#ü ˜ôÎƒ≈ñ
xôƒyÓ§yÎ˚ §• Ü,˛ï˛ §ÇÜ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓÓyÎ˚ö ˛õÎ≈hsˇ Ó‡ü%á# Ü˛ˆÏü≈yˆÏòƒyàˆÏÜ˛ ≤Ã¢Ç§y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
ÚˆÓ°%í˛¸Û !¢ˆÏÓ˚yöyüy!B˛ï˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ ˆû˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ fliyöàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ≤ÃòyˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ
fl∫yü#ç#Ó˚ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ §Ω˛ÓöyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛wfli° àD#Ó˚ ï˛#Ó˚û)˛!ü ÚˆÓ°%í˛¸ üˆÏë˛Ó˚Û ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö–
≤ÃÓ¶˛ ò%!ê˛ !ö!Óí˛¸˛õyˆÏë˛ ~Ü˛!ê˛ §¡õÜ˛≈§)e xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– Ó˚yö# Ó˚y§ü!î ÈÙÈ
Ó˚yüÜ,˛£è ÈÙÈ !ÓˆÏÓÜ˛yö® ÈÙÈ eÎ˚# Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyôó âê˛öy§)ˆÏe ò%•z ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yöˆÏÜ˛ !âˆÏÓ˚
~ÑˆÏòÓ˚ ü•yö%û˛Óï˛yñ fl∫yÌ≈ï˛ƒyà ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y˛õ!ã˛Ü˛#ã˛≈yÓ˚ ò,‹Tyhsˇ í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– çö!•ï˛Ü˛Ó˚
Ü˛ü≈ÎˆÏK˛Ó˚ §yÌ≈Ü˛ Ó˚*˛õyÎ˚ˆÏö ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x§#ü òyö xfl∫#Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ öÎ˚– ÚˆÓ°%í˛¸Û ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛
fl∫yü#!ÓˆÏÓÜ˛yöˆÏ®Ó˚ ôƒyöˆÏÎyàñ Ü˛ü≈ˆÎÏ yàñ Ó˚yçˆÏÎyàñ û˛!_´ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xy◊üˆÏÜ˛!wÜ˛
Ü˛ü≈˛õsiyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ü≈§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ §%ã˛yÓ˚& !ÓˆÏŸ’£Ïî ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ◊# üy
§yÓ˚òy ˆòÓ#Ó˚ ç#ÓöˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ û˛yÓöyÎ˚ í˛zß¨#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ fl∫yü#ç# x!ÓÓy!•ï˛ Ü%˛üyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ !ÓôÓy
Óï˛ã˛y!Ó˚ ~Ç û˛!_´üï˛# à,•öyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf ôü≈ã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ ˛õ#ë˛fliyö !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ,ÌÜ˛ üë˛ àë˛ˆÏöÓ˚
Ü˛yÎ≈Ü˛°y˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ !öá%Ñï˛ Óî≈öy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ü!•°y üˆÏë˛Ó˚ Ü˛ü≈ôyÓ˚y §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛
fl∫yü#ç#Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöÈÙÈ
ÚÚ flf# üˆÏë˛ ˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÓ˚*˛õ §ÇflÀÓ
ÌyÜ˛ˆÏÓ öy–... flf# üˆÏë˛ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y
fl%Ò° ÌyÜ˛ˆÏÓ– ï˛yˆÏï˛ ôü≈¢yflfñ §y!•ï˛ƒñ
§Çfl,Òï˛ñ ÓƒyÜ˛Ó˚î ÈÙÈ ã˛y•z !Ü˛ x“ !ÓhflÏÓ˚
•zÇˆÏÓ˚!ç !¢«˛y ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ– ˆ§°y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
Ü˛yçñ Ó˚yßÿñ à,•Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ !Óôyö
~ÓÇ !¢÷˛ ˛õy°ˆÏöÓ˚ fli(° !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°

ˆ¢áyö •ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ8
~•z §ˆÏD !ï˛ö ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ü!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf Ü˛ü≈ xyã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ fl∫yü#ç# =Ó˚&c !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö–
≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §)e ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ §•ˆÏç xö%üyö Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ºüö fl∫yü#ç#Ó˚
!ã˛hsˇyÈÙˆã˛ï˛öyˆÏÜ˛ ÎˆÏÌ‹T ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ö §yôˆÏö §y•yÎƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– !¢«˛y•z çyà!ï˛Ü˛ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ü%!_´Ó˚ ˛õÌ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ fl∫yü#ç#Ó˚ fl∫ˆÏòˆÏ¢ öyÓ˚# !¢«˛y ï˛áö
xÓˆÏ•!°ï˛ñ çyï˛ÈÙÈ˛õyï˛ñ ˆû˛òÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏû˛ò ~ÓÇ ˛õò≈y≤ÃÌyÓ˚ !öü≈ü ú˛°◊&!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓD°°öyÓ˚y
Úxy˛õö û˛yàƒÛˆÏÜ˛•z ÷ô%üye òyÎ˚# Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ö– §ï˛#òy•ñ !ÓôÓyÓ˚ !ÓÓy•Ó˚ô ~•z §üyˆÏç ï˛áö
˛õÎ≈hsˇ !e´Î˚y¢#° !åÈ°– xÌã˛ñ •zí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ öyÓ˚# ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° û˛yÓöyÎ˚ í˛zß#¨ ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ §û˛yÈÙÈ§!ü!ï˛ñ
!¢«˛yÈÙÈò#«˛yñ ç#ÓöÈÙÈç#!ÓÜ˛yÎ˚ !öçfl∫ x!û˛Ó˚&!ã˛ ˜ï˛Ó˚# Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– fl∫yü#ç# ï˛y•z í˛zˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£≈Ï öyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yüy!çÜ˛ Ä §yÇ§y!Ó˚Ü˛ òy§c ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ü%!_´Ó˚ x!û˛≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÜ˛“ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
ôü≈#Î˚ çàÍ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ Ü˛ü≈˛õsiyÎ˚ í˛zò‰@ˇÃ#Ó– xÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï §ú˛°Ä– ÷ô%üye ˆÓòÈÙÈˆÏÓòyhsˇ
ü%áhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ï˛ÌyÜ˛!Ìï˛ §ÇÜ˛#î≈ ôü≈y◊Î˚# ˛õˆÏÌ öy !àˆÏÎ˚ öyÓ˚# çyàÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ fl∫yü#ç#Ó˚
xydï˛ƒyà xfl∫#Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ öÎ˚– Îy ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ °«˛î#Î˚–
ÚˆÓ°%í˛¸Û ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚yô#ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˆò¢ˆÏ§ÓyÓ˚ Ü˛ü≈ÎˆÏK˛ fl∫yü#ç#Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏã˛‹Tyñ
í˛zòy_ xy•¥yö ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈û˛yˆÏÓ ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– Ü˛ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ §ß¨ƒy§ ÓˆÏï˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ §yô% ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛“ Óƒ_´ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöñÈÙÈ
ÚÚ... ˆÓ°% í ˛¸ üë˛ ÓyDy°#Ó˚ xyò¢≈
Ü˛¡ø≈ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w ••zÎ˚y xyˆÏåÈ– ~áyö
••z ˆ Ï ï ˛ ˆ°yÜ˛È Ù È ˆ Ï § Óy ü!•üy ü![˛ï˛
••zÎ˚yˆÏåÈñ ôƒyöÈÙÈôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ö)ï˛ö xyò¢≈ñ
≤Ãyã˛#ö Ä xyô%!öÜ˛ û˛yˆÏÓ §üß∫Î˚ñ ï˛ƒyà
Ä Ü˛_≈Óƒ ˛õy°ö Ä ≤Ã#!ï˛Ó˚ öï%˛ö Óyï˛≈y
§ühflÏ ˆò¢üÎ˚ åÈí˛¸y•zÎ˚y ˛õ!í˛¸Î˚yˆÏåÈ– ...
§Óù≈çy!ï˛Ó˚ §üß∫Î˚ñ Ó,®yÓˆÏöÓ˚ üï˛
~áyˆÏö û˛!_´Ó˚ ˆá°yñ Î%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ˛yu˛
≤ÃÜ˛yu˛ !ã˛!Ü˛Í§y¢y°yÓ˚ öƒyÎ˚ ˆ§Óy ÓˆïÏ ˛Ó˚
xö%≤Ãyîöy ....ï˛#Ì≈ˆÏÜ˛ ç#Óhsˇû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚
ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏåÈ–ÛÛ9
≤ÃyÓ!¶˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §ï˛ƒï˛y ~Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛Ä ÎˆÏÌ‹T– fl∫yü#ç#Ó˚ xö%§ï, ˛ û˛yÓôyÓ˚y xö%ÎyÎ˚#
Ü˛ü≈˛õsiyÓ˚ Ó‡ü%á# í˛zˆòÏ ƒyà xyçÄ !e´Î˚y¢#°– ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆÎ Î%!_´Óyò# ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˆÓ˚yüy!rê˛Ü˛
üˆÏöÓ˚ x!ôÜ˛yÓ˚# !åÈˆÏ°ö ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ú˛ˆÏê˛y!ã˛e=!°ˆÏï˛ !Óô,ï˛ xyˆÏåÈ– x!ï˛!Ì ˆû˛yçˆÏöÓ˚
çöƒ Úx!ï˛!Ì¢y°yÛñ Ó˚yüÜ,˛£è Ä §yÓ˚òyüyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ flø,!ï˛ü!®Ó˚ñ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚Óyí˛¸# àDyÓ˚ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚ §)Î≈yhflÏ

!ÓˆÏÜ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ üë˛ §¡∫!°ï˛ Ü,˛£èã)˛í˛¸y Ó,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛FåÈ!Ó ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ fliyö !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– çö!•ï˛Ü˛Ó˚
Ü˛°ƒyîÜ˛ü≈ ~ÓÇ xyôƒy!dÜ˛ ˛õˆÏÌ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ çyàÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ àyÎ˚e# §ÇÜ˛“ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ_´
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
áí˛¸ò•
Úáí˛¸ò•Û ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w !öï˛ƒyö® ü•y≤Ãû%˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!ã˛e˛õ)î≈ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ •z!ï˛Ü˛Ìy
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ö Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛ñ Ü˛y°öyÓ˚ §%≤Ã!§k˛ ˜Ó£èÓ ü•yhsˇ ˆàÔÓ˚#òy§ §Ó˚ˆáÏ ˆÏ°Ó˚
çö!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛yñ ˜Ó£èÓ≤Ã#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆàÔÓ˚yDÈÙÈû˛çö#Ó˚ Ó‡ü%á# Ü˛yÎ≈Ü˛°y˛õ !Óô,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ÚˆàÔÓ˚ÈÙÈ!öï˛y•zÛ ~Ó˚ !Ó@ˇÃ•ˆÏÜ˛ ˆÜ˛w Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ú≤ÃÓyò Ü˛ÌyÛ e´üyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ !üˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ü•y≤Ãû˛% Ó˚ !òÓƒ xö%û˛ˆÏÓ xy≤’%ï˛ ˆàÔÓ˚òy§ §ÇÜ˛“ Ü˛ˆÏÓ!˚ åÈˆ° Ï ö ÈÙÈ Ú!ã˛Ó˚Ü˛y° §yÇ§y!Ó˚Ü˛ ˆã˛Ô•!jÓ˚
xyˆÏÓ‹Tö#ˆÏï˛ ÚˆÏàÔÓ˚ÈÙÈ!öï˛y•zÛˆÏÜ˛ xyÓk˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏÓö– !Ü˛vñ çàÍ §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zk˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÎÑyÓ˚
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ xy!Óû˛≈yÓñ !ï˛!ö ˆï˛y ˆÜ˛yö Ó¶˛ˆÏö ÌyÜ˛ˆÏÓö öy– ú˛°ï˛ñ motif ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ö
˛õ)Ó≈Ü˛ ü•y≤Ãû%˛ ˆàÔÓ˚#òyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy ~ÓÇ fl∫#Î˚ §ÇÜ˛“ í˛zû˛Î˚!òˆÏÜ˛•z û˛yÓ˚§yüƒ Ó˚«˛y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö–
§üÜ˛y°#ö ¢y§ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ û˛Î˚ÈÙÈû˛#!ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y öy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚Ä ˆàÔÓ˚#òyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ xyÿ˛Î≈çöÜ˛
û˛yˆÏÓ ˜Ó£èÓ ü•y≤Ãû˛% Ó˚ ˆ§ÓyôˆÏü≈ !öˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ !åÈˆ° Ï ö– ~üö!Ü˛ âÓ˚ÈÙÈ§Ç§yÓ˚ñ Ü˛y!üö#ÈÙÈÜ˛yM˛ÈˆöÏ Ó˚
üyÎ˚y x!ï˛e´ü Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàÔÓ˚#òyˆÏ§Ó˚ ºyï˛y §)Î≈ƒòy§ !öï˛ƒöˆÏ®Ó˚ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï û˛_´ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ !öˆÏçˆÏÜ˛
≤Ãüy!îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– §üÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜Ó£èÓôˆÏü≈Ó˚ à!ï˛≤ÃÓy•ˆÏÜ˛ !e´Î˚y¢#° Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ çy•´Óy Ä Ó§%ôy
öy¡¨# ò%•z Ü˛öƒyˆÏÜ˛ §ü˛õ≈ö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ âê˛öyôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ñ xö%üyö Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆàÔÓ˚#
òyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚Óà≈ §yüy!çÜ˛ Ä ôü≈#Î˚û˛yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï ˜Ó£èÓ û˛yÓy˛õß¨ !åÈˆ° Ï ö– ~üö!Ü˛ ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöƒÓ˚
ˆÎ x!û˛ß¨ Ó˚yôy Ü,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ Î%à° §_¥y ÈÙÈ ~•z ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §¡±ã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ö!üˆÏ_ çy•´Óy ˛õ%e Ó#Ó˚û˛o
Ú¢ƒyü §%®Ó˚Û !Ó@ˇÃˆ•Ï Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y !öü≈yï˛yó ˛õ)çyÈÙÈxã˛≈öyñ xyã˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ≤ÃÌy •zï˛ƒy!ò Ü˛ˆÏüÓ≈ ˚ òyÎ˚òy!Î˚ˆcÏ Ó˚
Ü˛ü≈≤ÃÓyˆÏ• !öˆÏçˆÏÜ˛ !öˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ !öï˛ƒyö®
Ó§%ôyÈÙÈçy•´Ó#Ó˚ áí˛¸òˆÏ• ˜Ó£èÓ ã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ ≤Ãà!ï˛ü%á# ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~Ü˛y!ôÜ˛ xˆÏ°Ô!Ü˛Ü˛
¢!_´ ~ÓÇ ˆ°yÜ˛◊&!ï˛ xö%ÎyÎ˚# ˜Ó£èÓ ˆÜ˛!wÜ˛ !üÌ=!° !öï˛ƒyö®ˆÏÜ˛ ˆÜ˛w Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ áí˛¸òˆÏ•
xyÓ!ï˛≈ï˛ •!FåÈ°– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ó˚ xyáƒyö ˆÜ˛!wÜ˛ à“Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏ°Ô!Ü˛Ü˛ ˜Ó£èÓôˆÏü≈Ó˚
!Ó!ã˛e !òÜ˛=!° ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ˛õ%Ó&˚ £Ïyö%e´!üÜ˛û˛yˆÏÓ áí˛¸òˆÏ• ˜ã˛ï˛öƒü•y≤Ãû˛% Ó˚ ã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ xyò¢≈!ö¤˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ!ö¤˛È û˛yˆÏÓ ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã•Ó˚yˆÏÜ˛ x!ï˛e´ü
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ çy•´Óy ˛õ%e Ó#Ó˚û˛o §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xôƒydü%á# ˜Ó£èÓôˆÏü≈Ó˚ í˛zˆÏß√ˆÏ£Ï !öˆÏçˆÏÜ˛
!öˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ü˛ ˙ï˛!•ƒ§)ˆÏe !˛õï˛y !öï˛ƒyöˆÏ®Ó˚ ˜Ó£èÓ ≤Ã#!ï˛ áí˛¸òˆÏ•
Ó#Ó˚û˛oˆÏÜ˛Ä ~Ü˛•z ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÎˆÏÌ‹T í˛zj#˛õöy í˛zÍ§y• !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈÏ°– ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ Óyò¢yˆÏ•Ó˚
¢y§öÜ˛yˆÏ° !òˆÏÜ˛ !òˆÏÜ˛ ~Ü˛y!ôÜ˛ !•®%ôˆÏüÓ≈ ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yîñ üë˛ ü!®Ó˚ ôùÇˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎ §ÇÓyò §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ˜Ó£èÓôü≈Ä åÈyí˛¸ ˛õyÎ˚!ö– ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö ü•y¢Î˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü
ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛!ê˛ˆÏÜ˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛öû˛yˆÏÓ Úáí˛¸ò•Û ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ fliyö !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ«˛e!ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ¢y§Ü˛Ü%˛°

üyöÓï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚Ä !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ï˛y Óƒ_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñÈÙÈ
ÚÚ...ÓyDy°y 1317 §ˆÏ ö Ó˚ é˛ˆÏ í ˛¸
xyòï˛=!° û˛y!DÎ˚y !àÎ˚y!åÈ°– ~•z Úá%hsˇ#Û
ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ Óyò¢yˆÏ•Ó˚ ò_ xû˛Î˚ !ã˛•´–
xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ ü!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyÌyÎ˚ ~•z Úá%hsˇ#Û
Ìy!Ü˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y•y ü%§°üyö xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
xye´üî ••zˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏÜ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !öÓ˚y˛õò–
Ü˛!Ìï˛ xyˆÏåÈ Ó#Ó˚û˛oˆÏÜ˛ ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚
§Ó≈≤ÃÌü ~•z á%hsˇ# ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛
xö%ü!ï˛ ˆòö ~ÓÇ ¢ƒyü§%®Ó˚ ü!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!¢ˆÏÓ˚•z •z•yÓ˚ §Ó≈≤ÃÌü ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y–ÛÛ10
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ Ó_´Óƒ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ çyöy ÎyÎ˚ §üÜ˛y°#ö •z§°yü# ¢y§Ü˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ í˛zòyÓ˚˛õsi# üyöÓï˛y
~ÓÇ §•yö%û)˛!ï˛– ï˛Í§ˆÏD Ó#Ó˚û˛ˆÏoÓ˚ xyö%¤˛y!öÜ˛ §yüy!çÜ˛ ôü≈#Î˚ Ü˛yÎ≈Ü˛°y˛õÄ ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ !öï˛ƒyöˆÏ®Ó˚ fl∫•hflÏ !°!áï˛ û˛yàÓÍ ˛õ%!Ìñ ¢ƒyü§%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü)!_≈ñ ü!®Ó˚ñ ˆòy°üM˛Èñ
Ó§%ôyÈÙÈçy•´ÓyÓ˚ !Ó@ˇÃ•ñ ˆöí˛¸yÈÙÈˆöí˛¸#Ó˚ ˆü°yÎ˚ fliyöÈÙÈ§¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ Ü˛ï˛=!° ú˛ˆÏê˛y!ã˛e í˛z˛õfliy˛õö
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ¢ƒyü§%®ˆÏÓ˚ ü!®Ó˚!ê˛ !mã˛y° !Ó!¢‹Tñ §¡ø%á û˛yà ≤Ã¢hflÏ ~Ü˛ã˛y° !Ó!¢‹T ÈÙÈ §Ω˛Óï˛≠
û˛_´ §üyˆÏÓˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òˆÏÜ˛ °«˛ƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ü)° ü!®Ó˚!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ~Ü˛e öyê˛ü!®Ó˚!ê˛Ó˚ xÓfliyö !åÈ°–
¢ƒyü§%®ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòy° üM˛È!ê˛ ≤Ã¢hflÏ !mã˛y° !Ó!¢‹T ò!«˛ˆÏîŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyòˆÏ° !ö!ü≈ï˛– Ó§%ôy
Ä çy•´Óy !öï˛ƒyöˆÏ®Ó˚ §ˆÏD §yüy!çÜ˛ §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈Ó˚ §)e ôˆÏÓ˚ ˜Ó£èÓôˆÏü≈Ó˚ û˛yÓÈÙÈ§yôö !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚
ÎˆÏÌ‹T í˛zˆÏòƒyà# •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– û˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ ≤ÃòyˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ
Ó§%ôyÈÙÈçy•´Ó#Ó˚ ü)!_≈ Ä !Ó@ˇÃ•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~Ü˛ ü!®ˆÏÓ˚ fliyö ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– 1200 ˆöí˛¸y xÌ≈yÍ
ü%![˛ï˛ ühflÏÜ˛ ˆÓÔk˛ !û˛«%˛ ~ÓÇ 1300 ˆöí˛¸# xÌ≈yÍ ü%![˛ï˛ ühflÏÜ˛ ˆÓÔk˛ !û˛«%˛öy Ó#Ó˚û˛ˆÏoÓ˚
Ü,˛˛õyÎ˚ ˜Ó£èÓ §üyˆÏç !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï xyò,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈˆ° Ï ö– ˆÓÔk˛ §üyˆÏÓˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°ˆÏ«˛ñ ˆöí˛¸yÈÙÈˆöÏ í˛¸#Ó˚
ˆü°y áí˛¸òˆÏ• ~Ü˛òy fl∫Î˚Ç!e´Î˚û˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã§yÓ˚ °yû˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Äñ e´üyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ çö§üyˆÏÓ¢ñ ˆü°y
xhflÏ!üï˛– ˆÓÔk˛ ~ÓÇ ˜Ó£èÓ ôü≈ã˛ã˛≈y áí˛¸ò•ˆÏÜ˛ ˆÜ˛w Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zÍÜ˛£Ï≈ §yôö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°–
Ü˛y°e´ˆÏüñ ~•z=!° çÓ˚yç#î≈ ôùÇ§yÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛– xÌã˛ñ çy!ï˛ˆÏû˛ò ≤ÃÌyñ
ˆû˛òyˆÏû˛òñ Óî≈˜ÏÓ£Ïüƒ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ §yüy!çÜ˛ Ü%˛≤ÃÌy=!°Ó˚ Ó¶˛ö áí˛¸òˆÏ•Ó˚ ü!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó@ˇÃ•ñ
˛õ)çyxã˛≈öyˆÏÜ˛ ˆÜ˛w Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Î%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– §üû˛yÓy˛õß¨ û˛ˆÏ_´Ó˚ §üyˆÏÓˆÏ¢ !•®% çy!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚
xyôƒy!dÜ˛ à!Ó˚üyˆÏÜ˛ fl∫à#≈ Î˚ ü!•üyÎ˚ í˛zß#¨ ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÎÏ yà ˆ˛õˆÏÎ!˚ åÈˆ°
Ï ö– Óï˛≈üyˆÏö !Óhfl!Ï, ï˛≤ÃÓî
Óyäy!°Ó˚ ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöƒ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ˆáò!_´ ÎÌyÌ≈ñÈÙÈ
ÚÚ•yÎ˚ ÓyDy°y çy!ï˛Ê •yÎ˚ ˜Ó£èÓ
§üyçÊ Ü˛ï˛ §û˛yÈ Ù È § !ü!ï˛ Ä ˆü°y

Ó!§ˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈ ÈÙÈ !Ü˛v ˆï˛yüyˆÏòÓ˚ §Óù≈fl∫ ˆÎ
§Ü˛° ˛õÌ !òÎ˚y ã˛!°Î˚y Îy•zˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈ ï˛y•y
xy°áy•zÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty Ü˛!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ çöƒ ~Ü˛!ê˛
≤Ãyî#Ä ˆò!áˆÏ ï ˛!åÈ öy– Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ òí˛¸ ñ
Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÓ°y Ü˛yöyÜ˛!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆò¢ÈÙÈ≤Ã#!ï˛Ä
ˆï˛yüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò!áˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z öyÛÛ–11
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ ühsˇÓƒ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ fl∫ˆÏò¢ ≤Ã#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ fl∫ˆÏò¢ ˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒÓ˚ xö%§¶˛yö §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈
§ò‰Ì≈Ü˛ üyö!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ö®ò%°y° Ä Ó˚yôyÓÕ‘û˛ç#
Úö®ò%°y° Ä Ó˚yôyÓÕ‘û˛ç#Û ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ ÓDˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óï˛≈üyö ˛õ)çy ˛õk˛!ï˛ Ä
û˛!_´Ó˚ «˛!Î˚£è% ï˛y °«˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– ï˛Í§ˆÏD !öï˛ƒyö® ˛˛õ%e Ó#Ó˚û˛ˆÏoÓ˚ Úö®ò%°y°Û Ú¢ƒyü§%®Ó˚Û
~ÓÇ ÚÓ˚yôyÓÕ‘û˛ç#Ó˚Û ÈÙÈ ü)!_≈ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ü%•)ï˛≈!ê˛ˆÏÜ˛ fløÓ˚î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚
Óî≈öy ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ §•ˆÏç•z xö%üyö Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ¢y_´ ~ÓÇ ˜Ó£èÓ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ §ÇâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ–
ôü≈ˆÏÜ˛!wÜ˛ §Çâyï˛ çöüyöˆÏ§ §ã˛° ÌyÜ˛ˆÏ°Äñ Ó˚&oÓ˚yü ¢y_´ •ˆÏÎ˚Ä öyÓ˚yÎ˚ö ˛õ)çyÓ˚ üôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ §Ó≈ôü≈§üß∫Î˚Ü˛yÓ˚# üyö!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– §yüy!çÜ˛ ÓyôyÈÙÈ!Ó˛õ!_ x!ï˛e´ü
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚&oÓ˚yü áí˛¸òˆÏ• Ó#Ó˚û˛ˆÏoÓ˚ §ˆÏD §¡õÜ˛≈ fliy˛õö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– !öç üˆÏöyÓy§öy ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
x!û˛°y£Ï Óƒ_´ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö Ó#Ó˚û˛ˆÏoÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ– Ó#Ó˚û˛ˆÏoÓ˚ §ˆÏ•à §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈Ó˚ §)e ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛≈#
Úáí˛¸ò•Û ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛zòyÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ §yô% üˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ– ~•z§ˆÏD ü%§°üyö
¢y§Ü˛Ü%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Óòöï˛ƒyÎ˚ ˜Ó£èÓôü≈ ≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •z!ï˛Ó,_ !Óô,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– x!û˛üyö# à,•ï˛ƒyà#
Ó˚&oÓ˚yü ç‡Ó˚#Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ~ˆÏ§ §!ï˛ƒ•z ç•Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏö!åÈˆÏ°ö– xˆÏ°Ô!Ü˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÓyò ~ÓÇ çö◊&!ï˛
§yô%ÈÙÈ§hsˇ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD §Ç!Ÿ’‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÜ˛– Ó˚&oÓ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÄ ~Ó˚ Óƒ!ï˛e´ü •Î˚!ö–
Ó˚&oÓ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ xˆÏ°Ô!Ü˛Ü˛ üy•ydƒ ï˛Ìy Ü,˛£è≤Ã#!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöñÈÙÈ
ÚÚ...ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚ ò%Éÿ˛Î˚ ï˛˛õ§ƒyÎ˚ ≤Ã#ï˛ ••zÎ˚y
fl∫ Î ˚ Ç Ü, ˛ £è ïÑ ˛ y•yÓ˚ xy!ï˛Ìƒ @ˇ Ã •ö
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö ~ÓÇ öÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ !öÜ˛ê˛ ••zˆÏï˛
≤ÃhflÏ Ó ˚ xy!öÎ˚ y !Ó@ˇ Ã • !öü≈ y ˆÏ î Ó˚
í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ !òÎ˚y!åÈˆ° Ï ö– xyÓ˚Ä ~Ü˛!ê˛ ≤ÃÓyò
~•z ˆÎ öÓyÓ ò_ ˛õyÌÓ˚áy!ö àDyÓ˚ çˆÏ°
û˛y§y•zÎ˚y !òÎ˚y !ï˛!ö !öˆÏç öò#Ó˚ ï˛#Ó˚
!òÎ˚y ˛õòÓˆÏç Óyí˛¸# !ú˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆòˆÏáö ˆÎ
!¢°yá[˛ ïÑ˛y•yÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔÑ!åÈÓyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ •≈ z ÚÚ§yÑ•z
ˆÓyöyÓ˚ÛÛ âyˆÏê˛ xy!§Î˚y °y!àÎ˚yˆÏåÈ–ÛÛ12

ˆ°yÜ˛◊&!ï˛ §ï˛ƒÈÙÈ!üÌƒy Îy•z ˆ•yÜ˛ öy ˆÜ˛öñ Ó˚&oÓ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏã˛‹TyÎ˚ ~Ü˛òy §Ñy•zˆÏÓyöy xM˛ÈˆÏ°
¢CÈÙÈârê˛yÈÙÈò#˛õyÓ˚!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ü%á!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ö®ò%°y° ~ÓÇ Ó˚yôyÓÕ‘û˛ç# ç#Óhsˇ !Ó@ˇÃ• Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ
çöüyöˆÏ§ xÓfliyö Ü˛Ó˚!åÈ°– !öï˛ƒy˛õ)çy xã˛≈öyˆÏÜ˛ ˆÜ˛w Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ çöüyöˆÏ§ û˛!_´û˛yÓ%Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚
myÓ˚Ä ˛e´ü¢ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ °yû˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– Ó˚oÓ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ ˛õy![˛ˆÏï˛ƒñ û˛àÓÍ ã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ ü!®Ó˚ ≤ÃyDî !öï˛ƒ
ü%á!Ó˚ï˛ •ï˛– xÌã˛ Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ x@ˇÃà!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xï˛#ï˛ ˆàÔÓ˚ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yö=!° e´ü¢ Úû˛!_´Ó˚
Ÿ¬¢yöˆÏ«˛eÛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ– û˛!_´ÈÙÈˆÏfl¨ˆÏ•ñ í˛z˛õÓy§ÈÙÈxö§ˆÏö xydï,˛!Æ ï˛Ìy ˆ°Ô!Ü˛Ü˛ ü%!_´Ó˚
≤ÃˆãÏ ˛‹TyÎ˚ ö®ò%°y° Ä Ó˚yôyÓÕ‘û˛ç#Ó˚ ˛õò≤ÃyˆÏhsˇ ü%á!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏ°Ä í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ ~•z ü!®Ó˚=!°
ç#ö≈ÈÙÈ¢#ö≈ û˛@¿hfl)ÏˆÏ˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ ˆàÔÓ˚ˆÏÓÓ˚ §yÓ˚Ó_y=!° ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏã˛‹TyÎ˚
§ühflÏ ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ !ö!Ó≈ˆ¢Ï ˆÏ£Ï !çK˛y§y ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ˆÏåÈö xï˛#ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎñ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö !Ü˛ÇÓòhsˇ#
§¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ ˆÎüö K˛yö°yû˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆï˛ü!ö ôü≈#Î˚ xö%û)˛!ï˛Ó˚ !òÜ˛ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ~•z ü!®Ó˚=!°Ó˚
=Ó˚&c x˛õ!Ó˚§#ü– xyô%!öÜ˛ üyö%£Ï Îáö e´ü¢ öàÓ˚ü%á#ñ çí˛¸ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ã˛yÜ˛!ã˛ˆÏÜ˛ƒÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•°#ó ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ ï˛áö ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏöÓ˚ à!Ó˚üyñ xyôƒyd xö%û˛) !ï˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚ ü@¿– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛
˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ §ï˛ƒï˛y §Ç¢Î˚ü%_´û˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ö®ò%°yˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó@ˇÃ•ñ
Ó˚&oÓ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ •hfl!Ï °!áï˛ ˛õ%!Ìñ ü!®ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ fliyöÓòˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛eñ ˆòy°ü!®Ó˚ñ ö®ò%°yˆÏ°Ó˚ à,• •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚
xyˆÏ°yÜ˛!ã˛e ≤ÃÓ¶˛ üˆÏôƒ fliyö !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– !•®% ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ çyàÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏö !•®%ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ !Óflø,ï˛
xôƒyÎ˚ í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏöÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö ˆàÔÓ˚ˆÏÓÓ˚ ü%•)ï˛≈=!° ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z
§ˆÏD !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöñÈÙÈ
ÚÚxyüÓ˚y Ü˛!°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ˛õ%!ï˛à¶˛üÎ˚
à!°Ó˚ ~Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏö ˆòí˛¸ Ü˛yë˛y ç!ü
!Ü˛!öÓyÓ˚ °y°§yÎ˚ §Óù≈fl∫ ˛õö Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y
Ó!§Î˚y!åÈ– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ Ó£Ï≈Ü˛yˆÏ° û˛@¿
åÈyˆÏòÓ˚ ç° ˆë˛!°Î˚y üyÌy Ó˚«˛y Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈ öy– xÌã˛ xyüÓ˚y !•®%ôˆÏü≈Ó˚
xyôƒy!dÜ˛ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ í˛z ! ë˛Î˚ y ˛õ!í˛¸ Î ˚ y
°y!àÎ˚y!åÈ–ÛÛ13
xyÓ˚yôƒˆÏÜ˛ Ü˛‹T !òˆÏÎ˚ üyöÓû˛_´ fl∫yFåÈ®üÎ˚È ç#ÓˆÏö fl∫!hflÏ Ä ¢y!hsˇ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy ÈÙÈ ~
Ó_´ÓƒÄ ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ çy!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆòö– §ühflÏ ˛õ!Óe ï˛#Ì≈û)˛!ü=!°Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö ~ÓÇ Ó_≈üyö xÓfliy
xÓˆÏ°yÜ˛ö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°öyü)°Ü˛û˛yˆÏÓ ò%•z §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛y°!ã˛e í˛z˛õfliy˛õö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– !öü≈üû˛yˆÏÓ
§öyï˛ö# !•®%ˆÏòÓ˚ fløÓ˚î Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ≤Ãyã˛#ö üë˛ÈÙÈü!®Ó˚ñ ˆòÓï˛yÈÙÈ!Ó@ˇÃ•=!°Ó˚
=Ó˚&c ˆ§Ü˛yˆÏ° ÷ô%üye xyã˛yÓ˚ôü≈# xö%¤˛y!öÜ˛ï˛yÎ˚ §#üyÓk˛ !å°È öy– ˆ§•z §ˆÏD û˛ˆÏ_´Ó˚
xï˛°yhsˇ xyÜ%˛!ï˛ñ ˛≤ÃyÌ≈öy ~ÓÇ {ŸªÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ üyD!°Ü˛ ≤ÃˆÏã˛‹Ty xˆÏöÜ˛ àû˛#Ó˚ !åÈ°–
ï˛Ìƒ§)e ≠
1. ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö S§¡õy.Vñ ÓDÓyö#ñ Úöò#Î˚yÓ˚ ˆê˛y°ÈÙÈ~Ü˛¢ï˛ ÓÍ§Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ûñ 1ü Ó£Ï≈ñ 2Î˚
§Çáƒyñ ˜ã˛e 1328ñ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yñ ˛õ,. 117
2. ï˛ˆÏòÓñ ˛õ,. 117
3. ï˛ˆÏòÓñ 118
4. ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö S§¡õy.Vñ ÓDÓyö#ñ Úˆây£Ï˛õyí˛¸y Ü˛_≈yû˛çyÓ˚ ò°Ûñ 1ü Ó£Ï≈ñ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ §Çáƒyñ
˜ç¤˛ƒ 1329ñ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yñ ˛õ,. 428
5. ï˛ˆÏòÓñ ˛õ,. 430
6. ï˛ˆÏòÓñ ˛õ,. 431
7. ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö S§¡õy.V ÓDÓyö#ñ Úò!«˛ˆÏîŸªÓÛ˚ ñ 2Î˚ Ó£Ïñ≈ 5ü §Çáƒyñ xy£Ïyì˛¸ 1329ñ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yñ
˛õ,. 550
8. ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö S§¡õy.V ÓDÓyö#ñ !mï˛#Î˚yô≈ñ ÚˆÓ°%í˛¸Ûñ 1ü Ó£Ï≈ñ û˛yo 1329ñ ˛õ,. 113
9. ï˛ˆÏòÓñ ˛õ,. 113
10. ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö S§¡õy.V ÓDÓyö#ñ !mï˛#Î˚yô≈ñ 3Î˚ §Çáƒyñ 1ü Ó£Ïñ≈ Ü˛y!_≈Ü˛ 1329ñ ˛õ,. 388
11. ï˛ˆÏòÓñ ˛õ,. 390
12. ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö S§¡õy.V ÓDÓyö#ñ !mï˛#Î˚yô≈ñ 6¤˛ §Çáƒyñ 1ü Ó£Ï≈ñ Ü˛y!_≈Ü˛ 1329ñ ˛õ,. 12
13. ï˛ˆÏòÓñ ˛õ,. 13

õïƒÓˆÏDÓ˚ ãòãy!ì˛ Á òy›˛ƒ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛
v˛. xõú ˆõyîÑ˛
õ)úƒ ≠ 160 ›˛yÑ˛y
x‹Tyîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ÓÜ#≈ £yDyõyÓ˚ !â˛eyÎ˚í

¢%!fl˛øì˛y ˆáy°Ï*
Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ú¢y!£ì˛ƒÛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ Ú¢y!£ì˛ƒ !‡˛Ñ˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ xyÓ˚!ü òˆÏ£ÛÈÙÈÑ˛yÓ˚í
ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ¢õyã x!ÓÑ˛ú ≤Ã!ì˛!Ó!¡∫ì˛ £Î˚òy– ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢,!‹TÓ˚ Ó˚¢î â˛Î˚ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˛ôy!Ó˚˛ôy!Ÿª≈Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õ[˛ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£zó !Ñ˛ls˛ õˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚Öyòy áˆÏÓ˚Ûñ Úxy=ˆÏòÓ˚ ãµú%!òÛ
xyÓ˚ Ú£yì%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ !˛ô›%˛!òˆÏì˛Û ˆ¢£z v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚í òÓÓ˚*˛ô ˛ôyÎ˚– Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ã#Óòú∏˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y
òÓÑ˛úÓˆÏÓ˚ xyd≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛À‹TyÓ˚ ¢,ãˆÏò– ì˛Ìy!˛ô !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ÌyÁ ¢ì˛ƒÈÙÈÚ¢y!£ì˛ƒ £ú
¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ î˛ô≈íó Ñ˛yÓ˚í õyò%°Ïñ ¢õyã !òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ òÎ˚ñ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ Á ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ v˛zˆÏk≈˛ òò–
¢y!£ì˛ƒ £ú õyòÓã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ÖÈÙÈî%ÉÖ £y!¢ÈÙÈÑ˛yßÿÓ˚ äÈˆÏ®yÓk˛ Üyò– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ¢õyã òyõÑ˛ ˆÎ
xî,üƒ xÌâ˛ xˆÏõyá ü!_´ ≤Ã!ì˛!òÎ˚ì˛ õyòÓã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ â˛v˛¸y£z v˛zì˛Ó˚y£zˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ !òÎ˚s˛fíñ
ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Óyì˛ƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢,!‹T x¢Ω˛Ó– ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ì˛y£z ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ó¡∫ò xÓüƒΩ˛yÓ#–
ˆîˆÏü ˆîˆÏü Ñ˛yˆÏú Ñ˛yˆÏú Î%Ü!â˛e x!òÓyÎ≈ ¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢ö˛ú ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
¢,!‹TÑ˛ˆÏõ≈– õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ õ)úì˛ ˆîÓõ!£õy K˛y˛ôÑ˛ £ˆÏúÁ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò ¢õyã!â˛e
ˆ¢ÖyˆÏòÁ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛y!Î˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢%â˛yÓ˚&Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô– Úˆîü Á Ñ˛yúÛ £zÇÓ˚y!ãˆÏì˛ ÎyˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú time
and space, õïƒÎ%Ü#Î˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ î%£z ≤Ãïyò xÓïyÓ˚Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆîÓì˛y£z
!äÈú ≤Ãïyò ú«˛ƒ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Ñ˛Öò ú«˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ v˛z˛ôú«˛ƒ õyòÓ Á õyòÓ¢õyã£z £ˆÏÎ˚
v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ≤Ãïyò v˛z˛ôã#Óƒ– Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ v˛z˛ô≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Á õyòÓã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ !òîyÓ˚&í x!¶˛áyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãµúhs˛ î!úú £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ õïƒÎ%Ü#Î˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ¢Ω˛yÓ˚–
ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ x‹Tyîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ì˛!›˛ Óv˛¸£z ã!›˛ú Á
x!@¿Ü¶≈˛– ~£z üì˛y∑# ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ó˚yãü!_´Ó˚ ¶˛@¿îüy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢)â˛#ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÇúyÎ˚
õ%¢!úõ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢yò á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ Ó˚yãˆÏcÓ˚
ˆîyÓ˚ˆÏÜyv˛¸yÎ˚– x‹Tyîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛£zñ 1707 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑ ËÓ˚DˆÏãˆÏÓÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚ !îÕ‘#Ó˚ xÑ˛õ≈íƒ ¢¡Ày›˛ˆÏîÓ˚ î%Ó≈úì˛y Á xydÑ˛úˆÏ£ ˛ôÓ˚ye´õüyú# õ%áú ¢y¡Àyãƒ â˛Ó˚õ
î%î≈üyÓ˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £Î˚– ~£z ¢%ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢%ÓyîyÓ˚Ó˚yÁ fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓyÇúy ¢%Óy üy¢ò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò Á ÓyÇúyÎ˚ òÓyÓ# xyõˆÏúÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy áˆÏ›˛– üì˛y∑#Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚
≤ÃÌõ òÓyÓ x˛ô%eÑ˛ õ%!ü≈îÑ%˛ú# Ö§ÈyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ £ˆÏú õ¢òˆÏî ÓˆÏ¢ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ãyõyì˛y ¢%ãyv˛zj#ò–
!ì˛!ò xì˛ƒhs˛ !Óúy¢# Á £z!wÎ˚˛ôÓ˚yÎ˚ò £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛yÓ˚y ˆÎõò xyú#Ó!î≈ñ
ãÜÍ ˆÏü‡˛ñ ö˛ˆÏì˛ â§˛yîñ £yã# xy£õîñ Ó˚yÎ˚yò xyú¢ â§˛yî ~§Ó˚y£z ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîü üy¢ò
*¢£!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÈÙÈÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ ÓyÜÓyãyÓ˚ õyú!›˛˛ôyÓ˚˛ôy¢ Üyú≈¢ fl˛%Òú–
x‹Tyîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ÓÜ#≈ £yDyõyÓ˚ !â˛eyÎ˚í ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 227
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– 1739 !ÖÉ ~ òÓyÓ ¢%ãyv˛zj#ˆÏòÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ £Î˚– xì˛É˛ôÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ô%e xˆÏÎyÜƒ Á
x˛ôîyÌ≈ ¢Ó˚ö˛Ó˚yã Ö§y !¢Ç£y¢ˆÏò ÓˆÏ¢ò– ~£z¢õÎ˚ xyú#Ó!î≈ ¢˜Ï¢òƒ ˛ôy›˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!ü≈îyÓyî
£y!ãÓ˚ £ú Á !˛ô!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ ¢Ó˚ö˛Ó˚yã ˆÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yã¶˛_´ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòò–
xyú#Ó!î≈ !Ó˛ô%ú ˛ô!Ó˚õyò v˛zÍˆÏÑ˛yˆÏâ˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y !îÕ‘#Ó˚ Óyîüy£ˆÏÑ˛ Óü#¶)˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óyîüy£# ¢òî
Á Óv˛¸ xˆÏB˛Ó˚ xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ òãÓ˚yòy ˛ôyÓyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚£z ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y î!õì˛ £Î˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~£z xyáyì˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚
xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôD% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ÎyÎ˚– Ó,k˛ xyú#Ó!î≈Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ òÓyÓ £ò ì§˛yÓ˚
20 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢# ˆîÔ!£Ñ˛ !¢Ó˚yãv˛zjúy– !¢Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ x˛ô!Ó˚íyõîü#≈ Á v˛zk˛ì˛ xyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏí «%˛∏˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ ãÜÍ ˆü‡˛ñ õ#Ó˚ãyö˛Ó˚ñ Ó˚yã ÓÕ‘¶˛ñ Ó˚yÎ˚ î%ú≈¶˛ñ v˛z!õ â§˛yîñ £zÎ˚yÓ˚ ú!ì˛ö˛ ≤Ãõ%Ö Óƒ!_´ÓÜ≈
!¢Ó˚yãˆÏÑ˛ x˛ô¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ °Ïv˛¸ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ãyú Ó%òˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ¢ı˛yò# Ñœ˛y£z¶˛ Á ~ˆÏì˛
ˆÎyÜ ˆîò– xÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ¶˛yÜ#Ó˚Ì#Ó˚ ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôúyü#Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ Î%k˛ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ~ÓÇ òÓyÓ Óy!£ò#Ó˚
ÎÌyˆÏÎyÜƒ î«˛ì˛y Á «˛õì˛y ÌyÑ˛y ¢ˆÏ_Á ¥ !¢Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ áˆÏ›˛– ˛ôúyü#Ó˚ Î%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ ö˛ú◊&!ì˛ˆÏì˛
ÓyÇúy ì˛Ìy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛yÜƒyÑ˛yˆÏü ˛ôÓ˚yï#òì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúy ˆõá á!òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢–
x‹Tyîü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ Ñ˛yú˛ôÓ≈ ÓyÇúy ì˛Ìy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ Ó˚y‹T…!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚
¢õÎ˚˛ôÓ≈– ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ õ%áú Ó˚yãü!_´Ó˚ ˛ôì˛ò x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã ü!_´Ó˚ v˛zayòÈÙÈ~£z !Óü,Cú
Ó˚y‹T… ÓƒÓfl˛iyˆÏÑ˛ £y!ì˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ü!_´ ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚ £Î˚ ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ xy!ï˛ôì˛ƒ !Óhfl˛yˆÏÓ˚–
ú%t˛òÈÙÈx!@¿¢ÇˆÏÎyÜÈÙÈ˛Üí£ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢s˛fy¢ ¢,!‹T ~ÓÇ ˆâ˛ÔÌ Á ¢Ó˚ˆÏîüõ%Ö#Ó˚ îyÓ# xyîyÎ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ¢yÓ˚yˆÏîüÓƒy˛ô# ~Ñ˛ xyì˛ˆÏB˛Ó˚ Óyì˛yÓÓ˚í ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú õyÓ˚y‡˛yÓ˚y–
ÓDˆÏîˆÏüÁ ~Ó˚ Óƒ!ì˛e´õ £Î˚!ò– òÓyÓ xyú#Ó!î≈Ó˚ xyõˆÏú 1742 !ÖÉ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1751 !ÖÉ
˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ õ£yÓ˚y‹T…#Î˚ ˜¢òƒˆÏîÓ˚ xye´õíÈÙÈÎy ÓDˆÏîˆÏü ÚÓÜ#≈ £yDyõyÛ òyˆÏõ
˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ~£z ÚÓÜ#≈Û üˆÏ∑Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢Ó Ö%§ãˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ v˛É x!òõy ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ
ÚÚ!ò¡¨ì˛õ õyˆÏòÓ˚ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ˜¢òƒˆÏîÓ˚ ÚÓyÓ˚Ü#Ó˚Û üˆÏ∑ x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ì˛– xì˛ƒhs˛ !ò¡¨
õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓì˛ˆÏò ~ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã !òÎ%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ì˛ ÓˆÏúñ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ú%t˛ò Á ï°Ï≈ˆÏíÓ˚
xÓyï x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ì˛– xyÓ˚ ~Ó˚y ~£z ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢Ó ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚#
Óy!£ò#Ó˚ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y¶˛yˆÏÜ ÌyÑ˛ì˛– ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ~£z ˜¢òƒˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ôyì˛ Óy £yDyõy£z ÚÓÜ#≈Î˚ £yDyõy
òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛–ÛÛ1
£z!ì˛£y¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ !üÓyã# ˆ˛ôÔe üy˝ã# 1708 !ÖÉ ¢yì˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yãy £ò
~ÓÇ !ÓŸªòyÌˆÏÑ˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏüyÎ˚y ˛ôˆÏî !òÎ%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !ÓŸªòyÌ 1719 !ÖÉ !îÕ‘#Ó˚ ¢¡Ày›˛
ö˛yÓ˚&Ñ˛!üÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ üy˝ã#Ó˚ òyˆÏõ ö˛Ó˚õyò !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ò ~ÓÇ îy!«˛íyˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ äÈÎ˚!›˛
¢%Óy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛ÔÌ Á ¢Ó˚ˆîÏ üõ%Ö# xyîyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ xò%õ!ì˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – e´ˆÏõ e´ˆÏõ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ¢y¡ÀyˆÏãƒ
ˆäÈy›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ xyM˛È!úÑ˛ ü!_´ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏw ~Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛ ãò ãyÎ˚Ü#Ó˚îyÓ˚ ü!_´õyò £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛Ïò–
ì˛yÓ˚y õyÓ˚y‡˛y Ó˚yãïyò# ¢yì˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃïyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˆÎÔÌ Á ¢Ó˚ˆÏîüõ%Ö# ≤Ãîyò Á ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛
¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛◊&!ì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ !òã !òã ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ï˛ô!ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈˆÏúò– òyÜ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
228 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ x‹Tyîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ÓÜ#≈ £yDyõyÓ˚ !â˛eyÎ˚í
Ó˚á%ã# ˆ¶§˛y¢ˆÏúÁ !äÈˆÏúò ~õ!ò ~Ñ˛ãò ≤ÃÓú ˛ôÓ˚ye´õ ˆ¢òyòyÎ˚Ñ˛ ÎyÓ˚ ~úyÑ˛y !äÈú
ÓyÇúy Á ˛ô)Ó≈yM˛Èú– !ì˛!ò üy˝ã#Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢õ#ˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôye !äÈˆÏúò– ~!îˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ õ¢òˆÏî
ÓˆÏ¢£z xyú#Ó!î≈ Ö§y ~Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛y!›˛ ›˛yÑ˛y Á Ó˝õ)úƒÓyò Ó˚bÓ˚y!ã òãÓ˚yòy !îˆÏÎ˚ !îÕ‘#ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!òÑ˛›˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÓyÇúyÈÙÈ!Ó£yÓ˚ÈÙÈv˛z!v˛¸°ÏƒyÓ˚ üy¢Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ xyîyÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ î%£z
ÓÍ¢Ó˚ !ì˛!ò !îÕ‘#ˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yòÁ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ò– ö˛ˆÏú x¢ls˛‹T Óyîüy£ õ%Ó˚yî Ö§y
òyõÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ÓˆÏÑ˛Î˚y Ó˚yãfl˛∫ îyÓ# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛yò– !Ñ˛ls˛ xyú#Ó!î≈ õ%Ó˚yî Ö§y ˆÑ˛
v˛zÍˆÏÑ˛yˆÏâ˛ Óü#¶)˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õye õye Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ú«˛ ›˛yÑ˛y Á !Ñ˛ä%È Ó˚by!î !îˆÏÎ˚ !ÓîyÎ˚ ãyòyò– ~Ó˚
≤Ã_%ƒ_Ó˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ Óyîüy£ ¢%ˆÏÑ˛ÔüˆÏú ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ xyîyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– 1740 !ÖÉ
ÎÖò õyÓ˚y‡˛yÓ˚y ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˆÎÔÌ îyÓ# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛Öò !ì˛!ò ÓyÇúyÈÙÈ!Ó£yÓ˚ÈÙÈv˛z!v˛¸°Ïƒy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 35 ú«˛
›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎÔÌ xyîyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xò%õ!ì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆîò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚– üy˝ã# ~£z ˆâ˛ÔÌ xyîyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏúò
òyÜ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚á%ã# ˆ¶§˛y¢ˆÏúˆÏÑ˛– Ó˚á%ã# ì§˛yÓ˚ !ÓŸªhfl˛ xò%â˛Ó˚ ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ ˛ô![˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ ÓyÇúy
!Ó£yÓ˚ v˛z!v˛¸°ƒÏ yÎ˚ x!¶˛ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï ò– Ó˚áã% #Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÎyÜ îyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï ò xyú#Ó!î≈Ó˚
~Ñ˛ «%˛∏˛ Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#– ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏD !îÕ‘#Ó˚ Óyîüy£ ~£z ˆÎÔÌ xyîyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ÇÓyî ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏúò
ˆ˛ôˆÏüyÎ˚y Óyúyã# Óy!ãÓ˚yÁˆÏÑ˛– ö˛ˆÏú î%£z !ÓÓîõyò ú%t˛òÑ˛yÓ˚# õyÓ˚y‡˛y Óy!£ò#£z Óyîüy£#
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ú ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ˆÎÔÌ xyîyÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛– ~£z ˆÎÔÌ xye´õˆÏíÓ˚ ¶˛Î˚yÓ£ì˛y ÷ï%
ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ãòõyòˆÏ¢£z òÎ˚ ÓD#Î˚ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛Á ¢%î)Ó˚≤Ã¢yÓ˚# x!¶˛áyì˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ!äÈú–
ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ó%ˆÑÏ ˛ ÓÜ#≈ xye´õí òyÓ˚Ñ˛#Î˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÎ !â˛£´ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú ˆ¢£z xyáyˆÏì˛Ó˚
Ó˚_´«˛Ó˚í áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò ÓyÇúy¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÁ– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ xß¨îyõDú Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ òyõ ~
≤Ã¢ˆÏD v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ÓÜ#≈£yDyõyÓ˚ !Óhfl+˛ì˛ !ÓÓÓ˚í ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÜDyÓ˚yõ î_ Ó˚!â˛ì˛
Úõ£yÓ˚y‹T… ˛ô%Ó˚yíÛ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ– Ñ˛!Ó ÜDyÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ Óí≈òy ÷ˆÏò ¢ì˛ì˛£z õˆÏò £Î˚ ~ !òÉ¢ˆÏ®ˆÏ£
˛≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛îü#≈Ó˚ !ÓÓÓ˚í– ~äÈyv˛¸y xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ xK˛yì˛˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Úõ£yÓ˚y‹T…#Î˚ xye´õˆÏíÓ˚
Ñ˛!Óì˛yÛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á ÓDˆÏîˆÏü ÓÜ#≈ £yDyõyÓ˚ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ !ÓÓÓ˚í ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– õïƒÎ%Ü#Î˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ
=!úˆÏì˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚y ˆî£õy£ydƒ Ñ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yˆÏú !òã!òã xyd˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Á ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
ˆ¢£z ¢)ˆÏe Ñ˛!ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈxÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ó˝ ≤Ã¢D xò%≤Ã!Ó‹T
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ– ˆÎõò Ñ˛!ÓÑ˛B˛ò õ%Ñ%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ â˛[˛#õDú Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ú@˘Ãs˛iÈÙÈv˛zÍ˛ô!_Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Óí≈òyÛ
xÇü!›˛ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò Ó˚y‹T…˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ¢õyã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈxÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ â˛yú!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ î!úú £ˆÏÎ˚
v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~¢Ó£z ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛yÓƒÑ˛y!£ò# Óí≈òyÓ˚ fl˛∫ì˛Éfl˛≥)˛ì≈˛ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚– ÓyÇúy õDúÑ˛yÓƒ
Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛â˛w£z ˆÓyï£Î˚ ≤ÃÌõ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆîü#Î˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓƒˆÏîˆÏ£
¢ÇÎ%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– Ö%Ó ¢Ω˛Ó ö˛yÓ˚¢# !ü!«˛ì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛â˛wñ xyú !ÓÓ˚&í#ñ ö˛!Ó˚hfl˛yñ
õ#ò£yã%j#òñ õ#Ó˚ãy ≤ÃõÖ% ö˛yÓ˚¢# ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ £ˆÏÎ£˚ z ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ £z!ì˛£y¢
ˆÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ò!Ì¶%˛_´ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íy ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
1752 !ÖÉ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛â˛w ÎÖò Ñ˛yÓƒ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì˛Öò ÓyÇúyÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏò ÓÜ#≈
£yõúyÓ˚ ¶˛Î˚yÓ£ fl˛ø,!ì˛ ¢ˆÏì˛ã– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ @˘Ãs˛i ¢)â˛òy xÇˆÏü ì˛y£z ÓÜ#≈ xye´õˆÏíÓ˚
≤Ã¢D ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò Óyhfl˛Ó Óí≈òyÓ˚ ¢)e ïˆÏÓ£˚ –z Ñ˛y!£ò#Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛£z xyõÓ˚y ˆî!Ö xyú#Ó!î≈
!üÓ¶)˛!õ v˛z!v˛¸°Ïƒy xye´õí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú !üÓ xò%â˛Ó˚ ò®#ñ ÎÓòˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ç£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !eü)ú
£yòˆÏì˛ v˛zîƒì˛ £ˆÏúò– !Ñ˛ls˛ !üÓ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ !òÓ˚fl˛f Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚxyäÈˆÏÎ˚ Ó!Ü≈Ó˚ Ó˚yãy Üv˛¸ ˆ¢ì˛yÓ˚yÎ˚–
xyõyÓ˚ ¶˛Ñ˛ì˛ Óv˛¸ fl˛∫≤¿ Ñ˛£ ì˛yÎ˚––ÛÛ2
ò®#Ó˚ fl˛∫≤¿yˆÏîü ≤ÃyÆ ÓÜ#≈Ó˚yãy e%´k˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ x˛ô!òì˛ ÓÓ≈Ó˚ ˜¢òƒ ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏúò
ÓyÇúyÈÙÈ!Ó£yÓ˚ÈÙÈv˛z!v˛¸°ÏƒyÎ˚– xÓyÑ˛ úyˆÏÜ ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ ˆÎ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ õì˛ Óyhfl˛Ó¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛!Ó
ˆÑ˛ò ÓÜ#≈£yDyõyÓ˚ õì˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xÎÌy ˆ˛ôÔyÓ˚y!íÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˆõyv˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ ë˛yÑ˛ˆÏì˛
ˆÜˆÏúò⁄ ÜDyÓ˚yõ îˆÏ_Ó˚ Úõ£yÓ˚y‹T… ˛ô%Ó˚yíÛ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÁ xyõÓ˚y ~£z ~Ñ˛£z ≤ÃÓíì˛y ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
ì˛ˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ÓÜ#≈£yDyõy ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ˆÎ fl˛∫≤¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ˛ôà!_´ ¢ÇÎ%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
ì˛yˆÏì˛ ÓÜ#≈ v˛z˛ôo&ì˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó !â˛e£z ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛y!Î˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
ÚÓÜ#≈ õ£yÓ˚y‹T… xyÓ˚ ˆ¢ÔÓ˚y‹T… ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ñ
xy£zú !Óhfl˛Ó˚ ˜¢òƒ !ÓÑ,˛!ì˛ xyÑ,˛!ì˛–
ú%!›˛ ÓyDyúyÓ˚ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚ú Ñ˛yDyúñ
ÜDy ˛ôyÓ˚ ˜£ú Óy!ı˛ ˆòÔÑ˛yÓ˚ ãyDyú–Û3
Ñ˛yˆÏ›˛yÎ˚yÎ˚ ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ áy›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆòÔÑ˛y ú%‡˛˛ôy›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú ÜDyÓˆÏ«˛
ˆ¢ì%˛Óı˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ– òî#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÔÑ˛y =!úˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ¢!Iì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó§yüÈÙÈáy¢ÈÙÈõy!›˛
!Ó!äÈˆÏÎ˚ ˆáyv˛¸y â˛úyâ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢%Üõ ˛ôÌ !òõ≈yí £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– òî# ˛ôyÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú!äÈú xÓyï ú%t˛ò–
~£z á›˛òyÓ˚ ¢y«˛ƒ ÜDÓ˚yõ îˆÏ_Ó˚ Úõ£yÓ˚y‹T… ˛ô%Ó˚yíÛ ~Á ˛ôy£zÈÙÙÙÈ
Ú@˘ÃyˆÏõ @˘ÃyˆÏõ ££zˆÏì˛ xyˆÏò ãì˛ Óy¢–
ˆòÔÑ˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ÓäÈy£zÎ˚y ÓyˆÏı˛ò ö˛Ó˚y¢––
áy¢ â˛y›˛y£z ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ì˛ !îú–
˛ôy£zäÈy~ ˛ôy£zäÈy~ õy›˛# ˆö˛!úˆÏì˛ úy!Üú–
õy›˛# ˆö˛!úÎ˚y ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚–
£yãyˆÏÓ˚ £yãyˆÏÓ˚ ˆáyv˛¸yÈÙÈãy~ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚––Û4
ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y ú%‡˛˛ôy›˛ â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ !òÉfl˛∫ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
î!Ó˚o Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ≤Ããy ˆì˛y ÓˆÏ›˛£z ¢æyhs˛ Óƒ!_´ÓÜ≈Ó˚yÁ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïò¢¡ô!_ ÓÜ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò !ò– ÓyÇúyÓ˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfl˛iyˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛D%Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ÓÜ#≈ xye´õí– ÷ï%
xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ ú%t˛ò òÎ˚ñ â˛ˆÏú!äÈú òyÓ˚#ï°Ï≈íÈÙÈ!òÎ≈yì˛òÈÙÈÜò£ì˛ƒy– @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ @˘Ãyõ ãµy!úˆÏÎ˚ñ ü¢ƒ
˛ô%!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ñ ÓyÇúyˆÏÑ˛ Ÿ¬üyˆÏò ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ!äÈú õyÓ˚y‡˛yÓ˚y–
ÚÑ˛y!›˛ú !Óhfl˛Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛ @˘Ãyõ @˘Ãyõ ˛ô%!v˛¸ñ
ú%!›˛Î˚y ú£zú ïò !G˛v˛z!Ó˚ Ó˝v˛¸#–
˛ôúy£zÎ˚y ˆÑ˛yˆÏ‡˛ !ÜÎ˚y òÓyÓ Ó˚!£úñ

!Ñ˛ Ñ˛!£Ó ÓyDyúyÓ˚ ˆÎ îüy ££zú–
ú%!›˛Î˚y ¶%˛ÓˆÏòŸªÓ˚ ÎÓò ˛ôyì˛Ñ˛#ñ
ˆ¢£z ˛ôyˆÏü !ì˛ò ¢%Óy ££zú òyÓ˚Ñ˛#––Û5
ÓÜ#≈ v˛z˛ôo&ì˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ £ì˛◊# xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ˆÎ Óyhfl˛Ó¢¡øì˛ Óí≈òy Ñ˛!Ó !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛y ì§˛yÓ˚
˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ Ñ˛yúˆÏâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚£z ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˆîÎ˚–
ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ÓÜ#≈£yDyõyÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Á ¢ˆÏÓ≈yÍÑ,˛‹T !â˛eyÎ˚í xyõÓ˚y ˆî!Ö ÜDÓ˚yõ îˆÏ_Ó˚ Úõ£yÓ˚y‹T…
˛ô%Ó˚yíÛÈÙÈ~– ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛!ÓÁ Ñ˛yÓƒ¢)â˛òyÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ õì˛£z ˆ˛ôÔÓ˚y!íÑ˛ Óyì˛yÓÓ˚í ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
˛ôyˆÏ˛ô ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ ï!Ó˚e# £ˆÏì˛ õ%!_´úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ãˆÏòƒ ˛ô,!ÌÓ# hfl˛Ó Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Óhfl˛y ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Îyò
!üˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ– !üÓ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ !fl˛iÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ò®#ˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏîü !îˆÏú ò®# üy£Ó˚yãyÓ˚
ˆîˆÏ£ x!ï!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏúò– Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ~£z fl˛∫“˛ô!Ó˚¢Ó˚ xÇü£z ˆ˛ôÔÓ˚y!íÑ˛ xyÓ£õ![˛ì˛– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!Ó £z!ì˛£y¢ˆÏÑ˛£z xò%Üì˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ÜDyÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ Óí≈òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y
K˛yì˛ ££z 1742 !ÖÉ ~Ó˚ 19ˆü ˜ÓüyÖ ¢Çá°Ï≈ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚–
Ú˜ÓüyˆÏÖÓ˚ v˛z!òüy Îye ÓÜ#≈ xy£zúy ì˛yÎ˚
õ£y xyò!®ì˛ ˜£Î˚y õˆÏò–Û6
xyú#Ó!î≈ ì˛Öò !ÓˆÏoy£ îõò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò– õyÓ˚y‡˛yÓ˚y â˛!Õ‘ü £yãyÓ˚ xŸªyˆÏÓy˚ £#
˜¢òƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó£yÓ˚ x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óï≈õyˆÏò ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ â˛úyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ â˛ˆÏú xÓyï Üí£ì˛ƒy Á
ú%‡˛˛ôy‡˛– ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚˛ô![˛ì˛ Óï≈õyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yò#!îá#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xì˛!Ñ≈˛ˆÏì˛ òÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ !ü!ÓÓ˚ xÓˆÏÓ˚yï
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ÈÙÙÙÈ
Ó#Ó˚¶%§˛£z ÓyˆÏõ Ì%£zÎ˚y ˆÜyÎ˚yúy¶%§˛£zÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ££zÎ˚y
xy!¢Î˚y ˆá!Ó˚ú Óï≈õyˆÏò–7
òÓyÓ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ó˚°ÏîˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD üúy ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !fl˛iÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ˆâ˛ÔÌ !îˆÏì˛ ˆÎ xÌ≈ ÓƒÎ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ ì˛y !¢˛ôy£#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ˆ£yÑ˛ñ !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y£z Î%k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓÜ#≈ !Óì˛yv˛¸ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
!Ñ˛ls˛ Ó˚í!ò˛ô%íñ ¢%ˆÏÑ˛Ôüú# x˛ô!íì˛ õyÓ˚y‡˛y ˜¢òƒÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ òÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ¢òyÓ˚y ˆÑ˛yòÓ˚Ñ˛õ
¢yö˛úƒ£z xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚úòy– v˛z˛ôÓ˚ls˛ ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y ú%‡˛˛ôy‡˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ú– òÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ !ü!ÓˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚¢î ¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚y£ Óı˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îú– ¢yì˛!îò ÎyÓì˛ Óï≈õyò ü£Ó˚ xÓÓ˚&k˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚£zú– ÓÜ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚
¶˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°Ï áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y Óı˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ÖyîƒoÓƒ õ£yá≈ Á e´ˆÏõ î%ú≈¶˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÜú– î!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚y xòy£yˆÏÓ˚ !îò Ñ˛y›˛yˆÏì˛ úyÜú– fl˛∫Î˚Ç òÓyÓ Ñ˛úyÓ˚ Ó#ã ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yòÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏõ
≤Ãyí ïyÓ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– ÜDÓ˚yõ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ !Óüî Óí≈òy !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ
~Ñ˛!îò î%£z!îò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ¢yì˛!îò ££zú
â˛ì%˛!î≈ˆÏÑ˛ ÓÓ˚í#ˆÏì˛ Ó˚¢î Óı˛ ˜Ñ˛ú––
õ%î# Óy!ò~åy Îì˛ ÓyÓ˚ ˜£ˆÏì˛ òyˆÏÓ˚
ú%ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏ›˛ õyˆÏÓ˚ äÈyõ%ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy~ ÎyˆÏÓ˚––

ÓÓ˚Ü# ì˛Ó˚yˆÏ¢ ˆÑ˛£ Óy!£Ó˚ òy £~
â˛ì%˛!î≈ˆÏÑ˛ ÓÓ˚Ü#Ó˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚¢î òy !õú~–
Ñ˛úyÓ˚ xy£z‡˛y Îì˛ xy!òú ì%˛!úÎ˚y
ì˛y£y xy!ò ¢Ó ˆúyˆÏÑ˛ ÖyÎ˚ !¢ãy£zÎ˚y–
ˆäÈy›˛ Óv˛¸ úfl˛ÒˆÏÓ˚ Îì˛ ˆúyÑ˛ !äÈú
Ñ˛úyÓ˚ xy£z‡˛y !¢k˛ ¢Ó ˆúyˆÏÑ˛ Öy£zú–
!Ó°Ïõ !Ó˛ô_ƒ Óv˛¸ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ££zú–
xòƒ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛y Ñ˛Ìy òÓyÓ ¢yˆÏ£Ó Öy£zú–8
ˆâ˛yj !îò ~¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢£ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ òÓyÓ ˆ¢òy˛ô!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ü£Ó˚ xÓˆÏÓ˚yï õ%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
xyˆÏîü !îˆÏúò– òÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛ôÿ˛yîÓ˚«˛# ˆ¢òy˛ô!ì˛ ˆõy¢yˆÏ£Ó Ö§y ~Ó˚ ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚ì˛yÎ˚ òÓyÓ Ñ˛yˆÏ›˛yÎ˚yÎ˚
ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈˆÏúò– õyÓ˚y‡˛yÓ˚y î% ïyˆÏÓ˚ @˘Ãyõ ú%›˛ˆÏì˛ ú%›˛ˆÏì˛ òÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò#Ó˚ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
Óï≈õyò ü£Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏ›˛yÎ˚y ~£z ˛ôÌ õïƒfl˛i @˘Ãyõ =!úˆÏì˛£z xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛–
Óy·˛í˛ô![˛ì˛ñ ¢%Óí≈Ó!òÑ˛ñ ˛Üı˛Ó!òÑ˛ñ Ñ§˛y¢yÓ˚&ñ Ñ˛õ≈Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ ì§˛y!ì˛ñ ˆãˆÏú ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z !òã !òã
Ó,!_ Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ¢Ó˚Oyõ !òˆÏÎ˚ @˘Ãyõ ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xhs˛É˛ô%Ó˚Óy¢# fl˛f#ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚yÁ xyÓ& á%!â˛ˆÏÎ˚
≤Ãyí ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˆòˆÏõ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– @˘Ãyõì˛ƒyÜ# v˛zmyhfl˛ ~£z ãòˆÏfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Óí≈òy !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò
ÜDÓ˚yõ–
Óy·˛í ˛ôúy~ ˛ô%!ÌÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ ú£zÎ˚y
ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ Óy£zòy ˛ôúyÎ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ !ò!_´ÈÙÈ£v˛¸!˛ô ú£zÎ˚y–
Üı˛Ó!òÑ˛ ˛ôúy~ ˆîyÑ˛yò ú£zÎ˚y Îì˛
ì˛yõy !˛ôì˛ú ú£zÎ˚y Ñ§˛y¢y!Ó˚ ˛ôúy~ Ñ˛ì˛––
Ñ˛yõyÓ˚ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˛ôúy~ ú£zÎ˚y â˛yÑ˛ÈÙÈò!v˛¸
ãyv˛zúy õyv˛zäÈy ˛ôúy~ ú£zÎ˚y ãyúÈÙÈî!v˛¸––
¶˛yúõyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ fl˛f#ˆÏúyÑ˛ Îì˛ £§yˆÏ›˛ òy£z ˛ôˆÏÌ
ÓÓ˚Ü#Ó˚ ˛ôúyˆÏò ˆ˛ô›˛y!Ó˚ ú£zú ¢yˆÏÌ–9
¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚&í xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £Î˚ ¢hs˛yò¢Ω˛Óy òyÓ˚#Ó˚y– ¢yõÌ≈ƒ òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ÓÜ#≈Ó˚
eyˆÏí ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôúyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚÜ¶≈˛Ó!ì˛ òy!Ó˚ ãì˛ òy ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ â˛!úˆÏì˛–
îyÓ˚&í ˆÓîòy ˛ôy£zÎ˚y ≤Ã¢!ÓˆÏäÈ ˛ôˆÏÌ––ÛÛ10
Î!îÁ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe£z ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xì˛ƒyâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ òÎ˚ñ ãò˛ôîÓy¢#Ó˚y ˆúyÑ˛yúÎ˚
ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˛ôúyÎ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ xyì˛B˛@˘Ãhfl˛ £ˆÏÎ˚Á– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD Ñ˛!Ó ˆÑ˛Ôì%˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ
Úî¢ !Ó¢ ˆúyÑ˛ Î˚y£z¢y ˛ôˆÏÌ ¶˛yÓ˚y£zúy–
ì˛y ¢¶˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢yïy~ ÓÓ˚!Ü ˆÑ˛yÌy~ ˆî!Öúy––

ì˛yÓ˚y ¢Ó ˆÓyˆÏú ˆõyÓ˚y â˛ˆÏ«˛ ˆî!Ö úy£z–
ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôúyò ˆî£zÖy xyˆÏõyÓ˚y ˛ôúy£z–ÛÛ11
ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢ì˛ƒ£z xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú òyÓ˚Ñ˛#Î˚– ÜDyÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ˆúÖ!òˆÏì˛ ˆ¢£z xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óí≈òy
˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ü£!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
Ú~£z õˆÏì˛ ãì˛ ¢Ó @˘Ãyõ ˆ˛ôyv˛¸y£zÎ˚y–
â˛ì%˛!î≈ˆÏÜ ÓÓ˚!Ü ˆÓv˛¸y~ ú%!›˛Î˚y––
Ñ˛y˝ˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yˆÏï ÓÓ˚!Ü !îxy !˛ô‡˛ ˆõyv˛¸y–
!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛£zÓ˚y õyˆÏÓ˚ úy!Ì ˛ôy~ ã%ì˛y â˛v˛¸y––
Ó˚*!˛ô ˆî£ ˆî£ ˆÓyˆÏú ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚–
Ó˚*!˛ô òy ˛ôy£zÎ˚y ì˛ˆÏÓ òyˆÏÑ˛ ãú ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚––
Ñ˛y˝ˆÏÑ˛ ï!Ó˚Î˚y ÓÓ˚!Ü ˛ôÌ£zˆÏÓ˚ v%˛Óy~–
ö˛yö˛Ó˚ ££z~åy ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛yÓ˚* ≤Ãyí ãy~–
~£z õˆÏì˛ ÓÓ˚!Ü Ñ˛ì˛ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛!v˛¸ òy ˛ôy£zˆÏú ì˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏí õyˆÏÓ˚––Û12
òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÓÜ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyey !äÈú x¢£ò#Î˚– ÜDyÓ˚yõ fl˛ô‹T¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓÓ,ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆ¢ £z!ì˛£y¢ÁÈÙÙÙÈ
Ú¶˛yú ¶˛yú fl˛f#ˆÏúyÑ˛ ãì˛ ï£zÎ˚y ãy~–
xD%ˆÏ¤˛ îy!v˛¸ Ó§y!ï ˆîÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Üúy ~––
~Ñ˛ãˆÏò äÈyˆÏv˛¸ ì˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ãòy ïˆÏÓ˚–
Ó˚õˆÏíÓ˚ ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚ ey!£ ü∑ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚––
~£zõˆÏì˛ ÓÓ˚!Ü Ñ˛ì˛ ˛ôy˛ô Ñ˛õ≈ Ñ˛£zÓ˚y–
ˆ¢£z ¢Ó fl˛f#ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ãì˛ ˆîÎ˚ ¢Ó äÈy£zv˛¸y––Û10
ÜDyÓ˚yõ î_ xì˛ƒhs˛ £z!ì˛£y¢ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò £ˆÏÎ˚£z ÓÜ#≈ £yDyõyÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚í !ú!˛ôÓk˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò
ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ– ˆÑ˛yò fl˛iyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ˆ¢£z ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛ õyò!â˛e xÌ≈yÍ
~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ Óï≈õyòÈÙÈÑ˛yˆÏ›˛yÎ˚yÈÙÈõ!% ü≈îyÓyîñ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ˝Üú#ÈÙÈò!îÎ˚yÈÙÈ˛ôúyü# ~£z ˛ôÌˆÏÓÖ˚ y xò%ÎyÎ˚#
ÓÜ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓÓ˚í !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– Ñ˛!Ó ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ
Úì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò @˘Ãyõ ÓÓ˚Ü# !îúy ˆ˛ôyv˛¸y£zÎ˚y–
ˆ¢ ¢Ó @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ òyõ ¢%ò õò !îÎ˚y––Û14
Úõ£yÓ˚y‹T… ˛ô%Ó˚yíÛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛wˆÏÑ˛yòyñ ˆõ!îò#˛ô%Ó˚ñ !îÜòÜÓ˚ñ
«˛#Ó˚˛ôy£zñ Óï≈õyò ü£Ó˚ ˛ô%!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y– xòƒ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òõÜy!äÈñ ˆ¢Ó˚Üyñ
!ò¢%£zúyñ â˛[˛#˛ô%Ó˚ñ üƒyõ˛ô%Ó˚ ˛ôyv˛¸ £ˆÏÎ˚ Óï≈õyò ü£Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y â˛y!Ó˚!îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
!îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– Óï≈õyò ü£Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ ¶˛fl˛ø#¶)˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y ˝Üú# Ó®ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ !Ñ˛ls˛ÈÙÙÙÈ
Úˆ¢Ó˚ Ö§y ˆö˛ÔãîyÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˝Üú#ˆÏì˛ !äÈú–
ì˛y£yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏò ÓÓ˚Ü# ú%!›˛ˆÏì˛ òy!Ó˚ú––Û15
ÜDyÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ˆî!Ö Óï≈õyòˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y Ñ˛yˆÏ›˛yÎ˚yñ õ%!ü≈îyÓyîñ ˝Üú#ñ
òî#Î˚yó ˜ò£y!›˛ñ v˛zk˛yÓ˚ò˛ô%Ó˚ó xyÓyÓ˚ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó#Ó˚¶)˛õñ !Ó°%å˛ô%Ó˚ñ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ fl˛iyò xye´õí
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ¶˛y!ÜÓ˚Ì# x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y õ%!ü≈îyÓyî !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈyÎ˚– Ó˚yãïyò# ú%!Z˛ì˛ £Î˚
xÓyˆÏï– òÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ î%£z ˆ¢òy˛ô!ì˛ £y!ã xy£õî Á ˆòyÎ˚y!ã¢ õ£¡øî x!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏ‹T òÓyˆÏÓÓ˚
≤Ãy¢yî Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï Áñ !Ó_Óyò ˆÑ˛yòÁ Óƒ!_´£z xydÓ˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢«˛õ £ˆÏúò òy– ≤Ã¶˛yÓüyú#
Óƒ!_´ ãÜÍ ˆüˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ≤Ãy¢yî ú%‡˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyv˛¸y£z ˆÑ˛y!›˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÓü Ñ˛ì˛=!ú ˆòÔÑ˛y ú%‡˛˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛yÓ˚y– ~äÈyv˛¸y òÜî ›˛yÑ˛y ˆÎÖyˆÏò Îy
ˆ˛ôú ¢Ó ˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ !˛ôˆÏ‡˛ â˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚxyÓ˚Ñ˛y›˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ãì˛ áˆÏÓ˚ !äÈú–
ˆÜyv˛¸yv˛¸ Ö%Ó˚!â˛ ¶˛£zÓ˚y ¢Ó ›˛yÑ˛y !òú––Û16
˛ôyúyÓyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y !Ñ˛ä%È ïòÓ˚b ˛ôˆÏÌ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ãòÜòˆÏÑ˛ !Óºyhs˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜDy ˛ôyÓ˚
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ¶˛yÜ#Ó˚Ì# ˛ôyÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ›˛yÎ˚yÎ˚ !ü!ÓÓ˚ ˛Üv˛¸ˆú
Ï ò Á òì%˛ò v˛zîƒˆÏõ ˜¢òƒ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏò
õò !îˆÏúò– !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó°Ï≈y ~ˆÏ¢ ÎyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ú%‡˛ì˛Ó˚yã ~ Óyïy ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ö˛ˆÏú ï)ì≈˛ ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚
˛ô![˛ì˛ Óı%˛c˛ô)í≈ ˛ôs˛iyÓ˚ ˆâ˛ÔÌ xyîyÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– £z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ xy!Ÿªò õy¢ xy¢ˆÏú ÓÜ#≈
ˆ¢òy˛ô!ì˛ õ£y ¢õyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ£ îü¶%˛ãyÓ˚ xâ≈˛òyÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yãò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– ~£z ïõ#≈Î˚ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚
¢)e ïˆÏÓ˚ !£®% ã!õîyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏDÁ ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ £yˆÏì˛ ˆõúyÓyÓ˚ õòfl˛i Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– Ñ˛yˆÏ›˛yÎ˚yˆÏì˛
¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ ˛ô![˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ î%Üy≈ ˛ô)ãyÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏÓy˚ £ ÎÖò ì%˛ˆÏD ì˛Ö!ò xyú#Ó!î≈ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôîy!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò#ñ
Ñ˛yõyòÈÙÈxfl˛füfl˛f Á xŸªyˆÏÓ˚y£# ˆ¢òy !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ›˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ x!¶˛Îyò ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– òÓyÓ
~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢D#Ó˚y õò!fl˛iÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ˆÎ ˛ô)ãy ¢yD £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈£z ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ– Ü¶˛#Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏì˛ !òÉüˆÏ∑ òÓyÓ# ˆö˛Ôã ˆòÔÑ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xãÎ˚ òî x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ úyÜú–
!Ñ˛ls˛ xÑ˛fl˛øyÍ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆòÔÑ˛yÓ˚ ì˛úy ˆö§˛ˆÏ¢ ÎyÁÎ˚yˆÏì˛ £RˆÏÜyú ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
˛ôˆÏv˛¸– õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô)ãy x¢õyÆ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ£z x‹Tõ# !ò!üˆÏì˛ ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ ˛ôúyÎ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !Ñ˛ä%È!îò ˛ôÓ˚
ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ £ì˛ƒy Á ú%Z˛ò ¢#õy x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò#ˆÏÑ˛
xyˆÏîü ˆîò–
ì˛ˆÏúyÎ˚yÓ˚ Ö%!úÎ˚y ¢Ó ì˛y£yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛y!›˛Óy––Û17
xyú#Ó!î≈ ~ÓyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÑ˛ÔüˆÏú ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚yhfl˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÎ˚ Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏúò– õyòÑ˛Ó˚
˛ôÓ˚ÜòyÎ˚ òÓyÓ !ü!ÓÓ˚ fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï ò ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ˛ôy°Ï Ó˚ö˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓˆ˚ ÑÏ ˛ xy£¥yò ãyòyˆÏúò–
ÜDyÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ˆúÖò#ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z ÈÙÙÙÈ
Úî%£zÓ˚y!Î˚ ˜ÓüyÖ õy¢ ü!òÓyÓ˚ !îˆÏò–
¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ú£zÎ˚y xy£zò òÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ fl˛iyˆÏò––

!Óïyì˛y !Ó˛ôì˛ƒ ££zú Ó%Ìƒ =£zúy ˆÜú––
£y!ì˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ö%£zÎ˚y xy£z¢y òÓyÓˆÏÑ˛ !õ!úò––Û18
¶˛yfl˛ÒˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢yõyòƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÌy˛ôÑ˛Ìò £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ xyú#Ó!î≈ ÓúˆÏúò ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÖy!òÑ˛ !Óú¡∫ Ñ˛Ó˚ ú!áƒ Ñ˛£zÓ˚y xy!¢–Û19
òÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ !Óú¡∫ ˆîˆÏÖ ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚˛ô![˛ì˛ Á fl˛ÿòÈÙÈ˛ô)ãy ¢õyÆ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ò– ˆ¢£z
¢õÎ˚£z òÓyÓ îÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ú%E˛y!Î˚ì˛ ˆ¢òyÓ˚y xì˛!Ñ≈˛ˆÏì˛ xye´õí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ Á ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢yD˛ôyDˆÏîÓ˚
£ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
Úˆã£z õye ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ ˆáyv˛¸yÎ˚ â˛!v˛¸ˆÏì˛–
ì˛úxyÓ˚ Ö%!úÎ˚y ì˛Öò õy!Ó˚ˆÏúÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏÖ–20
~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ x!ì˛ ¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô Ñ˛y!£ò# Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜDyÓ˚yõ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôà!_´ î%!›˛ ¢ÇÎ%_´
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òÈÙÈ
ÚõyòÑ˛Ó˚y ˆõyÑ˛yˆÏ¢ ã!î ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ õ£zú–
õò¢%Ó˚y îv˛zÓ˚y£zÎ˚y Ñ˛!Ó˚ ÜDyÓ˚yˆÏõ Ñ˛£zú––Û21
¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚ ˛ô![˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ñ ú%t˛ò Óı˛ Ó˚yˆÏÖ– !Ñ˛ls˛
˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ £yDyõy– ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˛ òÓyÓ xyú#Ó!î≈ v˛z!v˛¸°Ïƒy ≤ÃˆÏîü Á Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ 12 ú«˛
›˛yÑ˛y ˆâ˛ÔÖ ~Ó˚ !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ÓÜ#≈ £yDyõyÓ˚ xÓ¢yò á›˛yò–
ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ÓÜ#≈ xye´õˆÏíÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚í ¢¡∫!úì˛ ~£z ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ !òîü≈ò=!ú ¢õ@˘Ã Ó˚yë˛¸ÈÙÈÓD
¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛£z Óyhfl˛Ó¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢ì˛ƒ– ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y ˆÎ ò,üÇ¢ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛y ÓyÇúyÓ˚
ãòã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú hfl˛∏˛– ¶˛fl˛ø#¶)˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú xãÎ˚ÈÙÈõÎ˚)Ó˚y«˛# ì˛#Ó˚Óì˛#≈ ¢¡ø,k˛
£y›˛ÈÙÈÓyãyÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ôO =!ú– Ó˚yãòÜÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!ü≈îyÓyî Óy Óï≈õyò xÌ≈yÍ ÓÜ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚ x!¶˛Îyò
˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ î%˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ @˘Ãyõ =!ú !ò!ÿ˛£´ £ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ Úxß¨îyõDúÛ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ
ÓÜ#≈ xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛Ó˚õ ì˛#Óì˛y ˆì˛õò ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛!ò– õˆÏò £Î˚ñ Ñ,˛°åòÜˆÏÓ˚ ÓÜ#≈ £yDyõy
òyÓ˚Ñ˛#Î˚ Ó˚*˛ô ïyÓ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò– ÓÓ˚Ç ~Ñ˛Ìy xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈ ÜDyÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ˆÎ Ó#¶˛Í¢ì˛y ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ
ì˛y£z ÓÜ#≈ £yDyõyÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢ì˛ƒ– ÜDyÓ˚yõ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ˆÎ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ì˛Ìƒ ¢!ß¨!Ó‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÎ
˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚yÎ˚ Ñ˛y!£ò# Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï x˜ÏòÑ˛ƒ ˆò£z–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛â˛w õDúÑ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xÓÎ˚ˆÓÏ ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ £z!ì˛£y¢ ˆÑ˛ ¢!ß¨!Ó‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!¶˛òÓˆÏcÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
!îˆÏúÁ ÜDyÓ˚yõ ì%˛úòyõ)úÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢Ç£ì˛ Á Óyhfl˛Ó!ò¤˛ £z!ì˛£y¢ˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
!îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòó ì˛ˆÏÓ ÷ï%õye Úxß¨îyõDúÛ xÌÓy Úõ£yÓ˚y‹T…˛ô%Ó˚yíÛ òÎ˚ñ xK˛yì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó
Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ !ú!Öì˛ Úõ£yÓ˚y‹T…#Î˚ xye´õˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÛÓ˚ ˛ô%§!Ì ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á ÓÜ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓDˆÏîˆÏü xò%≤ÃˆÏÓüñ
ˆãúyÎ˚ ˆãúyÎ˚ òyÓ˚Ñ˛#Î˚ x!¶˛Îyòñ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã ¢£ ¢õ@˘Ã ÓDÓy¢#Ó˚ ˛ôúyÎ˚òñ õ#Ó˚ £y!ÓˆÏÓÓ˚
ÓÜ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆÎyÜîyò £zì˛ƒy!î Ó˝ á›˛òyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÓÜ#≈ xye´õí ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛
~õò£z !Ó¶˛#!°ÏÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ˆÎ ÓyÇúy ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒhs˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚Á ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏò
xyÓyúÓ,k˛Ó!òì˛yÎ˚ õ%ˆÖÏ xyì˛ˆÏB˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ÓÜ#≈ˆîÏ Ó˚ òyõ v˛zFâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £ì˛– ÷ï%õye !ü‹T ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ£z
òÎ˚ñ ˆúyÑ˛ÜyòÈÙÈäÈv˛¸yÈÙÈ˛ÜyÌy á%õ˛ôyv˛¸y!ò ˛ôyˆÏòÁ ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y– xyã ì˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!_´Ó˚
Î%ˆÏÜÁ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ÓyDyú# ~£z î%£z ˛ôà!_´Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¶˛yˆÏúy¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆäÈˆÏú á%õyú ˛ôyv˛¸y ã%v˛¸yúñ ÓÜ#≈ ~ú ˆîˆÏüñ
Ó%úÓ%!úˆÏì˛ ïyò ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ Öyãòy ˆîÓ !Ñ˛ˆÏ¢–
Î!îÁ xyã ì˛y ˆúyÑ˛¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# !£¢yˆÏÓ£z ¢õyî,ì˛– ÓÜ#≈ xye´õˆÏíÓ˚ ¶˛Î˚yÓ£ì˛y
xyÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏì˛ ˆò£z– ÓÜ#≈Ó˚y !Óì˛y!v˛¸ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛ õ%ˆÏäÈ ˆÎˆÏì˛
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ÓÜ#≈ £yõúyÓ˚ «˛ì˛!â˛£´ =!úó ˆãˆÏÜ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ãòã#Óòó ì˛ˆÏÓ ~£z xye´õí ÓyÇúyÓ˚
xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÎ ïyE˛y !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛y xî)Ó˚ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛£z ˆv˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏò!äÈú !äÈÎ˚y_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õõ≈y!hs˛Ñ˛
õß∫hfl˛Ó˚–
¢)e !òˆÏîü≈ ≠
1– v˛É x!òõy õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ Úxy‡˛yˆÏÓ˚y üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓyÇúy ˛ô%!Ì§ˆÏì˛ £z!ì˛£y¢ ≤Ã¢DÛ ≤ÃÌõ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íñ
¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÏúyÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yüò#ñ ˛ô,. 2–
2– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ Úxß¨îyõDúÛÈÙÈ@˘Ãs˛i ¢)â˛òyÈÙÈv˛zk˛ì˛ÈÙÈÛ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ @˘Ãs˛iyÓú#Û S≤ÃÌõ ¶˛yÜV ¢¡ôyîòñ
◊# Óˆã Ï wòyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ Á ◊# ¢ãò#Ñ˛yhs˛ îy¢ñ ÓD#Î˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˛ô!Ó˚°îÏ ñ õyá ÈÙÈ 1049ñ
˛ô,. 16–
3– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ Úxß¨îyõDúÛ @˘Ãs˛i ¢)â˛òy ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛zk˛, ì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú¶˛yÓ˚â˛w @˘Ãs˛iyÓú#Û S≤ÃÌõ ¶˛yÜVñ ¢¡ôyîòy
◊# Óˆã Ï wòyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ Á ◊# ¢ãò#Ñ˛yhs˛ îy¢ñ ÓD#Î˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˛ô!Ó˚°îÏ ñ õyá ÈÙÈ 1049ñ
˛ô,ÈÙÈ16–
4– ÜDyÓ˚yõ îˆÏ_Ó˚ Úõ£yÓ˚y‹T… ˛ô%Ó˚yíÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛zk,˛ì˛ v˛É x!òõy õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Úxy‡˛yˆÏÓ˚y üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ÓyÇúy ˛ô%§!ÌˆÏì˛ £z!ì˛£y¢ ≤Ã¢DÛ ≤ÃÌõ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íñ ¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÏúyÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yüò#ñ ˛ô,. 25–
5– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ Úxß¨îyõDúÛÈÙÈ@˘Ãs˛i ¢)â˛òyÈÙÙÙÈÚ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ @˘Ãs˛iyÓú# S≤ÃÌõ ¶˛yÜVñ ¢¡ôyîòy ◊#
Óˆã Ï wòyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ Á ◊# ¢ãò#Ñ˛yhshs˛îy¢ñ ÓD#Î˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˛ô!Ó˚°îÏ ñ õyáÈÙÈ1349ñ ˛ô,.
16–
6– ÜDyÓ˚yõ îˆÏ_Ó˚ Úõ£yÓ˚y‹T… ˛ô%Ó˚yíÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛zk,˛ì˛ÈÙÈ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ÚÓyDyúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢Ûñ
!mì˛#Î˚ Ö[˛ñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓí˚ ñ xyò® ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ñ ˛ô,. 451–
10– ÜDyÓ˚yõ îˆÏ_Ó˚ Úõ£yÓ˚y‹T… ˛ô%Ó˚yíÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛zk,˛ì˛ÈÙÈv˛É x!òõy õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ Úxy‡˛yˆÏÓ˚y üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ÓyÇúy ˛ô%!Ì•ˆÏì˛ £z!ì˛£y¢ ≤Ã¢DÛñ ≤ÃÌõ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íñ ¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÏúyÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yüò#ñ ˛ô,. 18–
14– ÜDyÓ˚yõ îˆÏ_Ó˚ Úõ£yÓ˚y‹T… ˛ô%Ó˚yíÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛zk,˛ì˛ÈÙÈÚx‹Tyîü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˛ô%ò˛ôy‡˛ Á
˛ô%ò!Ó≈ˆÏÓâ˛òyÛñ ≤ÃÌõ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íñ ¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÏúyÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yüò#ñ ˛ô,. 174–
15– ÜDyÓ˚yõ îˆÏ_Ó˚ Úõ£yÓ˚y‹T… ˛ô%Óy˚ íÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛zk˛, ì˛ÈÙÈÚx‹Tyîü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˛Á ˛ô%ò!ÓˆÏÓâ˛òyÛñ
≤ÃÌõ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íñ ¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÏúyÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yüò#ñ ˛ô,. 174–
17– ÜDyÓ˚yõ îˆÏ_Ó˚ Úõ£yÓ˚y‹T… ˛ô%Óy˚ íÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛zk˛, ì˛ÈÙÈÚx‹Tyîü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Á ˛ô%ò!Ó≈ˆÓÏ â˛òyÛñ
≤ÃÌõ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íñ ¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÏúyÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yüò#ñ ˛ô,. 177–
xyõyÓ˚ xò%¶˛ˆÏÓ ¢%!â˛ey ¶˛Ryâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Úò#úá)!í≈ÛÓ˚ î!Î˚ì˛y

¢%ì˛˛ôy õ%Öyã#≈*
î!Î˚ì˛y xyï%!òÑ˛ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ xyd¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òñ Óƒ!_´õÎ˚# ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢y£¢# Ó%!k˛õì˛# òyÓ˚#– ~Ñ˛ ¢%Ö#
˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyîˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ñ˛òƒy ˆ¢– ¶˛y£z Ó%¡y∫ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ ÖÓÓ˚ òy ˆ˛ôˆÏúÁ !≤ÃÎ˚ !î!îˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓyˆÏ¢–
ÎyîÓ˛ô%Ó˚ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôîyÌ≈!ÓîƒyÓ˚ äÈye#– î!Î˚ì˛y ˆ£yˆÏfi›˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˛ô§yâ˛›˛y ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õì˛
ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ ¢ƒyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ◊k˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ◊k˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyˆÏÓ˚y !Ñ˛ä%È !õˆÏü !äÈúñ ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛ô‹T
Ó˚*˛ô ˆ¢ !òˆÏãÁ ãyòì˛ òy– ~õ. ~¢. !¢. Ñœ˛y¢ ˆü°Ï £ÓyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆ¢ ˆÜˆÏ›˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ò#Ó˚ˆÏÓ
xˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛ ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸ ˆö˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ~Ñ˛›%˛ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy Óy ~Ñ˛›%˛ ¢y!ß¨ˆÏïƒÓ˚ ãòƒ–
ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ v˛zîy¢#òñ !ò!Ó≈Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ !ÓK˛yòâ˛â≈˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÓ!îì˛ ≤Ãyí ~Ñ˛ xyÑ˛°Ï≈í#Î˚ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï– ÚÓœƒyÑ˛
ˆ£yúÛ ì˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xò%¢ı˛yˆÏò ˆîü !ÓˆÏîˆÏü ì§˛yÓ˚ Öƒy!ì˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyúyÜì˛
ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏòyñ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy Á £y!¢– ~õò!Ñ˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ïƒyòõ@¿ ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ˆÏÑ˛ ò#Ó˚ˆÏÓ ÷ï%
ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˆîÖyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ î!Î˚ì˛y Ö%§ˆÏã ˆ˛ôì˛ x!òÓâ≈˛ò#Î˚ xyò®– ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛_¥ñ
{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!hfl˛c ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ ïyÓ˚òyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓúˆÏì˛yñ î!Î˚ì˛y ˆÓyG˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õ%?˛ !Ófl˛øˆÏÎ˚
ì˛y!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛yñ ˆ¢ ãyòì˛ ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ î)Ó˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¢)Î≈ñ ÎyˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ˆÑ˛yò !îò
˛ôyˆÏÓ òy– ¶˛yˆÏúyúyÜy ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Öò ˆÎò ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô !òú– ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xãyˆÏhs˛
î!Î˚ì˛y xq(ì˛ ~Ñ˛ ò#Ó˚Ó ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ ˆõyˆÏ£ xyÓk˛ £ˆÏúy– ˆ¢ ãyˆÏò ¢ƒyÓ˚ ÓÎ˚fl˛Òñ !ÓÓy!£ì˛
~Ñ˛õye ˛ô%e ¢hs˛yò ÓyÓ%Î˚y Á ¢%®Ó˚# fl˛f# Ó˚yÖ#ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%ˆÏÖÓ˚ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛iyò
ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ ì˛Ó%Á Á£z ˆîÖyÓ˚ xyò®›%˛Ñ%˛ ˛ôyÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆ¢ ˛ôyÜˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Óı%˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛›)˛!_´
x@˘Ãy£ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ár›˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ár›˛y îy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ì˛– ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ fl˛f# Ó˚yÖ# ÓyÓyÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÓü
!Ñ˛ä%È!îò ÓyÓyÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ Ó˚£zú– î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xy@˘Ã£ ˆîˆÏÖ£z ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ xy¢ˆÏì˛ Óúú– ì˛Öò£z ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛Ó˚ú x¢õ ÓÎ˚¢# î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zî@˘Ã ˆ≤Ãõñ
≤ÃÌˆÏõ î!Î˚ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏúyñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ xq(ì˛ ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ xyÑ˛yA«˛yÎ˚ î!Î˚ì˛y
ì˛yÓ˚ ¢D# Óy òõ≈¢£â˛Ó˚# £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ú– ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Á£z ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Á ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ ì˛#Ó «%˛ïyñ î#á≈ñ
ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ó˚yÖ# ¢ˆÏD ˆî£!õúˆÏò ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ v˛zß√yîòy ˆ˛ôì˛ òy– î!Î˚ì˛y ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyÑ˛y!A«˛ì˛
ˆî£ ¢%Ö !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏì˛y– î!Î˚ì˛y ˆÎÔÓò î#Æ üÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ v˛zß√ˆÏ_Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆÖúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ
î!Î˚ì˛y ˆ¢£z ¢%Ö ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏı…˛ Ó˚ˆÏı…˛ xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢%Ö ˛ôyÎ˚– Ó˚yÖy ì˛ÖˆÏòyÁ ãyˆÏò òy ˆÎ
î!Î˚ì˛y ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yõ#Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ~Ñ˛›˛y ãyÎ˚Üy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– î!Î˚ì˛y ˆî£ ÈÙÈ õò ÈÙÈ ≤Ãyí !îˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy ÓyˆÏ¢– ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛ x˛ôyÓ˚ !Ófl˛øÎ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ fl˛∫yõ# ˆ¢ Ö%§ˆÏã
*ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ó˚§y!â˛ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

238 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ xyõyÓ˚ xò%¶˛ˆÏÓ ¢%!â˛ey ¶˛Ryâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Úò#úá)!í≈ÛÓ˚ î!Î˚ì˛y
˛ôyÎ˚òy ÓˆÏú£z î!Î˚ì˛yñ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ ˆÓy!ï ¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ¢y!ß¨ˆÏïƒ– î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
x¶˛yÓ !äÈú òy– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y xüyhs˛ á)!í≈ ì˛yÓ˚ ã#Óò›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ì˛äÈòäÈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îú–
î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ £Î˚ ˆ¢Ô!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD– î!Î˚ì˛y î%É¢y£¢# ì˛y£z !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yDyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆ¢
!òˆÏã £y!ãÓ˚ £Î˚ x˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˆ¢Ô!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏB˛– ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¶)˛!õÑ˛y òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ˆ¢ ãyòyÎ˚
ˆ¢Ô!õÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ òy Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆ¢ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓyˆÏ¢ xòƒ ~Ñ˛ ÓÎ˚fl˛Ò !ÓÓy!£ì˛ ˛ô%Ó˚&°ÏˆÏÑ˛
!ü!«˛ì˛ î%É¢y£¢# Ó%!k˛õì˛# î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ~£z !òãfl˛∫ì˛y ˆ¢Ô!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ~Ñ˛ xq(ì˛ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚
ãß√ ˆîÎ˚– î!Î˚ì˛y Óy!v˛¸ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÓyˆÏÑ˛ ãyòyÎ˚ ˆ¢ ˆ¢Ô!õÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òyñ ˆ¢ xòƒ
Ñ˛yv˛zˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓyˆÏ¢– ÓyÓyÈÙÈõy !ÓˆÏÎ˚ˆÏì˛ õì˛ ˆîÎ˚ñ ˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ãyòˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– î!Î˚ì˛y
ãyòyÎ˚ ˆ¢ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓyˆÏ¢ !ÓŸª!ÓÖƒyì˛ ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ õã%õîyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ÈÙÈ ˆÎ !ÓÓy!£ì˛ñ !˛ôì˛y
Á ÓÎ˚fl˛Ò ~Ñ˛ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï– î!Î˚ì˛y ãyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ ~£z ˆ≤Ãõ !ÓÓyˆÏ£ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ òyñ ì˛Ó% ˆ¢
ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ˆÏÑ˛£z ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢ˆÏÓ ¢yÓ˚yã#Óò– ÓyÓyÈÙÈõyÈÙÈ¶˛y£z ~Ñ˛Ìy õyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ~Ñ˛›˛y
≤ÃÓú á)!í≈ G˛v˛¸ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ £‡˛yÍ xyäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– î!Î˚ì˛y xüy!hs˛Ó˚ñ î%ÉˆÏÖÓ˚
xy=ò ˆãµˆÏú ˆãyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛ˆÏú xyˆÏ¢– ~Ó˚ ãòƒ î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ«˛y¶˛ñ úIy
Óy î%ÉÖ ˆò£z–
Ó˚yÖ#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ ãyòyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ £zòˆÏ›˛ˆÏúÑ˛â%˛Î˚yú «%˛ïy Ó˚yÖ# ˆõ›˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyñ ì˛y£z
î!Î˚ì˛y ˆÑ˛ ˆõˆÏò Ó˚yÖ#ˆÏÑ˛ ~ ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÎ Ó˚yÖ#Ó˚ fl˛∫yõ#Ó˚ ãòƒ ã#Óò !äÈú
ˆÓy!ï¢_¥õÎ˚ñ ˆ¢£z Ó˚yÖ# ˛ôb#ˆÏcÓ˚ñ òyÓ˚#ˆÏcÓ˚ ~£z ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ !ÓÓy!£ì˛ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ õyòˆÏì˛ òy
ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛y£z ~Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚ñ ˛ô%e ÓyÓ%Î˚yÁ õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~£z x˛ôõyò ¢£ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ òy ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD õyõyÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚– ì˛Öò Á î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy x˛ôÓ˚yï ˆÓyï ãyˆÏÜ òy–
ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥ xy£¥yˆÏò ¢yv˛¸y !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ó !ò®y x˛ôÓyî x@˘Ãy£ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yÎ˚y›˛yˆÏÓ˚
â˛ˆÏú xyˆÏ¢– !ÓÓy££#ò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ Ó§yïˆÏò ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ á)!í≈ G˛v˛¸
ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ò#ú xyÑ˛yˆÏü õ%!_´ ˆîÎ˚ñ ~ õ%!_´ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ñ úIyñ x˛ôÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´ñ
!ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y ˆ¢ ˆîÎ˚ òy– áÓ˚Óy!v˛¸ñ Ó˚yßÿ Á ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ v˛z°å ¢y!ß¨ïƒ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
¢%ˆÏÖÓ˚ ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ v%˛!ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚– ~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ î!Î˚ì˛y xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z õ%!_´Ó˚ õˆÏïƒÁ Ó˚yÖ#Ó˚
¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖ#Ó˚ xú«˛ƒ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!òÎ˚ì˛ Ñ§˛y›˛y !Ók˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yÓ˚ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï
ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ ~ â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ xòƒ â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– î!Î˚ì˛y ¶˛yˆÏÓ ~ ì˛yÓ˚ ãÎ˚– òì%˛ò
ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_Ó¥ ˚ ˛ô)Óã≈ #Óò ãyˆÏò òy– î!Î˚ì˛yˆÏÑ˛£z ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿Ó˚ õ%ˆÖÏ yõ%!Ö î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛
£Î˚ òy ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢Óy£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ ˆÓy!ï ¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ fl˛f#– Ó˚yÖ#Ó˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛ ˆ¢ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ òy
ÓˆÏú£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏòy !Ñ˛ä%È òì%˛ò ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏò òy– v˛zjyõ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏÜ ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ÎyÎ˚
î!Î˚ì˛y ÈÙÙÙÈ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ~ ˆì˛y ò#ú xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ õ%!_´Ó˚ ãÜÍ– Ó˚yßÿ òy ˆãˆÏò Á ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˛ôäÈ®
õì˛ Ó˚yßÿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ñ Ó˚yÖ# !Óòy !Óòy ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿ ¢Ó ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˆÜˆÏúÁ î!Î˚ì˛y ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xî,üƒ
≤Ã!ì˛m®µ# ¶˛yˆÏÓ– ì˛y£z Ó˚*˛ôâ§˛yî ÎÖò ÓˆÏú ÈÙÙÙÈ
xyõyÓ˚ xò%¶˛ˆÏÓ ¢%!â˛ey ¶˛Ryâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Úò#úá)!í≈ÛÓ˚ î!Î˚ì˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 239
S2V
ì˛y ˛÷ˆÏò î!Î˚ì˛y ¢¡ô)í≈ xòƒ ˆÓ˚!¢!˛ôˆÏì˛ õyäÈ Ó˚yßÿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ õïƒ!îˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢ Ó˚yÖ#ˆÏÑ˛
xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ
S3V
áÓ˚ ¢yãyˆÏòy !òˆÏÎ˚£z î!Î˚ì˛y Óƒhfl˛ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Óyïy !Ó˛ô!_Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆ¢ !â˛hs˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á
â˛yÎ˚ òyñ ~Öò î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ã#Óò ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥ xyFäÈß¨– î%î≈yhs˛ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆî£ !òˆÏÎ˚
!òì˛ƒò)ì˛ò ˆÖúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ î!Î˚ì˛y Á ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ£z Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôyÎ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ì˛y– ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ ì˛yÓ˚
ˆî£ !òˆÏÎ˚ !òì˛ƒò)ì˛ò ˆÖúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ î!Î˚ì˛yÁ ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ£z Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôyÎ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ì˛y–
ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ !v˛ˆÏ¶˛yˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ˆòy›˛#ü Ó˚yÖ#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚yˆÏì˛ î!Î˚ì˛y Ö%ü# £Î˚– !ÓK˛yò# ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ ì˛yÓ˚
xy!Ó‹,Òì˛ ì˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó_,´ì˛y !îˆÏì˛ î#á≈!îˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !ÓˆÏîˆÏü ÎyÎ˚– î!Î˚ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚
≤ÃŸ¿ ˆò£zñ !Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢ ÎyˆÏÓ⁄ ì˛y£z î!Î˚ì˛y ~Ñ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yÎ˚y›˛yˆÏÓ˚– ÓyÓyÈÙÈõyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
ˆÑ˛yò ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ˆò£z î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚– ˆ¢Ô!õÑ˛ õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ xyˆÏ¢ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ãß√!îˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy õˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ
ö%˛ú xyˆÏò ÈÙÙÙÈ î!Î˚ì˛y ¶˛yˆÏÓ xyã ÎyÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãß√!îˆÏòÓ˚ ÷ˆÏ¶˛FäÈy Óyì≈˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏú ˆ¢ ¢Ó
ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü Ö%!ü £ˆÏì˛yñ ˆ¢£z ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆö˛yò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚Á ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôyÎ˚ òy– ~Ñ˛yÑ˛# !òÉ¢D
î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ !îò Ñ˛yˆÏ›˛ñ ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xò%˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!ü xyˆÏÓÜõ!Ìì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– £‡˛yÍ
î!Î˚ì˛y xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ Á ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ¢hs˛yò xy¢ˆÏäÈ– î!Î˚ì˛y ~£z xò%¶˛ˆÏÓÓ˚
xyòˆÏ® õyì˛yú £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ˆÏÑ˛ ~ ¢ÇÓyî ãyòyˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢ ãyòˆÏúy ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ ~
¢hs˛yò â˛yÎ˚ òy– ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~ ¢hs˛yò Óv˛¸ £ˆÏÓ⁄ ÈÙÙÙÈ
S4V
î!Î˚ì˛y ~ ¢Ó ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ òy– ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ õì˛ xòyÜì˛ ¢hs˛yòˆÏÑ˛ ~ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
xyˆÏúy ˆîÖy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ Ó!M˛Èì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ó˚y!ã òÎ˚– ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ¢Ö ¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%È£z ì˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ õ)úƒ£#ò– !ÓÓy££#ò ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ¢hs˛yò ì˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò xyÓyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏúy á)!í≈ G˛v˛¸– ~
G˛v˛¸ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xy¢!_´ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´Ó˚ ˛ôÌ ˆîÖyú– ˆ¢ ¶˛yÓú ~ ˆÑ˛õò ˛ô%Ó˚&°ÏˆÏÑ˛
ˆ¢ ¶˛yˆÏúyˆÏÓˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– ¢õyãñ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ fl˛∫yÌ≈˛ôÓ˚ñ xyd¢%Ö¢Ó≈fl˛∫ õyò%°Ï›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢
~Ñ˛yhs˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ÈÙÙÙÈ î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛›˛y xydyò%ˆÏüyâ˛òyÓ˚ G˛v˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ–
î!Î˚ì˛y ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ üÎƒy¢!Dò# õyeñ ÷ï% üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ «%˛ïy ˆõ›˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ Îs˛f !ÓˆÏü°Ï ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ˆÏÓyï
î!Î˚ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ õˆÏò≤ÃyˆÏí !Ó˚_´ ◊#£#ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚– ˆ¢ õ%!_´ â˛yÎ˚ñ xyd¢¡øyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Óyâ˛yˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚
ÓˆÏú£z â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆÖ§yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚Á ÎyÎ˚– ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ¢õÌ≈ò ˆì˛y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z òy ÓÓ˚Ç ~ˆÏÑ˛ xòƒyÎ˚ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– î!Î˚ì˛y â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚
¢%Ö¢%!Óïy ˆÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛Ìy ÎÖò ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ ÓˆÏú ì˛Öò£z î!Î˚ì˛y ÓˆÏú ÁˆÏ‡˛ ~£z
xyd¢%Ö¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò fl˛∫yÌ≈˛ôÓ˚ õyò%°Ï›˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖ# ~ì˛!îò ¢£ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúy Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ–
S5V
î!Î˚ì˛y Ó˚yÖ# òÎ˚ñ Ó˚yÖ#Ó˚ Îs˛fíy xyã ˆ¢ ˆÓyˆÏG˛–

î!Î˚ì˛y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ â˛ˆÏú ÎyˆÏÓ– xyd¢¡øyò !Ó¢ã≈ò !îˆÏÎ˚
ˆ¢ Ó§yâ˛ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ òy– !òˆÏãÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌ ˆ¢ !òˆÏã£z ˆÓˆÏäÈ ˆòˆÏÓñ ì˛yÓ˚ xòyÜì˛ ¢hs˛yòˆÏÑ˛Á
ˆ¢ ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òy ÈÙÙÙÈ xyÓ˚ ~ÖyˆÏò£z î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ Á fl˛∫ì˛s˛fì˛yñ
~ÖyˆÏòÁ ˆ¢ Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖyõ%!Ö £ˆÏFäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ ˆÑ˛yúÑ˛yì˛y ü£ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò òyÓ˚# ~Ñ˛y áÓ˚
¶˛yv˛¸y ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ˆ¢Ô!õÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ¶˛yˆÏúy òy Óy¢ˆÏúÁ ¶˛yˆÏúy Óı%˛ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ˆòÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÓˆÏú£z ˆ¢ ˆ¢Ô!õÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ò!k≈˛ïyÎ˚ ¢Ó ãyòyÎ˚– ˆ¢Ô!õÑ˛ xyã Á
î!Î˚ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓyˆÏ¢ñ ì˛y£z ü%ï% !òˆÏãÓ˚ òyˆÏõ Óy!v˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚£z îy!Î˚c ˆü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyñ ì˛yÓ˚
xòyÜì˛ ¢hs˛yˆÏòÓ˚ îyÎ˚¶˛yÓ˚Á ˆ¢ !òˆÏì˛ Ó˚yã#– î!Î˚ì˛y xyd¢¡øyòñ õÎ≈yîyˆÏÓyïñ fl˛∫yì˛s˛fƒñ
Óƒ!_ćˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢Ô!õÑ˛ ¢¡øyò ãyòyÎ˚– ˆ¢Ô!õÑ˛ ãyˆÏò î!Î˚ì˛y ~ ¢õyˆÏã ~Öò !òÓ˚y˛ôî òÎ˚ñ
¢õyã ì˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó≈yˆÏD Ñ˛úˆÏB˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y!ú !äÈ!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏÓ– ˆ¢Ô!õÑ˛ î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓy ÈÙÙÙÈ õyˆÏÑ˛ ÖÓÓ˚›˛y
ãyòyÎ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚y ¢Ó ¶%˛ˆÏú !ÜˆÏÎ˚ î!Î˚ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyîˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD áˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– î!Î˚ì˛y ~£z x!ì˛!Ó˚_´
xyîˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒÁ xfl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛y Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôyÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
S6V
ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ xyîˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ ÎˆÏbÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÁ Ñ˛Ó˚&íyñ xy!ì˛üÎƒ Óy xò%Ñ˛¡ôyÁ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ~Öò ˆÑ˛v˛z xyÓ˚ î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ ¢D# òÎ˚ñ ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ˆÏÑ˛ ~Öò ˆ¢ á,íy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ
ˆ¢Ô!õÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛Á ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyñ Î!îÁ Óı˛ˆÏcÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~Ñ˛ãò òyÓ˚#
Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ì˛ÌyÑ˛!Ìì˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ Óı˛òˆÏÑ˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õ%!_´ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏäÈ î!Î˚ì˛y
ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zIµú î,‹Tyhs˛– Ó#Ó˚˛ô)ãy òyÓ˚#Ó˚ fl˛∫¶˛yÓïõ≈– ~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z î!Î˚ì˛y ¶˛yˆÏúyˆÏÓˆÏ¢ !äÈú
v˛zîy¢#òñ !ò!Ó≈Ñ˛yÓ˚ ì˛_¥K˛yò#ñ !ÓŸª!ÓÖƒyì˛ !ÓK˛yò# ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ˆÏÑ˛– Î!î !ÓÓy£ Óy ¢Ç¢yÓ˚
î!Î˚ì˛y òy ˆ˛ôì˛ñ ì˛Ó%Á xyï%!òÑ˛ òyÓ˚# î!Î˚ì˛y ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú õˆÏòÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚&°ÏÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô–
ˆ¢ fl˛∫Ü≈¢%Ö ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ ïyE˛yÎ˚ ˆòˆÏõ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ Ó˚*ë˛¸ Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò– ˆ¢Ô!õÑ˛ xyã ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
¶˛yˆÏúyˆÏÓˆÏ¢ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ñ ~ˆÏì˛Á î!Î˚ì˛y ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚&íyñ îÎ˚y Á xò%Ñ˛¡ôy ˆîÖˆÏì˛
˛ôyÎ˚– î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ)˛úì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ úv˛¸y£z Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ü!_´ xyˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢ ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸
~ˆÏúÁñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢hs˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !˛ôì,˛˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ xòyÜì˛ ¢hs˛yòˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛
â˛yÎ˚ñ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ õyì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ õ%!_´ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˛ôˆÏú ˛ôˆÏú xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆ¢Ô!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óı%˛ˆÏcÓ˚
!ÓŸªhfl˛ £yì˛›˛yˆÏÑ˛ î!Î˚ì˛y xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ òyñ ¢Ó ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yú›˛y ˆ¶˛ˆÏD
˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ˆ¢Ô!õÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚ ˆ¢ !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ òyñ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy ˆî£¢%Ö ˆ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ãòƒ
òÎ˚ñ ˆ¢Ô!õÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓyˆÏ¢ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ˆÏÑ˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ü!_´ xyã xyÓ˚ î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ˆò£z–
î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ~Ñ˛›˛y á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ ~ˆÏ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%È Áú›˛˛ôyú›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢
á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ ˆÓy!ï¢ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢æõ Á ◊k˛y˛ô)í≈ xy¢!_´– ~ á)!í≈ ò#ú Îy ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Óyïy ÈÙÙÙÈ
Óı˛ò ÈÙÙÙÈ !òÎ˚õ ò#!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´ ~ˆÏò !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ˆ¢ õ%!_´ ˆÓy!ï¢_¥ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyˆÏÓˆÏ¢ ˆ¢
xyõyÓ˚ xò%¶˛ˆÏÓ ¢%!â˛ey ¶˛Ryâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Úò#úá)!í≈ÛÓ˚ î!Î˚ì˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 241
xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– xyÓyÓ˚ á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ î!Î˚ì˛y õ%!_´Ó˚ ò#ú Ó˚Ç Ö%§ˆÏã ˆ˛ôú
òyÓ˚#cˆÏÑ˛ñ õyì,˛cˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ î,ë˛¸ ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ– á)!í≈ G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ò#ú õ%!_´
î!Î˚ì˛y ˆ˛ôú ˆ¢Ô!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ– ˆ¢Ô!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ á)!í≈ î!Î˚ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˛
ò#ú xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ õ%!_´ ~ˆÏò !îú–
¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛@˘Ãs˛i ≠
Ñ˛V ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ ¢%!â˛ey ≠ Úò#ú á)!í≈Û ÈÙÙÙÈ ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑñ xyò® ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢ñ ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛yú îüõ
õ%oí ã%úy£zñ 2015
1V Úò#úá)!í≈Û ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙ 99ÈÙÈ100
ÚÚˆì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ~ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ xy!õ ›˛úyˆÏÓ˚›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈñ ˆ¢ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Óy˛ô ˆâ˛yj˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
¶˛y!Üƒ– î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏú xyõyÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ_!ãì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚y òyñ ì%˛!õ î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
òˆÏÖÓ˚ ˆÎyÜƒ Á òÁ– ~ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú õ%Ö Ó%ˆÏã ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓñ î!Î˚ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
Ñ˛ÖòÁ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ≤ÃŸ¿Á òÎ˚– ë%˛Ñ˛ˆÏäÈ õyÌyÎ˚ Ñ˛Ìy=ˆÏúy–
2V Úò#úá)!í≈Û ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙ 113
ÚÚxyK˛yñ !ãˆÏÓ˚Á !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚òñ õy !ãˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ö%˛úÑ˛!˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yòˆÏì˛ò–ÛÛ
3V Úò#úá)!í≈Û ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙ 115
ÚÚˆ˛ô§Î˚yã xyîy Ó˚¢%ò !îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛°ÏÑ˛ˆÏ°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚§yïú õyäÈñ xyúyîy¶˛yˆÏÓ xyú%ÈÙÈÑ˛!˛ôÓ˚
ì˛Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚– ˆÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ú⁄ xî,üƒ ≤Ã!ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÓ˚°ÏyˆÏÓ˚!°Ï⁄ ˆÖˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏ¢˛ ˛ôyˆÏäÈ
ˆÓy!ï¢_¥Ó˚ Ó˚yÖ#Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy fl˛øÓ˚í xyˆÏ¢ñ ~£z xyüB˛yÎ˚⁄ î!Î˚ì˛y !òˆÏãÁ !‡˛Ñ˛ !‡˛Ñ˛
ãyˆÏò òy–ÛÛ
4V Úò#úá)!í≈Û ô,¤˛y ÈÙ 157
ÚÚxyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓäÈ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚⁄ xyõyÓ˚ ˆì˛y õˆÏò £Î˚ ì%˛!õ ÓyFâ˛y›˛yÓ˚Á!ö˛v˛zâ˛yÓ˚
¶˛yÓÛäÈ òy– ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ £ˆÏÓñ ¢õyˆÏã ˆ¢ Ñ˛# ¶˛yˆÏÓ xƒyˆÏ:ˆÏ≤Wzv‰˛ £ˆÏÓ....ÛÛ
ÚÚˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ~ÖòÁ !v˛ˆÏ¶˛y¢≈ òy £ÁÎ˚y Óv˛z ˆì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛ ~ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ ¢£ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú
!Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄ÛÛ
ÚÚˆÑ˛ò ˆÎò õˆÏò £Î˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !áˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ¢yãyˆÏòy òy›˛Ñ˛ x!¶˛ò#ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ–
Ó˚yˆÏì˛ ÖyÓyÓ˚ ˆ›˛!ÓˆÏú ÓˆÏ¢ ≤ÃÓ#Ó˚ ÎÖò î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚– ˆäÈy›˛ ˆÓúyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ Ü“ ÓˆÏú
xR£y!¢ˆÏì˛ ˆö˛ˆÏ›˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ì˛Öò Óv˛¸ Ñ˛yßÿ ˛ôyÎ˚– ÓyÓy ~ì˛ â˛v˛¸y ˛ôî≈yÎ˚
x!¶˛òÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ò⁄ õ!Ó˚î#˛ôy ÎÖò xòyÜì˛ ¢hs˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆîy£y£z !îˆÏÎ˚ î!Î˚ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
ˆãyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÖyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ñ ì˛Öò !Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆâ˛yÓ˚y !Ó°Ïyî ˆÖúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy⁄
î!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ õ%Ö ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ xÓy!M˛Èì˛ !ü÷Ó˚ xyÜõòˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ õyñ î!Î˚ì˛y
ãyˆÏòñ Ó%¡∫y ÎÖò £y¢ˆÏì˛ £y¢ˆÏì˛ !î!îÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ ˆë˛yˆÏÑ˛ î!Î˚ì˛y fl˛ô‹T ˆ›˛Ó˚ ˛ôyÎ˚
îÓ˚ãyÓ˚ Á˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Á Ó%õÓyÓ˚ õ%Ö ˆÜyõv˛¸y !äÈú–ÛÛ
ì˛Ìƒ¢)e ≠
1V õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ xÓ˚&í ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô%ì%˛úÛ ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛ñ ˆîã ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ñ ≤ÃÑ˛yüòyÑ˛yú 14
~!≤Ãúñ 1974
2V ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ◊#Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÓD¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ïyÓ˚yÛ ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛ñ õv≈˛yò Ó%Ñ˛ ~ˆÏã!™
≤Ãy£zˆÏ¶˛›˛ !ú!õˆÏ›˛v˛ñ ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛yúñ 1984
îy‚œyîû ›%… ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ ¢,!‹T¢ˆ% ÖÏ Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy v˛zÕ!‘ ¢ì˛ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏì˛ !ò°ÏyˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛
ê´ÔˆÏM˛ÈÓ˚ !ò£ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ÖÓˆÏÓ˚ xy!î }!°ÏÓ˚ fl˛∫ì˛Éfl˛≥)˛ì˛≈
≤ÃÑ˛yü ≤Ãyâ˛ƒ Óyí#õ!®ˆÏÓ˚ xyòú ≤ÃÌõ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚
xy¶˛y¢– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Îyey ˆÑ˛Óú£z ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ v˛z_Ó˚
Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛– ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Óyí#¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Ó˚ ÓÓ˚õyúƒñ
¢õ,!k˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ myˆÏÓ˚– ˆÑ˛v˛z £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ Ñ˛yúâ˛ˆÏe´Ó˚
!òˆÏâ˛ñ !Ófl˛ø,!ì˛Ó˚ xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚– ì˛Ó% Îyey ÌyˆÏõ!ò– ˆ¢£z
Îyey ˛ôˆÏÌ xyõÓ˚y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ!˚ äÈ !õì˛y îy¢˛ô%ÓÑ˚ ˛yÎ˚fl˛iÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y
~Ñ˛ !ò¶,˛ì˛ ¢yïòyÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓˆÏÑ˛– xyõÓ˚y õ@¿ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈ ì§˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚– ~Öò ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ xy!ü¢ Ó˚yÎ˚ 24!›˛ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛Ó˚
!õì˛y!ú ¢õ,k˛ Óy¢Ó˚ Ó%ˆòÏ !îˆÏúò î%ÛõúyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õyˆÏG˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ ¢ÓÑ˛!›˛
Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ î˛ô≈ˆÏí xyÓ˚Á Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓñ xyÓ˚Á !ò!Óv˛¸ ¶˛yˆÏÓ !â˛!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚
!õì˛y îy¢ ˛ô%Ó˚Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛i !õì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒˆÏúyÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛– xy˛ôyõÓ˚ Óyày!ú ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ
¢¡ôyîòyÈ ÈÙÈ xy!ü¢ Ó˚yÎ˚ ~Á ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò ˛ôyÁÎ˚y– ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y xyúyî
õ)úƒ ≠ 200 ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôÌ ïˆÏÓ˚ £§y›˛y ~£z @˘Ãs˛i–
ˆîü¶˛yÜ ≠ òyÓ˚# ÓM˛ÈòyÓ˚ !â˛e ÈÙÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xò%¢ı˛yò

¢õˆÏÓ˚ü õ[˛ú*
~Ñ˛ Á xÖ[˛ ˛ôÓ˚yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ 1947 !ÖÉñ 15ÈÙÈxyÜfi›˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛fl˛iyò

!mÖ![˛ì˛ £ú– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ !Ó¶˛yÜ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ !Óì˛!Ñ˛≈ì˛ £ˆÏúÁ ~Ó˚ ¢Ó≈òyüy ˛ô!Ó˚òyõ v˛zmylfl˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚
ÎyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü «˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛ £ú– ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ £yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈ÓyÇúyÓ˚
üÓ˚íyÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜõò Á òì%˛ò ãòÓ¢!ì˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛yÎ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓyÇúyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò xïƒyÎ˚ ÷Ó˚&
£ú–
1947ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ¢£z Ó˚_ý_´ ˆüyâ˛ò#Î˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛!Ó¶˛yÜ ~Ó˚ ˆãÓ˚ !£¢yˆÏÓñ äÈÎ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚Á
ˆÓ!üÑ˛yú x!ì˛eýhs˛ £ÓyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~ÖˆÏòy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ v˛z˛ôõ£yˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ˆÏüy
ˆÑ˛y!›˛ òÓ˚ÈÙÈòyÓ˚#Ó˚ Ó˚_´˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚£z â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– xy!î ˛ôyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ xò%¢D !£¢yˆÏÓ Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛
òì%˛ò õyeyñ ÎyÓ˚ òyõ ¢s˛fy¢Óyî– ¢Ó !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ~ì˛ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ãò¢¡ôî ÌyÑ˛y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á
v˛z˛ôõ£yˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛£z v˛zß¨Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÏÖ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !òˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ¢y!Ó˚ˆÏì˛–
xÖ[˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ñ !Ó¶˛_´ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í £ú ¢¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛yñ â˛Ó˚õ «˛!ì˛Ó˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏúy ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚
ïy!e òyÓ˚# ¢õyã– !Óü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ õ%¢!úõ òyÓ˚# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ~ÓÇ
¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˆ¢ÓyÎ˚ !òõ@¿ !äÈˆÏúò ˆÓÜõ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛Î˚y ¢yÖyÁÎ˚yì˛ ˆ£yˆÏ¢ò£z S1880ÈÙÈ1932Vñ
Óúy â˛ˆÏú !Óü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˆÓÜõ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛Î˚y ˛ôî≈y≤ÃÌyÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈Ñ˛ ˆõÔú!ÓÈÙÈˆõyÕ‘yˆÏîÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆã£yî ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ úv˛¸y£zñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ xy¢yÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛‹TyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Á
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òÎ≈yì˛ò !Ñ˛ls˛ Óı˛ £Î˚!ò– v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !òÎ≈yì˛ò õ)úì˛ !äÈú â˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÁÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ– Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ !òÎ≈yì˛ò xyÓ˚Á ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈñ ÓîˆÏú ˆÜˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ïÓ˚òÁ–
ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ÎÖò îˆÏú îˆÏú õyò%°Ï ~ˆÏîü ˆÏäÈˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏîü ÎyˆÏFäÈò Óy ÁˆÏîü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
~ˆÏîˆÏü xy¢ˆÏäÈò ì˛Öò ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛ô!Ó˚õyò xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ !£ˆÏ¢Ó !òˆÏÑ˛ü
ˆò£z– xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ ãyì˛ ïõ≈ ˆõˆÏò £Î˚òy ÈÙÈ !£®% õ%¢úõyò !ò!Ó≈ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ¢Ó ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
Á˛ôÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ xÑ˛Ìƒ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ñ £yãyÓ˚ £yãyÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ï!°Ï≈ì˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ 70ì˛õ ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Á áÓ˚äÈyv˛¸y ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y Ó˝¶˛yˆÏÓ úy!N˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xˆÏòÑ˛ úv˛¸y£z
~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ããß√ fl˛iyÎ˚# áÓ˚Á ˆÓ§ˆÏïˆÏäÈò ~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˛ôˆÏÌ áyˆÏ›˛ xyãÁ
ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y úyN˛òyÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £ò– fl˛∫yï#òì˛y v˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôeÈÙÈ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛y ÁŒ›˛yˆÏú ˆ¢ ÖÓÓ˚
xyõÓ˚y ˛ôy£z–
*ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ñ £z!ì˛£y¢ !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ó˚Ó#w¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ Á ¢£Ñ˛yÓ˚# xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ Ñ˛!Ó Ñ,˛!_Óy¢

!Ó.~v˛ Ñ˛ˆÏúãñ òî#Î˚y–
244 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ˆîü¶˛yÜ ≠ òyÓ˚# ÓM˛ÈòyÓ˚ !â˛e ÈÙÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xò%¢ı˛yò
fl˛∫yï#òì˛y Á ˆîü¶˛yÜˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zmylfl˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ò ì˛Öò ì˛#Óì˛õ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ î%ÛˆÏîˆÏü£z–
ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚yÁ ~£z ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ !â˛hs˛y ¶˛yÓòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúñ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˛ôeÈÙÈ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚– Á
Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ô«˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Îy Óúy £!FäÈú ˆ¢=!úñ õs˛f#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚yÇü ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛
!òÎ˚!õì˛ ãyòyˆÏì˛ ò%Ó˚ãy£yò ˆÓÜõ Á ¢%!ö˛Î˚y Ñ˛yõyú– ~ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˝ ÖÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
~Ñ˛!›˛ £ú ÈÙÈ
fl˛∫yfl˛iƒ îÆˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ó˚yãÑ%˛õyÓ˚# xõ,ì˛y Ñ˛yv˛zÓ˚ ÚÓylfl˛£yÓ˚y fl˛f#ˆÏúyÑ˛ Á !ü÷ˆÏîÓ˚
˛ô%òÉÓ¢!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ =Ó˚&ì˛Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ÓˆÏú !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–Û !ì˛!ò ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Ú˙ ¢Ñ˛ú fl˛f#ˆÏúyÑ˛ Á Óy!úÑ˛y !îÜˆÏÑ˛ ïye#ñ òy¢≈ñ !ü«˛y!Î˚e#
≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yã !üÖy£zÎ˚y ú£zÎ˚y ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ú«˛ ú«˛ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆ¢ÓyÎ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y Îy£zˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
fl˛∫yï#ˆÏòy_Ó˚ ˆîˆÏü !£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢!úõ !õˆÏú xyˆÏúyÑ˛ äÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛ôÌáyˆÏ›˛ ¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚ v˛zÍ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y !îÓ¢Á ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ 46 ~Ó˚ îyDyÓ˚ îyÜ îÜ îˆÏÜ «˛ì˛ !õˆÏúyÎ˚
òy õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– ì˛y£z !£®% õ%¢úõyò ¢¡±#!ì˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓîò ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò õ!£úyÓ˚y
˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚–
{î v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ 1947 ~Ó˚ xyÜˆÏfi›˛ ˛ôyÑ˛≈¢yÑ˛y≈ˆÏ¢ !õˆÏ¢¢ ˆõy!õòÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢¶˛yˆÏòì,˛ˆÏc ¢õhfl˛
¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ì˛òˆÏüy õ!£úy S300V ˙ ¢¶˛yÎ˚ ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ◊#Î%_´ õ!òÑ%˛hs˛úy
ˆ¢òñ ¢%£y!¢í# ÜyD%ú#ñ ˆÓ˚yüòyÓ˚yÓ˚y ≤Ãõ%Ö !Ó!ü‹T õ!£úyÜò !£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢úõyò ¢¡±#!ì˛ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ =Ó˚&c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó_,´ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– îyDyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆÎ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy ˆ¶˛ˆÏà
˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈñ v˛zß¨!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôÌ Óı˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈñ ˆ¢ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ õyÈÙÈˆÓyˆÏòˆÏîÓ˚ î,!‹T xyÑ˛°Ï≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò
ˆÓÜõ– ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡±#!ì˛ñ !ÓŸªy¢ Á ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ xy£¥yò ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛#Î˚ˆÏì˛
ÓˆÏúòñ Ú~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y Ö%Ó£z =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈Ûñ !£®% õyÈÙÈˆÏÓyˆÏòÓ˚y ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏÜ
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z xˆÏòÑ˛Öy!ò x@˘Ã¢Ó˚– õ%¢úõyò ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚yÁ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ !òˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ Úõ!£ú
õ%¢!úõ ú#ÜÛ Á Úõ!£úy xydÓ˚«˛y ¢!õ!ì˛Ó˚Û v˛zˆÏîƒyˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤Ã#!ì˛ ¢ˆÏ¡øúò xyˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏòÓ˚ ÖÓÓ˚Á
≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ ˆÓÜõ ~Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ S14£z òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ñ 1947 Ö#ÉV–
¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî òÎ˚ñ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆkÏ ˛≈ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ !£®% õ%¢!úõñ òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó&˚ °Ï ~Ñ˛¢yˆÏÌ ~ˆÏÜyˆÏì˛
òy ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú ˆîü fl˛∫yï#ò £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xyüy ˆò£z– ¢ÇÑ˛#í≈ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ ¢%fl˛i Ó˚yãò#!ì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ¢!ö˛Î˚y Öyì%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õì˛yõì˛ Úõ%_´ÛÈÙÈÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ äÈy˛ôy £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú S28ˆü ˜â˛eñ
1337 ÓDy∑V–
1947 ~Ó˚ xˆÏQyÓˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ !£®% ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y õ%¢!úõ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏãyÎ˚ !òõs˛fò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ~ÓÇ õ%¢!úõ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y {ˆÏî xyõs˛fò ãyòyÎ˚ !£®% ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚– ~£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛
¢¡±#!ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ ò!ãÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ !£®% õ%¢!úõ òyÓ˚#–
ˆîü¶˛yÜ ≠ òyÓ˚# ÓM˛ÈòyÓ˚ !â˛e ÈÙÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xò%¢ı˛yò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 245
ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜy_Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏú ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD x!ïÑ˛yÇü x!¶˛ãyì˛ v˛zFâ˛Ó,_ Á õïƒÓ,_ ¶˛o ¢¡±îyÎ˚

˛ô)Ó≈ÓˆÏD â˛ˆÏú ÎyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ õ%¢!úõ òyÓ˚# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò ¶˛y›˛y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ~¢õÎ˚ Óyõ˛ôs˛i#
îú=ˆÏúy ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ õ%¢!úõ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ Öy!òÑ˛›˛y ¢ÇáÓk˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– 1949 ~Ó˚ ˆõ
õy¢ òyÜyî ˛ô)Ó≈ÓˆÏD Úõ!£úy xydÓ˚«˛y ¢!õ!ì˛Û ˆÓ xy£z!ò ˆáy!°Ïì˛ £Î˚– ì˛Ó%Á ˆÌˆÏõ ÎyÎ˚!ò
õ%¢!úõ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌ â˛úy–
!â˛Ó˚yâ˛!Ó˚ì˛ õ)úƒˆÏÓyïñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ Á ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fò õ%_´ £ÁÎ˚y ì˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛
ˆÓü Ñ˛!‡˛ò !äÈú– ì˛Ó%Á ¢#õyÓk˛ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛yÓ˚y òyÓ˚# ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy=!úÓ˚ ¢õyïyòñ
¢Ç¢yÓ˚ Á Ñ˛õ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢õß∫Î˚ ¢yïòñ Ñ˛õ≈ã#!Ó Á ◊õã#!Ó òyÓ˚#Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yñ !ü«˛yÓ˚
¢%ˆÏÎyÜ Ó,!k˛ñ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ ~ÓÇ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˝õ%!Ö â˛y!£îyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !õú
ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ òyÓ˚# ¢õyã ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õ%!_´Ó˚ îy!ÓˆÏÑ˛ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒõ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú–
xyÓyú Ó,k˛Ó!òì˛yÓ˚y â˛yò xy£zò!¢k˛ Óy!¢®y £ˆÏì˛– î%£z ≤Ããß√ ïˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z
ˆÓÈÙÈxy£zò îÖúîyÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ Ó¢Óy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈò– ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ãòƒ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ Óy˛ôÈÙÈ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚îy îyÎ˚#
!äÈˆÏúò òyñ ÎyÓ˚y îyÎ˚# !äÈˆÏúò ì˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ xy£zò!¢k˛ ÷ï% òÎ˚ñ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ Üòƒõyòƒ
òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈò !òˆÏõˆÏ°Ï– Üyı˛# £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ãy!ì˛Ó˚ !˛ôì˛yñ ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆîˆÏüÓ˚
≤Ãïyòõs˛f#¢ ˛ôƒyˆÏ›˛ú fl˛∫Óy˚ ‹Tõ… s˛f#ñ üƒyõy≤Ã¢yî õ%ˆÖÏ y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏúò õÎ≈yîy ¢¡ôß¨ ¢yÇ¢î–
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ !îÕ‘#ˆÏì˛ ˜ì˛Ó˚# £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú ≤Ã¢yˆÏî Óy¢fl˛iyòñ !Ñ˛ls˛ !òÓ˚#£ v˛zmylfl˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ÌyÑ˛ú
!üÎ˚yúî£ ˆfi›˛üòñ îu˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏòƒÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ãDú Óy xy®yõyˆÏòÓ˚ m#˛ô˛ô%O– Ñ˛yì˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yì˛yˆÏÓ˚
õy £yÓ˚yˆÏòy ¢hs˛yòñ ˛ô%e£yÓ˚y !˛ôì˛y ¶˛#Ó˚ ¶˛#v˛¸ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ˆ¢!îˆÏòÓ˚ òÓ!ò!õ≈ì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛– ì˛yÓ˚y
ˆÏö˛ˆÏú ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú õyäÈ¶˛Ó˚y ˛ô%Ñ%˛Ó˚›˛yñ ÎyÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ ÓˆÏ¢ fl˛∫ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ !õ!›˛Ç £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
ÎyÓ˚y !äÈˆÏúò Óylfl˛â%˛ƒì˛ x¢£yÎ˚ õyò%°Ï– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ õ%˝ˆÏì˛≈ ˆîü!Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚
ö˛ˆÏú ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ ÓˆÏfl˛f Á˛ôyÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ~˛ôyÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú xy¢ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Ó˝
õyò%°–Ï ˆÓ§ˆâÏ ˛ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢yõyòƒ xÓú¡∫ò›%˛Ñ%˛Á ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ !äÈúòy ì˛yÓ˚y£z ~ˆÏ¢ !¶˛v˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ úyÜˆÏúò
~£z xM˛ÈˆÏú– ~£z òÓÜ!‡˛ì˛ v˛zmylfl˛ xM˛ÈˆÏú ì§˛yÓ˚y Ö%§ˆÏã ˆ˛ôˆÏúò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óy¢¶)˛!õ– ã#ÓˆÏò
ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ ÌyÑ˛ÓyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢hs˛yò ¢hs˛!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó§y!â˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy– ˆ¢!îˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢£z Ó!ú‹T
ˆòì,˛c Î!î ˆ¢!îò ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ~£z xM˛ÈúˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛iyÎ˚# v˛zmylfl˛ xM˛Èú !£¢yˆÏÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úÓyÓ˚
≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹Ty òy â˛yúyì˛ñ ì˛y £ˆÏú ˆ¢!îˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ¢Ñ˛ú x¢£yÎ˚ v˛zmylfl˛ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏÜƒ !Ñ˛
á›˛ˆÏì˛y ãy!òòy– ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆÎ v˛zîÓylfl˛ ¢õ¢ƒy ˆîÖy !îúñ ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú xˆÏòÑ˛ òyÓ˚#
Óy¢fl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓ Á ≤Ãì˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãì˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ xy◊Î˚ !òˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £ú– !Ó!¶˛ß¨
≤Ã!ì˛ì˛yúˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ â˛úú òyòy xõyò%!°ÏÑ˛ì˛y xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚–
ˆîü ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy £ˆÏúÁ õ%¢!úõ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ Üyı˛#Ó˚
¶˛_´ Á ¢õÌ≈Ñ˛ !äÈˆÏúò– õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúòõ%Ö# Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !ì˛!ò ÓúˆÏì˛ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛
246 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ˆîü¶˛yÜ ≠ òyÓ˚# ÓM˛ÈòyÓ˚ !â˛e ÈÙÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xò%¢ı˛yò
¢y!Óe#ñ ¢#ì˛yñ îÎ˚õ!hs˛ñ ôÔ˛ôî# ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏòñ ÎyˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y !Ó!›˛üˆÏîÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&k˛yâ˛Ó˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– õ%¢!úõ òyÓ˚#Ó˚y ¢ì˛#ñ ¢#ì˛yñ ¢y!Óe# ˆÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyîü≈ òyÓ˚#
!£¢yˆÏÓ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏì˛y òy– ì˛yÓ˚y õy xy!õòyñ !Ó!Ó ö˛ˆÏì˛õy Á õ!Ó˚Î˚õˆÏÑ˛v˛z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyîü≈
!£¢yˆÏÓ Üòƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛y– õ%¢!úõ òyÓ˚#Ó˚y ÎÖò Á˛ôyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛zmylfl˛ !ü!ÓˆÏÓ˚
ÎÖò xy◊Î˚ !òˆÏúòñ ì˛Öò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã#Óò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÖúy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ~ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ î%‹Tâ˛ˆÏe´Ó˚
Óƒ!_´ÓÜ≈–
~Ñ˛!îò ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ó !äÈú ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢Ó ˆö˛ˆÏú â˛ˆÏú xy¢y x¢£yÎ˚ ˆ¢£z ¢Ñ˛ú
!äÈß¨õ)ú õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !¶˛!Ö!Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ î%î≈üy Ñ˛y!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛yhs˛¶˛yˆÏÓ£z xyd!ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶˛≈Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢¡ô)í≈¶˛yˆÏÓ£z !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹TyÎ˚ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆîÖy
ÎyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ î,‹Tyhs˛ Ö%Ó£z !ÓÓ˚ú–
ÎyÓ˚y ÷ï% !îˆÏÎ˚£z ˆÜˆÏúòñ ˆ˛ôˆÏúò òy !Ñ˛ä%È£zñ ì˛yÓ˚y£z ~ˆÏ¢ !¶˛v˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ úyÜˆÏúò
!üÎ˚yúî£ ≤’y›˛ö˛õ≈ Á ˛ôyŸª≈Óì˛≈# ˆãúy=!úˆÏì˛– 1947 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ 15£z xyÜfi›˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚
ˆ¢£z ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ˆáy°ÏòyÓ˚ õ%£)ˆÏì˛≈£z ˆîü¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ Î%˛ôÑ˛yˆÏ¤˛£z Ó!ú £ˆÏúò ˛ô)Ó≈ÓˆÏDÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛
!£®% x!ïÓy¢#Ó˚y– ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ â˛úˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ xÑ˛Ìƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÎÔò
!òÎ≈yì˛òñ ˛ô)Ó≈ÓˆÏDÓ˚ ˆÎ !£®%ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓîyò !äÈú =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõñ
ì˛yÓ˚y£z ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏúò áÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ñ ¢¡ô)í≈ !òãfl˛∫ xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ òì%˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚– ~§Ó˚y v˛zmylfl˛ñ
õyÌyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ äÈyv˛z!ò ˆò£zñ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛Ó˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ¢Ω˛Óòy ˆò£z–
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ¢õy˛ôò# õhs˛ˆÏÓƒ v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛Ìy Óúy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ òyÓ˚#Ó˚y !Ó!¶˛ß¨
˛ôeÈÙÈ˛ô!eÑ˛y ¢¡ôyîòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ì%˛ˆÏú ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò
Ó˝˛ô)Ó≈Ñ˛yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– ì˛Ó% òyÓ˚# Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy õ%_´ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~˛ôyÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚
~ÓÇ Á˛ôyÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ôyîòy Ó˝˛ô!eÑ˛y ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ xyãÁ £ˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈñ
Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ¢õ¢ƒy ÓîˆÏúˆÏäÈñ òì%˛òˆÏîÓ˚ xò%õ!ì˛ ˆîÎ˚!ò ¢õyãñ ˆ¢£z Óyàyú# ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y
xyã ¢Ó ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD úv˛¸y£z Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ òyòy
≤ÃyˆÏhs˛– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ_yÓ˚ ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ˆÓ~v˛¸ˆÏäÈ Ó˝=ò–
ˆ¢=!ú Î%ˆÏÜ Î%ˆÏÜ ¢õÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈ–
òÓƒ ≤ÃãˆÏß√Ó˚ Î%ÓÑ˛ÈÙÈÎ%Óì˛# ÎyÓ˚y ~ÖyˆÏò ãß√@˘Ã£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢£z ¢Ó
Ñ˛õ≈ÎK˛ ˆîÖÓyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!òñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÓyG˛yˆÏòy ÎyˆÏÓ ˆÎ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚£z
˛ô)Ó≈˛ô%Ó˚&°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ xÑœ˛yhs˛ Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~ÓÇ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ˆòì,˛Ó,ˆÏ®Ó˚ ¢%!â˛!hs˛ì˛ ~ÓÇ Ó!ú‹T
ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú£z ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú ~£z v˛zmylfl˛ v˛z˛ô!òˆÏÓü– fl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚ ˆ¢£z ¢Ñ˛ú Óƒ!_´ˆÏîÓ˚
Ñ˛õ≈≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹TyÓ˚ ö˛¢úˆÏÑ˛ !›˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖÓyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚Á ¢%®Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úÓyÓ˚ îy!Î˚c ~£z òì%˛ò
≤ÃãˆÏß√Ó˚£–z xyÓ˚ ˆ¢›˛y ¢Ω˛Ó ~£z fl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢õc ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛#ì˛Ó˚ ˆ¢Ôºyì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚
ˆõúÓı˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ£z–
ˆîü¶˛yÜ ≠ òyÓ˚# ÓM˛ÈòyÓ˚ !â˛e ÈÙÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xò%¢ı˛yò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 247
¢)e!òˆÏî≈ü ≠
1– !ÓòˆÏÎ˚wˆÏõy£ò ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#ñ Ú!Ó¶˛_´ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Û !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# @˘Ãys˛iyúÎ˚ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ xy°Ïyë˛¸ñ
1365–
2– ˛ô%úÑ˛ â˛®ñ ÚòyÓ˚# !ÓŸªÛ Üyà!â˛úñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 700111ñ 2008–
3– Óy˛ô# ˆîñ Úòî#Î˚y ˆãúyÓ˚ v˛zmylfl˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÛ S1947ÈÙÈ55Vñ Ú£z!ì˛£y¢ xò%¢ı˛yòÈÙÈ7Û
ÈÙÈ ˆÑ˛.!˛ô. ÓyÜâ˛# ~[˛˛ ˆÑ˛yÇñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 1õ ≤ÃÑ˛yü 1993–
4– xyüyúì˛y ˆ¢òñ Úˆ¢Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÛÈÙÈÑ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ ˆö˛Ó&Î˚yÓ˚# ÈÙÈ 1996–
5– ÎˆÏüyïÓ˚y ÓyÜâ˛#ñ Representing Nationalism : idealogy of Matherhood
in Colonial Bengal, in Economic and Political weekly, October
1990.
Ó˚Ó#wÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈#Ñ˛yˆÏú Ó˚Ó#wÑ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃõˆÏâ˛ì˛òyñ

Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ {ŸªÓ˚!ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî ãy!òˆÏÎ˚
~ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÌâ˛úy ÷Ó˚&– xÓüƒ xyï%!òÑ˛
Ñ˛!ÓˆÏîÓ˚ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z Ó˚Ó#wÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏm°Ï# !äÈˆÏúò òy– ~£z
ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ xòƒì˛õ Ñ˛!Ó x!õÎ˚ â˛e´Óì˛≈#ñ !Î!ò ˆäÈy›˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Ó˚Ó#wÈÙÈ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xò%Ó˚yÜ#– !ì˛!ò
¢õˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈx¢õˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈî%É¢õˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆfl˛¨ˆÏ£Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈
úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˜üüÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔÓˆÏòÓ˚ |°ÏyúˆÏ@¿
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ≤ÃÖÓ˚ Óƒ!_ć Á !ÓŸªÖƒyì˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚
¢y!ß¨ïƒúy¶˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò Ü¶˛#Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ–
Ó˚Ó#wÈÙÈ¢y!ß¨ˆÏïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãÜÍ Á ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈò–
ì˛y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ˛ôy!Ó˚˛ôy!Ÿª≈Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yñ ¢õyã ˆâ˛ì˛òyñ
õyòÓˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ î,!‹TˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~
x!õÎ˚ â˛e´Óì˛#≈Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòyÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò xòƒyòƒ xyï%!òÑ˛ Ñ˛!ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏDÁ ˆõˆÏú
ì˛y˛ô¢ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚îyÓ˚ òy– fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óî,!‹Tñ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒÈÙÈãÜÍ–
õ)úƒ ≠ 130˘ ›˛yÑ˛y ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒÈÙÈÑ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wÈÙÈ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ¢Ó≈îy òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ
ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !äÈú xyã#Óò–
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó x!õÎ˚ â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ !â˛hs˛yÈÙÈ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚
ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó!â˛e ≤Ã¢DˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò ˆúÖÑ˛–
˜Ó£èÓ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ ◊#˛õyê˛ ◊#á[˛

!üï˛y°# !ÓŸªy§*
Ü˛yˆÏê˛yÎ˚y ¢•Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ 6 !Ü˛.!ü. ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏü xÓ!fliï˛ Ó˚yì˛¸ÓˆÏDÓ˚ xhsˇà≈ï˛ ˛õy![˛ï˛ƒñ Ü˛!Óc
Ä ˜Ó£èÓ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ xöƒï˛ü fliyö ◊#á[˛– ˜öˆÏÓˆÏòƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ fliy!˛õï˛ !ü!‹TˆÏÜ˛ Ó°y •Î˚ á[˛–
xö%Ó˚*˛õû˛yˆÏÓ ~•z xM˛ÈˆÏ°Ó˚ á[˛=!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ~!ê˛ ˆ◊¤˛ •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ~•z @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ öyü •Î˚ ◊#á[˛–
xyÓyÓ˚ ~•z @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ x!ô¤˛ye# ≤Ãyã˛#ö ¢y_´ˆÏòÓ# ÚáˆÏ[˛ŸªÓ˚#Û– @ˇÃyü ˆòÓ# ÚáˆÏ[˛ŸªÓ˚#ÛÈÙÈÓ˚ öyˆÏüÄ
@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ öyü ◊#á[˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓöy ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏÜ˛ ◊#á[˛ˆÏÜ˛ ˜Óòƒá[˛ ÓˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚
!òˆÏï˛ö ˜Ó£èÓÓ˚y– í˛z_Ó˚ Ó˚yì˛¸ xM˛ÈˆÏ°Ó˚ SxÌ≈yÍ ◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚V ˜ÓòƒÓ˚y ÎˆÏÌ‹T ≤Ãû˛yÓ¢y°# !åÈ°–
!ÓòƒyÎ˚ Ó%!k˛ˆÏï˛ ˜ÓòƒÓ˚y §üyˆÏç x@ˇÃàîƒ !åÈ°–1
◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˜Ó£èÓ ˙!ï˛•ƒ ˆÓ¢ ≤Ãyã˛#ö– ≤ÃyÎ˚ myò¢ÈÙÈeˆÏÎ˚yò¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ ˛õsiòy§ Ä Ó˚yâÓ
ˆ§ö öyˆÏü ˜Óòƒ ÓÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ ò%•z Ü,˛!ï˛ ÓÇ¢ôÓ˚ ◊#áˆÏ[˛ ~ˆÏ§ Ó§Óy§ ÷Ó˚& Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ÓÕ‘y° ˆ§ˆÏöÓ˚
≤Ãôyö ˆ§öy˛õ!ï˛ ˛õsiòy§ Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏÓ˚y SÓô%òy§ñ öyÓ˚yÎ˚îñ ü%Ü%˛®§ öÓ˚•!Ó˚ ≤Ãü%áV
!åÈˆÏ°ö ˛õÓ˚ü ˜Ó£èÓ– xyÓ˚ Ó˚yâÓ ˆ§ˆÏöÓ˚ ÓÇ¢ôÓ˚ òyˆÏüyòÓ˚ ˆ§ö !åÈˆÏ°ö ≤Ã!§k˛ ¢y_´–
òyˆÏüyòÓ˚ ˆ§öÄ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#Ü˛yˆÏ° ˜Ó£èÓ ôü≈ @ˇÃ•î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– xˆÏöˆÏÜ˛ üˆÏö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö Ó˚yç Ü˛ü≈ã˛yÓ˚#
Ä ≤Ã!§k˛ ˛õòÜ˛ï˛≈y òyˆÏüyòÓ˚ ˆ§ö ~ÓÇ ÎˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚yç áyö ~Ü˛•z Óƒ!_´–2 !ï˛!ö ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ Ó˚yç
òÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ÎˆÏ¢yÓ˚yç áyö í˛z˛õy!ô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö ~ÓÇ fl∫Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ÚÜ,˛£èüD°Û Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ §¡Àyê˛
‡ˆÏ§ö ¢yˆÏ•Ó˚ öyü í˛zˆÏÕ‘á Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï Ó§hsˇ ˆ§ö ÚÓ˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Û í˛z˛õy!ô
˛õyö–3 ï˛y•z ◊#áˆÏ[˛ ~áˆÏöy Ó˚yÎ˚ñ §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ Ä ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ ˛õò!ÓôyÓ˚# ˜ÓòƒÓ˚y ˆÓ¢ ≤Ãû˛yÓ¢y°#–
òyˆÏüyòÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏöÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü í˛z_˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöƒy_Ó˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ˛õòÜ˛ï˛≈y ˆày!Ó®òy§ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚
≤ÃÌü ç#ÓˆÏö ¢y_´ üï˛yÓ°¡∫# •ˆÏ°Ä ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#Ü˛yˆÏ° ◊#!öÓy§ Ä Óí˛¸û˛y•z Ó˚yüã˛w Ü˛!ÓÓ˚yˆÏçÓ˚
≤Ãû˛yˆÏÓ !ï˛!ö ˜Ó£èÓ ôü≈ @ˇÃ•î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– Ó˚yüˆÏày˛õy° òyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÚÓ˚§Ü˛“ÓÕ‘#Û Ä û˛Ó˚ï˛
ü!Õ‘ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ Úã˛w≤Ãû˛yÛ S1675V öyê˛ˆÏÜ˛ ◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!§!k˛Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy çyöy ÎyÎ˚–ÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ
Ú◊#á[˛ öyü öàÓ˚# Ó˚yˆÏì˛¸ ÓˆÏD£Ï% !Ó◊&ï˛y–
§Ó≈£ÏyˆÏüÓ ˜Óòƒöyüy◊ˆÏÎ˚y Îe !ÓòƒˆÏï˛––ÛÛ4
˜Ó£èÓ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ü•yˆÏÜ˛w ◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ xöƒï˛ü ˙!ï˛•ƒ •° ˜Ó£èÓ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õM˛È¢yáyÓ˚
˜Ó£èˆÏÓÓ˚ °#°yû)˛!ü– Ü,˛£èÓ˚yç Ü˛!ÓÓ˚yç ~•z ˛õM˛È¢yáyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ
ÚÚá[˛Óy§# ◊#ü%Ü%˛® ◊#Ó˚â%ö®ö–
öÓ˚•!Ó˚ !ã˛Ó˚O#Ó xyÓ˚ §%ˆÏ°yã˛ö––
*àˆÏÓ£ÏÜ˛ñ ÓyÇ°y !Óû˛yàñ û˛y£Ïyû˛Óö !ÓŸªû˛yÓ˚ï˛#

˜Ó£èÓ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ ◊#˛õyê˛ ◊#á[˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 249
~•z §Ó ü•y¢yáy ˆàÔÓ˚ Ü,˛˛õyôyü–

ˆ≤Ãüú˛° ú%˛° Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎÑy•y ïÑ˛y•y òyö––ÛÛ5
ü•¡øò ¢y•# ÓÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ §%°ï˛yö ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªÓ˚ Ó˚Ü%˛ö%j#ö ÓyÓ˚ÓÜ˛ ¢yˆÏ•Ó˚ !ã˛!Ü˛Í§Ü˛ xyÎ˚%ˆÏÓ≈òyã˛yÎ≈
˛õ![˛ï˛ !åÈˆÏ°ö öyÓ˚yÎ˚î òy§ Óy öÓöyÓ˚yÎ˚î §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚– !ï˛!ö ˛õsiòyˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï !åÈˆÏ°ö–6
ˆàÔˆÏí˛¸ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §û˛yÜ˛!Ó Ü,˛!_Óy§ Äé˛y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏÓƒ Ó˚yçòÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xöƒ §û˛y§òˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD
öyÓ˚yÎ˚î §Ó˚Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Ä öyü í˛zˆÏÕ‘á Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ
ÚÚÓ˚yçyÓ˚ í˛y!•ˆÏö xyˆÏåÈ ˛õye çàyö®–
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏåÈ Ó§ƒy xyˆÏåÈ Óy·˛î §%ö®––
ÓyˆÏüˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛òyÓ˚ áÑy í˛y!•ˆÏö öyÓ˚yÎ˚î–
˛õye!üe §• Ó˚yçy ˛õ!Ó˚•yˆÏ§ üö––ÛÛ7
öyÓ˚yÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ï˛ö ˛õ%e !åÈ°ñ Óí˛¸ !åÈˆÏ°ö ü%Ü%˛® òy§ñ üôƒü üyôÓ S˜Ï¢¢ˆÏÓ•z ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ°yÜ˛àï˛V Ä
Ü˛!ö¤˛ ˛õ%e öÓ˚•!Ó˚ §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚– §%˛õ![˛ï˛ñ û˛!_´¢yflf!Óò Ä §%!ã˛!Ü˛Í§Ü˛ ü%Ü%˛®òy§ ˆàÔí˛¸Ó˚yç
‡ˆÏ§ö ¢yˆÏ•Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜ÏÓòƒ !åÈˆÏ°ö– xÜ˛yˆÏ° !˛õï,˛!ÓˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî !ï˛!ö §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ühflÏ
òy!Î˚c ˛õy°ö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– !ï˛!ö ü•y≤Ãû%˛Ó˚ ~Ü˛!ö¤˛ û˛_´ !åÈˆÏ°ö– xyç#Óö Ó·˛ã˛yÓ˚# ˆÌˆÏÜ˛
ˆàÔÓ˚yˆÏDÓ˚ ˆ§ÓyÎ˚ ç#Óö í˛zÍ§à≈ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏ° ü•y≤Ãû%˛•z ïÑ˛yˆÏÜ˛ ÓÑyôy !òˆÏÎ˚ §Ç§yÓ˚ ç#Óö
˛õy°ö Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°ö– ü%Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ Ü,˛£èˆÏ≤ÃˆÏü ü%?˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛öƒ ÓˆÏ°öÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ
Úû˛_´àˆÏî Ü˛ˆÏ• §%ö ü%Ü%˛ˆÏ®Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãü–
!öü≈° !öà)ì˛¸ ˆ≤Ãü ˆÎö ÷k˛ ˆ•ü––
ÓyˆÏ•ƒ Ó˚yç˜ÏÓòƒ •zˆÏ•Ñy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yç ˆ§Óy–
xhsˇˆÏÓ˚ Ü,˛£èˆÏ≤Ãü •z•y çy!öˆÏÓÜ˛ ˆÜ˛Óy––ÛÛ8
˜ÓÓy!•Ü˛ ç#Óö @ˇÃ•î Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ä !ï˛!ö ~Ü˛!ö¤˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ü,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ §yôö û˛çö Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ö–
◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Óí˛¸í˛yDy @ˇÃyˆÏü ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §yôöˆÏÓò# !åÈ°– ˆ¢£Ï ÓÎ˚ˆ§Ï !ï˛!ö ü•y≤Ãû˛% Ó˚ xyˆÏòˆÏ¢ ö#°yã˛ˆÏ°
Ó§Óy§ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ö– xyÓ˚ ü%Ü%˛®˛õ%e Ó˚â%ö®ö Ä öÓ˚•!Ó˚ ◊#á[˛ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛•z ˜Ó£èÓ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ Ä
≤Ã§yÓ˚ âê˛yö– Úxöhsˇ§Ç!•ï˛yÛñ Ú◊#û˛_´üy°Ûñ Ú˜Ó£èÓyã˛yÓ˚ ò˛õ≈îÛñ ÚˆàÔÓ˚àˆÏîyˆÏj¢ò#!˛õÜ˛yÛ
•zï˛ƒy!ò @ˇÃsi ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ çyöy ÎyÎ˚ ü%Ü%˛® òy§ ÓçôyˆÏü Ú◊#Ó,®yˆÏòÓ#Û !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !åÈˆÏ°ö–
~•z Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yÓ˚ û˛çöfliyö Óí˛¸í˛yDyˆÏÜ˛ ◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˜Ó£èÓÓ˚y !mï˛#Î˚ Ó,®yÓö ÓˆÏ°ö–9 !ï˛!ö
◊#áˆÏ[˛•z ˆò•ï˛ƒyà Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö–
◊#˜ã˛ï˛öƒˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛Ó˚ ÚˆàÔÓ˚öyàÓ˚Óyò# û˛yÓÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÓï˛≈Ü˛ öÓ˚!•Ó˚ §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚
!åÈˆ°
Ï ö ◊#˛õyê˛ ◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ xöƒï˛ü ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y– ˆàÔÓ˚yˆÏDÓ˚ ö!òÎ˚y °#°yÎ˚ àòyôÓ˚ Ä !öï˛ƒyöˆÏ®Ó˚
§ˆÏD öÓ˚•!Ó˚Ä !åÈˆÏ°ö !öï˛ƒ§D#– ˛õ)Ó≈°#°yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ÓˆÏçÓ˚ üô%üï˛# §á# !åÈˆÏ°ö– Ú˛õp˛õ%Ó˚yîÛ
üˆÏï˛ñ ◊#Ü,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ ˆày!˛õî#ˆÏòÓ˚ xöƒï˛üy !åÈˆ° Ï ö üô%üï˛# §á#– à#ï˛ÈÙÈÓyˆÏòƒ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ö#ñ üô%Óy˚ °y˛õ
ã˛yï%˛Ó˚y !çˆÏï˛!wÎ˚ !¢ˆÏÓy˚ ü!î ~•z üô%üï˛# ˛õ%‹õã˛Î˚öñ ã˛yüÓ˚òyöñ üô%òyñ ≤Ã§yôö Ó#çö ≤Ãû˛, !ï˛Ó˚
250 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ˜Ó£èÓ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ ◊#˛õyê˛ ◊#á[˛
myÓ˚y öyöy û˛yˆÏÓ ◊#Ü,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ Î%à°ˆÏ§Óy Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ö–10 öÓ˚!•Ó˚Ä ˆàÔÓ˚yDˆÏÜ˛ öyàÓ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏÓ üô%üï˛#Ó˚
üˆÏï˛y ˆÏàÔÓ˚yˆÏDÓ˚ ˛õòˆÏ§Óy Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ö– öÓ˚•!Ó˚Ó˚ ~•z üô%üï˛#ï˛_¥ Ä û˛!_´Ó˚ ü!•üy ≤ÃÜ˛y¢
Ü˛Ó˚yˆÏöyÓ˚ çöƒ !öï˛ƒyö® ≤Ãû%˛ §˛õy£Ï≈ò ◊#áˆÏ[˛ ~ˆÏ§ öÓ˚•!Ó˚Ó˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ üô%˛õyˆÏöÓ˚ •zFåÈy ≤ÃÜ˛y¢
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– öÓ˚•!Ó˚ à,• !öÜ˛ê˛fli ˛õ%Ü%˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ç° ~ˆÏö ˆòö !Ü˛v !öï˛ƒyö® ï˛y üô% Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˛õyö
Ü˛ˆÏÓö˚ ˆ§•z ˆÏÌˆÏÜ˛ ~•z ˛õ%Ü˛% ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ öyü •Î˚ üô%üï˛# ˛õ%‹Ò!Ó˚î#– ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ §yôö û˛çˆÏöÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛
öÓ˚•!Ó˚ ˆàÔÓ˚öyàÓ˚#û˛yÓ §yôöyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãü ÓöƒyÎ˚ xöƒˆÏòÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy ò)Ófl˚ yi ö fl∫ÎÇ˚ ˆàÔÓ˚yD Ä !öï˛ƒyö®
ˆüy!•ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%°!Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö–11
Ó˚yì˛¸ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î çöàˆÏîÓ˚ hflÏˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°Ô!Ü˛Ü˛ Ä ï˛y!sfÜ˛ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ° ≤Ãû˛yÓ xyˆÏåÈ–
◊#á[˛ @ˇÃyˆÏü•z ~Ü˛§üÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ≤Ãyôyöƒ !åÈ°– ◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏÜ˛ !Óáƒyï˛ §Ó ï˛y!sfÜ˛
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yö xyˆÏåÈ– ÎÌy ÈÙÈ «˛#Ó˚@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ÚˆÎyàƒòyÛñ ˆÜ˛ï%˛@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ÚÓ‡°yÛñ xR•yˆÏ§ƒ Úú%˛Õ‘Ó˚yÛñ
üy!é˛@ˇÃyüñ í˛zçy!öñ üD°ˆÏÜ˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ú¢yÜ˛Ω˛Ó˚#Û Ä ºyüÓ˚#Ó˚ ÚüD°ã˛[˛#Û–12 xyÓ˚ ◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚
!û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚•z í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Úxöy!ò!°D !¢ÓÛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏü Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ @ˇÃyüƒ ˆòÓ# ÚáˆÏ[˛ŸªÓ˚#Û
Ü˛y!°Ü˛y xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛!òˆÏÜ˛ ü%Ü%˛®ñ öÓ˚•!Ó˚ Ä Ó˚â%ö®ˆÏöÓ˚ û˛çöfliyö Óí˛¸í˛yDy– öÓ˚•!Ó˚ Ä
Ó˚â%ö®ˆÏöÓ˚ §yôöyÎ˚ ï˛y!sfÜ˛ §yôöyÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ !Ü˛å%Èê˛y •ˆÏ°Ä !åÈ°– ~ÑˆÏòÓ˚ xö%Óï˛≈# ˆ°yÜ˛yö®
Ä ˆ°yã˛öyöˆÏ®Ó˚ §yôöyÎ˚ ï˛y!sfÜ˛ §•ç§yôöyÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy xˆÏöÜ˛ ˆÓ!¢ flõ‹T– öÓ˚•!Ó˚ Ä ˆ°yã˛öyö®
Ó˚yàyö%ày Óy Ó˚yày!dÜ˛y û˛çö ˛õk˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yôyû˛yÓ Ä öyàÓ˚û˛yÓ ~Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
ˆ°yÜ˛yö® !Ó!ôüyˆÏà≈ ˆàÔÓ˚yˆÏDÓ˚ í˛z˛õy§öyÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆ°yÜ˛yö® û˛!_´ã˛!wÜ˛y
@ˇÃˆÏsi ˆÎ ï˛y!sfÜ˛ ˛õpü[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛öy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö åÈÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî !åÈ° ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöƒÓ˚ åÈÎ˚ çö ≤Ãôyö
˛õyŸª≈˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛Ó˚ SàòyôÓ˚ ˛õ![˛ï˛ñ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ òyˆÏüyòÓ˚ ≤Ãü%áV–13 öÓ˚!•Ó˚Ó˚ ˜Ó£èÓ ˛õòyÓ!° Ó˚ã˛öyÎ˚
ã˛[˛#òyˆÏ§Ó˚ û˛yÓ Ä û˛y£Ïy ≤ÃÓ° ≤Ãû˛yÓ !åÈ°–14 ˆàÔÓ˚öyàÓ˚ û˛yÓÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §yôÜ˛ öÓ˚•!Ó˚ ◊#Ü,˛£è
Ä ˆàÔÓ˚yDˆÏÜ˛ x!û˛ß¨ ˆçˆÏöÄ ◊#Ü,˛£è xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆàÔÓ˚yDˆÏÜ˛•z x!ôÜ˛ï˛Ó˚ §yôöy Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ö–
!ï˛!ö xˆÏöÜ˛ ˆàÔÓ˚!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛ ˛õòÄ !°ˆÏá!åÈˆÏ°ö– ÎÌyÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ
ÚÚˆòá ˆòá xˆÏày û%˛ÓöˆÏüy•ö ˆàÔÓ˚yDÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ åÈê˛y–
!Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ ôÓ˚yôÓ˚ ˆï˛!çÎ˚y ôÓ˚î# í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ !Óç%Ó˚# âê˛y––
!Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ !öÓ˚ü° üDÓ˚ Ü˛öÜ˛ÈÙÈÜ˛ü° Ü˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚y!¢–
!Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ x!ï˛¢Î˚ ü!jï˛ !Óü° ã˛yÓ˚& ˆàyˆÏÓ˚yã˛öyÓ˚y!¢––ÛÛ
S129 öÇ ˛õòV15
xÌÓy
ÚÚ!Ü˛ Ü˛Ó fl∫˛õˆÏö Ü˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚•y§ Ü˛!Ó˚ ˆày
Ó˚!§Ü˛ ˆ¢áÓ˚ ˆüyÓ˚ ˆàyÓ˚y–
!Ü˛Óy ˆ§ öÎ˚ö ÓÑyÜ˛y ã˛y•!ö !Ó£Ïü ˆày
ç#ÓöÈÙÈˆÎÔÓöôöÈÙÈˆã˛yÓ˚y––ÛÛ S139öÇ ˛õòV16
~•zû˛yˆÏÓ öÓ˚!•Ó˚ ï˛Ìy ◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ xöƒyöƒ ˜Ó£èÓ Ü˛!ÓÓ˚y ˛õòyÓ!° §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ çàÍˆÏÜ˛ í˛zÍÜ˛£Ï≈
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– ï˛ˆÏÓ öÓ˚!•Ó˚Ó˚ ï˛y!sfÜ˛ ≤Ãû˛yÓ §¡õß¨ ÚˆàÔÓ˚öyàÓ˚#û˛yÓÛÈÙÈ~ xˆÏöˆÏÜ˛•z !ÓŸªy§#
!åÈˆÏ°ö öy– xöƒyöƒ ˜Ó£èÓ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üï˛ˆÏû˛ò ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z üï˛ˆÏû˛ò
xyÓ˚Ä flõ‹T •Î˚ ü•y≤Ãû˛% Ó˚ ç#ÓÍÜ˛yˆÏ° xÌ≈yÍ 1921 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó#˚ Ó˚ Ó˚ÌÎyeyÎ˚– ◊#˜Ïã˛ï˛ˆÏöƒÓ˚
xyK˛yÎ˚ xöƒyöƒ û˛_´Ó,®Ó˚y Îáö Ü,˛£è=îÈÙÈÜ˛#ï˛≈ö Ü˛Ó˚!åÈˆÏ°öñ ï˛áö ◊#á[˛ §¡±òyÎ˚ xöƒe
ˆàÔÓ˚yD =îÈÙÈÜ˛#ï˛≈ö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°öÈÙÈ ÙÈ
ÚÚáˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §¡±òyÎ˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xöƒe Ü˛#ï˛≈ö
öÓ˚•!Ó˚ öyˆÏã˛ ï˛y•y ◊#Ó˚â%ö®ö–ÛÛ17
Ó˚«˛î¢#° ˜ö!¤˛Ü˛ ˜Ó£èÓ §üyç öÓ˚•!Ó˚ Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xö%ã˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛öƒ §Çeýhsˇ Óyí˛¸yÓy!í˛¸
û˛yˆÏ°y ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆòˆÏáö!ö– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˜Ó£èÓ ôˆÏü≈ ÚÜ˛yhsˇyÛ Óy Ú≤ÃÜ˛, !ï˛û˛yÓÛÈÙÈ~ û˛çö ˆÜ˛Ó° öÓ˚•!Ó˚•z
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö!öñ fl∫Î˚Ç ˆàÔÓ˚§%®Ó˚ !öˆÏç•z ~•z ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛õ!ÌÜ˛ !åÈˆÏ°ö– àòyôÓ˚ ˛õ![˛ï˛Ä Ó˚yôyû˛yÓÈÙÈ~
û˛y!Óï˛!åÈˆÏ°ö– ï˛y•z ÓˆÏDÓ˚ ˜Ó£èÓ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ öÓ˚•!Ó˚ §¡±òyÎ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ Óƒ!ï˛e´ü# ö!çÓ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆàˆÏåÈö–
◊#˜Ïã˛ï˛ˆÏöƒÓ˚ Ü˛“ï˛Ó˚&Ó˚˛õM˛È¢yáyÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü ¢yáy ◊#Ó˚âö% ®ö ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚– ü%Ü˛% ® ˛õ%e Ó˚âö% ®ö
!åÈˆÏ°ö öÓ˚•!Ó˚Ó˚ ÚˆàÔÓ˚öyàÓ˚ û˛yÓÈÛÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎyàƒ í˛z_Ó˚§)!Ó˚– !¢÷Ü˛yˆÏ° Ó˚â%ö®ö à,•ˆÏòÓï˛y
Úˆày˛õ#öyÌÛ !Ó@ˇÃˆ•Ï Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛üyôü≈ ï˛ƒyà Ü˛!Ó˚Îy˚ «˛#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ öyí˛Y áy•zˆÎÏ !˚ åÈˆ°
Ï ö– ◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˛õyê˛Óy!í˛¸ˆïÏ ˛
~áˆÏöy ˆ§•z «˛#Ó˚ áyÄÎ˚y ˆày˛õ#öyˆÏÌÓ˚ ü)!ï˛≈ xyˆÏåÈ– üye xyê˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !ï˛!ö ü•y≤Ãû%˛ˆÏÜ˛
ÚˆàÔÓ˚ÈÙÈû˛yÓyü,ï˛Û ˆhflyÏ e myÓ˚y Ó®öy Ü˛ˆÏÓ!˚ åÈˆ° Ï ö– öÓ˚•!Ó˚Ó˚ xyò¢≈ xö%§Ó˚î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö x‹TÓ§˚
!§!k˛ °yû˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– !ï˛!ö ü•y≤Ãû%˛Ó˚ á%Ó !≤ÃÎ˚ ˛õye !åÈˆÏ°ö–18 Ó˚â%ö®öñ x!û˛Ó˚yü
ˆàyfl∫yü#Ó˚ üsf!¢£Ïƒ !åÈˆÏ°ö– ö,ï˛ƒñ à#ï˛ Ä Ü˛#ï˛≈ˆÏö ˛õyÓ˚ò¢≈# !åÈˆÏ°ö Ó˚â%ö®ö– ÓDˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆ◊¤˛ Ü˛#ï˛≈!öÎ˚y !•§yˆÏÓ Ó˚â%ö®ˆÏöÓ˚ ÎˆÏÌ‹T áƒy!ï˛ !åÈ°– ◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˛õM˛È¢yáyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛
˜ã˛ï˛öƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛Ó˚ !ã˛Ó˚O#Ó ˆ§ˆÏöÓ˚ xy!ò !öÓy§ !åÈ° ü%!¢≈òyÓyò ˆç°yÓ˚ ˆï˛!°Î˚yÓ%ô%!Ó˚ @ˇÃyˆÏü–
Ü˛!Ó òyˆÏüyòÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏöÓ˚ Ü˛öƒy §%ö®yˆÏÜ˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ◊#áˆÏ[˛ fliyÎ˚# Ó§Óy§ ÷Ó˚& Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö–
ü•y≤Ãû%˛Ó˚ §y«˛yÍ û˛_´ !ã˛Ó˚O#Ó ˆ§ö í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õòÜ˛ï˛≈y !åÈˆÏ°ö– §%ˆÏ°yã˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ç#Óö
Ó,ï˛yhsˇ §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï !Ü˛å%È çyöy ÎyÎ˚ öy– Ó˚yüˆÏày˛õy° òy§ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈöñ !ã˛Ó˚O#Ó Ä §%ˆÏ°yã˛ö
ò%•z û˛y•z !åÈˆ°Ï ö– Ü˛yˆÏÓy˚ üˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ)Ó≈y◊ˆÏü ã˛!wÜ˛y ~ÓÇ ã˛wˆÏ¢áÓ˚y öyˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !åÈˆ° Ï ö–
Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚y üˆÏï˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ö#°Ü˛t˛#Ä §%ˆÏ°yã˛öy Ü˛°yÓï˛#§á# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !åÈˆÏ°ö– 19
˜Ïã˛ï˛ˆÏöƒÓ˚ ç#ÓÍÜ˛yˆÏ° öÓ˚•!Ó˚ §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ ö#°yã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏà Sxyö%üy!öÜ˛ 1533

!áÉñ üï˛yhsˇÓ˚ ÌyÜ˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚V ◊#áˆÏ[˛ ÚˆàÔÓ˚yDÛ !Ó@ˇÃ• ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– ~•z ÚˆÏàÔÓ˚yDÛ
!Ó@ˇÃ• !åÈ° Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚– ~•z ◊#˛õyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö Ü%˛°ˆÏòÓï˛y !åÈˆÏ°ö x‹Tôyï%˛Ó˚ Úˆày˛õ#öyÌÛ– ~áyˆÏö
Óï˛≈üyˆÏö !ï˛ö ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ xyˆÏåÈ– í˛z_Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏåÈö ü%Ü%˛® ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õM˛Èü ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï
Ó˚!ï˛Ü˛yhsˇ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ÚüòöˆÏày˛õy° ç#í˛zÛñ ÚÓ˚yôyÓ˚yî#Û Ä Ú¢ƒyüÓ˚yÎ˚Ûñ xã%˛ƒï˛yö® ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ Sü%Ü%˛® ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ öÓü˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏV Ú°-#ÈÙÈöyÓ˚yÎ˚îÛñ ÚÓ˚yôyÈÙÈˆày!Ó®Ûñ Ú◊#ôÓ˚Ûñ Úˆày˛õy°Û

!Ó@ˇÃ• ~ÓÇ Ó˚â%ö®ˆÏöÓ˚ §%!ï˛Ü˛y à,ˆÏ•Ó˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ≤Ãï˛#Ü˛# à,• xyˆÏåÈ– üyˆÏé˛Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ü!®Ó˚
öÓ˚•!Ó˚ ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ û˛çöà,• !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~áyˆÏö Ó,®yÓö ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ÚüòöˆÏüy•öÛ
Ä ÚÓ˚yôyÓ˚yö#Û !Ó@ˇÃ• xyˆÏåÈ– ~•z Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ §üï˛° åÈyò !Ó!¢‹T öyê˛ü!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ öÓ˚•!Ó˚Ó˚
û˛çö Ü%˛!ë˛ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ ¢Îƒy ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˆÓò#Ó˚*˛õ xy§ö •zï˛ƒy!ò xyˆÏåÈ– üyˆÏé˛Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚
ÚüòöˆÏüy•öÛ Ä ÚÓ˚yôyÓ˚yö#Û í˛z_Ó˚Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ÚüòöˆÏày˛õy°ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §ü§yü!Î˚Ü˛ ÓˆÏ° üˆÏö Ü˛Ó˚y
•Î˚– ò!«˛î Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ü!®Ó˚ Úˆày!Ó® ç#í˛zÛÈÙÈÓ˚ ü!®Ó˚ !•§yˆÏÓ áƒyï˛– ~áyˆÏö Úˆày!Ó® ç#í˛zÛñ
Ú¢ƒyü§%®Ó˚Û Ä ÚÓ˚yôyÓ˚yö#Ûñ xyí˛¸y•z ú%˛ê˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÓ˚ ö!òÎ˚yöyàÓ˚ ÚˆàÔÓ˚yDÛ ü)!ï˛≈ Ä Ú!Ó£%è!≤ÃÎ˚yÛ
~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏê˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö Ó˚â%öyˆÏÌÓ˚ «˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ öyí˛Y áyÄÎ˚y Úˆày˛õ#öyÌÛ !Ó@ˇÃ• xyˆÏåÈ–
~áö xyüÓ˚y ◊#˛õyˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏ°•z ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ Úˆày˛õ#öyÌÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ xô≈û˛!«˛ï˛ öyí˛YÓ˚
~Ü˛!ê˛ !ã˛•´ xyˆÏåÈ– ÚˆàÔÓ˚yDÛÈÙÈÚ!Ó£%è!≤ÃÎ˚yÛÈÙÈÚˆày˛õ#öyÌÛ Óƒï˛#ï˛ xöƒyöƒ !Ó@ˇÃ•=!° !¢°y Óy
ôyï%˛Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚– ÚˆàÔÓ˚yDÈÛÈÙÈ!Ó£%è!≤ÃÎ˚yÛÈÙÈÚˆày˛õ#öyÌÛ !Ó@ˇÃ• !ï˛ö Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õy°y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§Óy
ˆöÎ˚– ~åÈyí˛¸y ò!«˛î Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ àyˆÏÎ˚•z ~Ü˛!ê˛ ÓÑyôyˆÏöy ˛õ%Ü%˛Ó˚ xyˆÏåÈ– ˆÎ!ê˛ Úüô%üï˛# ˛õ%‹Ò!Ó˚î#Û
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– °«˛î#Î˚ ~•z ˆÎ ~áyöÜ˛yÓ˚ Úˆày˛õ#öyÌÛ !Ó@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛yö ÚÓ˚yôyÓ˚yî#Û
ü)!ï˛≈ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚!ö–
◊#˛õyˆÏê˛ !öï˛ƒ !Ó@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆ§Óy ˛õ)çy •Î˚– §Ü˛yˆÏ° !Ó@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ çyàÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
flÿöñ ¢,DyÓ˚ñ ˛õ)çyñ xyÓ˚!ï˛ñ !ï˛öÓyÓ˚ ˆû˛yàÓ˚yàñ !ÓˆÏÜ˛ˆÏ° ˜ÓÜ˛y!°Ü˛ ˆû˛yàñ @ˇÃs˛i õyë˛ñ öyüàyöñ
Ü˛#ï˛≈ö §Ó!Ü˛å%È•z •Î˚– Óy°ƒˆÏû˛yˆÏà ú˛°ñ !ü!‹Tñ åÈyöyó ò%˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ û˛yçyñ öyöy ÓƒOöñ ˛õÓ˚üyß¨§•
xß¨ó !ÓˆÏÜ˛ˆÏ° ú˛°ñ !ü!‹Tó Ó˚yˆÏï˛ °%!ã˛ñ ò%ôñ «˛#Ó˚ñ åÈyöy •zï˛ƒy!ò ÌyˆÏÜ˛– Ü˛y!ï˛≈Ü˛ üyˆÏ§
!Ó@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï ˆ§Óy •Î˚– ~•z üyˆÏ§ ˛õÑyã˛ÓyÓ˚ !Ó@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆû˛yàÓ˚yà •Î˚– ~áyˆÏö !öï˛ƒˆÏ§Óy
˛õ)çyÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆòy°ñ é%˛°öñ Ó˚Ìñ Ó˚y§ñ çß√y‹Tü# ~ÓÇ üyâ#˛õM˛Èü# !ï˛!ÌˆÏï˛ Ó˚â%ö®ˆÏöÓ˚
çß√!ï˛!Ì ˛õy°ö Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ~•z ◊#˛õyˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ í˛zÍ§Ó Ü˛y!ï˛≈Ü˛# Ü,˛£èy
~Ü˛yò¢# !ï˛!ÌˆÏï˛ öÓ˚•!Ó˚ fløÓ˚î í˛zÍ§Ó Óy Óí˛¸í˛yD í˛zÍ§Ó– !ï˛ö!òö ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z í˛zÍ§Ó •Î˚–
~•z í˛zÍ§Ó!ê˛ ◊#á[˛ ˛õyê˛Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ Óí˛¸í˛yDyˆÏï˛ xö%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– Óí˛¸í˛yDy ü%Ü%˛®ñ öÓ˚•!Ó˚
Ä Ó˚â%ö®ˆÏöÓ˚ û˛çöfli° åÈyí˛¸yÄ Ó˚â%ö®ö Ä x!û˛Ó˚yü ˆàyfl∫yü#Ó˚ !ü°öfli° !•§yˆÏÓÄ áƒyï˛–
~•z !ü°ˆÏöÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ö,ï˛ƒÓ˚ï˛ Ó˚â%ö®ˆÏöÓ˚ ö%˛õ%Ó˚ !åÈê˛ˆÏÜ˛ ÎyÎ˚ Ü˛yˆÏê˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ xyÜ˛y•z•yˆÏê˛–
Óí˛¸í˛yDyˆÏï˛•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ~Ü˛§üÎ˚ ˆàÔÓ˚yˆÏDÓ˚ §ˆÏD öÓ˚•!Ó˚Ó˚ !ü°ö âˆÏê˛!åÈ°– í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒ ˆÎñ
öÓ˚•!Ó˚ !Óòƒyç≈ˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ öÓm#ˆÏ˛õ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– ˆ§•z §üˆÏÎ˚•z öÓ˚•!Ó˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆàÔÓ˚yˆÏDÓ˚
§y«˛yÍ •Î˚– Óí˛¸í˛yDyˆÏï˛•z öÓ˚•!Ó˚ §Ó˚Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôyö âˆÏê˛– öÓ˚•!Ó˚ !ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôyö !ï˛!Ì
!öˆÏÎ˚ öyöy üï˛ˆÏû˛ò xyˆÏåÈ– û˛!_´Ó˚byÜ˛Ó˚ÈÙÈ~ öÓ˚•!Ó˚ !ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôyˆÏöÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ !ï˛!ÌÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ÎÌy ÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ
ÚÚüyà≈¢#£Ï≈üyˆÏ§ Ü,˛£èy ~Ü˛yò¢#ÈÙÈ!òˆÏö–
xyÜ˛fløyÍ xò¢≈ö ˜•°y ~•záyˆÏö–ÛÛ20

xyÓyÓ˚ñ
ÚÚx@ˇÃ•yÎ˚ˆÏî Ü,˛£èy ~Ü˛yò¢# §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚–
ÎyÛˆÏï˛ xò¢≈ö ◊#ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ öÓ˚•!Ó˚––ÛÛ21
öÓ˚•!Ó˚ ã˛e´Óï˛≈# ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö àòyôÓ˚ òyˆÏ§Ó˚ !ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôyˆÏöÓ˚ !Ü˛å%È!òö ˛õˆÏÓ˚ öÓ˚•!Ó˚ üyÓ˚y
Îyö– ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ 1540†1541 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ öÓ˚•!Ó˚ §Ó˚Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yû˛yÓ âˆÏê˛–
Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚y üˆÏï˛ñ öÓ˚!•Ó˚ 1470 ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ 1550 !áfiê˛y∑ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ç#!Óï˛ !åÈˆÏ°ö–22 ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z
üˆÏö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö !ï˛!ö 1545 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚Ü˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ üyÓ˚y Îyö–23 Îy•z ˆ•yÜ˛ öÓ˚•!Ó˚Ó˚
≤ÃÌü !ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yû˛yÓ Óy!£Ï≈Ü˛# í˛zÍ§ˆÏÓ ◊#!öÓy§ xyã˛yÎ≈ xôƒ«˛ï˛y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– í˛zÍ§Ó •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°
◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆàÔÓ˚yD Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛– ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ xyç ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ~•z í˛zÍ§Ó Óí˛¸í˛yDyˆÏï˛•z
xö%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– ◊#!öÓy§ xyã˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ û˛yàÓï˛ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zÍ§Ó ÷Ó˚& •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
Ó#Ó˚û˛oñ Ó˚â%ö®ö Ä xöƒyöƒ !Ó!¢‹T ˜Ó£èÓÓ,ˆÏ®Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ˆÏÜ˛ üy°yÈÙÈã˛®ö òyöñ Ó˚y!eˆÏï˛
Ó˚âö% ®ö§• xöƒyöƒˆÏòÓ˚ §B˛#ï˛≈ö xö%¤˛yö– û˛!_´Ó˚byÜ˛Ó˚ÈÙÈ~ ~•z üô%Ó˚ Ä xyÜ˛£Ïî≈ #Î˚ Ü˛#ï˛≈ˆöÏ Ó˚
!ÓˆÏ¢£Ï Óî≈öy xyˆÏåÈ–ÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ
ÚÚÜ˛!Ó˚Î˚y xy°y˛õ Ó˚yà ≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚Î˚–
Ü˛!•ˆÏï˛ !Ü˛ÈÙÈÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ§Ôû˛yàƒ x!ï˛¢Î˚––
◊&!ï˛ñ fl∫Ó˚ñ @ˇÃyüñ ü)åÈ≈öyñ ï˛y°y!ò xyÓ˚–
àüÜ˛ ≤ÃˆÏû˛ò ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛üÍÜ˛yÓ˚––
... ... ...
§B˛#ï˛≈öÈÙÈ§%ˆÏáÓ˚ §ü%o í˛zÌ!°°–
˛õ÷ÈÙÈ˛õ«˛# üö%£ÏƒÈÙÈˆÏòÓy!ò ü%?˛ ˜•°––
§B˛#ï˛≈ö fliˆÏ°ˆÏï˛ ˆ°yˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ öy•z ˛õyÓ˚–
§ÓyÜ˛yÓ˚ ˆöˆÏe x◊&ôyÓ˚y x!öÓyÓ˚––ÛÛ24
÷ô% ï˛y•z öÎ˚ ~ Ü˛#ï˛≈ˆÏö Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚Ü˛!ê˛ ÓyòƒÎsfÄ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– öÓ˚•!Ó˚ !°áˆÏåÈöÈÙÈ ÙÈ Ù
ÈÚÚ!Ü˛Óy ˆ§ üô%Ó˚ éÑ˛yçÈÙÈÓyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ã˛yï%˛Ó˚#–
ÓyçyÎ˚ §%åÈˆÏ® ã˛yÓ˚&ñ áüÜ˛ñ áOÓ˚#–ÛÛ25
~•z §B˛#ï˛≈ˆÏö Ó#Ó˚û˛ˆÏoÓ˚ x˛õ)Ó≈ ö,ï˛ƒ ˆòˆÏá x˜Ïmï˛˛õ%e Ü,˛£è!ü◊ Ä ˆày˛õy°§• §Ü˛°
˜Ó£èÓàî x!û˛û)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ!˚ åÈˆ°Ï ö– ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ ü•yhsˇàˆÏîÓ˚ ö,ï˛ƒñ à#ï˛ Ä Ü˛#ï˛≈ˆöÏ Ó˚ !•ˆÏÕy‘ ˆÏ°Ó˚
xyd!Óflø,!ï˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ü˛yò¢# !ö!¢ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚– myò¢#Ó˚ !òö Úˆày˛õ#öyÌÛñ ÚˆàÔÓ˚yDÛ ≤Ãû%˛
Ä öÓ˚•!Ó˚ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ˆÏÜ˛ ˆû˛yà !öˆÏÓòö Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– !Ó@ˇÃ•ˆÏÜ˛ ≤Ãîyü ˛õ%‹õyâ≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ˆû˛yà
!öˆÏÓòö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ §Ü˛° û˛_´ !üˆÏ° ü•y≤Ã§yò @ˇÃ•î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ◊#!öÓy§
xyã˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ü•yí˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏà ~•z üˆÏ•yÍ§Ó !åÈ° ˜Ó£èÓ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ü•y§ˆÏ¡ø°ö– ÓˆÏDÓ˚
˜Ó£èÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚Ü˛ ò)Ó˚c Ä ˆÓ˚y£Ï ˆüê˛yˆÏï˛ ~!ê˛ !åÈ° xöÓòƒ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ≤ÃˆÏã˛‹Ty– xyÓ˚
ˆ§áyˆÏö çy!ï˛ÈÙÈôü≈ÈÙÈÓî≈ !ö!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï xÓy·˛î öÓ˚•!Ó˚Ó˚ !ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôyö üˆÏ•yÍ§ˆÏÓÓ˚ ~Ü˛y§ˆÏö ÓˆÏ§
≤Ã§yò áyÄÎ˚yÄ ~Ü˛ê˛y !Ó≤’ÓydÜ˛ âê˛öy– fløÓ˚î#Î˚ ˆÎ àòyôÓ˚ òyˆÏ§Ó˚ !ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôyö í˛zÍ§ˆÏÓ ~•z
ü•y≤Ã§yò @ˇÃ•ˆÏîÓ˚ âê˛öy!ê˛ âˆÏê˛!ö– ~•z üˆÏ•yÍ§ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ û˛yàÓï˛ ˛õyë˛ ˜Ó£èÓ §üyˆÏçÓ˚
x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ xˆÏD ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
Óï˛≈üyˆÏö ◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Óí˛¸í˛yDyÎ˚ üô%üï˛# §!ü!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zˆòÏ ƒyˆÏà SöÓ˚•!Ó˚Ó˚ Óï˛≈üyö ÓÇ¢ôÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚
myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ §!ü!ï˛V öÓ˚•!Ó˚Ó˚ !ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôyö í˛zÍ§Ó xö%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– û˛àyÓï˛ ˛õyë˛ñ öyüÈÙÈ§B˛#ï˛≈öñ
˛õy°yÜ˛#ï˛≈öñ Ó˚§Ü˛#ï˛≈öñ üy°§yˆÏû˛yà !öˆÏÓòöñ xß¨üˆÏ•yÍ§Ó ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛Ó˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zÍ§Ó
x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ÎˆÏK˛ŸªÓ˚ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚# ~•z í˛zÍ§Ó §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ !°ˆÏáˆÏö ÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ ÚÚ~•z üˆÏ•yÍ§ˆÏÓÓ˚
!ÓˆÏ¢£Ï xyÜ˛£Ï≈î •° !Ó!û˛ß¨ fliyö •ˆÏï˛ xyàï˛ Ü˛#ï˛≈ö#Î˚y ò° Ü˛ï,˛≈Ü˛ Ü˛#ï˛≈ˆÏö xÇ¢@ˇÃ•î–ÛÛ26
~•z üˆÏ•yÍ§Ó í˛z˛õ°ˆÏ«˛ƒ !ï˛ö!òö ~áyˆÏö ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˆü°y ÓˆÏ§– í˛zÍ§Ó í˛z˛õ°ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˛õyê˛Óy!í˛¸
ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ Óí˛¸í˛yDyˆÏï˛ Úˆày˛õ#öyÌÛ Ä ˆàÔÓ˚yDÛ !Ó@ˇÃ•ˆÏÜ˛ xyöy •Î˚– ≤Ãû˛y!ï˛ Ü˛#ï˛≈ö Ä öyü
ÎˆÏK˛Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü í˛zÍ§ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÷û˛yÓ˚Ω˛ âˆÏê˛– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆû˛yàÓ˚!ï˛ñ öyüÜ˛#ï˛≈öñ x!ôÓy§Ü˛#ï˛≈ö
•zï˛ƒy!ò •Î˚– !mï˛#Î˚ !òö ≤Ãû˛y!ï˛ Ü˛#ï˛≈öñ üD°yÓ˚!ï˛ñ !Ó@ˇÃ•ˆÏÜ˛ !ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ˆÏû˛yà !öˆÏÓòöñ û˛!_´@ˇÃsi
˛õyë˛ñ ˛õy°yÜ˛#ï˛≈ö xö%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– xyÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ !òö !Ó@ˇÃ• Ä ˆã˛Ô£Ï!R ü•yˆÏhsˇÓ˚ í˛zˆj
Ï ˆÏ¢ƒ ü•yˆÏû˛yà
!öˆÏÓòöñ Ó˚§Ü˛#ï˛≈öñ ˛õy°yÜ˛#ï˛≈ö ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ •Î˚– í˛zÍ§ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÚˆàÔÓ˚yDÛÈÙÈÚˆày˛õ#öyÌÛ xyÓyÓ˚
ã˛ï%˛ˆÏò≈y°yÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ ◊#˛õyˆÏê˛ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ö– ~•z í˛zÍ§ˆÏÓ ¢y!hsˇ˛õ%Ó˚ñ öÓm#˛õñ Ó#Ó˚û)˛!üñ Ü˛yˆÏê˛yÎ˚yñ
‡à!°ñ x@ˇÃm#˛õñ Îy!ç@ˇÃyü !Ó!û˛ß¨ çyÎ˚ày ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ xˆÏöÜ˛ ˜Ó£èÓàˆÏîÓ˚ §üyàü •Î˚– Óï˛≈üyˆÏö
ˆü°yÎ˚ ˜Ó£èÓôˆÏü≈Ó˚ à![˛ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Óyí˛z° àyö Ä ˆ°yÜ˛§D#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xy§Ó˚Ä ÓˆÏ§– ~•z í˛zÍ§Ó
ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!ÿ˛üÓˆÏDÓ˚ §ühflÏ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyöˆÏ®Ó˚ Ä !ü°ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zÍ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏFåÈ–
◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˜Ó£èÓ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓyÇ°yˆÏò¢ Óy û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˜Ó£èÓôˆÏü≈ Ä §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ï˛Ìy
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xû)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈ xÓòyö Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ÎÌyÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ
≤ÃÌü ≠ ◊#áˆÏ[˛ ~Ü˛y!ôÜ˛ Ü˛!Óñ ˛õòÜ˛ï˛≈y Ä ˜Ó£èÓ@ˇÃsi ≤ÃˆÏîï˛y çß√ Óy xy!Óû˛≈yÓ •Î˚–
ï˛yÓ˚y •ˆÏ°öñ òyˆÏüyòÓ˚ ˆ§ö Óy ÎˆÏ¢yÓ˚yç áyöñ ü%Ü%˛® §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ñ öÓ˚•!Ó˚ §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ñ Ó˚â%ö®öñ
!ã˛Ó˚O#Ó ˆ§öñ §%ˆÏ°yã˛ö ˆ§öñ Ó˚yüã˛w Ü˛!ÓÓ˚yçñ ˆày!Ó®òy§ Ü˛!ÓÓ˚yçñ Ó˚!ï˛Ü˛yhsˇ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ñ
Ó˚yüˆÏày˛õy° ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ñ ˛õ#ï˛y¡∫Ó˚ òy§ñ ¢ã˛#ö®öñ çàòyö® ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ ≤Ãü%á–
!mï˛#Î˚ ≠ ˜Ó£èÓôˆÏü≈Ó˚ çàˆÏï˛ ◊#á[˛ §¡±òyÎ˚ ö,ï˛ƒñ à#ï˛ Ä Ü˛#ï˛≈ˆÏö !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï fl∫yï˛sfƒ
§,!‹T Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– Ü,˛£èòy§ Ü˛!ÓÓ˚yç !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ
ÚÚáˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ü%Ü%˛®òy§ ◊#Ó˚â%ö®ö–
öÓ˚•!Ó˚òy§ ü%áƒ ~•z !ï˛öçö––ÛÛ27
~•z !ï˛öçö•z ÓˆÏDÓ˚ Ü˛#ï˛≈ˆÏöÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ~Ü˛ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï âÓ˚yöyÓ˚ §,!‹T Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– ÎˆÏK˛ŸªÓ˚
ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÚÓô≈üyö ≠ •z!ï˛•y§ Ä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Û Sï,˛ï˛#Î˚ á[˛V @ˇÃˆÏsi !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ
ÚÚ§Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ï˛öçö•z ö,ï˛ƒà#ï˛Óyòƒ Ü%˛¢° !åÈˆ°

Ï ö
~ÓÇ ~áyˆÏö í˛zFã˛§D#ï˛ ã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°ö ÌyÜ˛yÎ˚ ◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚
!öçfl∫ âÓ˚yöyÎ˚ Ü˛#ï˛≈ö àyˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°ö ÷Ó˚& •Î˚– !Ó°!¡∫ï˛
°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ô#Ó˚ àΩ˛#Ó˚ Ä üyô%Î≈üÎ˚ ◊#á[˛ âÓ˚yöyÓ˚ àyö í˛zFã˛yD
§D#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•ƒÓy•#–... ◊#á[˛ âÓ˚yöyÓ˚ Ü˛#ï˛≈ö §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó˚ˆÏ§y˛õ°!∏˛ öy •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ §Ó˚°#Ü,˛ï˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ˛õ)î≈
ï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ §üyˆÏÓˆÏ¢ àÓ˚yî•y!ê˛ñ üˆÏöy•Ó˚¢y•#ñ ˆÓ˚ˆÏöê˛#ñ
üy®yÓ˚î# ≤Ãû˛, !ï˛ âÓ˚yöyÓ˚ §,!‹T •Î˚– ˆ◊¤˛ Ü˛#ï˛≈ö#Î˚y !•§yˆÏÓ
◊#Ó˚â%ö®ˆÏöÓ˚ áƒy!ï˛ !åÈ°–ÛÛ28
xyÓyÓ˚ !ÓöÎ˚ ˆây£Ï !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ
ÚÚÓyÇ°yˆÏ ò ˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ Ü˛#ï˛≈ ö àyˆÏ ö Ó˚ !Ó!Óô ì˛ˆÏ ä Ó˚ üˆÏ ô ƒ
ÚüˆÏöy•Ó˚¢y•#Û Ä ÚÓ˚yî#•y!ê˛Û SˆÓ˚ˆÏö!ê˛V ì˛ä•z ≤Ã!§k˛–
üˆÏöy•Ó˚¢y•# Óô≈üyö ˆç°yÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ñ Ó˚yî#•y!ê˛ ò!«˛ˆÏî–
Ü%˛°#ö@ˇÃyü Ó˚yî#•y!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚àîyÓ˚ xhsˇà≈ï˛– í˛z_Ó˚Ä ò!«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
~•z ò%•z ì˛ˆÏäÓ˚ Óy Ó˚#!ï˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ í˛z_Ó˚Ó˚yˆÏì˛¸Ó˚ üˆÏöy•¢y•#
Ü˛#ï˛≈ˆÏö ◊#á[˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï òyö xyˆÏåÈ–ÛÛ29
˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ó˚üyÜ˛yhsˇ ã˛e´Óï˛≈# çy!öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ 54!ê˛ ï˛y° !Ó!¢‹T ÚˆáÎ˚y°yDÛ üˆÏöy•Ó˚¢y•#
Ü˛#ï˛≈ö ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï !òˆÏÜ˛ Óô≈üyö ˆç°yÓ˚ ◊#áˆÏ[˛ Ä ÜÑ˛yòÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó#Ó˚û)˛ü
ˆç°yÓ˚ üÎ˚öyí˛y° Ä ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ @ˇÃyˆÏü í˛zqy!Óï˛ •Î˚–30 ◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ~•z âÓ˚yöyÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏ˛õy£ÏÜ˛
!åÈˆÏ°ö ÈÙÈ ˆày!Ó®òy§ Ü˛!ÓÓ˚yçñ ◊#!öÓy§ xyã˛yÎ≈ñ Ó˚yüã˛w Ü˛!ÓÓ˚yçñ öˆÏÓ˚y_ü ò_ ≤Ãü%á
!Ó!¢‹T Óƒ!_ćÓ˚y– ◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ü˛#ï˛≈ö âÓ˚yöy ÓyÇ°y Ü˛#ï˛≈ˆÏöÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ Î%àyhsˇÓ˚ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ≠ öÓ˚•!Ó˚ §Ó˚Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xöƒï˛ü Ü˛#!ï˛≈ ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢ ÚˆàÔÓ˚yDÛ ü)!ï˛≈ !öü≈yîñ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y
Ä ˆàÔÓ˚yD ˛õ)çy ≤Ãã˛°ö– xˆÏöˆÏÜ˛ üˆÏö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö !Ó£%è!≤ÃÎ˚y ˆòÓ#•z ≤ÃÌü ˆàÔÓ˚yˆÏDÓ˚ ˛õ)çy
÷Ó˚& Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– ï˛ˆÏÓ öÓ˚•!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆàÔÓ˚yD ˛õ)çy §ü@ˇÃ ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢ xˆÏöÜ˛ ˆÓ!¢ xyˆÏ°yí˛¸ö
§,!‹T Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– öÓ˚•!Ó˚Ó˚ !öˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢ ˆÎ ˆàÔÓ˚yD ü)!ï˛≈ !ï˛ö!ê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ï˛y Ü˛yˆÏê˛Î˚yñ
◊#á[˛ Ä Ó#Ó˚û)˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ~Ü˛ã˛eý @ˇÃyˆÏü xyˆÏåÈ– fløÓ˚î#Î˚ñ ~Ü˛üye ◊#áˆÏ[˛•z ÚˆàÔÓ˚yDÛ ü)!ï˛≈Ó˚
˛õyˆÏ¢ Ú!Ó£%è!≤ÃÎ˚yÛÈÙÈÓ˚ ü)!ï˛≈ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ≠ ˜Ó£èÓ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ çàˆÏï˛ öÓ˚•!Ó˚ ˆÎ ÚˆàÔÓ˚öyàÓ˚û˛yÓÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛ö â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈˆÏ°öñ
ï˛y fløÓ˚î#Î˚– !ï˛!ö ˜Ó£èÓ ôü≈ˆÏÜ˛ Ó˚«˛î¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ à![˛ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ü%_´ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §Ü˛° üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üï˛yüï˛ˆÏÜ˛ x˜Ïmï˛ñ !öï˛ƒyö® Ä xöƒyöƒ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ˜Ó£èÓÓ˚y öy
üyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆ° Ï Ä ˆàÔÓ˚öyàÓ˚ÓyòÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xö%§yÓ˚# Ó˚âö% ®öñ ˆ°yã˛öòy§ ≤Ãüá% Ó˚y xöƒˆÏòÓ˚ üï˛ˆÏÜ˛
≤Ãyôyöƒ çy!öˆÏÎ˚ ◊k˛y K˛y˛õö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~áyˆÏö ◊#á[˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zòyÓ˚ï˛y Ä §üß∫Î˚Óyò#
!ã˛hsˇyôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÎyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ò,‹Tyhsˇ ◊#!öÓy§ xyã˛yÎ≈ Ä Ó˚â%ö®ˆÏöÓ˚
í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏà ÷Ó˚& •ÄÎ˚y öÓ˚•!Ó˚ !ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôyö í˛zÍ§Ó–
˛õM˛Èü ≠ ˜Ó£èÓôü≈ Ä ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ Ä ≤Ã§yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆàÔÓ˚öyàÓ˚Óyò#ÈÙÈˆòÏ Ó˚ xÓòyö xöfl∫#Ü˛yÎ≈–
~ÑÓ˚y ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢ ÚÓ,®yÓö#ï˛_¥Û ≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó¶˛Ü˛ï˛y öy §,!‹T Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ä ÚÓ,®yÓö# xö%¢y§öÛ
üyˆÏöö !ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y çy!ï˛ÈÙÈôü≈ÈÙÈÓî≈ÈÙÈ§¡±òyÎ˚ !ö!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï §Ü˛° üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˜Ó£èÓ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚
≤Ã§yÓ˚ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– x˜Ïmï˛ Ä !öï˛ƒyö® ˛õsi#Ó˚ ˜Ó£èÓˆÏòÓ˚ §üyhsˇÓ˚yˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˜Ó£èÓ ôü≈
≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– xÓy·˛î öÓ˚•!Ó˚ Ä Ó˚â%ö®ö ˜ã˛ï˛öƒ xyò¢≈yö%§yÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ ˜Ó£èÓ ôü≈
≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛‹T •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y•z ˜ã˛ï˛ˆÏöƒÓ˚ çyï˛ÈÙÈôü≈•#ö ˜Ó£èÓ xyò¢≈ˆÏÜ˛ ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛
Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ öyöy §y•!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö–
ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ˆàÔÓ˚yD ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ü˛#_≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ~Ü˛ öï%˛ö ˛õÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– ◊#ˆÏáy°ñ ü,òDñ ü!®Ó˚y Ä ¢C§• ˆàÎ˚ Ü˛#_≈ˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ï˛!ö Ü˛Ó˚ï˛y!° Î%_´
öï˛≈öˆÏÜ˛Ä ˆÎyà Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°ö– xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~•z §ÇÜ˛#_≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ˙!ï˛•ƒ Óï˛≈üyˆÏöÄ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
˛õ!ÿ˛üÓˆÏDÓ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ◊#˛õyê˛=!°ˆÏï˛ñ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ïï˛ Óô≈üyˆÏöÓ˚ ◊#áˆÏ[˛– ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ üˆÏöy•Ó˚¢y•#
Ü˛#ï˛≈ˆÏöÓ˚ Óï˛≈üyö Ó˚*˛õ!ê˛ û˛#£Ïî û˛yˆÏÓ ç#!Óï˛ xyˆÏåÈ ◊#áˆÏ[˛– öÓ˚•!Ó˚ §Ó˚Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚
˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï !Ó!¢‹T Ü˛#ï˛≈ö §yôÜ˛ ˆàÔÓ˚=öyö® ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚Ü˛ ò¢Ü˛ xyˆÏàÄ åÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ !öÎ˚!üï˛
üˆÏöy•Ó˚§y•# Ü˛#ï˛≈ˆÏöÓ˚ !¢«˛y !òˆÏï˛ö ◊#áˆÏu˛– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ °#°y Ü˛#ï˛≈ˆÏöÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ Ó˚*˛õ
ˆ◊yï˛yÓ˚y üˆÏöy•Ó˚¢y•#ˆÏÜ˛•z ˆÓyˆÏé˛ö– ~Ü˛ Ü˛ÌyÎ˚ ˜Ó£èÓ §y!•ï˛ƒÄ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ ◊#á[˛
◊#˛õyˆÏê˛Ó˚ =Ó˚&c x˛õ!Ó˚!üï˛–
ï˛Ìƒ§)e ≠
1– ÚÓô≈üyö ≠ •z!ï˛•y§ Ä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ Sï,˛ï˛#Î˚ á[˛VÛñ ÎˆÏK˛ŸªÓ˚ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#ó ˛õ%hflÏÜ˛ !Ó˛õ!îñ Ü˛!°Ü˛yï˛y
ÈÙÈ 9ñ ≤ÃÌü ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ñ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ñ 1994ó ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 113 [xï˛É˛õÓ˚ Ó•z!ê˛ Óô≈üyö ≠ •z!ï˛•y§ Ä
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ Sï,˛ï˛#Î˚ á[˛V öyˆÏü í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÓ–]–
2– Úï˛ˆÏòÓÛñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 132ÈÙÈ133–
3– ˛ Úõ!ÿ˛üÓˆÏDÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ S≤ÃÌü á[˛VÛó !ÓöÎ˚ ˆây£Ïñ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ û˛Óöñ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛y ÈÙÈ 73ó x‹Tü
ü%oîñ çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ 2014ó ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 98 [xï˛É˛õÓ˚ Ó•z!ê˛ ˛õ!ÿ˛üÓˆÏDÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ S≤ÃÌü á[˛V
öyˆÏü í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÓ–]
4– ÚÓô≈üyö ≠ •z!ï˛•y§ Ä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Û Sï,˛ï˛#Î˚ á[˛Vó ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 132–
5– Ú◊#◊#˜Ïã˛ï˛öƒã˛!Ó˚ï˛yü,ï˛Ûó Ü,˛£èòy§ Ü˛!ÓÓ˚yçó §¡õyòöy ÈÙÈ §%Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ˆ§ö Ä ï˛yÓ˚y˛õò
ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ xyö® ˛õyÓ!°¢y§≈ ≤Ãy•zˆÏû˛ê˛ !°!üˆÏê˛í˛ñ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛y ÈÙÈ 9ó ò¢ü ü%oîó ˜ã˛e
1419 ÓDy∑ó ˛õ,¤˛yÈÙÈ133 [xï˛É˛õÓ˚ Ó•z!ê˛ ◊#◊#˜Ïã˛ï˛öƒã˛!Ó˚ï˛yü,ï˛ öyˆÏü í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÓ–]
7– ÚÓ˚yüyÎ˚îÛó Ü,˛!_Óy§ ˛õ![˛ï˛ó §¡õyòöy ÈÙÈ §%áüÎ˚ ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ó û˛yÓ˚!Óñ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛y ÈÙÈ 73ó
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ §ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ%öü%≈oîñ xyàfiê˛ 2015ó ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 22–
8– Ú◊#◊#˜Ïã˛ï˛öƒã˛!Ó˚ï˛yü,ï˛Ûó õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 252–

9– Ú◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö ˜Ó£èÓÛó ˆàÔÓ˚=îyö® ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ó ◊#á[˛ñ Óô≈üyöó !mï˛#Î˚ §ÇflÒÓ˚îñ 24
Ü˛y!_≈Ü˛ñ 1361 ÓDy∑ó ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 10 [xï˛É˛õÓ˚ Ó•z!ê˛ ◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö ˜Ó£èÓ öyˆÏü
í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÓ–]–
11– ÚÓô≈üyö ≠ •z!ï˛•y§ Ä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Û Sï,˛ï˛#Î˚ á[˛Vó ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 133ÈÙÈ134–
12– Úõ!ÿ˛üÓˆÏDÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Û S≤ÃÌü á[˛Vó ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 176–
13– Úï˛ˆÏòÓÛñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 177–
14– ÚÜ˛yˆÏê˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§Ûó !öÓyÓ˚îã˛w ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ó §¡õyòöy ÈÙÈ fl∫˛õöÜ%˛üyÓ˚ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ó Ó˚yì˛¸ñ
Ó#Ó˚û)˛üó ≤ÃÌü Ó˚yì˛¸ §ÇflÒÓ˚îñ 1421 ÓDy∑ó ˛õ,¤˛yÈÙÈ10 [xï˛É˛õÓ˚ Ó•z!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏê˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§
öyˆÏü í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÓ–]
15– Ú◊#ˆÏàÔÓ˚˛õòÈÙÈï˛Ó˚!Dî#Ûó çàÓ¶%˛ û˛oó §¡õyòöy ÈÙÈ ü,îy°Ü˛y!hsˇ ˆây£Ï û˛!_´û)˛ñîó ÓD#Î˚
§y!•ï˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò‰ ü!®Ó˚ñ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yó !mï˛#Î˚ §ÇflÒÓ˚îñ 1341 ÓDy∑ó ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 105–
17– Ú◊#◊#˜Ïã˛ï˛öƒã˛!Ó˚ï˛yü,ï˛Ûó õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 229–
18– Ú◊#áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö ˜Ó£èÓÛó õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 62ÈÙÈ85–
20– Ú◊#◊#û˛!_´Ó˚byÜ˛Ó˚Ûó öÓ˚!•Ó˚ ã˛e´Óï˛≈#ó §¡õyòÜ˛ ÈÙÈ ö®°y° !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ó ˆàÔí˛¸#Î˚ !ü¢öñ
Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛y ÈÙÈ 6ó 21 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ 1960ñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 393 [xï˛É˛õÓ˚ Ó•z!ê˛ ◊#◊# û˛!_´Ó˚byÜ˛Ó˚
öyˆÏü í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÓ–]–
21– Úï˛ˆÏòÓÛñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 398
22– ÚÓ˚yˆÏì˛¸Ó˚ ˜Ó£èÓ ï˛#Ì≈ ˛õ!Ó˚e´üyÛ SÜ˛yˆÏê˛yÎ˚ ü•Ü%˛üyVó Ó!B˛üã˛w ˆây£Ïó ≤Ãû˛y ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ö#ñ
Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛y ÈÙÈ 12ó ≤ÃÌü ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ñ 2 öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ 2009ó ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 20 [xï˛É˛õÓ˚ Ó•z!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏì˛¸Ó˚
˜Ó£èÓ ï˛#Ì≈ ˛õ!Ó˚e´üy SÜ˛yˆÏê˛yÎ˚y ü•Ü%˛üyV öyˆÏü í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÓ–]–
24– Ú◊#◊#û˛!_´Ó˚byÜ˛Ó˚Ûó ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 401–
27– Ú◊#◊# ˜ã˛ï˛öƒ ã˛!Ó˚ï˛yü,ï˛Ûó ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 251
28– Úõ!ÿ˛üÓˆÏDÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Û Sï,˛ï˛#Î˚ á[˛Vó ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 183ÈÙÈ184–
30– ÚÓˆÏD ˜Ó£èÓ ôü≈Ûó Ó˚üyÜ˛yhsˇ ã˛e´Óï˛≈#ñ xyö® ˛õyÓ!°¢y§≈ ≤Ãy•zˆÏû˛ê˛ !°!üˆÏê˛í˛ó ˆÜ˛y°Ü˛yï˛y
ÈÙÈ 9ó ˛õM˛Èü%oîñ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ 2013ñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 158–
§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚ ã˛Î≈y˛õò ã˛ã˛≈y ≠ ≤Ã§D Ä xö%£ÏD

÷û˛y!¢£Ï àyˆÏÎ˚ö
ÓyÇ°y Ä Óyäy!°Ó˚ ˛§yÓ˚fl∫ï˛ §yôöyñ àˆÏÓ£Ïîyñ üyï,˛û˛y£Ïy Ä üyï,˛û)˛!üÓ˚ •yÓ˚yˆÏöy ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚

˛õ%öÓ˚&k˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ í˛zˆj
Ï ˆÏ¢ƒ ÚÓD#Î˚ÈÙÈ§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÍÏ Û à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ°# §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ çöàˆÏîÓ˚
xÓàï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ 1301 ÓDyˆÏ∑ 17 ˜Ó¢yá ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!öÜ˛ ü%á˛õe !•§yˆÏÓ
Ú§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÛ ≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ!eÜ˛y!ê˛ ˜eüy!§Ü˛– §üÜ˛y°#ö xöƒyöƒ üy!§Ü˛
˛õe ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ §¡õ)î≈ fl∫ï˛sf ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !åÈ°– ˛õ!eÜ˛y!ê˛Ó˚ §)ã˛öy °@¿ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ öyöy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ
•z!ï˛•y§ñ û)˛ˆÏày°ñ ≤Ãyã˛#ö §y!•ï˛ƒñ @ˇÃyüƒ §y!•ï˛ƒñ §üyç ï˛_¥ñ çy!ï˛ï˛_¥ñ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£ÏyÓ˚
í˛zqÓ !ÓÜ˛y¢ï˛_¥ !Ü˛ÇÓy ç#î≈ Ü˛#ê˛ò?˛ ≤Ãyã˛#ö ˛õ%!Ì ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ öï%˛ö ï˛_¥ Óy ï˛Ìƒ myÓ˚y §ü,k˛
!åÈ°– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ú§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÍÏ ÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÛ ~!¢Î˚y!ê˛Ü˛ ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛Ó˚ çyö≈yˆÏ°Ó˚ xyò¢≈ xö%§Ó˚ö
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õM˛Èò¢ Ü˛yÎ≈ƒ !ÓÓÓ˚î#ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yˆÏüw§%®Ó˚ !eˆÏÓò# ˛õ!eÜ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫yÌ≈Ü˛Ìy
Ä í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈöÈÙÈ
ÚÓyDy° û˛y£Ïy !Ü˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ í˛zÍ˛õ!_ Ä ˛õ%!‹T °yû˛ Ü˛!Ó˚°
ï˛y•y xyòƒ!˛õ !öÓ˚&!˛õï˛ •Î˚ öy•z– ÓyDy°yÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ö ˛õ%!Ì
˛õˆÏeÓ˚ !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyDy°y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yüy!çÜ˛ •z!ï˛•y§ ≤ÃFåÈß¨
Ó˚!•Î˚yˆÏåÈ– ÓyDy°yÓ˚ @ˇÃyˆÏü @ˇÃyˆÏü xö%§¶˛yö Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˙
§Ü˛° ˛õ%!ÌˆÏÜ˛ ç°ñ xy=ö Ä Ü˛#ˆÏê˛Ó˚ @ˇÃy§ ••zˆÏï˛ í˛zk˛yÓ˚
Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏÓ... ~•z Ü˛ï˛Óƒ §yôˆÏö §y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÈÙÈ˛
õ!eÜ˛yÈÙÈ•z §y!•ï˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö ü%á˛õeÛ–1
˛õ%Ó˚yï˛ö ÓyÇ°y ˛õ%!Ì ≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyò¢≈ ôÓ˚y •Î˚ Ú!ÓÓ!°Ä!ÌÜ˛y •z![˛Î˚yÛÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍ
˛õ!eÜ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÄ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~!¢Î˚y!ê˛Ü˛ ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛Ó˚ ü%á˛õˆÏeÓ˚ xyòˆÏ¢–≈ ≤Ãyã˛#ö §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
=Ó˚&c ˆÓyé˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍ ˛õ!eÜ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü Ó£Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ üôƒÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy
≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏÜ˛– ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ xö%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍ §Çà,•#ï˛ ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ~ÓÇ ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ÓD#Î˚ÈÙÈ§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍ §Çà,•#ï˛ ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚
ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ §y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚ ˛õ%!Ìã˛ã˛≈y ÷Ó˚& •Î˚– ~•z ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚
Ó˚yüyÎ˚îñ ü•yû˛yÓ˚ï˛ñ üD° Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ ˆÎüö ã˛ã˛≈y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛ü!ö ã˛Î≈y ˛õˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ%!ÌÓ˚Ä ã˛ã˛≈y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– !Ó!û˛ß¨ §üˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚ ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%!Ì !öˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö
•Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yflf#ñ ï˛yÓ˚y≤Ã§ß¨ û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ñ ü%•¡øò ¢•#ò%Õ‘y•ñ §%Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ˆ§ö ü•y¢Î˚–
*àˆÏÓ£ÏÜ˛ñ ÓyÇ°y !Óû˛yàñ û˛y£Ïyû˛Óöñ !ÓŸªû˛yÓ˚ï˛#

§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚ ã˛Î≈y˛õò ã˛ã˛≈y ≠ ≤Ã§D Ä xö%£ÏD ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 259
ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy §üÎ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ û)˛á[˛ xy!ÓflÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ üyö!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ö
âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ öï%˛ö û˛yˆÏÓ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçö •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ˆï˛ü!ö ~Ü˛!ê˛ ≤Ãyã˛#ö
@ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ xy!ÓflÒyÓ˚ §ü@ˇÃ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏÜ˛ Ä xyü%° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ö Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛ö
ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ò%áy!ö ˛õ%!Ì xy!ÓflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ° üôƒÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£Ïy Ä
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ö •Î˚– ~•z ò%•z áy!ö ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ •° §•!çÎ˚y ˆÓÔk˛
!§k˛yã˛yÎ≈ˆÏòÓ˚ §yôö §Çà#ï˛ ˆÎ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Úã˛Î≈yã˛Î≈!Ó!öÿ˛Î˚Û öyˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ Óí˛Y
ã˛u˛#òyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ú◊#Ü,˛£èÜ˛#ï˛≈öÛ– ≤ÃÌü!ê˛ x!ò Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£Ïy Ä §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü !öò¢≈ö–
ï˛y!sfÜ˛ §•!çÎ˚y ˆÓÔk˛ §yôÜ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §yôö §Çà#ï˛– x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ Ó˚yôyÜ,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ xy!ò Ó˚§ydÜ˛ Ü˛yÓƒ
Ü˛y!•!ö– Ú◊#Ü,˛£èÜ˛#_≈öÛ Ü˛yÓƒ!ê˛ üôƒÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£Ïy Ä §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xy!ò !öò¢≈öñ ~•z ò%!ê˛
˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ §¶˛yö öy ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆàˆÏ° •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛ö ÓyÇ°y û˛y£Ïy Ä §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ
§¶˛yö Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó •ï˛ öy–
˛õ%Ó˚yï˛ö ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ §¶˛yö ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ò¢Ü˛
ˆÌˆÏÜ˛– Ú~ˆÏ°ü xy!ü ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Û ~•z ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎüö üyöÓ çy!ï˛Ó˚
í˛zÍ˛õ!_Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ˆï˛ü!ö xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xï˛#ï˛ •z!ï˛•y§ á%ÑçÓyÓ˚
ˆã˛‹Ty !Ó!ê˛¢ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ï˛ÍÜ˛y°#ö !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§ˆÏöÓ˚ !˛õë˛fliyö !åÈ° ~•z
ÓyÇ°yˆÏò¢– Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛y ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ •zÇˆÏÓ˚çÓ˚y ¢y§ö Ü˛Ó˚ï˛ !Ó¢y° ~Ü˛ §y¡Àyçƒ– §òƒ •zÇˆÏÓ˚!ç
!¢«˛yÎ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛ ~ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ üyö%£ˆÏ òÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!òö ˆüyÜ˛y!Ó°y Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏï˛y ¢y§Ü˛ Ü%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Óçyhsˇy
í˛zßÿ!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD– ˆ§ Î%ˆÏà Óyäy!° ï˛Ó˚&îÓ˚y ˆ§Ü˛yˆÏç öyöy ˛õÌ ˆÓˆÏåÈ !öˆÏÎ˚!åÈÏ°– ˆÜ˛í˛z Óy
ôˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ñ Ü˛°ü ôˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z– í˛zÍ§ §¶˛yˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° Ü˛ï˛
!Ó!ã˛e ï˛Ìƒ í˛zk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ Ü˛ü≈ÎK˛– ~Ü˛yç ÎÑyÓ˚y ÷Ó˚& Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö •Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yflf# ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z
~Ü˛çö– üyï,˛û˛y£Ïy ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ í˛zÍ§ §¶˛yˆÏö í˛zˆÏòƒyà# ~•z üyö%£Ï!ê˛ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö ÈÙÈ
ÚÚ...!áfiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 80 ˆÜ˛yê˛yÎ˚ S1880V ˆ°yˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy !åÈ°
ÓyDy° ~Ü˛ê˛y öï%˛ö û˛y£Ïyñ •z•yˆÏï˛ §Ü˛° û˛yÓ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢
Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy– xö%Óyò !û˛ß¨ ••zˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚ !Ü˛å%È ã˛ˆÏ°öyñ !ã˛hsˇy
Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y öï%˛ö !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !°áy ÎyÎ˚ öy– !°áˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° Ü˛Ìy
à!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ öï%˛ö Ü˛Ìy à!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° •Î˚ •zÇÓ˚y!çñ öy
•Î˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ åÈÑyˆÏã˛ ì˛y!°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ Óí˛¸ âê˛üê˛ •Î˚–ÛÛ2
ˆ°yˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y ôyÓ˚îy !åÈ° ÓyÇ°yû˛y£Ïy xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ û˛y£Ïy üye–
ÚÚï˛y•yÓ˚ ˆÎ xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y §y!•ï˛ƒ xyˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•yÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y •z!ï˛•y§ xyˆÏåÈ •z•y
Ü˛y•yÓ˚ Ä ôyÓ˚öy•z !åÈ°öy–ÛÛ3
ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ flõ‹T Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!e´Î˚y ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° xˆÏöÜ˛ xyˆÏà•z xÌ≈yÍ 1851 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑
Ó˚D°y° ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚÓyDy°y Ü˛!Óï˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓÛ ˛õ%!hflÏÜ˛yÎ˚– ~!ê˛ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò
260 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ §y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚ ã˛Î≈y˛õò ã˛ã˛≈y ≠ ≤Ã§D Ä xö%£ÏD
˛õ%!hflÜÏ ˛y– ˛õ%!hflÜÏ ˛y!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚D°y° ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ üôƒÎ%à#Î˚ ÓyÇ°y §y!•ï˛ƒˆÏÜ˛ •zÇˆÏÓ!˚ ç ÄÎ˚y°yˆÏòÓ˚
xye´üˆÏöÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– xÓ¢ƒ ~!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ •z!ï˛•y§ öÎ˚ñ
!Ó!FåÈß¨ Ü˛!Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ üye– ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ 1869 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛ •Î˚ •!Ó˚ˆÏüy•ö ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ÚÜ˛!Ó ã˛!Ó˚ï˛Û– @ˇÃsi!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!_Óy§ñ Ü˛!ÓÜ˛B˛ö ü%Ü%˛®Ó˚yüñ Ü˛y¢#Ó˚yü òy§ ≤Ãü%á Óƒ!_´ˆÏòÓ˚
Ü˛yÓƒ §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ !Ó¢ò û˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ ç#ÓˆÏàyfl∫yü#Ó˚ ÚÜ˛í˛¸ã˛yÛ ÓyÇ°y
û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ §Ó≈≤Ãyã˛#ö @ˇÃs–i ~Ü˛•z û˛yˆÏÓ üˆÏ•wöyÌ ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ÚÓyDy°y û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§Û
≤ÃÌü û˛yà @ˇÃˆÏsi ˆ°áÜ˛ ÚÓDû˛y£ÏyÓ˚ í˛zÍ˛õ!_Û ¢#£Ï≈Ü˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ÓˆÏ°ö ˆÎ §Çfl,Òï˛ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛
!ÓÓï˛≈ˆöÏ Ó˚ ˛õÌ ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ í˛zÍ˛õ!_ •ˆÏÎˆ˚ åÏ È– xÓ¢ƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ!ê˛ ÎˆÏÌ‹T ˆày°ˆÏüˆÏ°–
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ§Ç•yˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈöÈÙÈ
...üyàô# §Çfl,ÒˆÏï˛Ó˚ x˛õºÇ!¢ï˛ û˛y£Ïy– !•!® •z•y ••zˆÏï˛
í˛zÍ˛õß¨ ••zÎ˚yˆÏåÈ ï˛y•yÄ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õß¨ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆà°– !Óòƒ˛õ!ï˛ Ä
ã˛[˛#òy§ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ ˆ°áÜ˛!òˆÏàÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öy ˛õyˆÏë˛ xÓàï˛ •ÄÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ !•!®Ó˚•z x˛õºÇˆÏ¢ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ í˛zÍ˛õ!_
••zÎ˚yˆÏåÈ–ÛÛ4
xyÓyÓ˚ 1871 §yˆÏ° Ó!B˛üã˛w ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£Ïy Ä §y!•ï˛ƒ !Ó£ÏˆÎÏ ˚ ‘The Calcutta
Review’ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ò#â≈ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ˆ°ˆÏáö– ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ ‘Bengali Literatures’ öyˆÏü
≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ !ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §Çà,•#ï˛ Ü˛#_≈ö àyˆÏöÓ˚ û˛y£ÏyˆÏÜ˛ ≤Ãyã˛#öï˛ü ÓyÇ°y
û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ !öò¢≈ö Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ üˆÏö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– Î!òÄ ~•z û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ !•!®Ó˚ !ü◊ö !åÈ°– ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yüà!ï˛
öƒyÎ˚Ó˚b ü•y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚÓyDy°y û˛y£Ïy Ä ÓyDy°y §y!•ï˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓÛ @ˇÃˆÏsi S1872 !áÉV
ÓyÇ°y û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ í˛zÍ˛õ!_ §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ ÓˆÏ°ö ÈÙÈ
...ÓD!°!˛õ ˆòÓöyàÓ˚ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓù≈ Ó_≈üyö !åÈ° Ä
ï˛y•y Ó%k˛ˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ≤Ãã˛°!ï˛ !åÈ°– ïÑ˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáy•zˆÏï˛
••zˆÏÓ ˆÏÎ ~•z ÓD!°!˛õ ˛õ)ˆÏÓù≈Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy !°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó_≈ˆÏö
Ó_≈üyö xyÜ˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚î Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏåÈó.... ÓD!°!˛õ Ó%k˛ˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚
§üÎ˚ ••zˆÏï˛ xyç ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆÎ ~Ü˛•z û˛yˆÏÓ ~Ü˛•z xyÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚
Ó_≈üyö xyˆÏåÈ ï˛y•y !ÓŸªy§ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy–Û5
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ xy!ò !öò¢≈ö !Óòƒy˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õòyÓ°#– ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö xÓ¢ƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ÚÓDû˛y£Ïy Ä §y!•ï˛ƒÛ S1896V @ˇÃˆÏsi ÓyÇ°y û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ xy!ò !öò¢≈ö !•§yˆÏÓ üy!öÜ˛ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ àyöñ
ˆày˛õ#ã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ àyöñ í˛yÜ˛ Ä áöyÓ˚ Óã˛öÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ü˛Ìy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ÚÓDû˛y£Ïy Ä §y!•ï˛ƒÛ
@ˇÃsi!ê˛ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyö !•§yˆÏÓ ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§ö ˛õ%!Ì §Ç@ˇÃ• Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– !ï˛!ö üˆÏö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö ÓyÇ°y
û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ •z!ï˛•y§ !öî≈Î˚ §Ω˛Ó ~Ü˛üye ˛õ%!Ì ã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü–
Óyäy!°Ó˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ üöflÒï˛yÓ˚ ~Ü˛ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Ä §üˆÏÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛
Óyäy!° çy!ï˛Ó˚ ÓyÇ°y ˛õ%!Ì §Ç@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ xû˛ƒy§!ê˛ àˆÏí˛¸ ÄˆÏë˛– Óƒ!_´ !ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ö‹TyÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy
üˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ~ÓÇ ˛õ%!Ì §¶˛yˆÏöÓ˚ §Ç@ˇÃ• Ä §¡õyòöyÓ˚ Ü,˛ÍˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆáÎ˚y° Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó°y
ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ ˛õ%!Ì üöflÒï˛yÓ˚ ôÓ˚ö ôyÓ˚ö ~Ü˛ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ xû˛ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ú˛°– ~•z xû˛ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
Ó˚Ü˛ü ˆú˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ° ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ Ä Ó˚Ü˛ü ˆú˛Ó˚ âˆÏê˛– ˆÎüö!ê˛ âˆÏê˛!åÈ° í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚
ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÜ˛– ≤Ãyã˛ƒ !Óòƒyã˛ã˛≈y ï˛Ìy ÓD !Óòƒyã˛ã˛≈yÓ˚ xyÜ˛£Ï≈ˆÏî !ÓˆÏò¢# ˛õ!u˛ï˛Ó˚y ˛õ%!Ì §Ç@ˇÃˆÏ•
xy@ˇÃ•# •Î˚ó !ÓˆÏ¢£Ïï˛ çyüy≈ö ˛õ![˛ï˛Ó˚y §Çfl,Òï˛ û˛y£Ïy Ä §Çfl,Òï˛ §y!•ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ê˛yˆÏö ~•z Ü˛yˆÏç
Óï˛# !åÈˆÏ°ö– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !åÈ° ˛õ%!Ì í˛zk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü xyàyü# ˛õM˛Èy¢ ÓåÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ
•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õÓy§#Ó˚y §Çfl,Òï˛ û˛y£Ïy Ä §y!•ï˛ƒ ã˛ã˛≈yÎ˚ xy@ˇÃ•# •ˆÏÓ ÈÙÈ “For Europe alone,
are two principles or criticism and philology understood and
applied and fifty years hence in Europe alone, will any intel-
ligent interest be felt in sanskrit Literature”.6 ~•z åÈˆÏÜ˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˆò¢#Î˚
û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ !°!áï˛ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ä §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ%!Ì öyàÓ˚# x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ xö%!°!áï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
•zÇˆÏÓ˚ç §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛ƒ !Óòƒy ï˛Ìy ÓD!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xü)°ƒ §¡õò í˛zk˛yÓ˚ Ä §Ç@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ çöƒ 24000
•yçyÓ˚ ê˛yÜ˛y xö%òyö ˆòÎ˚ó ÓyÇ°y ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õ%!Ì í˛zk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çöƒ 3200 ê˛yÜ˛y ˛õyÎ˚– ÓyÇ°y ï˛Ìy
˛õ)Ó≈ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ%!Ì í˛zk˛yÓ˚ Ä ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õ≈yê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ òy!Î˚c x!˛õ≈ï˛ •Î˚ Ó˚yˆÏçw°y° !üe
ü•y¢ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ •yˆÏï˛– !ï˛!ö @ˇÃyˆÏü üy•zˆöÏ Ü˛Ó˚y §Çfl,Òï˛K˛ ˛õ!u˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ •!ò¢ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ö–
ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çà,•#ï˛ ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ §¡õyòöy Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ö Ó˚yˆÏçwöy° !üe– !ï˛!ö flõ‹T çy!öˆÏÎ˚!åÈˆÏ°öñ
˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ öyüñ ˆàye Ä !Ó£ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚– !ï˛!ö !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyˆÏê˛≈ !°áˆÏï˛öÈÙÈ ˛õ%!‹õÜ˛yÓ˚ Ü˛Ìyñ ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚
xyÓ˚Ω˛ Ä ˆ¢£Ï ˛õä!_´ ~ÓÇ ˛õyu%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ xÓfliy– x«˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ åÈÑyò Ä ï˛yÓ˚ öçÓ˚ ~í˛¸yÎ˚!ö–
ÓyÇ°y ˛õ%!Ì §Ç@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !ï˛!ö ˆö˛õyˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚ !åÈˆÏ°ö 1882 §yˆÏ°– ˆ§áyˆÏö !ï˛!ö
§Çfl,Òï˛ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !Ü˛å%È ˆÓÔk˛ ˛õ%!Ì xy!ÓflÒyÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ ï˛y ‘Sanskrit Buddhist
Literature in Nepal” öyˆÏü ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ˙ ÓåÈˆÏÓ˚•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ü,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚– Ó˚yˆÏçw°y° !üe ü•y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ ÓyÇ°yÈÙÈ!Ó•yÓ˚ÈÙÈxy§yüÈÙÈí˛z!í˛¸£ÏƒyÓ˚
˛õ%!Ì §¶˛yö Ä §Ç@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ òy!Î˚c •Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yflf#Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ öƒyhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z §üÎ˚ ¢yflf# ü•y¢Î˚
~!¢Î˚y!ê˛Ü˛ ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ Ó˚yç˛õ%ï˛yöyÓ˚ û˛yê˛ Ä ã˛yÓ˚îˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%!Ì §Ç@ˇÃ• Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
x˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏÜ˛ ˆÓD° °y•zˆÏÓ!Ó˚Ó˚ °y•zˆÏÓ!Ó˚Î˚yö !•§yˆÏÓ òy!Î˚c @ˇÃ•ö Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈö 1886 !áÉ 1
çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚– °y•zˆÏÓ!Ó˚Î˚yö ÌyÜ˛yÜ˛y°#ö !ï˛!ö ˆÓÔk˛ôü≈ Ä ôü≈ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó£ÏˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xy@ˇÃ•
§,!‹T •Î˚– 1891 §yˆÏ° Ü˛¡∫%ˆÏ°ˆÏê˛y°yÓ˚ °y•zˆÏÓÓ˚#Ó˚ Óy!£Ï≈Ü˛ í˛zÍ§Ó í˛z˛õ°ˆÏ«˛ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛
˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ~•z ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ !ï˛!ö 150 Ü˛!ÓÓ˚ öyü Ä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ §üyˆÏ°yã˛öy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ
!ï˛!ö xö%û˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö ÈÙÈ
ÚÎ!ò åÈy˛õy ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛•z ~ï˛ ö)ï˛ö áÓÓ˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y
ˆà°ñ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ°áy ˛õ%!Ì á%Ñ!çˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ˆÏ° öy çy!ö Ü˛ï˛Ü˛
ö)ï˛ö áÓÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚Ó– §%ï˛yÓ˚Ç ÓyÇ°y ˛õ%!Ì ˆáÑyçyÓ˚

çöƒ ~Ü˛ê˛y í˛zÍÜ˛ê˛ xy@ˇÃ• ç!ß√°– ˆ§•z §üˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏçw°y°
!üˆÏeÓ˚ ˆò•yhsˇÓ˚ ••z° ~ÓÇ ÓyDy°yñ !Ó•yÓ˚ñ xy§yüñ
í˛z!í˛¸£ÏƒyÓ˚ ˛õ%!Ì ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!í˛¸°ñ xy!ü
ˆ§•z §ˆÏD ÓyDy°y ˛õ%!Ì á%!Ñ çˆÏï˛ °y!à°yü–... öyöy Ü˛yÓ˚ˆîÏ
xyüyÓ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ••zÎy˚ !åÈ° ˆÎ ô¡ø≈üDˆÏ°Ó˚ ô¡ø≈ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ ˆÓÔk˛
ôˆÏ¡ø≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyü– §%ï˛yÓ˚yÇ ô¡ø≈ ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˛õ%!Ì
˛õy•zˆÏ° ï˛y•yÓ˚ §¶˛yö Ü˛Ó˚yñ ˆÜ˛öy Ä Ü˛!˛õ Ü˛Ó˚y ~Ü˛yhsˇ
xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛–Û7
~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ Ó¢Óï˛≈# •ˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ê˛∆yˆÏÓ!°Ç ˛õ!u˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ôü≈ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ Ä ôü≈ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)çy ˛õk˛!ï˛
§¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ ˛õ%!Ì e´Î˚ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !öˆÏò≈¢ ˆòö– !ï˛!ö !öˆÏç Ä üy!öÜ˛ àyD%!°Ó˚ ôü≈üD° ~Ó˚ ˛õ%!Ì
~ÓÇ Ó˚yüy•z˛õ![˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ú÷öƒ˛õ%Ó˚yîÛ ~Ó˚ ˛õ%!Ì §Ç@ˇÃ• Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ ≤Ãüyö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö ˆÎ ˆÓÔk˛
ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ôü≈ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)çyóÈÙÈ
ÚÚÎáö ô¡ø≈ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ xˆÏöÜ˛ =!° ˛õ%!Ì §Ç@ˇÃ• ••z°
~ÓÇ xˆÏöÜ˛ Ó,_yhsˇ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ˆà°ñ ï˛áö ô¡ø≈ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ ˆÎ
ˆÓÔk˛ñ xy!ü ~Ü˛!ê˛ ÓyÇ°y ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ !°!˛õÓk˛ Ü˛!Ó˚°yü–
~•zÓ˚*˛õ !°!˛õÓk˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö Ü˛yÓ˚î ~•z ˆÎ ˙ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛
ÓyDy°yÎ˚ Îy•y !Ü˛å%È ˛õyÄÎ˚y !àÎ˚yˆÏåÈ ï˛y•yÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛y •z!ï˛•y§
!°!áÎ˚y Ó˚y!áÎ˚y ˆö˛õyˆÏ° !•®% Ó˚yçyˆÏòÓ˚ xô#ˆÏö ˆÓÔk˛
ô¡ø≈ !Ü˛Ó˚*˛õ ã˛!°ˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈ ˆò!áˆÏï˛ Îy•z°yü–ÛÛ8
1997ÈÙÈ98 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ !ï˛!ö ò%ÓyÓ˚ ˆö˛õyˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– ˆö˛õy° ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§
‘Discovery of Living Buddhism in Bengal’ öyˆÏü ~Ü˛!ê˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ~•z ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ !ï˛!ö ˆÓÔk˛ ôü≈ Ä ôü≈ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ~åÈyí˛¸yÄ
!ï˛!ö Ú§%û˛y!£Ïï˛y!ö §Ç@ˇÃ•Ûñ Úí˛yÜ˛yî≈ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆòÑy•yÛ ~ÓÇ ÚˆòÑy•yˆÏÜ˛y£Ï ˛õ!OÜ˛yÛ öyüÜ˛ @ˇÃsi=!°Ó˚
˛õ%!Ì §Ç@ˇÃ• Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ~•z ˛õ%!Ì =!° §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ !ï˛!ö ÓˆÏ°öÈÙÈ
ÚÚ•zÇÓ˚yç# 1897ÈÙÈ98 á#fiê˛yˆÏ∑ Îáö xy!ü ò%•Óz yÓ˚ ˆö˛õy°
Îy•zñ ï˛áö Ü˛ï˛Ü˛=!° §Çfl,Òï˛ ˛õ%hflÜÏ ˛ ˆò!áˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z– í˛z•yÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ üˆÏôƒ ~Ü˛Ó˚*˛õ öï%˛ö û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ !Ü˛å%È !Ü˛å%È ˆ°áy xyˆÏåÈó
•Î˚ ˆ§=!° §Çfl,ÒˆÏï˛ Îy•y ˆ°áyñ ï˛y•yÓ˚•z ≤Ãüyö fl∫Ó˚*˛õ
xÌÓy ü)°ê˛y•z ˆ§•z û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ !°!áï˛ñ ê˛#Ü˛y §Çfl,Òï˛– í˛yÜ˛yî≈Ó
öyˆÏü ~Ü˛áy!ö ˛õ%hflÏÜ˛ xyˆÏåÈ •z•yÓ˚ üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ ~Ü˛Ó˚*˛õ
ö)ï˛ö û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ xˆÏöÜ˛ ˆ°áy xyˆÏåÈ– í˛yÜ˛yî≈Ó öyü ÷!öÎ˚y
xy!ü üˆÏö Ü˛!Ó˚°yü ˆ§=!° í˛yÜ˛ ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Óã˛ö ••zˆÏÓ

~ÓÇ ï˛y•z üˆÏö Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y •z•yÓ˚ ~Ü˛áy!ö öÜ˛° °•zÎ˚y xy!§–
˛õ!í˛¸Î˚y ˆò!á ÓyDy°y öÎ˚ !Ü˛ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ !°!áï˛ñ ï˛y•y !Ü˛å%È•z
!fliÓ˚ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚°yü öy– xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛áy!ö ˛õ%hflÏÜ˛ ˛õy•z°yü
ï˛y•yÓ˚ öyü Ú§%û˛y!£Ïï˛ÈÙÈ§Ç@ˇÃ•Ûñ í˛z•yÓ˚Ä üˆÏôƒ üˆÏôƒ ~Ü˛!ê˛
ö)ï˛ö û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ !Ü˛å%È !Ü˛å%È ˆ°áy xyˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛áy!ö
˛õ%hflÏÜ˛ ˆò!á°yü ÚˆòÑy•yˆÏÜ˛y£ÏÛ–ÛÛ9
ò%ÓyÓ˚ ˆö˛õy° ÎyeyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆj Ï ¢ƒ §ú˛° •Î˚!ö– ï˛y•z 1907 §yˆÏ° ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ˆö˛õyˆÏ°
Îyey Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ~•z ÓyÓ˚ ˆö˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚ x!û˛ˆÏ°áy°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ !ï˛!ö !ï˛ö!ê˛ ˛õ%!Ì xy!ÓflÒyÓ˚
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ï˛yÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛Ó˚ öyü Úã˛Îƒyã˛Î≈ƒ!Ó!öÿ˛Î˚Û í˛z•yˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛=!° Ü˛#_≈ˆÏöÓ˚ àyö xyˆÏåÈ Ä
ï˛y•yÓ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ ê˛#Ü˛y xyˆÏåÈ– àyö=!° ˜Ó£èÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ü˛#_≈ˆÏöÓ˚ üï˛– àyˆÏöÓ˚ öyü Úã˛Îƒy˛õòÛ10
~åÈyí˛¸yÄ Ú§Ó˚• ˛õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòÑy•yÛ Ä xmÎ˚ ÓˆÏçÓ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ú§•çy¡¨Î˚˛õ!OÜ˛yÛ ~ÓÇ
ÚÜ,˛£èyã˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˆòÑy•Û Ä xyã˛yÎ≈ ˛õyˆÏòÓ˚ §Çfl,ÒˆÏï˛ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆüá°y ê˛#Ü˛y öyüÜ˛ ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ xy!ÓflÒyÓ˚
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ~•z ˛õ%!Ì=!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ í˛yÜ˛yö≈Ó ~Ó˚ ˆòÑy• ˆÜ˛y£Ï!ê˛ Î%_´ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö 1916 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑
S1323 ÓDyˆÏ∑V Ú•yçyÓ˚ ÓåÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yî ÓyDy°y û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ˆÓÔk˛ àyö Ä ˆòy•yÛ öyˆÏü
ÚÓD#Î˚ÈÙÈ§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÛ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ~•z @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ Úü%áÓ¶˛ÛÈÙÈ~ !ï˛!ö òyÓ# Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö
ˆÎ Úã˛Î≈y˛õòÛ Óy Úã˛Îƒyã˛Îƒ!Ó!öÿ˛Î˚Û öyüÜ˛ @ˇÃsi!ê˛ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ !°!áï˛ ~ÓÇ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£Ïy Ä
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xy!ò !öò¢≈ö–
•Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yflf#Ó˚ §¡õy!òï˛ Ú•yçyÓ˚ ÓåÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yî ÓyDy°y û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ˆÓÔk˛ àyö Ä ˆòy•yÛ
@ˇÃsi!ê˛ ≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£Ïy §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ í˛zqÓ Ä e´ü!ÓÜ˛y¢ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛ ˛õ)Ó≈ï˛ö
˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛àˆÏöÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ=!° !Óã˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ÷ô% ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ öÎ˚ !•!®ñ ˜ü!Ì°#ñ
Ä!í˛¸Î˚y ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ xöƒyöƒ öÓƒÈÙÈû˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xyÎ≈û˛y£Ïy Ä §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï
ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ú˛ˆÏ° ~Ü˛!òˆÏÜ˛ ˆÎüö ˆö˛õyˆÏ° xy!Ófl,Òï˛ ˛õ%!Ì §¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
àˆÏÓ£ÏÜ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xy@ˇÃ• xyˆÏÓ˚y ≤Ã§y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏ°y xöƒ!òˆÏÜ˛ •Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yflf# ü•y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xy!Ófl,Òï˛
˛õ%!Ì =!° !ö!Óí˛¸ !ÓˆÏŸ’£Ïî ÷Ó˚& •°– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy!ÓflÒyÓ˚ ã˛üÜ˛≤Ãò •ˆÏ°Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ=!°
§ühflÏ•z xºyhsˇ öÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏ_¥Ä ÚÚü•yüˆÏ•y˛õyôƒyÎ˚ •Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yflf#Ó˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
}ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˆö•z– !ï˛!ö•z ˆö˛õy° ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ÓyÇ°y û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ã˛Î≈y˛õòÓ°# xy!ÓflÒyÓ˚ öy
Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ÓyÇ°y û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ xy!ò˛õÓ≈ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ~ï˛!òö xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xÑyôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z Óy§ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ï˛–
!ï˛!ö•z x˛õºÇˆÏ¢ ˆ°áy ˆòy•yÓ°# Ä ã˛Î≈yàyö xy!ÓflÒyÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#öï˛ü ÓyÇ°y û˛y£Ïy Ä
Ü˛!Óï˛yÓ˚ !Óflø,ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ í˛zk˛yÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–ÛÛ11
•Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yflf# xy!Ófl,Òï˛ @ˇÃsi!ê˛ §ê˛#Ü˛ ã˛Î≈yà#!ï˛ §Ç@ˇÃ•– ü)° ã˛Î≈yà#!ï˛ §Ç@ˇÃ• @ˇÃsiáy!öÓ˚
öyü !åÈ° Úã˛Î≈yà#!ï˛ˆÏÜ˛y£ÏÛ– Úã˛Î≈ƒyã˛Î≈ƒ!Ó!öÿ˛Î˚Û öyü!ê˛ •Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yflf#Ó˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y– ≤ÃyÆ ˛õ%!Ì
áy!ö xy§ˆÏ° ê˛#Ü˛yÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z §ˆÏD ü)° ã˛Î≈yÄ xyˆÏåÈ– ê˛#Ü˛yÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ öyü ü%!öò_–
˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#Ü˛yˆÏ° ≤ÃˆÏÓyôã˛w Óyà# ü•y¢Î˚ xy!Ófl,Òï˛ !ï˛Óùï˛# xö%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%!Ì ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛
çyöy ÎyÎ˚–
ˆö˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yçòÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%!Ì !Î!ö !°ˆÏá!åÈˆÏ°ö !ï˛!ö ü)° ˛õò Ä ê˛#Ü˛y §ï˛sf ˛õ%!Ì
ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ öÜ˛° Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– ÚÚ~Ü˛•z xyòˆÏ¢≈ ˛õ%!Ì ••zˆÏï˛ ü)° Ä ã˛Î≈yÓ˚ ê˛#Ü˛y xö%!°!˛õ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏ°
!°!˛õÜ˛yÓ˚ ~Ü˛yò¢ ã˛Î≈ƒyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ú§)ˆÏöï˛ƒy!ò ã˛Î≈ƒyÎ˚y Óƒyáƒyöy!hflÏÛ !°áˆÏï˛ö öy–ÛÛ12 ã˛Î≈yà#!ï˛
Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ˆÓ¢!Ü˛å%È ˛õˆÏÓ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ ê˛#Ü˛y!ê˛ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ˆ§Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏö ê˛#Ü˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ü)°
˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy §yüO§ƒ !Óôyö âˆÏê˛!ö– ¢yflf# ü•y¢Î˚ xy!Ófl,Òï˛ ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%!Ì ˛õyê˛
§¡õˆÏÜ˛≈ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ˛õ![˛ï˛ Ä àˆÏÓ£ÏÜ˛ ü•° §Ç¢Î˚ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xöƒï˛ü
•ˆÏ°ö ü%•¡øò ¢•#ò%Õ‘y•– !ï˛!ö ≤ÃÌü 1327 ÓDyˆÏ∑ Ú§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÛÎ˚ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈
§ÇáƒyÎ˚ ˆÓÔk˛ àyö Ä ˆòy•y xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÛ ¢#£Ï≈Ü˛ ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ ˛õyë˛yhsˇÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!û˛üï˛ÈÙÈ
Úï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓÔk˛àyö ˛õ!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚Ü˛ fliˆÏ° xyüyÓ˚ ˆÎ
áê˛Ü˛y °y!àÎ˚y!åÈ°ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xy!ü ˆÎüö Ó%!é˛Î˚y!åÈñ ï˛y•y
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ï˛_¥yˆÏüyò# §Iö àˆÏöÓ˚ !öÜ˛ê˛ !öˆÏÓòö Ü˛Ó˚y•z xyüyÓ˚
~•z ≤Ãà°û˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yÓ˚î– xy¢y Ü˛!Ó˚ñ ˛õ%çƒ˛õyò ¢yflf# ü•y¢Î˚
Ä xöƒyöƒ ¢y!∑Ü˛àî ~•z !Ó£ÏˆÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚ ü)°ƒyÓyö
x!û˛üï˛ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y xyüyÓ˚ §ˆÏ®• û˛Oö Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏÓö–Û13
~Ü˛•z ÓåÈÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÛÎ˚ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ≤Ã§ß¨ û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ ü•y¢Î˚ ü)°
˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈Ü˛ƒ !öÓ˚&˛õö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ û˛yˆÏÓ ~•z
˛õyë˛yhsˇÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏÜ˛–
ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ ˛õyë˛yhsˇˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛yÓ˚ö ˛õ%!ÌˆÏï˛ World Division !åÈ° öy– ≤Ãyã˛#ö
ÓyDy°y ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ x!ôÜ˛yÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÌyˆÏÜ˛ öy– §¡õyòˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ˛õ%!ÌÈÙÈ˛õë˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!üÜ˛ K˛yö §!e´Î˚
ÌyÜ˛ˆÏ°•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ §•ç ˆüyÜ˛y!Ó°y Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ¢∑ xˆÏã˛öy ÎyÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚
¢∑ !Óû˛yçˆÏö ˆÓ¢ §ü§ƒy §,!‹T •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ˛õ![˛ï˛ Ä àˆÏÓ£ÏÜ˛àî ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ xÌ≈
≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– •Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yflf# xy!Ófl,Òï˛ ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%!Ì §¡õyòöyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ
˛õyë˛yhsˇÓ˚ âˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ– ~•z ˛õyë˛yhsˇˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚Ü˛!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î xyˆÏåÈ– ≤ÃÌüï˛ ü)ˆÏ°Ó˚ !°!˛õÜ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãüyò
xÌ≈yÍ !°!˛õÜ˛Ó˚ ü)° ˛õ%!Ì ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ xö%!°!˛õ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ üï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑ xÌ≈ !öÓ˚*˛õö
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ¢yflf# ü•y¢Î˚ xy!Ófl,Òï˛ 3öÇ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ Ú÷!u˛!öÛ fliyˆÏö ü)° ˛õ%!ÌˆÏï˛ xyˆÏåÈ Ú÷!u˛!öö#–
ÚÚ~•z ò,¢ƒï˛É û%˛° §ÇˆÏ¢yôö Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚y ¢yflf# ü•y¢Î˚ ÷!u˛!ö Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏåÈö–ÛÛ14 ~•zÓ˚Ü˛ü 7öÇ
˛õˆÏò ÚÓyê˛ Ó˚&ˆÏ¶˛°yÛ fliyˆÏö ü)° ˛õ%!ÌˆÏï˛ ÚÓyê˛ ~ Ó˚&ˆÏ¶˛°yÛñ ÚÜ˛Ñ!•à•zÛ fliyˆÏö ÚÜ˛!•Ó à•zÛ–
ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ 8öÇ ˛õˆÏò Úü•y§%• §DyÛ fliyˆÏö ü)° ˛õ%!ÌˆÏï˛ xyˆÏåÈ Úü•y§%• §K˛yÛ– ~Ü˛•z û˛yˆÏÓ
39 öÇ ˛õˆÏò Ú§%•zöy• xy!ÓòyÓ˚ xˆÏÓ˚Û fliyˆÏö ü)° ˛õ%!ÌˆÏï˛ xyˆÏåÈ Ú§%•zöy•Î x!ÓòyÓ˚üˆÏÓ˚Û–
42öÇ ˛õˆÏò Ú§yxyÓ˚Û fliyˆÏö Ú§yÓ˚ xÓ˚Û xyˆÏåÈ– 49öÇ ˛õˆÏò ÚÓDyˆÏ° ˆÜœ˛¢Û ~Ó˚ fliyˆÏö ü)°
˛õ%!ÌˆÏï˛ xyˆÏåÈ ÚòDyˆÏ° ô¢Û •zï˛ƒy!ò ºü ˛õ)î≈ ˛õyë˛ ¢yflf# ü•y¢Î˚ xy!Ófl,Òï˛ ˛õ%!Ì!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !åÈ°–
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ ü%!oï˛ @ˇÃˆÏsi ü%oyÜ˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãüyò xyˆÏåÈ– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ ü)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x«˛Ó˚ §yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏö
˛õyˆÏë˛ û%˛° •Î˚– xÌ≈yÍ ~Ü˛•z x«˛Ó˚ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆ§•z x«˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
!°!˛õÜ˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ÎyÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° ˛õ%!ÌˆÏï˛ ˛õyë˛yhsˇÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– 1öÇ ˛õˆÏò ÚÓ•z!ê˛Û
fliyˆÏö ÚÓ•zöÛ xyˆÏåÈ– ~•zÓ˚*˛õ !Ü˛å%È ˛õyë˛yhsˇ ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ü)° ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# ˛õyˆÏê˛ °«˛ƒ
Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
˛õ![˛ï˛ Ä àˆÏÓ£ÏÜ˛àî ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ !öö≈Î˚Ü˛yˆÏ° ü%!ö òˆÏ_Ó˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ ê˛#Ü˛yÓ˚ §y•yÎƒ
!öˆÏÎ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– !Ü˛v §Ü˛° §!¶˛?˛ fliyˆÏö ü%!öòˆÏ_Ó˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ ê˛#Ü˛yˆÏÜ˛ xyÑÜ˛ˆÏí˛¸ ÌyÜ˛ˆÏ° ò%ˆÏÓ≈yôƒ
ã˛Î≈yà#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ xˆÏÓyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÄˆÏë˛– ˆÎüö 3öÇ ˛õˆÏò Ú§•ˆÏç !ÌÓ˚ Ü˛!Ó˚ ÓyÓ˚&!ö §yˆÏ¶˛Û–
Ú§yˆÏ¶˛Û ¢∑!ê˛ ò%ˆÏÓ≈yôƒ ˆû˛ˆÏÓ ü%!öòˆÏ_Ó˚ ÚÓ¶˛ öÇ Ü,˛_¥yÓ˚Û xö%§yˆÏÓ˚ ÚÓyˆÏ¶˛Û ˛õyë˛!ê˛ˆÏÜ˛ !öÓ˚y˛õò
üˆÏö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö Sˆ§ÔˆÏüwöyÌ §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ Úã˛Î≈yà#!ï˛ˆÏÜ˛y£ÛÏV !Ü˛v ü)° ˛õ%!ÌÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ú§yˆÏ¶˛Û •ˆÏÓ–
Ü˛yÓ˚ö !Óòƒy˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ Ü,˛!ï˛≈°ï˛yÎ˚ üò ˜ï˛Ó˚# xˆÏÌ≈ ÚüÑôÛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏåÈó Ú§y¶˛Û ¢∑!ê˛
ÎÌyÎÌ– §%ï˛yÓ˚Ç ü)° §Ó≈e•z ºy!hsˇçöÜ˛ ~üö öÎ˚– 32 öÇ ˛õˆÏò ¢yflf# Ä Óyàã˛# ü•y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ÚÜ˛yB˛öÛ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ ÚÜ˛yB˛yöÛ ¢∑!ê˛ ˆ◊Î˚ñ ˆï˛ü!ö 33öÇ ˛õò!ê˛ Ú•yí˛¸#ï˛Û ¢∑!ê˛ ü%!ö òˆÏ_Ó˚
§Çfl,Òï˛ ≤Ã#!ï˛Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ° Ú•u˛#ˆÏï˛Û Ó˚*˛õyhsˇ!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– Ó°yÓy‡°ƒ ü%!öòˆÏ_Ó˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ ê˛#Ü˛y
ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ !öö≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó≈òy xö%§Ó˚î ˆÎyàƒ öÎ˚–
xÓ¢ƒ ü%!öòˆÏ_Ó˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ ê˛#Ü˛y Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ !öö≈Î˚ Ü˛Ó˚y x§Ω˛Ó– 20öÇ
˛õˆÏòÓ˚ Ú•Ñyí˛z !öÓ˚y¢# âüö û˛yï˛yˆÏÓ˚ÛÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ ê˛#Ü˛yÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ Ú§Ó≈¢)öƒÇ üöfl∫yü#Ó˚
xö%§Ó˚ˆÏî Ú§Ñy•z˛õyë˛ Ü˛!“ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– Úû˛ï˛yˆÏÓ˚Û xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ú§Ñy{Û ¢∑!ê˛ sophisticated
~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# åÈˆÏeÓ˚ §ˆÏD consistency ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÜ˛–15 ü%!ö òˆÏ_Ó˚ §Çfl,Òï˛
ê˛#Ü˛yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !ï˛Óùï˛# ê˛#Ü˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏÎƒ ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ ÎÌyÎÌ !öö≈Î˚ Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó– ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy
ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Çfl,Òï˛ ê˛#Ü˛yÓ˚ ï%˛°öyÎ˚ !ï˛Óùï˛# ê˛#Ü˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ xˆÏöÜ˛ ˆÓ¢# !Ó÷k˛–
ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ !öî≈Î˚ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ §ü§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#ö •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y •°
§¶˛ƒy û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚– ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ê˛#Ü˛yÎ˚ xˆÏöÜ˛ fliyˆÏö xˆÏ•ï%˛Ü˛ §¶˛ƒyû˛y£ÏyÓ˚ xhsˇ!ö≈!•ï˛
xÌ≈ Sesoteric meaningV ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˛õò!ê˛Ó˚ ¢∑àï˛ xÌ≈ @ˇÃ•ö Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚!ö–
xÌã˛ ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ !öî≈ˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑àï˛ xÌ≈ §Ó≈yˆÏ@ˇÃ @ˇÃ•ö ˆÎyàƒ– ˆÎüö 2öÇ ˛õˆÏò ÈÙÈ
Úò%!° ò%!Ì !˛õê˛y ôÓ˚î ö çy•z
Ó˚&ˆÏáÓ˚ ˆï˛v!° Ü%˛!Ω˛ˆÏÓ˚ áyx––ÛÛ16
ê˛#Ü˛yö%ÎyÎ˚# ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ü•y§%áÜ˛ü° Sò%!°V ˆòy•ö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓLü!öˆÏï˛ S!˛õê˛yV ôÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy–
ˆÎy!ààî ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ Ó,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆïÑ˛ï%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ öƒyÎ˚ ÓLú˛° ˆÓy!ô!ã˛_ˆÏÜ˛ Ü%˛Ω˛Ü˛ §üy!ô myÓ˚y SÜ%˛Ω˛#ˆÏÓ˚V
!öÉfl∫û˛yÓ#Ü˛Ó˚î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö SáyxV– ÚÚ§•!çÎ˚y ˛õòÜ˛_≈y fl∫Î˚Ç ~•z Ó˚*˛õ xÌ≈ ≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ çöƒ
!•ÖÎ˚y°# åÈˆÏ® !°áˆÏ°Ä x§•!çÎ˚y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y•y çy!öÎ˚y °yû˛ öy•z– ¢∑àï˛ û˛yˆÏÓ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚
§yòy xÌ≈ SV !Ü˛ ••zˆÏÓ ï˛yï˛y çy!öˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ˆÏ° xyüÓ˚y Ü,˛ï˛yÌ≈ ••z– xˆÏöÜ˛ fliˆÏ° ˆÜ˛Ó° ¢∑
!Óã˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y xyüy!òàˆÏÜ˛ ~•z §yòy xÌ≈ !öî≈Î˚ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ••zˆÏÓ– ê˛#Ü˛yÓ˚y myÓ˚y xyüÓ˚y •Î˚ï˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy §y•yÎƒ ˛õy•zÓ öy– ÓÓ˚Ç ê˛#Ü˛yÓ˚ à)ì˛¸yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ çöƒ Óy•ƒyÌ≈ˆÏÜ˛ xˆÏöÜ˛ fliˆÏ° !ÓÜ,˛ï˛
Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏåÈ–ÛÛ17 §%ï˛yÓ˚yÇ ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ !öî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §¶˛ƒy û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ §¡õyòˆÏÜ˛Ó˚
°«˛ƒ Ó˚yáy ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçö–
•Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yhflÏyÓ˚# xy!Ófl,Òï˛ ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ 1öÇ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ öÓü ˛õä!_´ Úû˛ö•z °%•z xyüˆÏ•
§yˆÏö !òÓyÛ18 §yˆÏöÓ˚ xÌ≈ ¢∑ §)!ã˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòÄÎ˚y xyˆÏåÈ Ú§DÉÛñ Ú§yDyÛ– !Ü˛v 1321 ÓDyˆÏ∑
˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚ Ú§û˛y˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ x!û˛û˛y£ÏöÛ öyüÜ˛ ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛ •Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yflf# ü•y¢Î˚ ã˛Ó˚î!ê˛Ó˚
xÌ≈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ÈÙÈ ÚÚ°%•z Ó!°ˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈö xy!ü ˛õ![˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Óã˛öyö%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆò!áÎ˚y!åÈÛÛ19 ¢•#ò%°y•
ü•y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛ ÚÚ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˛õyë˛ é˛yˆÏö SôƒyˆÏöV ••zˆÏÓÛÛ–20 ê˛#Ü˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ÈÙÈ ÚÚ üyÎ˚y °)Î˚# ˛õyˆÏòö
!§k˛yã˛ˆÏÎ≈ö ôƒyö ÈÙÈ ÓˆÏ§ˆÏö!ï˛–... ò,‹TÇ–ÛÛ21 ã˛Ó˚î!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ °%•z ÓˆÏ§ö xy!ü ôƒyˆÏö ˆò!áÎ˚y!åÈ–
˛õ![˛ï˛ ◊# ï˛yÓ˚y≤Ã§ß¨ û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ ü•y¢Î˚ ü%•¡øò ¢•#ò%Õ‘y• ü•y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD §•üï˛ ˆ˛õy£Ïö
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÈ
~•z ã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ú§yˆÏî fliˆÏ° !ï˛!ö Úé˛yˆÏöÛ ˛õyë˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ó!°Î˚y
Ü˛“öy Ü˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏåÈö– ã˛Îƒ≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ åÈ!Ó í˛z_´
@ˇÃˆsÏ Ói ˚ §!•ï˛ åÈy!˛õÎ˚y ˆòÄÎ˚y ••zÎy˚ ˆÏåÈ– ï˛y•yˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ˆà°
ˆÎ ü)°˛õ%!ÌˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˛õyˆÏë˛ Ú§yˆÏîÛ Ó˚!•Î˚yˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ •z•yÓ˚
xÌ≈ ~•zÓ*˚ ˛õ S§ˆÏöV Ü˛!Ó˚ˆ° Ï ˆÓyô •Î˚ §D ••zˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ 22
!Ü˛v §%Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ˆ§ö ü•y¢Î˚ Ä ö#°Ó˚ï˛ö ˆ§ö ü•y¢Î˚ Ú§yˆÏöÛ ¢∑!ê˛ @ˇÃ•î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– §%üD°
Ó˚yöy ü•y¢Î˚ Ú§yˆÏîÛ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ Úé˛yˆÏöÛ ¢∑!ê˛ @ˇÃ•î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–23
ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ 2öÇ ˛õò!ê˛ ÚÜ˛yˆÏöê˛ ˆã˛yˆÏÓ˚ !ö° Ü˛yà•z üyàxÛ–24 ¢yflf# ü•y¢Î˚ ˛õò!ê˛Ó˚
§yôyÓ˚ö xÌ≈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö Ü˛ö≈û)˛£Ïî ˆã˛yˆÏÓ˚ !ö° Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ã˛y•zÓ– ê˛#Ü˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ÚÚÜ˛yˆÏöê˛∆
≤Ãû˛yfl∫Ó˚ˆÏã˛yˆÏÓ˚î ≤ÃˆÏÓ¢y!òÓyï˛ˆÏòyˆÏ£Ïy Îòy ö#ï˛hflÏòy @ˇÃy•ƒòƒû˛yˆÏÓ ˆÎyà#ˆÏwy ò¢y!ö!¢ E˛y!˛õ
!Ü˛!M˛Èß¨ ≤ÃyÌ≈Î!˚ ï˛–ÛÛ25 xÌ≈yÍ ≤ÃˆÓÏ ¢y!òÓyï˛ˆÏòy£Ï Ó˚*˛õ Ü˛î≈yû˛Ó˚î ≤Ãû˛yfl∫Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ myÓ˚y x˛õ•*ï˛
•ˆÏ° @ˇÃy•ƒy!òÓ˚ xû˛yÓ •Î˚ñ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎyà#w !Ü˛å%È•z ≤ÃyÌ≈öy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö öy !Ü˛v
ü•¡øò ¢•#ò%Õ‘y• ü•y¢Î˚ ÚÜ˛yˆÏöê˛Û ¢∑!ê˛ Ü˛ö≈û)˛£ÏˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ ÚÜ˛y!öÛ xÌ≈yÍ ÚˆÏöÜ˛í˛¸yÛ
¢∑!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ¢•#ò%Õ‘y• ü•y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~•z x!û˛üï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ≤Ã§ß¨ û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ñ §%Ü%˛üyÓ˚
ˆ§öñ ö#°Ó˚ï˛ö ˆ§ö ü•y¢Î˚ ˆüˆÏö ˆöö!ö– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ˛õÇ!_´!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ Ü˛ö≈û)˛£Ïî ˆã˛yˆÏÓ˚
!ö° Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ã˛y•zÓ Süyàï˛V– §Çfl,Òï˛ ê˛#Ü˛y Ä ˛õ![˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x!û˛üï˛ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ˆÓyé˛y ÎyÎÈ̊ÙÈÜ˛î≈û˛) £Ïî
ˆã˛yˆÏÓ˚ !ö° Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ã˛y•zÓ ÈxÌ≈!ê˛ ÎÌyÌ≈–
xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ü˛•z ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ 7 Ä 8 öÇ ˛õä!_´ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyë˛yhsˇÓ˚ °«˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ
Ú!òÓ§ Ó‡í˛¸# Ü˛yí˛¸•z û˛ˆÏÎ˚ çyx
Ó˚y!ï˛ û˛•zˆÏ° Ü˛yüÓ˚& çyx–Û26
ÚÜ˛yüÓ˚&Û ¢∑!ê˛ ¢∑§)!ã˛ˆÏï˛ ÚÜ˛yüÓ˚*Ûñ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚– ÚÚˆÓyô•Î˚ñ xÌ≈ ÚÜ˛yüÓ˚*˛õÛ Sˆò¢V
••zˆÏÓ–ÛÛ27 ~•z Ü˛yüÓ˚*˛õ ¢∑ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ≤Ãyã˛#ö ˛ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ Ü˛yä%Ó˚ñ Ü˛yí˛zÓ˚ ¢∑ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ– ï˛y•ˆÏ°
˛õò!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ •°
ÚÚ!òÓˆÏ§ Óô%!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ SÜ˛y° ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚V û˛ˆÏÎ˚ û˛#ï˛ ÌyˆÏÜ˛ xÌã˛
Ó˚y!e ••zˆÏ° Ü˛yüÓ˚*˛õ ÎyÎ˚ÛÛ28
!Ü˛v ï˛yÓ˚y˛õò û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ ü•y¢Î˚ ˛õò!ê˛Ó˚ xöƒ xÌ≈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚öÈÙÈ
xy!ü í˛z_´ ã˛Ó˚î ò%•z!ê˛Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ xöƒ Ó˚Ü˛ü xÌ≈ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛
ã˛y•z ÈÙÈ ï˛y•y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ á%Ó ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ xÌ≈– ÎÌyÈÙÈ
ÚÚÓô% !òÓˆÏ§ û˛ˆÏÎ˚ û˛yÓ Ü˛yˆÏí˛¸ Sû˛yÓÜ˛y!° Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚Vñ xyÓ˚
Ó˚y!e ••zˆÏ° SöyÎ˚ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ §!•ï˛V Ü˛yüyˆÏ§ÓyÌ≈ SÜ˛yüyÓ˚&V
ÎyÎ˚–... ÚÜ˛yüyÓ˚&ÛÓ˚ xÌ≈ ÚÜ˛yüy§ƒ ˆ•ˆÏï˛y àFåÈ!ï˛Û ~•z Ü˛ÌyÓ˚•z
x˛õºÇ¢ ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛ Ó˚*˛õ ÚÚÜ˛yüÓ˚& çyxÛÛ–29
§%Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ˆ§öñ ö#°Ó˚ï˛ü ˆ§ö ≤Ãü%á ˛õ!u˛ï˛àö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §•üï˛ ˆ˛õy£Ïö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö–
Úã˛Î≈y˛õòÛ xy!ÓflÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ ê˛#Ü˛y xy!Ófl,Òï˛ •Î˚ S˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛ˆÏÓ!˚ åÈVñ
!Ü˛v ã˛Î≈y˛õò =!° Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ê˛#Ü˛y Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– Îáö ü)° ˛õyë˛ ò)ˆÏÓyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÄˆÏë˛
ï˛áö ê˛#Ü˛yÓ˚ òÓ˚Ü˛yÓ˚– xyÓ˚ !Î!ö ê˛#Ü˛y !°áˆÏåÈö !ï˛!ö §•!çÎ˚y ôü≈°¡∫# •ˆÏÓö ~üö ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy
Ü˛Ìy ˆö•z– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !ï˛!ö ˆÎ û˛yˆÏÓ ü)°ˆÏÜ˛ Ó%ˆÏé˛ˆÏåÈö ˆ§û˛yˆÏÓ ê˛#Ü˛y Ó˚ã˛öy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛y•z
ê˛#Ü˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !öû˛≈Ó˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ü)ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ó≈e ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ö Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ºy!hsˇ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ
ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ê˛#Ü˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ åÈyí˛¸y §yôyÓ˚î xÌ≈ myÓ˚y ˛õyë˛ !öö≈Î˚ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ xÌ≈
í˛zòây!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚– Óyäy!° ˛õ![˛ï˛ Ä àˆÏÓ£ÏÜ˛àî §Çfl,Òï˛ ê˛#Ü˛y myÓ˚y ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ !öö≈Î˚
Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ fliyˆÏö ü)° ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛yhsˇ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈó Îy ~Ü˛ çö Ó˚§ !˛õ˛õy§% ˛õyë˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ü§ƒyÓ˚ §,!‹T Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ˛õyë˛yhsˇˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü xyò¢≈ ˛õyåÈ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ
~•z §Ü˛° §y!•ï˛ƒ Ó˚!§Ü˛ Óƒ!_´àî §y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚ ã˛Î≈y˛õò ã˛ã˛≈y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö–
ï˛Ìƒ§)e ≠
1. ÓˆÏçwöyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ó Ú˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚Ûñ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢Ü˛ ÈÙÈ ÓD#Î˚ÈÙÈ§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍñ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢
Ü˛y° ÈÙÈ ≤ÃÌü ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ ÈÙÈ 1981ñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 51ÈÙÈ52
2. x°Ü˛y ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ Úã%˛Ó˚y!¢ !§k˛Ó˚ Ü˛y!•ö#Ûñ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢Ü˛ ÈÙÈ xö%‹T%˛õñ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛y° ç%ö 2010ñ
˛õ,,¤˛yÈÙÈ14
3. §ï˛#¢ã˛w !Óòƒyû)˛£Ïî §¡õy!òï˛ Ú§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÛ Sû˛yàÈÙÈ21Vó ≤ÃÜ˛y¢Ü˛
ÚÓD#Î˚ÈÙÈ§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÛñ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛y° 1321ñ ˜Ó¢yá §Çáƒyñ Ú§û˛y˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ x!û˛û˛y£ÏîÛñ
•Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yflf#ñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ28 Sxï˛É˛õÓ˚ @ˇÃsi!ê˛ §y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛y öyˆÏü í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÓ–V
4. ò#ˆÏö¢ã˛w ˆ§öñ ÚÓDû˛y£Ïy Ä §y!•ï˛ƒÛñ !öüy•zã˛w ˛õy° §¡õy!òï˛– ≤ÃÜ˛y¢Ü˛ Ú§yÓ˚fl∫ï˛ Ü%˛OÛñ
≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛y°ÈÙÈ2009ñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ û)˛!üÜ˛y xÇ¢ o‹TÓƒ ÈÙÈ âñ í˛zk,˛ï˛!ê˛ @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ !öˆÏÓòˆÏö !öüy•z ã˛w
˛õy° í˛zˆÏÕ‘á Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö–
5. Ó˚yüà!ï˛ öƒyÎ˚Ó˚bñ ÚÓyDy°y û˛y£Ïy Ä ÓyDy°y §y!•ï˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓÛñ í˛. x!§ï˛ Ü%˛üyÓ˚
ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ §¡õy!òï˛ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢Ü˛ §%≤Ã#ü Ó%Ü˛ !í˛!flT…!Óí˛zê˛y§≈ñ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛y° ÈÙÈ 1872ñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ
21–
6. ˆàÔï˛ü û˛oñ Úöƒyí˛¸y Óê˛ï˛°yÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Ü˛ÓyÓ˚⁄Ûñ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢Ü˛ ÈÙÈ åÈy!ï˛ü Ó%Ü‰˛§‰ñ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛y° çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚
2011ñ õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 7–
7. §ï˛#¢ã˛w !Óòƒyû)˛£Ïî §¡õy!òï˛ Ú§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÍÏ ÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÛSû˛yàÈÙÈ21V Ú§û˛y˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ x!û˛û˛y£ÏîÛ
¢#£≈Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ñ •Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yflf#Ïñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ29–
8. Úï˛ˆÏòÓÛó ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 30
11. x!§ï˛ Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ ÚÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛Ó,_Ûó ≤ÃÌü á[˛ñ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢Ü˛ ÈÙÈ üí˛yî≈ Ó%Ü˛
~ç™# ≤Ãy•zˆÏû˛ê˛ !°!üˆÏê˛í˛ñ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛y° ˛õ%öü%o≈î ÈÙÈ 2014ÈÙÈ2015ñ ˛õ,¤˛y 118–
12. §%Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ˆ§öñ Úã˛Î≈yà#!ï˛ ˛õòyÓ°#Ûñ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢Ü˛ xyö® ˛õyÓ!°¢y§≈ ≤Ãy•zˆÏû˛ê˛ !°!üˆÏê˛ã˛ñ ≤ÃÌü
≤ÃÜ˛y¢ñ 1956ñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 22–
13. áˆÏ à wöyÌ !üe §¡õy!òï˛ Ú§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚ £ Ï Í ÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÛ Sû˛yàÈÙÈ27Vñ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢Ü˛
ÚÓD#Î˚ÈÙÈ§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÛñ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ §y°ÈÙÈ1327ñ ÚˆÓÔk˛ àyö Ä ˆòy• xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÛñ ¢#£Ï≈Ü˛
≤ÃÓ¶˛ ÈÙÈ ü•fl∫ò ¢•#ò%Õ‘y•ñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 145– Sxï˛É˛õÓ˚ @ˇÃsi!ê˛ ÚÚ§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÛ öyˆÏü
í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÓ–V
14. x!§ï˛ Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ ÚÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛Ó,_Ûó ˛õ,¤˛y 246–
15. í˛. §%üD° Ó˚yöyó Úã˛Î≈yà#!ï˛ ˛õM˛Èy!¢Ü˛yÛó ≤ÃÜ˛y¢Ü˛ ú˛yü≈y ˆÜ˛ ~° ~ü ≤Ãy•zˆÏû˛ê˛ !°!üˆÏê˛í˛ñ
≤ÃÜ˛y¢Ü˛y° ÈÙÈ 1981ñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ û)˛!üÜ˛y xÇ¢ o‹TÓƒ ÈÙÈ SiiiV
≤ÃÓ¶˛ ÈÙÈ ü•fl∫ò ¢•#ò%Õ‘y•ñ ˛˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 145–
17. Úï˛ˆÏòÓÛñ ˛˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 147
18. •Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yflf# §¡õy!òï˛ Ú•yçyÓ˚ ÓåÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yî ÓyDy°y û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ˆÓÔk˛ àyö Ä ˆòÑy•yÛó
≤ÃÜ˛y¢Ü˛ ÓD#Î˚ÈÙÈ§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍñ ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛y° ◊yÓö 1323ñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 5–
19. §ï˛#¢ã˛w !Óòƒyû)˛£Ïî §¡õy!òï˛ Ú§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏÍÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÛSû˛yàÈÙÈ21Vó Ú§û˛y˛õ!ï˛Ó˚
x!û˛û˛y£ÏîÛ ¢#£≈Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ñ •Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yflf#Ïñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 32–
20. áˆÏ à wöyÌ !üe §¡õy!òï˛ Ú§y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚ £ Ï Í ÈÙÈ˛õ!eÜ˛yÛ Sû˛yàÈÙÈ27Vó ≤ÃÜ˛y¢Ü˛
21. •Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yflf# §¡õy!òï˛ Ú•yçyÓ˚ ÓåÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yî ÓyDy°y û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ˆÓÔk˛ àyö Ä ˆòÑy•yÛó ˛õ,¤˛y
ÈÙÈ 1–
22. Úï˛ˆÏòÓÛñ ï˛yÓ˚y≤Ã§ß¨ û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ §¡õy!òï˛ ÚˆÓÔk˛ àyö Ä ˆòÑy•y ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÛó ¢#£≈Ü˛
≤ÃÓ¶˛ñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 153–
23. í˛. §%üD° Ó˚yöyñ Úã˛Î≈yà#!ï˛ ˛õM˛Èy!¢Ü˛yÛó ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ û)˛!üÜ˛y xÇ¢ o‹TÓƒ ÈÙÈ SiiiV
24. •Ó˚≤Ã§yò ¢yflf# §¡õy!òï˛ Ú•yçyÓ˚ ÓåÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yî ÓyDy°y û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ˆÓÔk˛ àyö Ä ˆòÑy•yÛñ ˛õ,¤˛y
ÈÙÈ 5–
25. Úï˛ˆÏòÓÛñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 6–
26. Úï˛ˆÏòÓÛñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 6–
28. Úï˛ˆÏòÓÛó ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 174–
29. Úï˛ˆÏòÓÛó ÚˆÏÓÔk˛àyö Ä ˆòÑy•y ≤ÃÓˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÛ ¢#£Ï≈Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚y≤Ã§ß¨ û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ñ ˛õ,¤˛y ÈÙÈ
153
≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ ÜˆÏÓ°Ïíyõ)úÑ˛ Ó˚â˛òy ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏü xyõÓ˚y îyÎ˚Ók˛–

ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ÈÙÈxïƒy˛ôÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yîˆÏÓ˚ xy£¥yò ãyòyˆÏòy ÎyˆÏFäÈ
xy˛ôòyÓ˚ !â˛hs˛yÈÙÈ¢õ,k˛ Ó˚â˛òy!›˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ–
xyÜyõ# ¢ÇÖƒy ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚–
xy˛ôòyÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy!›˛ òÑ˛ú ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ £yˆÏì˛ !úˆÏÖ Óy !v˛.!›˛.!˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
˛xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ îÆˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ !îò–
£zÈÙÈˆõú õyÓ˚ö˛ÍÁ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò˚ –
E-mail : ashis.jibonda.roy@gmail.com
!ŸÖ ›˜hßþöì_´îû xyöìœyöì„þ òþ™öìíîû þ™¤y‰þyœ#ó

!Ÿ…y £yœ”yîû*
!ŸÖîû ›y˜î‹†öì“þ xy!î¦Åþyî ‡öìÝþ ~„þ xöì‰þ˜yéôéx‹y˜y îû£¢Ä›ëûöœ ì y„þ öíöì„þÐ ‹öì§Ãîû
þ™îû öíöì„þ ÷ŸŸî xîßþiy þ™ëÅhsþ SxíÅyê 1 öíöì„þ ²Ìyëû 12 îŠéîûV ö¢ þ™y!îûþ™y!Ù»Å„þ ‹†öì“þîû
¢yöìí þ™!îû!‰þ“þ £öì“þ £öì“þ ¢y›y!‹„þ £öìëû çöìàþÐ ‹#îöì˜îû ~£z ²Ìí› þ™ëÅyöìëû Ÿyîû#!îû„þ
†àþöì˜îû ¢yöìí ¢yöìí †öìvþü çöìàþ ›y˜!¢„þ †àþ˜çÐ ÷ŸŸöìîîû ~£z ëyeyþ™öìí ‰þœöì“þ íyöì„þ
¦þyˆy†vþüyîû ö…œyÐ ¢y›y!‹„þ ›y˜%¡ì îû#!“þ˜#!“þ !ŸÇþy þ™!îûöìîŸ öíöì„þ !“þöìœ !“þöìœ †öìvþü
çöìàþ !ŸÖîû xy†y›# !”˜=!œîû ‰þœyîû þ™íÐ !ŸÖîû ›öì˜y‹†öì“þîû ¢õþyöì˜ îöìvþüyîûy
xöì˜„þ¢›ëû !˜öì‹öì”îû ÷ŸŸöìîîû ßþ¿,!“þîû x˜%¢D “%þöìœ xyöì˜˜Ð !àþ„þ öë¦þyöìî !î¦)þ!“þ¦)þ¡ì’
îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû “¤þyîû òþ™öìíîû þ™¤y‰þyœ#ó vþzþ™˜Äyöì¢îû ”%!Ýþ !ŸÖ‰þ!îûe xþ™% ç ”%†Åyîû ›•Ä !”öìë
îû*þ™„þíyîû îûyöì‹Äîû îû£¢Ä!Ýþ îëûßþñ x!¦þKþ“þyîû ¢Á¿%öì… !îöìÙÕ¡ì’ „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð
!î¦)þ!“þ¦)þ¡ì’ îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyöìëûîû òþ™öìíîû þ™¤y‰þyœ#ó vþzþ™˜Äyöì¢îû xþ™% ç ”%†Åy xy›yöì”îû
¢„þöìœîû ÷ŸŸöìîîû öë˜ ŸyÙ»“þ ”%!Ýþ !‰þeÐ èþ™˜Äy!¢„þ ¢›@ùÌ vþzþ™˜Äyöì¢îû e«›!î„þyöìŸîû
¢yöìí¢yöìí öë˜ ”%!Ýþ !ŸÖ›öì˜îû e«›!î„þyŸ ç x@ùÌ†!“þîû Šé!î ~¤öì„þöìŠé˜Ð
òþ™öìíîû þ™¤y‰þyœ#ó vþzþ™˜Äyöì¢îû ~£z ”%ó‹˜ @ùÌ›Ä îyœ„þéôé îy!œ„þyîû ›˜öì„þ ›öì˜îû „þÒ˜yöì„þ
›˜hßþcöì„þ ¢yíÅ„þ¦þyöìî vþzþ™œ!¸þ „þîûöì“þ £öìœ !šþöìîû öëöì“þ £ëû !˜öì‹öì”îû £yîûyöì˜y ÷ŸŸöìîîû
ßþ¿,!“þ›•%îû !”˜=!œöì“þÐ xíÅyê– òòxþ™% xy¢öìœ ›y˜%öì¡ìîû ‹#îöì˜îû £y!îûöìëû ëyçëûy vþzê¢
òþ™öìíîû þ™¤y‰þyœ#ó öë›˜ xþ™%îû ‹#îöì˜îû ”!œœ ö“þ›!˜ xy›yöì”îû ‹#îöì˜îû xöì˜„þ !„þŠ%é£z
†¤yíy £öìëû xyöìŠé xþ™%îû ‹#îöì˜îû¢öìDóó1Ð vþzþ™˜Äyöì¢îû !“þ˜!Ýþ þ™ëÅyöìëûîû ›öì•Ä ²Ìí›!Ýþöì“þ
òîÍÔyœ# îyœy£zóéôé~îû ²Ìí› þ™!îûöìFŠéöì”£z Šéëû îŠéöìîûîû öŠéyR ”%†Åyîû ¢yöìí xy›yöì”îû þ™!îû‰þëû
£ëûÐ ¢îÅ‹yëûyîû ¢‚¢yöìîû †œ@ùÌ£ £z!¨îû àþy„%þîû&öì˜îû òò‰þ!ÍÔŸ î‰þöìîûîû !˜!¦þëûy ëyçëûy ‡%›hsþ
›y“,þc ö›öìöìëû!Ýþîû ›%öì…îû !îþ™§¬ x²Ì!“þ¦þ ¦þ!Döì“þ– xöìîy• ö‰þyöì…îû £y!¢öì“þéôé ~„þ›%£)öì“Åþ
¢‰þ!„þ“þ xy@ùÌöì£– öŸ¡ì ££zöì“þ ‰þœy ‹#îöì˜îû îÄy„%þœ Ç%þ•yëû ‹y!†ëûy vþzöìàþóó2Ð vþzþ™˜Äyöì¢îû
~£z þ™ëÅyöìëûîû£z “,þ“þ#ëû þ™!îûöìFŠé” ¢”Ä‹y“þ !ŸÖ xþ™%öì„þ xy›îûy þ™y£zÐ xþ™%îû vþzþ™!ßþi!“þ
÷”!£„þ¦þyöìî íy„þöìœç “þyîû ÷ŸŸî‹#îöì˜îû ›öì˜y‹†öì“þîû xyŸy „þÒ˜y ç e«#vþüy ö„þï“%þöì„þ
!îhß+þ“þ !îîîû’ ö›öìœ þ™öìîûîû ”%!Ýþ x•Äyëû òxy› x¤y!Ýþîû ö¦¤þþ™%ó ç òxe%«îû ¢‚îy”óéôé~Ð
†yŠé†yŠéy!œ ö‡îûy !˜!Øþ!¨þ™%öìîûîû !ßþ¬?þ !˜¢†Å ²Ì„,þ!“þîû xyöìœy £yçëûyëû ‹y“þ !ŸÖ
xþ™% ç ”%†ÅyÐ òò²Ì„,þ!“þ þ™!îû‰þöìëûîû ›öì•Ä !”öìëû „þÒ˜yîû !î„þyŸ £z£y£z xþ™%îû ‹#îöì˜îû
*†öìî¡ì„þ– îy‚œy !î¦þy†– „þy‹# ˜‹îû&œ !îÙ»!î”Äyœëû– xy¢y˜öì¢yœ

e«›y!¦þîÄ!_«îû ²Ì•y˜ „þíyÐóó3 “þy£z xþ™%îû ›˜öì„þ !‰þ˜öì“þ ö†öìœ ²Ì„,þ!“þîû ö¦þ“þîû !”öìëû£z
vþzþ™œ!¸þ „þîûöì“þ £ëûÐ
!ŸÖ ‹öì§Ãîû þ™îû öíöì„þ öë öë xîßþiyîû ›•Ä !”öìëû îöìvþüy £ëû ÷ŸŸî ÷„þöìŸyîû öíöì„þ
Öîû& „þöìîû ²Ì!“þ!Ýþ •yþ™£z ‹#îöì˜îû ¢›y˜ =îû&c þ™yëûÐ “þy£z îyîy £!îû£öìîûîû £y“þ •öìîû öŠéyR
Šéó îŠéöìîûîû xþ™% ›yöìàþîû öîœyöì“þ öîvþüyöì“þ öGþyöìþ™îû ›öì•Ä …îûöì†yöìŸîû xy˜yöì†y˜y ë…˜
ö”…öì“þ þ™yëû– “þ…˜ xîy„þ £öìëû ëyëûéôôôôé òòîyœ„þ î’Åþ™!îû‰þöìëû ò…ó ~ …îûöì†yöìŸîû Šé!î
ö”!…ëûyöìŠé– !„þlsþ “þy ¢y•yîû’ ‰þÇ%þöì“þ ö”!…öì“þ þ™yçëûy ëyëû– ~ „þíy ö¢ „þ…öì˜y ¦þyöìî ˜y£zóó4
“þ…˜ „þÒ˜y ç îyhßþöìî ö›Ÿyöì˜y ¦þyöìîîû o&“þ xy¢y ëyçëûy ‰þöìœ xþ™%îû ›y˜¢ ‹†öì“þÐ
xþ™%îû þ™!îû‰þöìëûîû þ™!îûþ™)’Å“þyëû “þyîû !”!” ”%†Åyöì„þ îy” !”öìœ ‰þöìœ ˜yÐ !”!”îû £y“þ •öìîû£z
“þyîû ÷ŸŸöìîîû !”˜=!œ Öîû& £öìëûöìŠé !˜!Øþ!¨þ™%öìîûîû ›y!Ýþöì“þÐ ”%†Åy £ëûöì“þy xyîû þ™¤y‰þÝþy
¢y•yîû’ !ŸÖîû ›öì“þy£z îy†yöì˜ ‹Döìœ xyöì›îû =!Ýþ– öŸëûyš%þœ– ö˜y˜yšþœ ~¢öìîîû îy!£Ä„þ
xy„þ¡ìöÅ ’ì £z Š%éöÝì þ ö†öìŠé !˜!Øþ!¨þ™%öîì îû û xy˜yöì‰þ„þy˜yöì‰þÐ !„þlsþ xþ™%îû ›öì•Ä !Šéœ „þÒ˜y !îœy¢#
›˜Ð “þy£z òòxöì˜„þ ”)öìîûîû „þíyëû “þyîû !ŸÖ›öì˜ ~„þÝþy !îßþ¿ëû ›y…yöì˜y xy˜öì¨îû ¦þyöìîîû
¢,!ÜT „þ!îû“þÐ ˜#œ îû‚ ~îû xy„þyŸÝþy xöì˜„þ ”)îû ö¢ î%Gþy£zöì“þ þ™y!îû“þ ˜y– öë˜ ö„þyíyëû
vþz!vþüëûy ‰þ!œëûy ëy£z“þÐóó5
!ŸÖ ~ ¢›ëû „þÒ˜y „þîûöì“þ öŸöì…Ð ~£z „þÒ˜y ç !”îy ßþºöì²Àîû ‹†öì“þ !ŸÖ öë˜
v%þöìî íyöì„þ ~î‚ £àþyê xyöìîöì†îûç þ™!îûî“Åþ˜ç £ëûÐ ö“þ›!˜ xþ™%ç ›£y¦þyîûöì“þîû ë%öìkþîû
„þy!£!˜ Ööì˜ !˜öì‹ ö¢Ýþyöì„þ vþzþ™öì¦þy† „þîûyîû ‹öì˜Ä òòö„þyöì˜y †yöìŠéîû vþyœöì„þ xßþfßþºîû*þ™
£yöì“þ œ£zëûy ö¢ îy!vþüîû !þ™Šéöì˜ î¤yŸîy†yöì˜ þ™öìí xíîy îy!£öìîûîû vþzöìàþyöì˜ ‡%!îûëûy öîvþüyëû
ç xyþ™˜ ›öì˜ îöìœ................... ö¢!„þ ë%kþæ !„þ ë%kþæóó6
„þÒ˜y !î„þyöìŸîû þ™öìí ¦þëû ç !îßþ¿ëû !ŸÖ ‰þ!îûöeì îû ~„þ!Ýþ vþzöÍì …Ô öìëy†Ä !”„þÐ òòxy“%þîû#
î%vþü# vþy£z!˜îû ¢öìD x“þ!„Åþöì“þ ¢yÇþyê “þy£yîû !ŸÖ›öì˜îû ¢›hßþ xþ™!îû‰þöìëîû û ¦þ#!“þ !Ÿ£îû’öì„þ
“þ#îÊ x!¦þîÄ!_« !”ëûyöìŠéÐóó7
!ŸÖ›˜ îvþü£z ö…ëûyœ#Ð ‰þMþéœyþ™Çþ ²Ì‹yþ™!“þîû ›“þ “þyîû ›öì˜ xyöì¢ ˜“%þ˜ ¦þyî˜y
!‰þhsþy ˜“%þ˜ xy!îÜñyöìîîû û xy„þyAÇþyÐ “þy£zéôôôôé òòŸ„%þ!˜îû !vþöì›îû ›öì•Ä þ™yîû” þ™%!îûëyû „þöìë„û þ!”˜
öìîûïöìo îûy!…öì“þ £ëû– þ™öìîû ö¢£z !vþ› ›%öì…îû !¦þ“þîû þ™%!îûëûy ›y˜%¡ì £zFŠéy „þ!îûöìœ Ÿ)˜Ä›yöì†Å
!î‰þîû’ „þ!îûîyîû Çþ›“þy ²Ìy!® £ëûóóÐ8 ~£z £y¢Ä„þîû xõþ!îÙ»y¢ !ŸÖ›öì˜îû£z ¢îûœ“þyîû
þ™!îû‰þyëû„þÐ
îy!vþüîû !˜!Øþhsþ þ™!îûöìîöìŸ– ößþ¬£FŠéyëûyëû öíöì„þ !ŸÖöì„þ ²Ìí› öëöì“þ £ëû þ™yàþŸyœyëû
îy !ŸÇþyDöì˜Ð îyîy £!îû£öìîûîû £y“þ •öìîû xþ™% @ùÌyöì›îû ²Ì¢§¬ =îû& ›£yŸöìëûîû îyvþü#öì“þ ëyey
Öîû& „þöìîû!ŠéœÐ “þy£z ²Ìí› ²Ìí› ö¢ ›yöìëûîû çþ™îû x!¦þ›y˜ „þöìîû îöìœ!Šéœéôôôôé òòxy!›
„þ…ä…öì˜y xyîû îy!vþü xy¢!Šéöì˜ ö”öì…yÐóó9 “þyîûþ™îû •#öìîû •#öìîû xþ™% þ™yàþŸyœyîû þ™vþüyöì„þ
xöì¦þÄ¢ „þöìîû öšþöìœÐ þ™!îû!‰þ!“þ †![þîû îy£zöìîû þ™y îûy…öìœ£z “þyîû !ŸÖ›˜ xþ™!îû‰þöìëûîû
x„)þœ ‹œ!•öì“þ ö¦þöì¢ öë“þÐ “þy£z ~„þ!”˜ þ™yàþŸyœyîû ò×&!“þöìœ…˜óöì„þ “þyîû ‹#îöì˜îû
˜“%þ˜ x!¦þKþ“þy îöìœ ›öì˜ £öìëûöìŠéÐ xyîû ×&!“þöìœ…öì˜îû ò²Ì¢î˜!†!îûó– òxy„þyŸþ™íó
ò˜”#éôéþ™íéôé‡yÝþóéôé~îû „þíy !œ!…öì“þ !œ!…öì“þ ö¢ £y!îûöìëû öë“þ îûy›yëû’ ›£y¦þyîûöì“þîû ö”öìŸÐ
£z‚öìîû‹#öì“þ ~„þÝþy „þíy xyöìŠé ‘child is the father of the man’ ¦þ!î¡ìÄöì“þîû ßþº¦þyî
‰þ!îûe ÷ŸŸöìîîû xy‰þîû’ öíöì„þ£z öîyGþy ëyëû !„þŠ%éÝþyÐ xþ™%îû öŠéyöìÝþyöìîœy öíöì„þ£z öîyGþy
ëyëû !„þŠ%éÝþyÐ xþ™%îû öŠéyöìÝþyöìîœy öíöì„þ£z îû£¢Äöì„þ vþzå‡yÝþ˜ „þîûyîû £zöìFŠé ²ÌîœÐ „þyîû’
!ŸÖ›˜ ~›!˜öì“þ x‹y˜y îû£öì¢Äîû ²Ì!“þ xy„þ¡ìÅ’ x˜%¦þî „þöìîû ¢îÅ”yÐ “þy£z îyîyîû þ™%îûyöì˜y
îy: öíöì„þ î£z öîîû „þöìîû xþ™% œ%!„þöìëû þ™öìœöìŠéÐ òò~„þ!”˜ ö¢ ”%þ™%îûöìîœy îyöìþ™îû
x˜%þ™!ßþi!“þöì“þ ‡öìîûîû ”îû‹y îõþ „þ!îûëûy ‰%þ!þ™ ‰%þ!þ™ î£z ~îû îy:Ýþy œ%„þy£zëûy …%!œœÐ x•#îû
xy@ùÌöì£îû ¢!£“þ ö¢ ~ î£z ç î£z …%!œëûy î£z ~îû ¦þyöìœy †Ò öœ…y xyöìŠé !„þ˜y ö”!…öì“þ
œy!†œóóÐ10 ~›˜!„þ þ™%„%þîû•yöìîû !˜‹Å˜ î¤yŸîöì˜ ›yŠé þ™y£yîûyîû þ™y!îû×!›„þ !£öì¢öìî î£z
þ™vþüö“ì þ ö¢ îûy!‹ £öìëû ëyëûÐ î£zéôé~ £z!£yöì¢îû ë%ökì þîû î’Å˜y !‰þöì“þyöìîîû û „þy!£!˜ “þyîû !ŸÖ›˜öì„þ
x!•„þyîû „þöìîû îûyöì…Ð
!ŸÖîû ›öì˜y‹öì†“þ ”%!Ýþ xîßþiy ›%…Ä x˜%¦)þ!“þ (feeling) ç xyöìî† (emotion)Ð
‹§Ã›%£)“Åþ öíöì„þ£z ~£z ÷î!ŸÜTÄ ›y˜î ‰þ!îûeöì„þ !˜ëûsþf’ „þöìîûÐ !î¦)þ!“þ¦)þ¡ì’ xþ™%îû ›öì•Äç
!ŸÖ ›˜hßþöì_´îû ~£z ”%!Ýþ ÷î!ŸÜTÄöì„þ …%î ”,‘þü¦þyöìî ²Ì!“þÛþy „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð “þy£z ëyey”öìœîû vþyöì„þ
xþ™% vþz”@ä ùÌ#î £öìëû þ™öìvþüÐ ëyeyîû x˜%„þîûöì’ ~„þ!Ýþ ˜yÝþ„þç !œöì… îöì¢Ð ëyey xyîû½þ £çëûyîû
¢yöìí ¢yöìí ö¢ †¦þ#îû¦þyöìî ~„þyd £öìëû þ™öìvþüÐ “þ…˜ öë˜éôé òò‹†ê ˜y£z– ö„þ£ ˜y£z Ö•%
xþ™% xyöìŠé– xyîû ˜#œ›!˜ £y‹îûyîû ëyey ”œ xyöìŠé ¢y›öì˜óóÐ11 ›yöìëîû û †öìÒ îœy îûy‹þ™%öeì îû
¢öìD ëyeyîû îûy‹þ™%öìeîû ö„þyíyç öë˜ ~„þÝþy !›œ …¤%öì‹ þ™yëû xþ™%Ð
÷„þöìŸyîû xîßþiyöì„þ !ŸÖ ‹#îöì˜îû öŸ¡ì þ™ëÅyëû îœy ëyëûéôôôôé ëy !ŸÖöì„þ îÄ!_« £öìëû
vþzàþöì“þ ¢y£yëÄ „þöìîûÐ îëûöì¢îû ¢öìD ›öì˜y‹†öì“þîû ~£z þ™!îûî“þÅ˜ ‹#î˜!î„þyöìŸîû ¢£yëû„þÐ
vþzþ™˜Äyöì¢ ö¡ìyvþüŸ þ™!îûöFì Šé” öíöì„þ öœ…„þ ö”!…öìëöû Šì é˜ ”%†yÅ ‰þ!îûöeì îû ›öì•Ä ~„þÝþy þ™!îûî“þÅ˜Ð
÷ŸŸöìîîû ‰þyþ™œÄ ‰þMþéœ“þy !„þŠ%éÝþy £öìœç „þ›Ð öœ…„þ îöìœöìŠé˜ òòxy‹„þyœ ö¢ îvþü ££zëyû öìŠé
î!œëûy “þy£yîû ›y x˜Ä þ™yvþüyëû !†ëûy !˜›sþf’ …y£zöì“þ ö”ëû ˜yÐóó12 Ö•% Ÿyîû#!îû„þ¦þyöìî ˜ëû
÷„þöìŸyöìîîû û îû*öìþ™îû xy¦þy¢ ˜ëûéôôôôé ”%†yÅ îû þ™!îûî“Åþ˜ ~öì¢!Šéœ ›y˜!¢„þ hßþöìîç û “þy£z ˜#öìîöû ˜ì îû
²Ì!“þ ”%†Åyîû ~„þÝþy ¢%® xy„þ¡ìÅ’ ÷“þ!îû £öìëûé!ŠéœÐ ˜#öìîû˜îyî%îû ¢yöìí þ™öìí £àþyê ö”…y £öìœ–
˜#öìîûöì˜îû ²Ì¢D vþzàþöìœ ~…öì˜y £ëû ˜y£z– îûy!e öŸöì¡ìîû xœ¢ xõþ„þyîû ~…˜ç ‹vþüy£zëûy
xyöìŠéóóÐ13 ”%†Åyîû ‰þ!îûe öíöì„þç ÷ŸŸî ¢Á™)’Å ›%öìŠé ëyëû!˜Ð ÷ŸŸöìîîû !ßþ¬?þ xyöìîÜTöì˜îû
›öì•Ä£z ÷„þöìŸyöìîîû û ˜î#˜ xyöìœyîû ö”…y !”öìë!û Šéœ ”%†yÅ îû ›öì˜Ð ë!”ç “þyîû ~£z ßþº²À öî!Ÿ!”˜
ßþiyëû# £ëû!˜Ð ”%†yÅ îû ~£z x„þyœ›,“þ% Ä ²Ì¦þyî öšþöìœ!Šéœ xþ™%îû !ŸÖ›öì˜Ð xþ™%îû ÷ŸŸî‹#îöì˜
”%†Åyîû ›,“%þÄ ²Ìí› îyhßþî x!¦þKþ“þy £öìëû ö”…y !”œÐ !”!” ‰þöìœ ëyçëûyîû þ™öìîûîû ‰þvþü„þþ™%öì‹y
“þyîû ö„þ›˜ !˜ƒ¢D öœöì†öìŠéÐ “þyöì”îû öîvþüyîû †yöìëû îûy‚!‰þ“þy š%þœ š%þÝþöìœ– þ™y!…îû vþy„þöìœ–
çvþü„þ›!œîû š%þöìœîû ”%œ%!˜öì“þ “þyîû !”!”îû ‹öì˜Ä ›˜ ö„þ›˜ „þöìîûÐ xþ™%îû £zöìFŠé £ëû !”!”îû
„þyöìŠé ~„þ ›%£)öì“Åþ Š%éöìÝþ ‰þöìœ ëyëû !„þlsþ ö¢ þ™yöìîû ˜yÐ !˜!Øþ!¨þ™%îû öŠéöìvþü ‰þöìœ ëyçëûyîû
¢›ëû x!“þþ™!îû!‰þ“þ þ™öìí ‡yöìÝþéôé î¤yŸîöì˜éôéxy›“þœyëû xþ™% !”!”öì„þ …¤%öì‹ öþ™öìëûöìŠé
x˜%¦)þ!“þöì“þÐ “þy£z !”!”îû ‰%þ!îû „þîûyîû „þíy ‹y˜öì“þ öþ™öìîûç xþ™% ö†yþ™˜#ëû“þy îûÇþy „þöìîûöìŠéÐ
!”!”îû çþ™îûîûy† „þöìîû!˜Ð !”!”öì„þ ö¢ vþzþ™œ!¸þ „þöìîûöìŠé !”!”îû ‹#îöì˜îû x²Ìy!®îû ‹yëû†y
öíöì„þÐ £àþyê xþ™%îû !ŸÖ›˜ ~„þ !î!‰þe x˜%¦þ) !“þöì“þ ¦þöìîû ëyëû !”!”îû ßþ¿,!“þîû ›öì•Ä !”öìëéû ôôôôé
òò“þy£y ”%ƒ… ˜ëû– öŸy„þ ˜ëû– !îîû£ ˜ëû– “þy£y !„þ ö¢ ‹yöì˜ ˜yÐóó14 xíÅyê ›öì˜îû ›öì•Ä
„þ…öì˜y “þ#îÊ– „þ…öì˜y Ÿyhsþ– „þ…öì˜y ›˜›îûy ¦þyîÐ ›˜hßþöì_´îû ¦þy¡ìyëû íyöì„þ îöìœ ‘morbid
state of mind’éôé xþ™%îû ›öì•Äç öœ…„þ ö¢£z !˜…¤“% þ x˜%¦þ) !“þ=!œöì„þç ¢Mþéy!îû“þ „þöìîöû Šì é˜Ð
vþzþ™˜Äyöì¢îû “,þ“þ#ëû x•Äyëû òxe%«îû ¢‚îy”ó x‚öìŸ xþ™%îû ÷ŸŸî ‹#îöì˜îû öŸ¡ì ç
~„þ£z¢yöìí ÷„þöìŸyöìîûîû £y“þŠéy!˜ ö‰þyöì… þ™öìvþüÐ ë!”ç !˜!Øþ!¨þ™%öìîû íy„þy„þyœ#˜£z xþ™%îû
œ%!„þöìëû ‰%þîû&Ýþ ç !¢†yöìîûöìÝþîû ¢yöìí þ™!îû‰þöìëûîû ›öì•Ä£z ÷„þöìŸyöìîûîû ~„þÝ%þ xy¦þy¢ xy›yöì”îû
ö‰þyöì… þ™öìvþüÐ !˜!Øþ!¨þ™%öìîûîû !˜!Øþhsþ ÷ŸŸöìîîû xyöìîÜT˜ öíöì„þ xþ™% ›%_« £öìëû ¢Á™)’Å
îy£zöìîûîû xöì‰þ˜y Ÿ£öìîû ~öì¢ xöì˜„þ ˜“%þ˜ x!¦þKþ“þy œy¦þ „þöìîûöìŠéÐ !þ™“þy £!îû£öìîûîû ›,“%þÄ
“þyîûþ™îû öíöì„þ x¢½þî ”y!îûoÄ xþ™%öì„þ ÷ŸŸöìîîû ßþºöì²Àîû ‹†ê öíöì„þ îÄî£y!îû„þ ‹#îöì˜
îõ%þîû þ™öìí !˜öìëû ö†œ– •˜# îy!vþüîû ö›öìëû œ#œyîû ¢y£‰þëÅéôé¢y!§¬•Äç xþ™%îû “þîû&’ !î„þyöìŸy§Ã%…
›öì˜îû vþzþ™îû öë˜ öîû…yþ™y“þ „þöìîû!ŠéœÐ
xyöìœy‰þ˜yîû öŸ¡ì þ™ëÅyöìëû ~öì¢ îœöì“þ þ™y!îû– !î¦)þ!“þ¦)þ¡ì’ xþ™% ç ”%†Åyîû ›•Ä !”öìëû
!ŸÖ ›öì˜îû ~!þ™àþ ç ç!þ™öìàþîû ”%!Ýþ !”„þöì„þ ö”…yöìœ˜Ð ²Ì„þ, !“þîû ›yëûy ‹vþüyöì˜y îû*öìþ™ !îöì¦þyîû
£öìëû ëyçëûy !ŸÖ›˜éôéxþ™%– xþ™îû!”öì„þ îy!£Ä„þ xy˜öì¨îû þ™öìí •y!î“þ ÷ŸŸöìî ‰þMþéœ ”%†yÅ öì„þÐ
vþzþ™˜Äyöì¢ ”%†Åyîû ›,“%þÄ £öìëûöìŠé !àþ„þ£z– !„þlsþ ”%†Åy öî¤öì‰þ xyöìŠé þ™yàþöì„þîû „þyöìŠé ÷ŸŸöìîîû xy›
„%þöìvþüyöì˜yîû !˜›Åœ ßþ¿,!“þîû ›öì•ÄÐ xyîû xþ™%îû ÷ŸŸî!‰þeéôôôôé !ŸÖ›öì˜îû Ýþy˜yöìþ™yöìvþü˜ ~„þ
˜ÞÝþÄyœ!‹„þ xyöìî”˜ •îûy ö”ëû þ™yàþöì„þîû „þyöìŠéÐ xþ™%îû ÷ŸŸöìîîû x˜%¦)þ!“þ ~î‚ x!¦þKþ“þy
~“þ ¢%¨îû¦þyöìî x!Bþ“þ £öìëûöìŠé òþ™öìíîû þ™¤y‰þyœ#óöì“þ– öë ÷ŸŸöìîîû ö¢£z x›,“þ„%þ[þéôé~îû
þ™öìí ëyçëûyîû îy¢˜y !˜öìëû£z vþzþ™˜Äyöì¢îû ¢›y!® ‡öìÝþöìŠéÐ öœ…„þ öë›˜ !˜öì‹îû ÷ŸŸöìîîû
x˜%¦)þ!“þöì„þ xþ™%îû ›öì•Ä š%þ!Ýþöìëû “%þœöì“þ ö‰þöìëûöìŠé˜ xy›îûyç ö“þ›!˜ !˜öì‹îû !ŸÖ›˜öì„þ
…¤%öì‹ þ™y£z òþ™öìíîû þ™¤y‰þyœ#óöì“þÐ “þy£z òþ™öìíîû þ™¤y‰þyœ#ó öë˜ !ŸÖ ›˜hßþöì_´îû£z ~„þ!Ýþ !˜…¤%“þ
”!œœÐ
“þíÄ¢)e -
1. ›%ö…ì yþ™y•Äyëû •Ê&î„%þ›yîû– ò!î¦)þ!“þ¦)þ¡ìö’ì îû þ™öìíîû þ™¤y‰þyœ# öœy„þyëû“þ ‹#îöì˜îû †y˜ó– ¢y!£“þÄ
¢D# þ™yî!œ!Ÿ‚– „þœ„þy“þy– 3îûy ‹%œy£z 2011 S²Ìí› ²Ì„þyŸV– þ™,. 103Ð
2. îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû !î¦)þ!“þ¦)þ¡ì’– òþ™öìíîû þ™¤y‰þyœ#ó– !›e ç ö‡y¡ì þ™yî!œŸy¢Å ²Ìy. !œ.– „þœ„þy“þy–
÷îŸy…– 1417 Sþ™Mþéy!î‚Ÿ ¢!‰þe ¢‚ßþñîû’V– þ™,. 6
3. îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû !î¦)þ!“þ¦)þ¡ì’– òîD¢y!£öì“þÄ vþzþ™˜Äyöì¢îû •yîûyó– ›vÅþy˜ î%„þ ~öì‹!ª ²Ìy. !œ.
4. îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû !î¦)þ!“þ¦)þ¡ì’– òþ™öìíîûþ ™¤y‰þyœ#ó– !›e ç ö‡y¡ì þ™yî!œŸy¢Å ²Ìy. !œ.– „þœ„þy“þy
÷îŸy…– 1417 Sþ™Mþé!î‚Ÿ ¢!‰þe ¢‚ßþñîû’V– þ™,. 32
5. “þöì”î– þ™,. 40éôé41
6. “þöì”î–þ™,. 42
7. îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû ×#„%þ›yîû– òîD¢y!£öì“þÄ vþzþ™˜Äyöì¢îû •yîûyó– ›vþy˜Å î%„þ ~öì‹ª# ²Ìy. !œ.–
„þ!œ„þy“þy– S¢®› þ™%˜›Å%o’ ¢‚ßþñîû’V– 1984– þ™,. 605
8. îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû !î¦)þ!“þ¦)þ¡ì’– òþ™öìíîû þ™¤y‰þyœ#ó– !›e ç ö‡y¡ì þþ™yî!œŸy¢Å ²Ìy. !œ.– „þœ„þy“þy–
÷îŸy…– 1417 Sþ™Mþé!î‚Ÿ ¢!‰þe ¢‚ßþñîû’V– þ™,. 131
9. “þöì”î– þ™,. 70
10. “þöì”î– þ™,. 131
11. “þöì”î– þ™,. 151
12. “þöì”î– þ™,. 106
13. “þöì”î–þ þ™,. 121
14. “þöì”î– þ™,. 210
x˜Äy˜Ä ¢£yëû„þ @ùÌsþi -

„þV ”_ îûyëû vþ. !“þhßþy– òîy‚œy !ŸÖ¢y!£“þÄ îûyëûîy!vþü ç þ™îûÁ™îûyó– îD#ëû ¢y!£“þÄ ¢‚¢”–
„þœ„þy“þy– S²Ìí› ²Ì„þyŸ 2014V
…V ò!ŸÖ ç !ŸÖ›˜ó– Sþ™!îû„þíyV– ¢y!£“þÄ ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ !î¡ìëéû ôé þ™!e„þy– ˜î› î¡ì–Å !m“þ#ëû ¢‚…Äy–
ö› 2007
†V ˜¨# îû“þ˜„%þ›yîû– òþ™öìíîû þ™¤y‰þyœ# þ™ëÅyöìœy‰þ˜y ç !îöìÙÕ¡’ì ó– îD#ëû ¢y!£“þÄ ¢‚¢”– „þœ„þy“þy–
!m“þ#ëû ¢‚ßþñîû’– ‹%œy£z 2012
Óƒ!_´ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˜òÓ≈ƒ!_´Ñ˛ É ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !£Ó˚ß√Î˚ v˛zqy¢

¢%Ó˚!ãÍ ¢%ˆÏúÖy˛ô%e*
≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Óí≈òy É Ñ˛#Ó˚*˛ô fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ì˛y !îˆÏÎ˚£z òy!Ñ˛ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ãyì˛ ˆâ˛òy ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÃÌˆÏõ
1998 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü“!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y Ó˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Óí≈òy !îˆÏÎ˚ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÑ˛ ≠
ÚÚÓyì˛y¢ÈÙÈ¶˛y˛ôy xyÑ˛yˆÏü !Ñ˛ä%È ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÑ§˛ˆÏ˛ô ˆÑ§˛ˆÏ˛ô â˛Ó˚yâ˛Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆö˛ˆÏõ–
ì˛yÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ ¶˛yfl˛ÒÎ≈ÈÙÈ¢î,ü xÌâ˛ !Óõ)ì≈˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ Öy£zÈÙÈÖ%£z ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÜy›˛y !äÈ›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xy¢y
Ñ%˛Ñ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ î%!òÎ˚y ˆîyúy v˛yÑ˛ !˛ôäÈˆÏú !˛ôäÈˆÏú ¢Ó õ%ˆÏäÈ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÈˆÎò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ äÈyv˛¸y õò
ÓˆÏú !Ñ˛ä%È ˆò£z– õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ !òã≈òì˛yÎ˚ î)ˆÓÏ ˚ Ü§yñ xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢Çfl˛iyˆÏò xyÓäÈy– ≤Ãî#˛ôñ £ƒy!Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛ˆÏòÓ˚
x§yâ˛úÈÙÈÓ§yâ˛y îy˛ô%ˆÏ›˛ xyˆÏúy xyÓ˚ !äÈ•ˆÏv˛¸ !äÈ•ˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÁÎ˚y ¶˛yDyñ ¶˛yDòÈÙÈ÷Ó˚& ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛
äÈ!ÓÓ˚ ì˛úyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y–ÛÛ SãyÜÓ˚V
~Ó˚ äÈy!Óπü ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~Ñ˛ ÜˆÏ“ î%˛ô%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˆÏ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ e´õü ÓîúyˆÏì˛ÈÙÈÎyÓ˚
xyîˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÁ !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖñ ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ äÈ!Ó ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆîÖÓ
xyõÓ˚y É
ÚÚ!ã !›˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏv˛Ó˚ ïyˆÏÓ˚ ãòõyòÓü)òƒ ÓyòãyÓ˚y õy‡˛ñ Ó˚òÓ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓÑ˛yÓ˚ £yÁÎ˚yÎ˚ äÈ!Óñ
õyG˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ £y£zˆÏ›˛òüò ì˛yÓ˚ñ ò#ˆÏâ˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y î%ˆÏ›˛y˛ôy!Öñ ì˛yÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛ Üy£zÈÙÈÜÓ˚&ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛ Ñ§˛yâ˛y
÷Ñ˛ˆÏòy á%§ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ö§˛yÑ˛ÈÙÈˆÏö˛yÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%§v˛¸ˆÏ¢ ÎyÁÎ˚y !Ü!›˛ ˛ôyÌÓ˚ñ ~Ñ˛y£z ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆüÎ˚yú ä%ÈˆÏ›˛ ä%ÈˆÏ›˛
ˆÌˆÏõ ˆÌˆÏõ ã!õ›˛yˆÏÑ˛ õy‡˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú–
.... ˛ôyÌ%ˆÏÓ˚ ã!õˆÏì˛ ãyõÓ%!jˆÏòÓ˚ ÜƒyÓ˚yã ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ ¢ˆÏhs˛yˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ â˛yÈÙÈ¢yˆÏõy¢yÓ˚ v˛zú%ò ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ
˛ôyˆÏü ˆáy°ÏyˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˚&õ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ Ó˚&ˆÏõÓ˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛yú ÜyäÈ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ Ñ˛!â˛ xyõÜyˆÏäÈ !e´õ Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚
òì%˛ò ˛ôyì˛y ö˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ñ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ £yÁÎ˚y ÌõˆÏÑ˛ !ãÓ˚yÎ˚ ÓÜˆÏúÓ˚ Ó§yüG˛yˆÏv˛¸– ..... ˆÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚y!¢ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆï§yÎ˚y xyÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏ¡ôÓ˚ î˛ôî˛ôy!ò ˆv˛yÓyÓ˚ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛ú!õúì˛y xyÓ˚ ˆÓîõ Óyv˛¸y î%Ó≈yáy¢ˆÏÑ˛
Ñ§˛y˛ôyÎ˚ÈÙÈõyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ü)òƒì˛y Ñ%§˛â˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛– õy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛ÈÙÈõy‡˛ Ü!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y ö˛y=ˆÏò ˆÓ˚yî xyúˆÏ¢ Üì˛Ó˚
ˆ¶˛ˆÏD v˛zˆÏ‡˛ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚ î%˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ñ !ÓˆÏÑ˛ú £ˆÏì˛£z ˆÓ˚yî v˛zïyÁñ õyˆÏ‡˛ ú¡∫y ˆÓ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚y ¢ı˛ƒy
˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ñ§˛y˛ôˆÏì˛ Ñ§˛y˛ôˆÏì˛ !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ x§yïyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛Öò !üÓ˚!üÓ˚ £yÁÎ˚yÎ˚ Ñ˛!â˛ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛yú
˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ î%ˆÏú î%ˆÏú !ü!üÓ˚ ÓˆÏ¢ !ò!ÿ˛ˆÏhs˛ñ ¢Ñ˛yú x!∑ út˛ò £yˆÏì˛ â§˛yâ˛ õy‡˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy£yÓ˚yÎ˚–
xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢Ñ˛yˆÏúÁ òyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛yú ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ Öy!òÑ˛›˛y ˆÓ˚yî Ó˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆáyˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚yú ˆ‡˛¢ !îˆÏÎ˚
£y£z ˆì˛yˆÏúñ Ó˚yì˛ ãyòy â§˛yî õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛òyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yî â˛yîÓ˚ ë˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ á%ˆÏõyÎ˚–ÛÛ SˆÏ£ˆÏãõ!òV–
*Ñ˛!Ó Á ≤ÃyÓ!ı˛Ñ˛
276 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Óƒ!_´ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˜òÓ≈ƒ!_´Ñ˛ É ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !£Ó˚ß√Î˚ v˛zqy¢
~ÓyÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y ˛ôv˛¸Ó ˜ÓïÈÙÈx˜ÏÓï Ñ˛Î˚úyÖ!ò xï%ƒ!°Ïì˛ Ñ˛y!ú˛ôy£y!v˛¸ ãò˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ˆfi›˛üò

¢Çú@¿ xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ !òˆÏõ≈y£ Óí≈òy– xy¢yòˆÏ¢yú õ£yòÜÓ˚ ¢Çú@¿ ~£z ˆäÈy›˛ Ó¢!ì˛!›˛Ó˚
!£v˛zõƒyòˆÏfl˛Ò˛ô Óy ¢õyãî,üƒ˛ô›˛ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛úˆÏõ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ã#Óhs˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ˆîÖy ÎyÑ˛ É
ÚÚÑ˛Î˚úyÈÙÈ¶˛Ó˚y õyúÜy!v˛¸›˛y £v˛¸£v˛¸ üˆÏ∑ ö§˛yÑ˛y ˆÓ˚úúy£zòˆÏÑ˛ Ñ§˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyúˆÏ¢ Üì˛ˆÏÓ˚
˛ôÌ ¶˛yˆÏà ˆ˛ôyÎ˚y!ì˛Ó˚ â˛yˆÏúñ xyÓ˚ÈÙÈúy£zˆÏò ~:ˆÏ≤Ã¢ ˆ›˛∆ò G˛òG˛ò Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ Ñ%˛_yÑ%˛!_Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y
ˆîÔv˛¸G§˛y˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÜyäÈ˛ôyúyÓ˚ xyv˛¸yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ%˛v˛¸ˆÏòy Ñ˛Î˚úy Ñ˛ˆÏú ï%ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¶˛ãy Ñ˛y˛ôˆÏv˛¸
˛ô§yâ˛ÈÙÈäÈ›˛y Ñ˛y!õò ïyÁv˛¸y ˆö˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~§ˆÏ›˛y Óy¢ò Ñ%˛Ñ%˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÖyÎ˚ñ ˛ôyÖy!äÈ•ˆÏv˛¸ Óyä%ÈÓ˚›˛y áˆÏò =§ˆÏì˛y
ˆõˆÏÓ˚ Ö%ÓÖ˚ Ó% ˚ úƒyãˆÏòˆÏv˛¸ Ó§y›˛ ˆâ˛yˆÏ°–Ï â˛yÓ˚ˆ›Ï ˛ îˆÏüÓ˚ Óï≈õyò ˆúyÑ˛ƒyú úy£zò îyÓˆÏv˛¸ !ì˛!v˛¸Ç!Ó!v˛¸Ç
â˛ˆÏú ˆÜú– â˛yÓ˚ˆÏ›˛ ˛ôâ‰˛˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ G§˛yG§˛y ˆúyÑ˛ƒyú ˆõò úy£zˆÏò ~:ˆÏ≤ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ fi›˛y£zˆÏú ¢§yÈÙÈö%˛Ó˚&Í
£ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú ÷òüyò v˛zˆÏ‡˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yòyÎ˚ ì˛¢!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏÓ˚ =Ü!ú=ˆÏúy õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸
ˆÖyúyÎ˚ ˆë˛yˆÏÑ˛ xâ˛yòÑ˛– ˛ô§yâ˛›˛yÓ˚ !õ!òÓ˚ ›˛ƒyÈÙÈ›˛ƒyÓ˚›˛ £ˆÏò≈Ó˚ ˆ‡˛yE˛ˆÏÓ˚ ò®%Ó˚ ˆÓÔ â˛õˆÏÑ˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
ãyÜy£#òñ ò®%£#ò v˛zˆÏ‡˛yˆÏò ~Ñ˛y úäÈ!õ Ñ§˛yâ˛y Ñ˛Î˚úyÓ˚ ˆï§yÁÎ˚y ÈÙÈÁ‡˛y– â%˛úy òyõyÎ˚ñ ›˛y£z›˛ÈÙÈÓ§yïy
Ö%â˛ˆÏÓy˚ â%˛ú ˆï§yÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆï§yÎ˚yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y£z úäÈ!õÓ˚ õyÌyÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏü Áv˛¸yÁ!v˛¸ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ÛÛ SˆÓˆÏòyãúV
Ó˚ y !òÜOÈ Ù È ü yúˆÏ ì ˛yv˛¸ y È Ù È õ y!úÎ˚ y ò Ó˚ & ˆÏ › ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¶˛yDyˆÏ â ˛yÓ˚ y ÓyˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ v» ˛ y£z ¶ ˛yÓ˚ È Ù
ÈÖyúy!¢ÈÙÈÑ˛r›˛∆yQˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òì˛ƒ!îˆÏòÓ˚ ã#Óò ~Ñ˛›%˛ £yÕÒy ˆÑ˛Ôì%˛Ñ˛ !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ
ì˛yˆÏì˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ~ì˛›%˛Ñ%˛ ˆ›˛yú ÖyÎ˚òy É
ÚÚüyúˆÏì˛yv˛¸y ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yßÿ xyÓ˚ ˆö§˛y¢ˆÏö§˛y¢y!òÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ‡˛y¢y !¶˛ˆÏv˛¸ !òÉŸªy¢=ˆÏúy
ÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ äÈyˆÏî G%˛ˆÏú ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛ Îì˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ÓyÖòyÓyÖ!ò ˆì˛ãÈÙÈòÓ˚õ â˛y˛ô â˛y˛ô ãõy›˛
Ó§yïˆÏú ¢ÓyÓ˚ õ%u˛% =ˆÏúy£z ˆãˆÏÜ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ !â˛e!Ó!â˛e ÜyÈÙÈÜì˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ òyÑ˛y!òˆÏâ˛yÓy!òÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Îì˛«˛í
òy ˛ôyì˛úy £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏì˛ õÎ˚îyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ Óy¢›˛yˆÏÑ˛– Ñ˛â˛Ñ˛â˛y!ò Ñ˛õˆÏú ö˛v˛¸yú%ú !¶˛!v˛Á
â˛yúyÎ˚– úö˛Ó˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏú ì˛yˆÏú ÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ â§˛y!›˛ õyˆÏÓ˚....!¶˛!v˛ÁÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚õjy
òyˆÏâ˛ñ !¶˛!v˛Á !òˆÏãÁ òyˆÏâ˛ñ ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%È ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ô˛ôyÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ˆ˛ô˛ôyÓ˚ òyˆÏâ˛ñ
x«˛Ó˚=ˆÏúy ú%ˆÏ›˛y˛ô%!›˛ ÖyÎ˚ñ î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy Îye#Ó˚yÈÙÈ~ÈÙÈÁÓ˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ £ˆÏú ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛£z ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ
õjy £ˆÏú ˆ‡˛úy ˆîÎ˚ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ õjyñ ÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !˛ôäÈò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !äÈ›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xy¢y Üyò ¢yÓ˚y ÓyˆÏ¢
ˆ‡˛yÑ˛y‡%˛!Ñ˛ ÖyÎ˚ñ ÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ úãG˛v˛¸ ¢DˆÏì˛ ãyòyúyÓ˚ Ñ˛yâ˛ñ !ë˛ˆÏú òy›˛ÓŒ›%˛ñ xyú‰Üy !¢›˛=ˆÏúyÓ˚
òì%˛ò !õv˛z!ãÑ˛ Á‡˛yÎ˚ó ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%È£z ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏú òyˆÏâ˛ñ úö˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó!v˛ òyˆÏâ˛ñ õyÌy òyˆÏâ˛ñ £yì˛
Á òyˆÏâ˛–ÛÛ Sâ§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚V–
ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~£z ¢õyãÈÙÈÓyhfl˛Óì˛y Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ õ%_´ £ÁÎ˚y x¢Ω˛Ó– ì˛y£z !¢!˛ô~õ v˛z_Ó˚
Ñ˛Î˚úy xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD !Ó_£#ò xÓyDyú# õyò%°Ï=!úÓ˚ ˆäÈy›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ ¢%!ÓïyÓyî ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
òãÓ˚ ~v˛¸yÎ˚ òy– ~£z Ó˝õy!eÑ˛ ãÜÍ Óí≈òyÎ˚ Á ¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ô !õˆÏú!õˆÏü ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖò#ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛#
ˆâ˛£yÓ˚y ˆòÎ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ â˛õÍÑ˛yÓ˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zm,!ì˛ É
ÚÚò®%Ó˚ áyˆÏõ ˆ¶˛ãy Ñ˛˛ôyú xyÓ˚Á ˆäÈy›˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Óv˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óyì˛!â˛ˆÏì˛– Öyîñ !ÓIyñ
Óƒ!_´ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˜òÓ≈ƒ!_´Ñ˛ É ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !£Ó˚ß√Î˚ v˛zqy¢ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 277
!v˛ˆÏãúñ !õ!›˛∆ ˆÖyîyòy ¢Ó G˛˛ôyäÈ˛ô õy£yDy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ– îyÁÎ˚y£z xy¢õyò Ñ˛y â§˛yîˆÏ¢ !¶˛
Óy£yÓ˚ÈÙÈˆÏäÈ§îyˆÏÑ˛ ¢yúyòyÈÙÈ!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚y !îˆÏÎ˚ Ì%ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÖ!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyö˛y ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ úäÈ!õÓ˚ ¢y!î £ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÜˆÏú õÌ%Ó˚ñ òyÇ›˛yñ ˆäÈ§îyñ ãÜyñ ö%˛â%˛Ó˚y !Ñ˛ ˛ôy õyv˛¸yˆÏÓ ò®%Ó˚ xyDˆÏò⁄ ÚÁÓ˚ ˆîy ¢yúñ
õ£yì˛yú ˆì˛y ˆÓyˆÏúñ Ñ˛!õüò Ó˚&˛ôÎ˚y ˆîòy £zfi›˛y›˛ !Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ñ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ £yì˛ˆÏõ ˆâ˛Ñ˛ !îˆÏFäÈ...ì˛ˆÏÓ
!¢!Ó xy£z ˆ£y ÎyˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛y õ%Öƒõs˛f# £yì˛ ˆïyÈÙÈÑ˛Ó˚ ˜Óï ÎyˆÏÎ˚ Üyñ !ãß√yîy!Ó˚ ˆòˆÏÓ òy–
ò®%¶˛yˆÏÓ !¢!Óxy£z ˛ôy!›˛ ~ì˛òy Óv˛¸y î%üõ!ò Ü!Ó˚Ó xyî!õÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !òÿ˛Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òy– Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛ƒyÎ˚y ö˛yÎ˚îy⁄ ˆâ˛Ñ˛ Ó§y›˛ˆÏäÈ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ì%˛õ ˆúyÜÑ˛y Ñ˛ƒyÎ˚y Ü§yv˛¸ ö˛!›˛ì˛y £ƒyÎ˚⁄ õÌ%Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!îò
ò®% ÓˆÏúñ Úˆì˛y£Ó˚y ˛ôy!›˛ˆÏ¢ !¢!Óxy£z ˛ôy!›˛ ãyîy ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ö%˛úñ úyÜÓ˚y£y⁄ ì˛ v˛z¢ ˛ôy!›˛Ñ˛y
!ú¶˛yÓ˚ Óò ÖyÁ– î%Üòy ˆ¶˛y›˛ ˆîˆÏD– ã%ú%¢ !òÑ˛yúñ ¢yˆÏÓ˚ áÓ˚Ñ˛y xyu˛yÓyFâ˛y ¢ÓˆÏÑ˛y
úy£zòˆÏõ Öyv˛¸y Ñ˛Ó˚ ˆîˆÏD–ÛÛ SˆÓˆÏòyãúV–
¢õyã Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ xòƒ!îÑ˛ £ú Óƒ!_´Üì˛ õòhfl˛_¥– ~!›˛ xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ Ó,£ÍõyeyÓ˚
!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ «%˛o !Ñ˛ls˛ xhs˛Ó˚D õyeyÎ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü“ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
~Ó˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í ˆîÖy ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò É
ÚÚÓy!¢ò#ÓyúyÓ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ¶˛!DˆÏì˛ Ó˝ ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x¶˛ƒy¢– ¢yõˆÏò Ñ§˛y˛ôy !Ñ˛ls˛ v˛zIµú
≤Ãî#ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !üÖyÎ˚ ¢õhfl˛Îb ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˛ô%ˆÏeÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚ú ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ì˛yÑ˛yú– ˛ô%eñ ˛ô%eyˆÏÌ≈ !e´Î˚ˆÏì˛
¶˛yÎ≈yÓ˚ x˛ôõyò ˆ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏòy x£B˛yÓ˚ ˆÎõò ¢Ó õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õ%ˆÏÖñ ì§˛yÓ˚Á xyˆÏäÈó ˆÎ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ Ü,£ˆÏfl˛iÓ˚
v˛zˆÏ‡˛yˆÏò üÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú ïyò ÖyÎ˚ ˛ôy!Öñ Ñ%˛˛ô%e Î!î Óy £Î˚ñ Ñ%˛õyì˛y Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy òÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ó˝ Ó˚Üv˛¸
x!ì˛e´õ# ˛ôÓ˚#!«˛ì˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ ˛ô%eˆÏfl˛¨ˆÏ£Ó˚ ÎyÓì˛#Î˚ xò%¶˛Ó ˆãˆÏÜ v˛z‡˛ˆÏú ¢%!ÓõˆÏúÓ˚ õyÌyÎ˚
£yì˛ ˆÓyúyˆÏòyÓ˚ £zFäÈy ÎyÎ˚– v˛yò £yì˛!›˛ õyÌyÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏú ¢%!Óõú ˆÖyúy xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛
xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ õyˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖó ≤Ãî#ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !üÖyÎ˚ ˆäÈˆÏúõyò%°Ï xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏúyˆÏõˆÏúy õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
õ%Ö–ÛÛ S£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ñ õyˆÏG˛õyˆÏG˛V õòhfl˛ˆÏ_Ó¥ ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ≤ÃˆîÏ ˆÏü Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ¢%Æ ˆÎÔòÑ˛yì˛Ó˚ì˛y–
v˛z_Ó˚≤ÃˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ ~Ñ˛ xy◊ˆÏõÓ˚ ì˛Ó˚&í ¢ß¨ƒy¢# ì˛yÓ˚ xÓî!õì˛ ~£z ˆÎÔÓòì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚
õˆÏò õˆÏò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ òyˆÏã£yú £ˆÏFäÈñ ì˛y !úÖˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ £zˆFÏ äÈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ£˚ z xòÓÓ˚ì˛ ¢Çfl˛,ÒˆìÏ ˛Ó˚
G˛B˛yÓ˚õÎ˚ ü∑ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò ~ÓÇ ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢,!‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛Ôì%˛Ñ˛yÓ£ !Ñ˛ls˛
ÜΩ˛#Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ É
ÚÚòÓ#ò ¢ß¨ƒy¢# Óv˛¸ !Óºyhs˛ñ Óv˛¸ v˛zâ˛y›˛ò– ì˛y£z xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ó õ!®ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢y ˛ô)ãy!Ó˚ò#ˆÏîÓ˚
¢îƒ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ úyúyà |°ÏyÑ˛yüˆÏ£ò ˆõyúyˆÏÎò˚ Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏú ˆâ˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÎòúyú ›˛Ñ˛›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !¢•îÓ% È˚ ÙÈ¢Î) ñ≈
~Ñ˛›%˛ â˛y˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚£z !ò¶§˛yãÈÙÈÑ˛˛ôyˆÏú !ü“#Ó˚ fl˛∫¶˛yˆÏÓ x§yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ñ ì˛yˆÏì˛£z òÓ#ò ¢ß¨ƒy¢# ≤Ãõ_
ü!_´¢ÇÎ%_´Ç Ñ˛yõÓyíy!ß∫ì˛ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ î£ò¢«˛õñ ÖM˛Èòy«˛# hfl˛òÎ%ÜÜì˛ õ%_ýîyõî#ÆyÇ Î%Óì˛#Ó˚
úúyˆÏ›˛£z Ñ˛ì˛ ˆì˛ãÊ òy ãy!òñ Ñ%˛â˛Î%ÜˆÏüy!¶˛ì˛ õ%_ý£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛# xyˆÏäÈÊ Ñ%˛â˛¶˛yˆÏÓ˚
ò!õì˛yD# !˛ôˆÏòyß¨ì˛ ˛ôˆÏÎ˚yïÓ˚yõñ Ó˚*˛ô¢#Ó˚y ~Öòñ ~£z ~Ñ˛yÑ˛#ˆÏc xyÿ˛Î≈ !Ó¶˛yÎ˚ ˆì˛!eüˆÏÑ˛y!›˛
˛ô#ˆÏòyì%˛Dhfl˛òyÇ £ˆÏÎ˚ òÓ#ò ¢ß¨ƒy¢#ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛äÈòäÈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–ÛÛ
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ü“ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zm,!ì˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ xy˛ôyì˛ì˛ ~£z ÎˆÏÌ‹T–
ÚÓ˚y‹Tˆ… Ïoy£#Ó˚yÛ ~ÓÇ Úˆ£ˆÏãõ!òÛ òyõÑ˛ ˆÎ Ü“@˘Ãs˛iî!% ›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛ˆÏú!äÈ xyõÓ˚yñ
ì˛yˆÏì˛ ÎÌye´ˆÏõ ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ Á äÈÎ˚!›˛ñ xÌ≈yÍ ˆõy›˛ ~ÜyˆÏÓ˚y!›˛ ÜˆÏ“ ~õò v˛zîy£Ó˚í xãfl˛À–
ˆúÖy=!ú xò%¢Ó˚ˆÏíñ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓòì˛y Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢yˆÏÌ ÓîˆÏú !ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ
~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛õò ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò !îÑ˛!â˛£´ÈÙÈˆ¢!îˆÏÑ˛£z ~Öò xyõÓ˚y õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜ ˆîÓ–
î%£z ≠
Úˆ£ˆÏãõ!òÛ Ó£zˆÏì˛ ˆÎ äÈÎ˚!›˛ Ü“ xyˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ î%!›˛ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
Ó˚â˛òy– ãyÜÓ˚ S1989V ~ÓÇ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ õyˆÏG˛õyˆÏG˛ S1994VÈÙÈ~£z î%!›˛ ˆúÖy ˆ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚
xyõÓ˚y ˛ôy£z â§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ S2014Vñ ˆÓˆÏòyãú S2015V ~ÓÇ ˆ£ˆÏãõ!ò Á ˙ˆÏì˛ˆÏÓ˚Î˚
S2016Vñ Ó£z!›˛ 2017 ¢yˆÏú ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ñ 2012 ¢yˆÏú ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ
Ü“=FäÈ ÚÓ˚y‹T…ˆÏoy£#Ó˚yÛ ˆì˛ ˆÎ ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ Ü“ xyˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚y Ñ˛õˆÏÓ!ü 2007 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 2012
¢õÎ˚˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !ú!Öì˛– xÌ≈yÍñ ≤ÃÌõ î%!›˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ îü ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓïyò ˆ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
xyõÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ ˆü°Ï îü ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Öì˛ Ü“=!úÓ˚ ˆäÈ§yÎ˚y ˛ôy!FäÈ– ~£z x¢¡ô)í≈ì˛y ~Ñ˛!îÑ˛
!îˆÏÎ˚ ¢%!ÓïyãòÑ˛ñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ü“Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆúÖò# Á õòò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓîˆÏúˆÏäÈñ â˛Ó˚õ î%£z ¢#õyÎ˚
!ú!Öì˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓˆÏŸ’°ÏˆÏí
ˆ¢£z ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xˆÏòÑ˛
fl˛ô‹T¶˛yˆÏÓ ïÓ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó–
fl˛iyòñ Ñ˛yú Á ˛ôyeñ
ì˛Ìy â˛!Ó˚ e ÈÙÈ~£z !ì˛ò
hfl˛ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yˆÏòy
¢y!£ì˛ƒÑ˛õ≈ î§y!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
xyõÓ˚ y ~ˆÏ Ñ ˛ ~ˆÏ Ñ ˛
~£z=!ú !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–
≤ÃÌõì˛ñ fl˛iyò– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ü“@˘Ãs˛i
≤ÃÌõ î% ! ›˛ ÜˆÏ “ Ó˚
ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛ fl˛iyò ¢%!ò!î≈‹T
òÎ˚– ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏD Ñ˛!õv˛z!òfi›˛ òyõïyÓ˚# îˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˚yãˆÏcÓ˚ õïƒ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ xÌÓy ì˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ñ
ÎÖò ˛ôy!›≈˛ ˆ◊!í¢Ç@˘Ãyõ Á ˆüy°Ïíõ%!_´Ó˚ xyîü≈ ÷ï% ˆfl˛‘yÜyˆÏò ¢#õyÓk˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ e´õü£z fl˛iyò#Î˚
Á xyM˛È!úÑ˛ «˛õì˛yˆÏÑ˛w !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ î%ò#≈!ì˛˛ô)í≈ ~Ñ˛ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ì˛ˆÏw ˛ôÎ≈Ó!¢ì˛ £!FäÈúñ ˆ¢£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚
fl˛iyò#Î˚ xhs˛m≈ı¥˛ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!_´ÈÙÈ˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ›˛yòyˆÏ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ò ~£z î%£z ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ õ)ú ˆÑ˛w– fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛
¶˛yˆÏÓ£z !Óºy!hs˛ ~ÓÇ õì˛yîü≈Üì˛ xyd¢õ˛ô≈ˆÏí Ü“ ˆü°Ï £Î˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ú«˛ƒò#Î˚ñ î%£z ÜˆÏ“Ó˚£z
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy fl˛ô‹T ÚˆúyˆÏÑ˛õòÛ Óy fl˛iy!òÑ˛ì˛y ˆò£z– ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆãúyÓ˚ ˆäÈy›˛ ü£Ó˚
xÌÓy ü£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ãò˛ôî ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ fl˛iyò !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
fl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ ~£z Ú¢yïyÓ˚í#Ñ˛Ó˚íÛ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓòy Óy îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢B˛›˛ ˆ¢£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜy›˛y
Ó˚yˆÏãƒ£z !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈúñ fl˛iyòñ ¢%!ò!î≈‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏú ˆ¢£z Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢ì˛ƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
Ü“î%!›˛ º‹T £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ì˛–
!Ñ˛ls˛ñ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ü“=!úÓ˚ fl˛iyòB˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢%!ò!î≈‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛õ≈¢)ˆÏe
õïƒÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ !ì˛!ò xy¢yòˆÏ¢yú õ£yòÜÓ˚ ¢Çú@¿ Ñ˛Î˚úyÖ!ò ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ ˆäÈy›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ãò˛ôˆÏîÓ˚
Óy!¢®y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ¢õyã!ÓK˛yò#Ó˚ !ò¤˛y Á ˜òÓ≈ƒ!_´Ñ˛ì˛yÎ˚ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ~£z
Ö!òxM˛Èˆú Ï Ó˚ xyÌ≈ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ hfl˛Ó˚¢õ)£ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢ÇˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ ã!›˛úì˛yñ
xyÓ˚ ˆúÖò#ˆÏì˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢£z x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôî– xy¢yòˆÏ¢yú Ó˚y!òÜO Ñ˛Î˚úyÖ!ò
xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ Á xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¶)˛ˆÏÜyú ì§˛yÓ˚ ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ Ü“=!úÓ˚ !üÓ˚yÎ˚ !üÓ˚yÎ˚
!õˆÏü !ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ â˛y£zˆÏúÁ â˛!Ó˚e=!ú ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ãyÜ!ì˛Ñ˛ õyò!¢Ñ˛ ¢!e´Î˚ì˛y=!ú xòƒ
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚– ¶)˛ˆÏÜyˆÏúÓ˚ üyfl˛f#Î˚
˛ô!Ó˚¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ñ !ì˛!ò ≤ÃÌˆÏõ !äÈˆÏúò !¢ˆÏfi›˛õƒy!›˛Ñ˛ Óy ≤Ãíyú#Ók˛ñ xyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï v˛z_ˆÏÓ˚y_Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚
v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈò !Ó˚!ãÁòyú Óy xyM˛È!úÑ˛– Ö!ò xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ=!ú ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖyÎ˚ ÷ï% ¢õ!‹Tõye
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛!òñ ¢õ!‹TˆÏÑ˛ äÈy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó,£_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢_y xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyM˛È!úÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y
ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÎ˚ xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ ~£z Ú¢_yÛ !›˛ˆÏÑ˛£z ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xòÓÓ˚ì˛ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
!mì˛#Î˚ É fl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï õyey £ú ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛– ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Óí≈òyÓ˚ v˛zm,!ì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚£z xyõÓ˚y
~£z ˆúÖy ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúyõ– ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ Óyî !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛!Ó˚e£z Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛
î,ë˛¸¶˛yˆÏÓ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–
ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ü“î%!›˛ ~£z Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Á !Ó!ü‹T– ~ÖyˆÏò ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£zñ !ì˛!ò
Ó,£_Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛#Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã úyÜyˆÏFäÈòñ â˛!Ó˚eˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈòñ ~õòÑ˛# õyò!¢Ñ˛ !e´Î˚yñ !â˛hs˛y≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ¢)«¯˛ Á‡˛yòyõyÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á
¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈò ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò=!úˆÏÑ˛– xˆÏòÑ˛ ì˛y£zñ ÈÙÙÙÈ ö˛ˆÏú ÜˆÏ“Ó˚
Ü!ì˛ Ñ˛õñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢)«¯˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛yÜ ˆÓ!ü !äÈú– ~£z v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛yˆÏÜ !ì˛!ò xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò
!â˛eÑ˛úy Á ¶˛yfl˛ÒˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ xò%¶˛Óñ ~õòÑ˛#ñ ~!â˛Ç ›˛ˆÏ¢≈y ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¶˛y°Ïy ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛Á !mïy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛y°Ïy £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ïyì%˛ì˛«˛í xÌÓy Ñ˛y‡˛ˆÏÖyîy£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ xòÓîƒ
!ü“–
ÚãyÜÓ˚íÛ ÜˆÏ“ Ó˚ˆÏõü x!Öú Á üƒyõú ~£z !ì˛ò Î%ÓÑ˛ñ fl˛iyò#Î˚ ˆòì˛y òˆÏÜòîyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
˛ôyŒ›˛y ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÎ˚ ãòƒ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy â˛yúyÎ˚ñ üƒyõú !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ñ x!Öú Á xˆÏòÑ˛Öy!òñ
!Ñ˛ls˛ Ó˚ˆÏõü ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á ˆÎò ˆò£z– Ó˚ˆÏõü !mïy ˆG˛ˆÏv˛¸ ˆö˛ˆÏú üƒyõˆÏúÓ˚ îˆÏú ˆÎyÜ
ˆîˆÏÓ Ñ˛#òy ÈÙÈ ÷ï% ~£z ˆîyúyâ˛ú›%˛Ñ%˛ˆÏì˛£z Ü“ xyÓ!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚– Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~£z ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚
~ì˛›%˛Ñ%˛ «˛!ì˛ òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Á ì˛yÓ˚ ˜ü!“Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒ
¢M˛Èy!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛òñ ì˛yÓ˚ î%Û!ì˛ò!›˛ òõ%òy òy !îˆÏú£z òÎ˚– S!ò¡¨ˆÏÓ˚Ö ≤ÃyÓ!ı˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚V–
1– ÚÚüƒyõú !Ñ˛ä%È ÓúyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚ xÌâ˛ ã%Í¢£z ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy üˆÏ∑Ó˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yÎ≈ì˛
˜òÉü∑ƒˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yàâ%˛Ó˚ òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏúy ˆîÖy ˆ˛ôyÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚
˝ˆÏv˛¸y˝!v˛¸ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆ¢ ˝ˆÏv˛¸y˝!v˛¸Ó˚ ü∑ñ Ñ˛# ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚yñ Ñ˛# !e´Î˚y£zñ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ õ%ˆÏÖ xyÎ˚ì˛ò
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈñ ˆÓü ˆî!Öúy £yÓ¶˛yÓ£z– ö˛ˆÏú xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛Á ~Ñ˛›%˛ ~Ñ˛›%˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ›˛Ó˚ˆÏ¢y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú– ì˛Ó% ˆ¢ ˆÓü fl˛ô‹Tì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚£z xÓÑ˛yˆÏü x§yÑ˛y–ÛÛ
2– ÚÓ˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ â˛yõv˛¸y G%˛ˆÏú ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ â%˛úñ £Î˚ˆÏì˛y õyÌy›˛yÁÈÙÈˆÎò ¶˛yÜyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ òƒyv˛¸y ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚
¶˛yˆÏú üÑ%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yì˛yÓ˚– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óyì˛y¢ÈÙÈˆâ˛Ó˚y xyÁÎ˚yã ¢yÓ˚y õ%ˆÏÖ ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ â˛v˛¸â˛v˛¸y!ò–....
¶˛ƒy!ò¢ â§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ ~¢Ó ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyñ ïπˆÏ¢ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ !òõ≈yí xyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ
˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !Óüî òÎ˚–ÛÛ
3– Úˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ Ñ§˛y˛ôò xyÓ˚ !ÌÑ˛!ÌÑ˛ õyÇ¢ˆÏ˛ôü#ó !üÓ˚yÓ˚ x!fl˛iÓ˚ì˛yó ~Ñ˛ ˛ôyˆÏü !òÉ¢yv˛¸
£§yÑ˛ÈÙÈ£yÓ˚yˆÏòy õy‡˛ñ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛òyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚&Ü# òî#ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏü !òÌÓ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛y xŸªˆÏÌÓ˚
äÈyÎ˚yñ ú¡∫yú!¡∫ ÓyÓúy ˆG˛y˛ô äÈyv˛¸y ¢Óy£z !Óõ)ì≈˛– ˆÑ˛Óú ì˛yÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚!›˛£z ~Ñ˛õye xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚
ÈÙÈ ˆÑ§˛yîy ¶˛yfl˛ÒÎ≈– xÌÓy Óì≈˛õyòÈÙÈ!Ó˛ôß¨ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛õò ˆÎõò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òÖ%§ì˛ ~!â˛Ç–ÛÛ
4– ÚÚ¢ı˛ƒyÓ˚ ˆÖyúy xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ !Ì!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !Ì!ì˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ§˛îÑ˛y‡˛ÈÙÈˆÑ§˛yîy õ)!ì≈˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ö%˛!›˛ˆÏÎ˚
ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛– üƒyõú xÓyÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ õs˛f˛ôv˛¸y î,!‹TˆÏì˛ x!ÖúˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ–ÛÛ
!â˛hs˛y≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌÁ ≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ ~£z ˆúÖyˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!ü‹Tì˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
ˆÎõò É
1– ÚÚÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ !ãK˛y¢y!â˛£´õÎ˚ ÓyÑ˛ƒ!›˛ xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ úy›˛ ˆÖˆÏì˛ ˆÖˆÏì˛ üƒyõˆÏúÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ
!òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ ÖÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ®£– !fl˛iÓ˚ì˛Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏõˆÏüÓ˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛ ¢_yˆÏÑ˛ !Óüî ãyòyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆ¢ {üÍ
òÓ˚õ ÈÙÈ ˆÎò ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ö§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ö§˛yˆÏÑ˛ñ xyˆÏv˛¸ ¢yˆÏv˛¸ !üÑ˛yÓ˚# ˛ôy!ÖÓ˚ v˛yÑ˛–ÛÛ
2– ÚÚ!G˛õ ˆõˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ !ì˛òãòy£z– ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ÜyäÈñ ˆÎò xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyÑ˛yü#
Óy£yÓ˚– xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ {üÍ úá% Ñ˛Ó˚y â§˛yî õyÌyÎ˚ v˛z!‡˛ÈÙÈv%˛!Ó Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú !ì˛òãòy£z Óì≈˛õyò £yÓ˚y
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–ÛÛ
3– ÚÚv˛zˆÏ_!ãì˛ üƒyõúˆÏÑ˛ !áˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÓúy ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ áò v˛yú¶˛yDy ˆãƒyÍfl˛ÿñ äÈúäÈˆÏú â§˛yî
òî#ˆÏì˛ ¢§yì˛yÓ˚&ñ ˆòˆÏâ˛ ˆòˆÏâ˛ ˆë˛v˛z ˆ¶˛ˆÏDñ xyˆÏúy !Ó!äÈˆÏÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÎò v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â§˛yî xyÓ˚ ¢§yì˛yÓ˚&
â§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛m!®µì˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏ_ãòy ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ õ%ˆÏÖ–ÛÛ
~£z Ü“ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ úyã≈ ˆfl˛ÒˆÏú ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛£z xyÓyÓ˚ îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ˆÓyï£Î˚
â˛!Ó˚e=!úÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)Ó˚c ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zîy¢#ò o‹Ty £ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃˆÏÓ˚y!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
ãòƒ£z xyÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Îyòñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ x!fl˛iÓ˚ì˛yÁ !Óºy!hs˛Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚ ~Ó˚
ö˛ˆÏú ÈÙÙÙÈ ~Ñ˛ xˆÏfl˛f î%£z v˛zˆÏjüƒ ¢y!ïì˛ £Î˚– ˆü°Ï xò%ˆÏFäÈî!›˛ ~ì˛£z ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ˆÎñ ì˛y v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö
òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ~£z xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ «˛!ì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
ÚÚˆãƒyÍfl˛ÿˆÏÑ˛ ˆÖyúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ üƒyõˆÏúÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ä%!Ó˚ !£!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ ú£õyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏõüÁ ÓyÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !˛ôhfl˛ú ÈÙÈ xyÑ˛yˆÏü Óyì˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ õyˆÏG˛– !£ú!õˆÏú òî#Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏú xy¢y î)Ó˚ Ü§yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
£z!Dì˛ ë˛yúy ˛ôyì˛úy Ñ%˛Ñ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛yÑ˛ xyÓ˚ î%£z Î%Î%ïyò Óı%˛ £yˆÏì˛ xfl˛f ˆîˆÏÖ x!Öú ¢£ã £ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏì˛ x§yì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ xyâ˛õÑ˛y ˆîÔv˛¸ úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÔˆÏv˛¸ñ ˆüÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ú%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚
ú%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ñ !˛ôäÈˆÏò üƒyõúñ ›˛yúõy›˛yú x!Öú õyG˛Öyò Ó˚ˆÏõü ÈÙÙÙÈ !˛ôhfl˛úˆÏÓ˚ˆÏOÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~ˆÏ¢
xyÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ x˛ôˆÏÓ˚ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚....â§˛yî Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ÁˆÏ‡˛ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ˆv˛yˆÏÓñ ˆõˆÏá ˆõˆÏá !ö˛ˆÏÑ˛ áò
xyˆÏúyÓ˚ ˆÖúyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆõˆÏì˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ â§˛yî Á â§˛yîÈÙÈâ§˛yîyv˛Y ˆÖúyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚....ì˛yÓ˚y
!ì˛òãˆÏò£z ≤ÃyÌ≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãõy›˛ xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛yàòñ £§y¢ö§˛y¢ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆõyâ˛v˛¸ñ
â%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Áv˛¸yÁ!v˛¸Ó˚ ö§˛yÑ˛ˆÏö§˛yÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â§˛yî ˛ôyúyÓyÓ˚ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏÑ˛ e´ˆÏõ£z Óy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú.....ÛÛ
!mì˛#Î˚ Ü“!â˛ˆÏ_ Á S£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ñ õyˆÏG˛õyˆÏG˛V ~£z ≤ÃÓíì˛y ÎˆÏÌ‹T Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~ÖyˆÏòÁ áò
xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ £‡˛yÍ ˆîüúy£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏúyÓ˚ ˆÑ§˛ˆÏ˛ô Á‡˛yñ Ñ§˛y˛ôˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛y x˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ «˛!íˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
¢Ó äÈyÎ˚yñ ≤Ãî#ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !òÓ% !òÓ% xyˆÏúyñ â§˛yî ˆõá ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z¢Ó v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !ò!Óv˛¸ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ
ú«˛í#Î˚– â˛!Ó˚eñ ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Á ¢B˛›˛ñ ˛ôÓ˚yãˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ !îÑ˛!â˛£´ ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛£z
ˆÑ˛y°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆÎò !òÎ˚yõÏÑ˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˆòÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ñ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_ Á ≤ÃÓíì˛yˆÏÑ˛
Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˆ¢ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÚÚ~ÖyˆÏò õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚y òy£zñ äÈyÎ˚y õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ◊ˆÏõ oÓ#¶)˛ì˛–ÛÛ
xÌÓy ÚÚ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ xy¢y ˆÓ˚Ôo ›˛y!àÓ˚ ì˛#«¯˛ì˛yÎ˚ !m=ò–ÛÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È ÓyÑ˛ƒ ~
≤Ã¢ˆÏD ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
!Ñ˛ls˛ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü“=!úˆÏì˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ì˛Ìy ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ~£z ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
¢ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈò xˆÏòÑ˛Öy!ò– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ÓyãyÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó,£Íõyey òy
!îˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ Ñ˛yã ≠ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ Óy ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛
õyò%°Ï Á ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ Ó,£_Ó˚ Á Ó˝õy!eÑ˛ !òõ≈yí– ~ÓÇ xyõÓ˚y ˆì˛y xyˆÏÜ£z !úˆÏÖ!äÈ ~£z
˛ôˆÏÓ≈ !ì˛!ò ˆÓˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì§˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyü ÈÙÙÙÈ xy¢yòˆÏ¢yú Ó˚y!íÜO Ñ˛Î˚úyÖ!ò
xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ xyÌ≈ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ î,üƒ˛ô›˛– ö˛ˆÏú â§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ÜˆÏ“ ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# Óy¢Ñ˛õ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚
ã#!ÓÑ˛y Á ã#Óòñ ÚˆÓˆÏòyãúÛ ÜˆÏ“ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ Á ì˛yÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ÈÙÈÓ˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
õ!úòì˛yñ Úˆ£ˆÏãõ!òÛ ÜˆÏ“ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ï°Ï≈ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yˆÏú õ)úƒÓyò £ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛y ~Ñ˛›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ã!õ
!òˆÏÎ˚ xyÌ≈ÈÙÈÓ˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ã!›˛úì˛yñ Úv˛zv˛¸yòÛÜˆÏ“ ˆÓxy£z!ò Ñ˛Î˚úyÖyî õy!úˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˛ôˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y
x˛ôÓ˚yïñ Úï¢Û ÜˆÏ“ !mâ˛yÓ˚# Á ÓƒÎ≈ ~Ñ˛ fl˛%Òú!ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !òãfl˛∫ úv˛¸y£zÛ ÚÓ˚y‹T…ˆÏoy£#Ó˚yÛ ÜˆÏ“
~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ò#â%˛ì˛úyÓ˚ ¢õyã Á ì˛yÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó!â˛e Ó!£É ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ Ú˛ôúyì˛Ñ˛Û
ÜˆÏ“ î«˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆúy¶˛# ~Ñ˛ Üy!v˛¸ ÈÙÈ !õ!fl˛fÓ˚ xÓïy!Ó˚ì˛ î%É¢õÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚y ÜˆÏ“ £z !¢
~ˆÏúÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ õy£z!òÇ¢î≈yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ã#Óò xy◊Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛y!úÎ˚y!Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yÎ˚y›≈˛y¢ Á â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
~Ñ˛ !ò!Óv˛¸ !â˛eyÎ˚ò ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ~Ó˚y ¢Óy£z Ö!ò xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ Ó,£_Ó˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ
Áì˛ˆÏ≤Ãyì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ã!v˛¸ì˛ ~ÓÇ õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ õˆÏò £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ~£z Ü“=ˆÏúy ¢Ó !õˆÏú!õˆÏü
xy¢ˆÏú ~Ñ˛›˛y£z Ü“ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ï≈ì˛ Á ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ó¡∫– ~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏò£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ
Á Ü“=ˆÏúyÓ˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛›%˛ ˆÓ!üÈÙÈ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛£z ≤ÃyÎ˚ 20ÈÙÈ22 ˛ôyì˛y
î#á≈–
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ñ Ñ˛yú Óy ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏDó ≤ÃÌõ!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ü“=!úˆÏì˛ fl˛ø,!ì˛â˛yÓ˚í Óy öœ˛ƒyü ÓƒyÑ˛
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ñ˛yú !Ó˛ôÎ≈y¢ áˆÏ›˛!ò– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü“=ˆÏFäÈ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò¶˛yˆÏÓ
xƒyòye´!òãõ á›˛yˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y Óyhfl˛Ó¢¡øì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ãòƒ£z–
˜òÓ≈ƒ!_´Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xãfl˛À Óƒ!_´Üì˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛£z
fl˛ø,!ì˛!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ ˛ô%ò¢≈IyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí Ñ˛yú !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚ xyeýhs˛– xyˆÏÜÓ˚ á›˛òy ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ á›˛òy
xyˆÏÜ !Ñ˛ÇÓy õyˆÏG˛Ó˚ á›˛òy ˆüˆÏ°Ï ÈÙÈ £zì˛ƒy!î £ú fl˛ø,!ì˛Ó˚ ïõ≈ ~ÓÇ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
!ò!õ≈ì˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ~£z â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚– ì˛y£z Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈£z ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ ¢Ó˚ú
˜Ó˚!ÖÑ˛ Óy !ú!òÎ˚yÓ˚ Óí≈òy¶˛!D ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ñ ¢,ãò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ Ó˝õy!eÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛yúÈÙÈïyÓ˚íyñ Îy
Ü“ˆÏÑ˛ xy˛ôyì˛ÈÙÈã!›˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏúÁ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ¢yö˛úƒ ~ˆÏò ˆîÎ˚– Ú˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÛñ Úˆ£ˆÏãõ!òÛñ
Ú˙ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Î˚Û ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ Ü“ ~£z xƒyòye´!òãõ Óƒ!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛Ó˚y£z ¢Ω˛Ó !äÈú òy–
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ì˛ñ xyõÓ˚y xyˆÏÜ£z !úˆÏÖ!äÈñ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ fl˛∫!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï Á ¢%!ÓïyÓyîñ ~ÓÇ !òäÈÑ˛ ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛
ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ£z ì˛yÓ˚ ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ ì˛yv˛¸òy Á x˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ì˛y ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÜˆÏ“ ~Ñ˛ Ó,£_Ó˚
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ÈÙÈÓ˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ x§yÑ˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£zãòƒ£z ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖy ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
xyˆÏÓ˚y î%!›˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ¢ì˛ƒ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛!‡˛ò òÎ˚– ˆÎõòñ ~Ñ˛ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ
Ü“£z ~Ñ˛›˛y ≤ÃÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï £Î˚– ˆü°Ï ÓyÑ˛ƒ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ü“ SˆÎõòñ ˆîòyÈÙÈ˛ôyÁòy !Ñ˛ÇÓy
¢%¶˛yV– xÌÓy e´!õÑ˛ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆÎ¢Ó Ü“ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛Ó˚ â˛Ó˚ˆÏõ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈˆÏîÎ˚ SˆÎõòñ
ˆ˛ôyfi›˛õyfi›˛yÓ˚ xÌÓy ~Ñ˛Ó˚y!eVñ ~£z î%£z ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ~Ó˚*˛ô ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛ôÌ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z
xyúyîyñ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÷Ó˚& Á ¢õy!Æ î%£z£z !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y x!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ñ ˆÎò xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓÁ xyÓ˚Ω˛ Á ˆü°Ï
£ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ì˛ Ü“=!ú ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yˆÏì˛ õ)ú ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy «˛!ì˛ £ì˛ òyñ ˆÎò Ü“›˛y ÷Ó˚& £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚
xyˆÏÜÁ xˆÏòÑ˛!Ñ˛ä%È áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ˆü°Ï £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Á ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛£z ˆü°Ï £ˆÏÓ òyñ â˛úˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ
xòhs˛Ñ˛yú– xy¢ˆÏú Óyhfl˛Ó á›˛òyÁ ˆì˛y ì˛y£z ÈÙÙÙÈ !â˛Ó˚≤ÃÓ£õyòñ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓì˛#Î˚ Ü“ £ú ˆü°Ï
˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆ¢£z ≤ÃÓy£ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ˆòÁÎ˚y ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆfl˛T…â˛ñ xÌÓy !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ¢!ì˛ƒ ¢!ì˛ƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
÷Ó˚& !äÈú òyñ ˆü°ÏÁ ˆò£z– v˛zv˛¸yò ÜˆÏ“ ˆÓxy£zò# Öyîyò õy!úÑ˛ xy¢úyˆÏõÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚yï òÎ˚ñ
x˛ôÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ˛ôˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y Ü“ ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y ˛ôyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y
Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ôƒy›˛yò≈ Óy äÈˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xD !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓñ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£zãòƒ£z ˆõy!ì˛Î˚y!Ó!ÓÓ˚
áˆÏÓ˚ ë%˛Ñ˛ˆÏì˛ÈÙÈòyÈÙÈ˛ôyÁÎ˚y xy¢úyˆÏõÓ˚ x!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y !îˆÏÎ˚ Ü“ ˆü°Ï £ˆÏúÁ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y
ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ xy£ì˛ £Î˚ òyñ Ü“!›˛ v˛z_#í≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– £Î˚ˆÏì˛y Ó,£_Ó˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
xïƒyÎ˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ£z–
~ÓÇ î%£zñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢õyã!â˛e xhs˛ì˛ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ î)Ó˚Ó#ˆÏò ˆîÖy òÎ˚ñ õy£zˆÏeýˆÏfl˛ÒyˆÏ˛ô
ˆîÖy– ¢õyã Î!î ~Ñ˛›˛y â˛yîÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ x§yüñ ¢%ˆÏì˛yñ Ó%ò›˛ñ ¶§˛yã Á ò:y
!ì˛!ò !ò!Óv˛¸¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆîÖyò– ì˛y£z Ó˚yÓ#!wÑ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,£Íñ xÖ[˛ Á !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yú#ò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy îü≈ò
ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ïπ!òì˛ £Î˚ òy– ˆÓyï£Î˚ñ ì˛yˆÏì˛ !ì˛!ò !ÓŸªy¢Á Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò òy– ˆÑ˛òòyñ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛
îü≈ò ì˛yÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ fl˛iyòÈÙÈÑ˛yˆÏú Ó®#– ~ÓÇ ~£z fl˛iyòÈÙÈÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ !ò!î≈‹T Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ òî#
Óy ˛ôy£yv˛¸ ˆ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú£z ÓîˆÏú ÎyÎ˚–
~£z fl˛iyòÈÙÈÑ˛yú xyÓk˛ ¢ì˛ƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ì˛§yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !üˆÏÓ˚yòyõ=!úÁ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ xyˆÏ¢– ˆÎõòñ
ÚãyÜÓ˚Û ÜˆÏ“ !ì˛ò Óı%˛Ó˚ x!ÓŸªy¢ xyÓ˚ ¢üfl˛f ˛ôÿ˛yk˛yÓˆÏòÓ˚ äÈ!Ó›˛y£z ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Úãy@˘Ãì˛Û
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ Óyõ !Óºy!hs˛Ó˚ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ– Ú£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ñõyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛Ú ÈÙÙÙÈ Ñ˛# áˆÏ›˛ñ xÌ≈yÍ
¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏïÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò Óƒ!_´õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ x¢£yÎ˚ xyd¢õ˛ô≈íÈÙÙÙÈ~›˛y
ˆÎ õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛£z áˆÏ›˛ñ ì˛y Ú£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Û ü∑!›˛Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó,£_Ó˚ ÓƒyM˛Èòy úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ¢%!ÓõˆÏúÓ˚
xyîü≈Üì˛ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ xyò%Ó#«˛!òÑ˛ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈!›˛ xyò%Ó#«˛!òÑ˛ òÎ˚–Û ˆ£ˆÏãõ!òÛñ
Úï¢Û xÌÓy Ú˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆ«˛e Á ~Ñ˛£z Ñ˛Ìy– xÌ≈yÍ ˆúÖÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖò ~ÓÇ ˆîÖyò
õy£zˆÏeýˆÏfl˛Òy˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ î)Ó˚Ó#ò !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖyÓ˚ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ ÎyÎ˚–
˛ôM˛Èõì˛ñ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~£z ˆîÖy ≤ÃÌõ!îˆÏÑ˛ !äÈú !òÓ˚y¢_´ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚– xyõÓ˚y ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈñ
≤ÃÌõ ÜˆÏ“ SãyÜÓ˚V Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ !ì˛!ò î)Ó˚c ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ãòƒ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï Ó,£Í õyeyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛
xyˆÏúy äÈyÎ˚y Á â§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛y òyÈÙÈÌyÑ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– xÌ≈yÍ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôäÈ® !äÈú òy
â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ˜òÑ˛›˛ƒ Óy ¢¡∫ı˛ fl˛iy˛ôò– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ î)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ â˛yÁÎ˚y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ–
ˆ¢£z Óí≈òyÓ˚ !òÖyî !õ‹Tì˛y Óy ¢yÓú#úì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £zˆFÏ äÈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ£˚ z !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÓÏ ˚ ¢!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ Ó˚yÖ!äÈˆú
Ï ò
!ì˛!òñ â˛!Ó˚e Á ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢yõyòƒì˛õ õyò!¢Ñ˛ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ Á ì§˛yÓ˚ Ü“ˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÓÜ≤ÃÓí
Á ÓƒÌ≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÓ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ xyüB˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò ¢Çúy˛ô ÓyˆÏî Óí≈òyÓ˚ xÇü=!úˆÏì˛
¢Ó≈e ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎò ˆÖyîy£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˜òÓ≈ƒ!_´Ñ˛ ¢Ω˛yÓòy !òÇˆÏv˛¸ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹TyÎ˚
ˆõˆÏì˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈˆÏúò–
!Ñ˛ls˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ÜˆÏ“ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í e´õü xÇüÜ£íõ)úÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– xÌ≈yÍñ
xyˆÏÜ !ì˛!ò ˆÎò îü≈Ñ˛ xy¢ˆÏò ÓˆÏ¢ ö%˛›˛Óú ˆÖúyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y!ÓÓÓ˚í# ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ
!î!FäÈˆú Ï òñ xyÓ˚ ~Öò ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ¢!e´Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÖúyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆÖúˆÏì˛ ˆÖúˆÏì˛£z
˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÖúyÓ˚ Óí≈òy Á !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– ~ ~Ñ˛ xòòƒ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yñ
~£z ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy Á ü∑ â˛Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!ü‹Tì˛yÎ˚– â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚y x¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ñ !Ñ˛ls˛
ˆúÖÑ˛ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ !ì˛!ò xyÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ â˛yò òyñ ~ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖyÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!›˛ î)Ó˚yß∫Î˚#
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ó ~ÓÇ ˆÎ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ˛ô!Ó˚ü#!úì˛ òÎ˚ñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ü#!úì˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty
ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Óyhfl˛ÓˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÑ,˛ì˛£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ÚˆÓˆÏòyãúÛ ÜˆÏ“ ì˛y£z ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ ÓyõÈÙÈÓ˚yãò#!ì˛ÈÙÈv˛z_Ó˚ ¢yÓÈÙÈxú‰›˛yò≈ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÎ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ì˛yÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ ¢#õyÓk˛ì˛y Á !Ó˛ôî ¢£ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛y G˛yv˛¸Ö[˛ ¢#õyhs˛ ˆá§°Ïy
ÓyDy!úÈÙÈxÓyDy!ú !õ!◊ì˛ !ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãò˛ôˆÏî Ñ˛# Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˆâ˛£yÓ˚y !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚ Óí≈òyÎ˚
ˆúÖÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ !ü«˛y Á ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏü ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏõ Îyò
¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò ¶˛yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Óí≈òy Á ¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ô ~Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¢yõƒ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óyhfl˛ÓˆÏÑ˛ ã#Óhs˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆì˛yˆÏúò É
ÚÚõÌ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ò®%Ó˚ Ñ˛˛ôyú î%!ÿ˛hs˛yÎ˚ ˆÖ§yîy õy‡˛ñ Ö§yˆÏv˛¸y ¶§˛yˆÏã !â˛hs˛yÎ˚ ò%ò–
Úxy£z‡˛y£z ÖÓ˚â˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy ˆì˛y ïyÓ˚ÈÙÈv˛zïyÓ˚ ˆ£yˆÏì˛£z Ó˚ˆÏ£ Üy– ãú!î ¢y!îÈÙÈv˛z!î Ñ˛Ó˚ñ !ã¡øyîy!Ó˚
ÓyˆÏv˛¸òyñ ˆ¢yÓ Ñ˛òˆÏ›˛∆yúˆÏõ xy ÎyˆÏÎ˚ òy–Û
òì%˛ò ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ òì%˛ò Á !¢!˛ôÈÙÈõÌ%Ó˚ £zÎ˚yÇ !ú¶˛yÓ˚ñ ˛ô%Ó˚ˆÏòy ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !ÜÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏ_y
˛ô£ˆÏú ~£z ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ õyÓ˚ÈÙÈÖyÁÎ˚y Ñ˛õ#≈– õÌ%Ó˚ñ ~Öò â˛úâ˛ú›˛ ˛ô!ã¢ˆÏòñ òì%˛ò
Á!¢!˛ôÓ˚ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆv»˛y¢yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛õ%!‡˛ Ñ˛Î˚úy ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ õÌ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyÓ˚!õüò õyˆÏÜñ Á!¢!˛ôÓ˚
Ñ˛r›˛∆yQÓ˚ £Ó˚îõ õÌ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ îÓ˚ãy Ö›˛Ö›˛yÎ˚– õÌ%Ó˚ !Ñ˛ áˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ !ú¶˛yÓ˚⁄ ¢Ó Ó%ˆÏG˛ Ó%ˆÏG˛
Ñ˛r›˛∆yQÓ˚ÓyÓ%£z ÁˆÏÑ˛ õyÓ˚&!ì˛›˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xyòy ÎyòyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚üy!ò Ñ˛õyˆÏì˛– õÌ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˛ô!¢òyÓ˚ õ£Ñ˛ ÜyˆÏÎ˚Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˛ôyÑ≈˛ ~ƒy!¶˛!òÁ !äÈ!Ó˚Ñ˛ !äÈ!Ó˚Ñ˛– õÌ%Ó˚ Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚
~!îÑ˛ ˆ¢!îÑ˛ ˆ¢r›˛ !äÈ›˛yÎ˚–ÛÛ SˆÓˆÏòyãúV–
ÚÓ˚y‹T…ˆÏoy£#Ó˚yÛ ÜˆÏ“Á xyõÓ˚y ˆî!Öñ ÁÎ˚yÜò ˆÓÑ˛yÓ˚ üƒyõúyˆÏúÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ !òˆÏã£z
ÓúˆÏäÈò É ÚÚˆ¢£z ˆÎ £zˆÏfi›˛üòÓyÓ% õy£zˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôyÌˆÏõ !£!® ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ÓyˆÏúÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ñ £z!O!Ó˚Á
£Î˚ˆÏì˛y ÓˆÏú!äÈúñ ˆÑ˛ ˆüyˆÏòñ ÓˆÏú !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ 2232 ¶˛yàò ˆúyÑ˛ƒyú ˆ›˛ˆÏÓ˚ò xy¢yòˆÏ¢yú
ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ xyïár›˛y ˆúˆÏ›˛ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ¢§y£z ¢›˛yÍ ¢§y£z¢›˛yÍ ˆÓ˚ú ˛ôy›˛!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ òv˛¸ÓˆÏv˛¸ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Û›˛y
~Ñ‰˛¢ˆÏ˛ôˆÏÓ˚¢ Ñ˛y!ú˛ôy£y!v˛¸Ó˚ õ%ˆÏ£ ¢%ˆÏì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚ £ú ˆÑ˛yò ë˛ƒyõ!òˆÏâ˛yîy =ˆÏò ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈ⁄
ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÁ 2232 úyÈÙÈ˛ôyì˛yÊÛÛ
≤ÃÌõ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ˆÎ !òÓ˚y¢!_´ Á ˜òÓ≈ƒ!_´ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈñ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ Óí≈òy
xÇˆÏüÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÜ‡˛ˆÏòÁ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Ó≈e ãÛ!›˛ú ÓyÑ˛ƒñ ~ÓÇ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛õy !â˛£´ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ˆ¢!õˆÏÑ˛yúò Á v˛ƒy¢ ¢£Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˝ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ÈÙÈ¢ÇÎ%_´ Óy !Ó!FäÈß¨ ¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ~Ñ˛e ¢õyˆÏÓˆÏü
äÈ!ÓÓ˚ !òõ≈yˆÏí Ó˝ˆÏÑ˛Ô!òÑ˛ì˛y ¢,!‹T £Î˚– ¢%Ö˛ôy‡˛ƒì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy î)ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ¶˛y°Ïy e´õü
xyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy£ò ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òyñ !òˆÏã£z !Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ xÌ≈yÍ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ fi›˛y£zú›˛y£z Ú˛ôy‡˛ƒÛ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏúòñ !òˆÏã Á ¢ˆÏÓ˚ Îyò !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y xyv˛¸yˆÏú– ~£z Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ òyòy hfl˛Ó˚– ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò¶˛yˆÏÓ£z
ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖyÓ˚ õ)ú v˛z˛ôã#Óƒ x“!ü!«˛ì˛ Á î!Ó˚o õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢ÇüÎ˚ñ ¢%!ÓïyÓyîñ xyd¢õ˛ô≈íñ
!Óºy!hs˛ñ ˆ«˛y¶˛ñ ˆúy¶˛ Á x¢£yÎ˚ì˛yñ ~£z hfl˛Ó˚!›˛ˆÏÑ˛£z !ì˛!ò !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛
˛ôˆÏÓ≈– ¶˛y°Ïy Á £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ~£z ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚£z v˛z˛ôÎ%_´– ¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ô xÑ˛Ìƒ Üy!úÈÙÈÜyúyˆÏãÓ˚
≤ÃÓy£ !Óòy !mïyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ ˆ Ï ä È ò !ì˛!òñ xy¢ˆÏ ú ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏ Ñ ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ ä È ü∑=!ú
ÜyˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈÑ§˛y›˛yÈÙÈˆîÁÎ˚y Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ xŸ’#ú £ˆÏúÁ â˛!Ó˚eˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆò£yì˛£z ì˛y Ñ˛ÌyÓ˚ õyey Óy
úÓ‰ã ÈÙÈ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓˆÏü°Ï ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ Ó£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– xòƒ Üv˛¸˛ôÓ˚ì˛y ˆúÖÑ˛Ó˚y ~£z¢Ó â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚
õ%Ö ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ü∑=!ú ¢ÎˆÏb ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîò Óy £z!Dì˛õye ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ !Ó®% !â˛£´ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ~ÓÇ
~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ò#â%˛ì˛úyÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ õïƒ!Ó_ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í !òõ≈yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ Îy xyÜy˛ôyüì˛úy
!õÌƒy– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ Óyhfl˛ÓˆÏÑ˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò òyñ ÓÓ˚Ç x¢%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò¶˛yˆÏÓ õïƒ!Ó_ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ‡%˛òˆÏÑ˛y !òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ ÓúˆÏÎ˚ ë˛yÑ˛y ¶˛D%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü
ãy@˘Ãì˛ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú xòƒ ¢Ó ¢ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏòÁ ~ˆÏò ˆö˛úˆÏì˛ â˛yò ~ÓÇ ‘Culture is
Volue free” ~£z xyÆÓyÑ˛ƒ xy◊Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~õò ~Ñ˛ ¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ãÜÍ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ
ÎyˆÏì˛ ˆÎÔòÑ˛yã Á x˜ÏÓï ãß√îyˆÏòÓ˚ x!ÓÓ˚yõ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Öñ Îy ~õòÑ˛# ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ
Ó£z!›˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy!›˛ Ú!Ñ˛ls˛ì˛Û– !Ñ˛ls˛ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ xyüB˛yÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò
ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ xı˛ñ ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ Á õ!Ó˚Î˚y úv˛¸y£z=!ú ~£z !Ñ˛Ω%˛ì˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ xy◊Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z !›˛ˆÏÑ˛
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ¢Ñ˛ú ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ ˆ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏòy x¢%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÜˆÏ¶≈˛ my!®µÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛ Ó,£_Ó˚ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ ˆãˆÏÜ
ÁˆÏ‡˛– ì˛ÌyÑ˛!Ìì˛ ~£z x¢%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÎ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ î,üƒâ˛Î˚ˆÏò ì˛y£z ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚ ˆîò Ñ˛ö˛ñ
Ì%ì%˛ñ áyõñ õ%ì˛ñ ˛ôyÎ˚Öyòy Á ˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ !˛ôÑ˛ÈÙÈ~£z äÈÎ˚!›˛ üÓ˚#Ó˚ !òÜ≈ì˛ Óã≈ƒ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ Îeì˛e
˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÌyÑ˛y Óy ì˛ƒyˆÏÜÓ˚ î#á≈ Óí≈òyÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ !ì˛!ò Üv˛¸˛ôÓ˚ì˛yñ òy®!òÑ˛ ˆÓyïˆÏÑ˛
ïπÇ¢ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty â˛yúyòñ õïƒ!Ó_ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Îy ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛!“ì˛ xye´õˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õì%˛úƒ £ˆÏÎ˚
ÁˆÏ‡˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚£z my!®µÑ˛ fl˛∫!ÓˆÏÏÓ˚y!ïì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¶%˛ˆÏú Îyò òyñ ì˛yÓ˚ !ò¶%≈˛ú
fl˛∫y«˛Ó˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Ú˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ú«˛#ÓyÓ%Ó˚ õ)úƒˆÏÓyˆÏïñ õïƒ!Ó_ ã#!ÓÑ˛y Á ã#ÓòÎyey
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÖˆÏ¢ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó˝ ÓäÈÓ˚˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Á õy£z!òÇ ¢î≈yÓ˚ ú«¯˛#ÓyÓ%ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ˛ôyòñ ÚÚÖyîyˆÏò òyõˆÏì˛
òyõˆÏì˛ñ !¢ˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !¢õ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚yˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚yˆÏì˛ x˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Á x¶˛o ÜyúyÜyú ¢%˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ˆÏì˛
¶˛ofl˛i £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚....ì˛y ÓˆÏú ˙ !Ö!hfl˛ !¢ˆÏõÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚⁄ ¢yÓ˚ˆÏö˛ˆÏ¢⁄ ˆãò!›˛úõƒyòÓ˚yñÑ˛à‰!¶˛
ˆò!£...ÛÛñ xÌÓy â§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆúÖÑ˛ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆîò Ó˚y!òÜO
õúyò Ó˚&ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ x!ü!«˛ì˛ ˆÎÔòÑ˛yì˛Ó˚ ˆ£v˛ Öyúy!¢ úö˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆáy°Ïyúñ ¢y!Ñ˛ò
xyõv˛¸yˆÏì˛yv˛¸yñ !˛ôÇfl˛∫Ü≈ì˛ Ñ˛y!ì≈˛Ñ˛â˛w ˆáy°Ïyúñ ˆÎ Ñ˛#òy ˆÓüƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ö%˛!ì≈˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ £‡˛yÍ
ÚÚˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ë˛yÑ˛òyÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆîÖú ¢_Ó˚›˛y xyD%ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yú– ¢yì˛›˛y õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ ì˛#Ó !ïE˛yÓ˚–ÛÛ
~£z Óy·˛¢hs˛yò !Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ£z ˆ£ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜú xy¢ˆÏú ÈÙÙÙÈ xÌâ˛ Îy ì˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò
~Ñ˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛£z ~£z ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ v˛z_Ó˚ ˆÖ§yãyÓ˚ îyÎ˚ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆúÖÑ˛–
~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ£zñ xˆÏòÑ˛ fl˛iyˆÏò ˆúÖÑ˛ òy â˛y£zˆÏúÁ £Î˚ˆÏì˛y my!®µÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ üì≈˛ ˆõˆÏò£z !òˆÏãÁ
!Ñ˛ä%È›˛y Ñ˛y!ÓƒÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈò– ˆ¢£z¢Ó ãyòyúy !îˆÏÎ˚ñ !ÓÓ˚ú £ˆÏúÁñ Ñ˛yˆÏú¶˛ˆÏo Ó,£_Ó˚
îü≈ò v˛z§!Ñ˛ ˆîÎ˚– Ó˚&k˛Ÿªy¢ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ˆãú ÖyòyÎ˚ ì˛y ¢yõyòƒ â§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏúyÓ˚ !Óºõ ¢,!‹T
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ~Öò Ü“=!úÓ˚ Óƒ!_´â˛!Ó˚e– ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“ â˛!Ó˚e=!úÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í
Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ Ö%Ó£z v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ–
~Ñ˛ñ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚y ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛£z Óƒ!_´õyò%°Ï ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òã !òã
xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï– ì˛yÓ˚yñ ~£z xˆÏÌ≈ñ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z Óƒ!_´Üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚Á ˜òÓ≈ƒ!_´Ñ˛
ÈÙÙÙÈ Ó˝ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô ÜˆÏ“ xyˆÏ¢ Á !e´Î˚y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
õïƒ!Ó_ ˛ôy!›≈˛Ñ˛õ#≈ xyîü≈Óyî# ¢%!ÓõúñÖ!ò xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Ñ,˛°ÏÑ˛ ò®%˛ôyˆÏ¢yÎ˚yòñ
Ñ˛Î˚úy õy!Ñ˛Î˚y xy¢úyõñ õy£z!òÇ¢îyÓ˚ ú«¯˛#ÓyÓ%ñ Üy!v˛¸!õ!fl˛f xy¢ÜÓ˚ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ˛ôÌ!ü÷ £ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ÈÙÈÁ‡˛y òyÇ›˛yÈÙÙÙÈ~Ó˚y ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛£z Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ xhs˛m≈®µñ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ≤Ãy!Æ x≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ !£ˆÏ¢Óñ
ˆÎÔòì˛yñ x˛ôÓ˚yïñ !ò!‹;˛Î˚ì˛y Á õ,ì%˛ƒ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ˆÏÓ˚ !òã !òã ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ
v˛zIµú–
î%£zñ â˛y!Ó˚!eÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛£z my!®µÑ˛ñ xÌ≈yÍ xyîü≈ñ õ)úƒˆÏÓyï Á ¢îÌ≈Ñ˛ ≤ÃÓíì˛yÓ˚
˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ~Ñ˛£z¢yˆÏÌ fl˛∫yÌ≈˛ôÓ˚ Óƒ!¶˛â˛yÓ˚# Á îyÎ˚£#ò– ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~£z ¢£yÓfl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚
ö˛ˆÏú ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛!Ó˚e£z ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y˛ô%!Ó˚ ¢yîy xÌÓy Ñ˛yˆÏúy òÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛£z ï)¢ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyòy õyeyÎ˚
!ÓÓ˚yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
Úïπ¢Û ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ x!ÖúÓyÓ% xÓ¢Ó˚≤ÃyÆ fl˛%Òú !ü«˛Ñ˛ñ ~Ñ˛ ÓƒÌ≈ !˛ôì˛yñ ÎyÓ˚ ¢hs˛yò x˜ÏÓï
Ñ˛Î˚úyÖyˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ ¢ö˛úñ !Î!ò fl˛f#Ó˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ# ˛ô%eÓï)ˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ%˛!Z˛ì˛
£úòyñ !ì˛!ò£z xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ !â˛úˆÏì˛ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ÓyÜyòñ Ó§y!â˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ xye´õˆÏíÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ x›˛ú¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏúò– ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆü°ÏúˆÏ@¿ Üyı˛#!ãÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ~£z
fl˛%Òú!ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú !Ñ˛ls˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚y«˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ≤Ã!ì˛ì%˛úòy Üyı˛#Ó˚ !òãfl˛∫ fl˛∫!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï Á ÓƒÌ≈ì˛yÓ˚
ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ ˆúÖy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ xòòƒ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ Úâ§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚Û ÜˆÏ“ úö˛Ó˚ñ Ú˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÛ ÜˆÏ“ ú-#ÓyÓ%ñ Ú˛˛ôúyì˛Ñ˛Û ÜˆÏ“
xy¢ÜÓ˚ñ ÚÓ˚y‹T…ˆÏoy£#Ó˚yÛ ÜˆÏ“ òyÇ›˛y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ fl˛∫!ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛y ¢£ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
!ì˛òñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ !îˆÏÑ˛ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚y ≤Ãïyòì˛ õïƒ!Ó_ ¢õyã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢£ãyì˛
ˆîyúyâ˛ú ¢yˆÏÌ !òˆÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˙ ˆîyúyâ˛ú£z õ)úì˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ v˛z˛ôã#Óƒ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈
Ñ˛yˆÏú â˛!Ó˚e !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˛ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ò#â%˛ì˛úyÓ˚ õyò%°Ï ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢%!ÓïyÓyîñ
¶˛Î˚ñ ˆúy¶˛ Á xyd¢õ˛ô≈í–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~Ñ˛›˛y !Ó°ÏÎ˚ xÓüƒ£z ÓúÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏâ˛– ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚y !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ñ ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ õïƒ!Ó_ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ !mâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y Á !¢k˛yhs˛£#òì˛y ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ¢Ó Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ Á ˆäÈy›˛Ü“Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ì§˛yÓ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚£z !ò¡¨ÓÜ≈#Î˚
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ì˛yñ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï Á õyò!ÓÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ äÈ!Ó Á Ö%Ó v˛zIµú¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ì%˛ˆÏú
ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~ ˆÎò ~Ñ˛£z ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ î%£z xÇü– ~§Ó˚y xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
¢yõƒÓyî# £ˆÏúÁ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ì˛y£z Óúy â˛ˆÏúñ ¢yõƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚ îyü≈!òÑ˛ !¶˛!_ m®µõ)úÑ˛ Ólfl˛Óyî
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛Öy!ò ¢ˆÏÓ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚y ¶˛yÓÓyî# ˆÓ˚yõƒy!r›˛!¢ãˆÏõÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ
!ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÁ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÎˆÏÌ‹T Óƒ!_´ fl˛∫yÌ≈˛ôÓ˚ì˛yñ !£Ç¢y {°Ï≈y ò#!ì˛£#òì˛y Á
¢%!ÓïyÓyî– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ ˆúÖÑ˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ Óƒ!ì˛e´õ#¶˛yˆÏÓ ~£z ≤ÃÓíì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z
õ%_´–Û ˙ì˛ˆÏÓÎ˚ Û˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ì˛Ó˚&í ¢ß¨ƒy¢#Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y î%Û~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛!Ó˚e Óyî !îˆÏú ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ õyò%°= Ï !ú
¢!ì˛ƒ£z ˆÎò ¢Ω˛yÓƒ ¢Ó Ó˚Ñ˛õ xˆÏÌ≈ ÚÓ˚_´õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ õyò%°ÏÛó ˛ôˆÏî ˛ôˆÏî ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢£ãyì˛
fl˛∫!ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛y=!ú ˆâ˛òyˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛òyˆÏì˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ Ü“=!úˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
â˛yÓ˚ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“ ≤Ãïyò ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ã#!ÓÑ˛yãÜÍ !Ó˛ô%ú¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛– xˆÏòÑ˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
xÌÓy Óy¢ÎyeyÓ˚ !Óhfl+˛ì˛ Óí≈òy– xyÓ˚ñ ~›˛y£z ˆì˛y ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ñ Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ Ó˚yhfl˛y xyÓ˚ ã#!ÓÑ˛yÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü ˆì˛y õyò%°Ï !îˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛y›˛yÎ˚– Ú˛ôúyì˛Ñ˛Û ÜˆÏ“ì˛y£z ÓÑ˛Ó˚ xy!úˆÏúòñ
õy£zõ £zÓy !£õ ˆúòñ !õã≈y úy!ÜÓ ˆúòñ Ü§yãyÜ!ú ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛ õ%¢!úõ õ£Õ‘yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !üÓ˚yÈÙÈv˛z˛ô!üÓ˚y
õˆÏì˛y äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛y Ó˚yhfl˛yñ ì˛yÓ˚ !¶˛v˛¸ñ ˆîyÑ˛yòñ ˆ‡˛úyˆÏ‡˛!úñ Ì%ì%˛ xyÓ˚ áyˆÏõÓ˚ Üı˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ˆÎò â˛!Ó˚êÏ Ó˚ ¢õì%˛úƒ £ˆÏÎ£˚ z ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ˙ ÜˆÏ“£z ˆî!Ö xy¢òÓ˚ ˆõÑ˛y!òˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ãÜì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚fl˛≥%˛›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÜƒyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü xyÓ˚ xy¢yòˆÏ¢yú xˆÏ›˛y õyˆÏÑ≈˛›˛ ì˛yÓ˚
Ü!úÖ%!§ ã Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ â˛!Ó˚êÏ Ó˚ õì˛ò ÎˆÏb ã#Óhs˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏúò ˆúÖÑ˛– v˛zv˛¸yò ÜˆÏ“ Ñ˛Î˚úõy!ö˛Î˚y
xy¢úyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ¢õyò =Ó˚&c !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆãˆÏÜ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚£z ¢,‹T ˆÓxy£zò# Ñ˛Î˚úyÖyˆÏîÓ˚
Óyhfl˛Ó ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ Ö%§!›˛òy!›˛– â˛!Ó˚e Á ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ì˛y
˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚–
˛ô§yâ˛ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆÎÖyˆÏò !ì˛!ò ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏòÁ õ!úòì˛yñ
˜ã!ÓÑ˛ ì˛yv˛¸òy Á Ñ)˛›˛ò#!ì˛£z ≤Ãïyò £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– Ú˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÛ ÜˆÏ“ ú-#ÓyÓ% Ú¶˛oˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
¢Ç¢yÓ˚ Á ì˛y£z õy!òÑ˛ Óyv˛z!Ó˚Ó˚ ÚˆäÈy›˛ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚&ò¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ›%˛Ñ%˛ ïˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yˆÏÖ ~Ñ˛›˛y Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚£z É ÚÚ¶˛oˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óv˛z £ˆÏÎ˚ õyì˛yú fl˛∫yõ#Ó˚ õˆÏîÓ˚ ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏì˛ õî¶˛y!›˛ˆÏì˛
ÎyÁÎ˚yñ õy!òÑ˛ Óyv˛z!Ó˚Ó˚ Óv˛z ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ !üÖyÓ˚y!ò ˆáy°ÏyˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ≤Ã!fi›˛ã £z¢%ƒ–ÛÛ xÌÓy ¶˛Ó˚
î%˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ ú«¯˛#ÓyÓ% õyì˛yú £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú !üÖyÓ˚y!òˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ £Î˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÚÚ¶%˛!úˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ á%õ
˛ôyv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìyñ òì%˛ò õyì˛yú ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓü#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¢¡øyò Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢£ã ˛ôÌ– õî
ˆÖˆÏúÁ xyõÓ˚y ¶˛jÓ˚ˆÏúyÑ˛ñ Óyv˛z!Ó˚ÈÙÈÓyõ%ˆÏò ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ⁄ÛÛ
xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ Ú˛ôúyì˛Ñ˛Û ÜˆÏ“ xy¢ÜÓ˚ !õ!fl˛fÓ˚ ¶˛y£zˆÏ˛ôyÓ˚ ¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ô ˆÎ !Ó˛ôß¨ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛
Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy Á ˜üüˆÏÓÓ˚ !ò¤%˛Ó˚ äÈ!Ó ˆúÖÑ˛ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈòñ ¢!ì˛ƒ£z ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ì˛yÓ˚ ì%˛úòy Ö%Ó
Ñ˛õ£z xyˆÏäÈ É
.....ÚÚãyòˆÏì˛ £ƒyÎ˚ â˛yâ˛yã#....õy!¡ø òy Ñ˛yú Ó˚yì˛ˆÏõ áÓ˚ˆÏ¢ !òÑ˛yú ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ.....xyÓπ%
˛ôÑ˛v˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ ˆú xyÎ˚y Ö%Ó õyˆÏÓ˚ Ö%Ó õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Üy!ú !¶˛ !îÎ˚y Ö%Ó ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÓyúì˛y £ƒyÎ˚ !Ñ˛ ÚÓy˛ô%â%˛!î
Ü§yv˛¸ˆÏõ Ó§yü á%°Ïy ˆîˆÏD....â˛yâ˛y Ü§yv˛¸ˆÏõ Ó§yü á%ˆÏ°Ï òy⁄ ¢y£zˆÏõ á%°Ïì˛y £ƒyÎ˚⁄ Ü§yv˛¸ˆÏõ ˆì˛y !fl˛Àö˛
›˛y!R !òÑ˛úì˛y £ƒyÎ˚....!£!£....á%õì˛y ˆì˛y ˆò£z Ñ%˛äÈ–Û ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÓ˚ ãÓyÓ òy ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛›%˛ â%˛˛ô
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z xyÓyÓ˚ ÓˆÏúñ ÚãyòˆÏì˛ £ƒyÎ˚ â˛yâ˛yñ õy!¡ø !ö˛Ó˚ ÓyFâ˛y ˛ôÎ˚îy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!Ü....xyÓπ% ˆÓyúì˛y
£ƒyÎ˚ñ £z ÓyFâ˛y ˆõÓ˚y ˆò!£ £ƒyÎ˚ñ ì˛Ó ˆì˛y £yõˆÏúyˆÏÜy!¶˛ xyÓπ%Ñ˛y ˆò!£ £ƒyÎ˚....£yõ ˆì˛y
õy!¡øˆÏ¢£z ˛ôÎ˚îy ˝ˆÏÎ˚⁄ õy!¡ø!ãˆÏì˛y Ó˝ì˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÎ˚ Ó˝ì˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÎ˚....xyÓπ% !ö˛Ó˚ õyˆÏÓ˚ñ õy!¡ø
=fi¢yˆÏ¢...!£!£...xyÓπ%Ñ˛y !Ó!â˛ ˛ôÑ˛v˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ G%˛ú !îÎ˚y...!£!£...xyÓπ% xƒyÎ˚¢y !â˛Õ‘yˆÏì˛ Ó˚ˆÏ£

!£!£!£...xy!¡ø ˆäÈyˆÏv˛¸£z ˆò!£....xyÓπ% â˛y!Ó˚ì˛Ó˚ö˛ Ñ˛ƒy ë%§˛ˆÏv˛¸ Ñ˛ƒy ˛ôì˛y v˛z¢ˆÏÑ˛ Óyîòy õy!ÖˆÏÑ˛y
Óyú ˛ôÑ˛v˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ áÓ˚ˆÏõ á%¢yÎ˚ñ !üÑ˛!ú ˆî !îÎ˚yñ ˆÓyˆÏúñ Ñ˛ƒy ˆüyâ˛yñ £yõ xƒyÎ˚ˆÏ¢ Ó%v˛¸ÓÑ˛
ì%˛ˆÏG˛ ì˛yúyÑ˛ ˆîˆÏD⁄ Ñ˛!U˛ ˆò!£ñ ì%˛õˆÏÑ˛y ~£z ˆ¢£z Ó˚£òy ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!ò....â˛yâ˛y ãyòˆÏì˛ £ƒyÎ˚.....˛ôyØy
ˆîy¢Ó˚y ¢y!î Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òy.....ÛÛ
~£z ¶˛Î˚B˛Ó˚ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚£z ¢£ƒ £ˆÏÓ òy– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛
~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÁ £ì˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛Ôüú# Á !òÓ˚y˛ôî !mâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛yñ xÌÓy Óúy â˛ˆÏúñ
ÚÎy ˆüy¶˛ò Á ¢%®Ó˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÷ï% ˆ¢›%˛Ñ˛%£z ¢ì˛ƒÛñ òy!Ñ˛ Ú÷ï% Îy ¢ì˛ƒÈÙÈì˛y£z£z ¢%®Ó˚Û ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z
!Óì˛ˆÏÑ≈˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ fl˛ô‹T¶˛yˆÏÓ ì§˛yÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyò ˆÓˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
äÈÎ˚ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ â˛!Ó˚e=!ú ÷Ó˚& ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Óy ˛ôˆÏÓ˚y«˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛
¢¡ô,_´– ˆúÖÑ˛ !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ õyò%°Ï ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyˆÏîƒy˛ôyhs˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ã#Ó ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z
Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ òyòyÓ˚Ñ˛õ hfl˛Ó˚ñ Îy ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,£_Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy ˛ôÎ≈hs˛
!Óhfl+˛ì˛– xì˛~Ó ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“ Óƒ!_´ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#Óò Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !òõ≈yˆÏíÁ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ xÌ≈yÍ îúñ «˛õì˛y Á fl˛∫yÌ≈Ó˚ Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢Çáyì˛ !ò!Óv˛¸¶˛yˆÏÓ @˘Ã!Ìì˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛£z
ì˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ «%˛o ˛ô!Ó˚¢ˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“ ¢%!ò!î≈‹T ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎõòñ Úˆ£ˆÏãõ!òÛ
ÜˆÏ“ ˆáy°ÏyˆÏúÓ˚ äÈyeÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ Óyõ˛ôs˛iyÓ˚ xyúÜy õyò!ÓÑ˛ õ%Ö ö%˛â%˛ÈÙÈ›%˛!òÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ
¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ îy!Î˚cü#ú £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆáy°ÏyˆÏúÓ˚ ã!õˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓxy£zò#
Ñ˛Î˚úy xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ v˛zß¨Î˚ò# £yv˛z!¢ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛õˆÏ≤’: ÎÖò !Ó˛ô%ú Óy!í!ãƒÑ˛ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ
ì˛Öò ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ òyòyhfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ü!_´ Á ÎˆÏÌFäÈyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ á)!í≈ˆÏì˛
›%˛!òÓ˚ ï°Ï≈í ~ÓÇ ˆ°Ïy°ÏyˆÏúÓ˚ ã!õÓ˚ £hfl˛yhs˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òyñ î%ãˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚£z
xy˛ôyîõhfl˛Ñ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ õì˛yîü≈Üì˛ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï Á ˛ôy!›≈˛Ñ˛õ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ü“ÈÙÈˆúÖy ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ ÓÎ˚ˆ¢Ï Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¶˛y°Ïƒ ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò
ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“ ÈÙÈ Úï¢Ûñ ˙ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Î˚Ûñ Ú˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚yÛ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ÎyÓ˚ xyîü≈ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö–
¢yì˛ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ â˛!Ó˚e Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ¢%üC
, ú Ó˚y‹TÓ… ƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚
!¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó˚y‹T!… ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# ˛ô!Ó˚¢Ó˚ ¢!e´Î˚ ÈÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ Á ≤Ãüy¢ˆÏòÓ˚
˛ôˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ¢õÌ≈ˆÏò ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y ˆÓxy£zò# Ñ˛Î˚úy v˛zˆÏ_yúò Á ì˛yÓ˚
Óy!íˆÏãƒÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨õ%Ö# ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ñ ã!õ Óy!v˛¸ !òõ≈yí!üˆÏ“Ó˚ xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢Ó˚ñ ÓyÓyÓ˚Óy!v˛¸ Üy!v˛¸Ó˚
~!Oò Á ¢ƒyˆÏ¢ ò¡∫Ó˚ ÓîˆÏú ˆâ˛yÓ˚y£z Üy!v˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ òƒyÎ˚¢Dì˛ Ó˚*˛ô ˆîÁÎ˚yñ ã%Î˚yñ õî Á ò#ú
äÈ!ÓÓ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yòñ ˆúyÑ˛ ‡˛Ñ˛yˆÏòy ÓƒÓ¢yÓ˚ !ö˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yì˛yÓ˚y!ì˛ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õ!®Ó˚
!òõ≈yíÈÙÙÙÈ~£z¢Ó x¢%fl˛i ˛ô!Ó˚¢ˆÏÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖò# £zˆÏâäÈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ïyE˛y ˆÖˆÏì˛ ˆÖˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏÜyÎ˚– ˆÎ
˛ô!Ó˚¢Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó_ ¶˛oˆÏúyÑ˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶%˛ˆÏú ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ â˛yòñ ˆúÖÑ˛ ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ â˛yò ˆÎ Óy!úˆÏì˛ õ%Ö Ö%§ˆÏã ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú£z xybÓ˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z !îò
xyÓ˚ ˆò£zñ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !òÎ˚!s˛fì˛ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚Ó˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ Ñ˛Óâ˛ Ñ%˛u˛ú ïyÓ˚í
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ÈÙÈ v˛z_Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ˆÎ !òÓ˚y˛ôî õïƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊!í ~ì˛!îò Ó˚*ë˛¸ Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ Üy
Ó§y!â˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú¶˛yˆÏÓ ã#Óò Ñ˛y!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈòñ xÓüƒ£z !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ !mâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y Á fl˛∫!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï#
ˆ◊!íâ˛!Ó˚e ¢£ ÈÙÈ ì§˛yÓ˚y xyã Ú˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚yÛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ú«¯˛# ˆáy°Ïyúñ Úï¢Û ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !Ó˚›˛yÎ˚yv≈˛ fl˛%Òú
!ü«˛Ñ˛ x!Öú ì˛yú%Ñ˛îyÓ˚ xÌÓy ˆ£ˆÏãõ!ò ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ Ñ˛ƒyüÓyÓ% ˆáy°ÏyˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y£z !Ó˛ôß¨ñ xyÓ˚
¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ˆò£zñ ì˛y ~Öò ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú Óyhfl˛Óì˛y– ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ üyhs˛ õïƒ!Ó_ ã#Óò !Ók˛ Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚
~ˆÏö§˛yv˛¸ ~ˆÏö§˛yv˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ¢yãyˆÏòy ¢%òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏoy£#
~£z xhs˛á≈yì˛ xyÜyõ# !îˆÏò xyˆÏÓ˚y !Ó¶)˛ì˛ ˆâ˛£yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏÓ ~Ñ%˛ü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï
~Öò Ü“=!úˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y£z õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍÓyí#Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y õˆÏò £Î˚–
xyõÓ˚y ú«˛ƒÑ˛!Ó˚ñ ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !üˆÏÓ˚yòyõ£z ÷ï% òÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ü“ @˘Ãs˛iî%!›˛Ó˚ òyõ Á
ÎÌye´ˆÏõ ÚÓ˚y‹T…ˆÏoy£#Ó˚yÛ ~ÓÇ ˆ£ˆÏãõ!òÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ î%!›˛£z !ò!Óv˛¸¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛¢¡ô,_´ v˛zFâ˛yÓ˚í–
xy›˛ñ â˛!Ó˚e=!úˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ~£z ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏoy£# ˛≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ô%ì%˛ú
!£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆîÖyˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ~Ñ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ì˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖy ˆÎò ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò ˛ô%ì%˛úòyˆÏâ˛Ó˚
£z!ì˛Ñ˛Ìy– ¢õyãÈÙÈÓ˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ Ó,£_Ó˚ Ö§yâ˛yÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚y Óı˛#ÈÙÈÎ!î fl˛∫yï#ò £ì˛ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú£z
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ü“ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎì˛ ¢%Ö˛ôy‡˛ƒ Ó˚õƒ Ó˚â˛òy– ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y£z ì,˛!Æ ˆîÁÎ˚y òÎ˚ñ !ÓÓ˚_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y£z
ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ– ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢%!ÓïyÓyî#ñ !Óºyhs˛ Á ˛ô%ì%˛ú ÈÙÈ xÓfl˛iyòˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y£z ì§˛yÓ˚
Óì˛–
òÎ˚ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚e=!úÓ˚ xyˆÏÓÑ˚ ˛!›˛ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ Ö%Ó Óƒ!ì˛e´õ#– ~Ñ˛õye ˜¢Î˚î õ%hfl˛yö˛y !¢Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚
ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È Ü“ äÈyv˛¸y ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ~Ó˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í ˆÓ!ü ˆò£z– xyâ˛Ó˚íÓyî# SÓy
!ÓˆÏ£ˆÏ¶˛!Ó˚Î˚y!úãõÛ ì˛ˆÏ_¥ ÓˆÏú õyò%°Ï ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˜òÓ≈ƒ!_´Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !e´Î˚y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò ˆÎ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ïyÓ˚íy xyˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ£z ì˛yÓ˚
¢¡ôÑ≈˛– !Ó˛ôî¢B%˛ú ~Ñ˛ ãúy¶)˛!õ !ò¶≈˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ ~Ñ˛ ˛ô!ÌÑ˛ ÎÖò ãyòú ˆÎ Ñ˛#
¶˛Î˚B˛Ó˚ ˛ôÌ ˆ¢ ˆ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈñ ì˛Öò£z xyì˛ˆÏB˛ ì˛yÓ˚ £*îÎs˛f Óı˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú ÈÙÙÙÈ ö˛yO
Ñ˛yö‰˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xò%ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ~£z á›˛òy ≤ÃyÎ˚ü£z xyâ˛Ó˚íÓyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y
£Î˚– ˆäÈy›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õyò%°Ï ˆÎ ≤ÃÌyñ Ó˚#!ì˛ò#!ì˛ñ !ÓŸªy¢ñ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ñ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yñ ˙!ì˛£ƒñ ˆúyÑ˛Ñ˛Ìy
Á !õˆÏÌÓ˚ ãÜˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y £Î˚ñ ˆ¢=!ú£z !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ !Ó!¶˛ß¨¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Á ÚõˆÏò £ÁÎ˚yÛˆÏÑ˛ !òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ~£z xyâ˛Ó˚íÓyî# î%~Ñ˛!›˛ x!ì˛ î%î≈yhs˛
!G˛!úÑ˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÜˆÏ“ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ˆÎõòñ Úv˛zv˛¸yòÛ ÜˆÏ“ ˆÓxy£zò# Ö!òˆÏì˛ ïπˆÏ¢ â˛y˛ôy ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆ¢£z õ,ì˛ˆÏî£
ú%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆö˛úyÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛îü#≈ˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚£z Ñ˛ÓÓ˚ ˆÖ§yv˛¸yˆÏòy £ˆÏFäÈ õ,ì˛ ö%˛!ú!›˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD
≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ îü#≈Ó˚yÁ ~£z xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆõyõÓy!ì˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyÎ˚ õy!ö˛Î˚y ¢î≈yÓ˚ xy¢úyˆÏõÓ˚
£‡˛yÍ õˆÏò £ú É ÚÚ£yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ü§yì˛y£z›˛yÁ....≤Ãyâ˛#ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õïƒ ˆ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ xˆÏfl˛fÓ˚
xyîˆÏú ÓîˆÏú ÓîˆÏú xyÓyÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú ÎyˆÏFäÈ xyï%!òÑ˛ÈÙÈõïƒÈÙÈ≤Ãyâ˛#ò Î%ˆÏÜñ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛ÌyÓ˚
îyòÓ#Î˚ì˛yÎ˚ñ ˆÎò ~Ö!ò ˙ ~Ñ˛›˛y üÓ˚#Ó˚ £yãyÓ˚ £yãyÓ˚ ˜îì˛ƒ üÓ˚#Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ïπ!òì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ xR£y!¢–ÛÛ ì˛ˆÏÓ ~£z xyˆÏÓü ˆÓ!ü«˛í fl˛iyÎ˚# £Î˚ òy– ˆúÖÑ˛ ÓˆÏúò– ÚÚxy¢úyõ
£z!ì˛£y¢ Á Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛ÌyÓ˚ £ƒyú%!¢ˆÏò¢ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !fl˛iÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú
Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ
xÌÓy Ú˛ôúyì˛Ñ˛Û ÜˆÏ“ xy¢yòˆÏ¢yú ˛ôyE˛yÓyãyÓ˚ ã%ˆÏì˛y˛ô!RÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆòyÇÓ˚y Ü!úˆÏì˛
ˆõy›˛Ó˚ ˆõÑ˛y!òÑ˛ xy¢ÜÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%®Ó˚# ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ fl˛∫ˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ x∞Ó˚y ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ¢– ˆúÖÑ˛
ì˛Öò£z !Óºõ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò É ÚÚ˝!Ó˚ ì˛ÖˆÏòy ì˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓÓyÑ˛ ì˛y!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈñ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏòÓ˚ Á£z
v˛zî%≈ !£!®ÈÙÈ£zÇˆÏÓ˚!ãÓ˚ ¢y_%Ó˚ ˆáy°ÏíyˆÏÑ˛ äÈy!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ñ xy¢ÜÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚¢ˆÏ¶˛ãy üÓ˚#Ó˚ Á ˆâ˛yÖ
≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆÓˆÏ£ˆÏhfl˛ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ ÎyÁÎ˚y ì˛yÓ˚y £yÓ˚yˆÏâ˛yˆÏÖ ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ úyˆÏÜ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ¢ÍÑ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ˛ô%Ó˚fl˛ÒyÓ˚
˙ ˝!Ó˚ñ xyÕ‘yÓ˚ ˆõˆÏ£Ó˚ Óy!òÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢ ÎÖò xyÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛ Ö%%§ˆÏã ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛
xyÓyÓ˚ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˝!Ó˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆö˛úyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôe´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ îƒyˆÏÖñ ˆÜy›˛y Ü!ú›˛y ã%ˆÏv˛¸
Á£z äÈyì%˛Ó˚ ¢y£zòˆÏÓyv≈ £yÜyˆÏõyì˛y î%Ü≈ı˛òî≈õy xyÓ˚ˆÏüyúy ÈÙÈ £z§î%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üÓˆÏî£ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆîyãÖ
ÓˆÏú ˆÜˆÏäÈ !ö˛Ó˚–... Ñ˛yâ˛¶˛!ì≈˛ ã%!_Ó˚ ˆüyˆÏÑ˛ˆÏ¢ ˆ¢ ˆîˆÏÖ ã%!_Ó˚ ÓîˆÏú ˆÜy›˛y Á£z G˛Ñ˛G˛ˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛yˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ~õyÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÁõyÌy ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ¢yÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ¶˛#Ó˚& ¶˛#Ó˚& ˛ôî≈y¢£ ãÁÎ˚y!òÓ˚y ÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆÎò !ö˛!ú!hfl˛!ò ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚ £z˝!îÓ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏò ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ¢Áîy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛– ¢ÓÑ˛!›˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚£z º*ÈÙÈ≤’yÑ˛
Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ˛ôî≈yÓ˚ ˝!Ó˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y !òÿ˛Î˚£z â%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ fi›˛y£zúñ ÜˆÏú !òÿ˛Î˚£z Ñ˛y!¡∫Ó˚# xyˆÏ˛ôˆÏúÓ˚ úyú ÈÙÙÙÈ
¢yÓ˚y xD ˛ôî≈yˆÏõyv˛¸y Á£z¢Ó ¶%˛Ó˚&â%˛ú äÈ§y›˛y ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ˆÑ˛yò £y!î¢ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ !Óv˛z!›˛ ˛ôyú≈yˆÏÓ˚
xD ˆîÖyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛ ãyˆÏò⁄ÛÛ
~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ !Óºõ Úâ§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚Û ˙ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Î˚Û ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ÜˆÏ“ Á õyˆÏG˛õyˆÏG˛£z ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚–
îüñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõy!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ü“ â˛!Ó˚e ˆÑ˛!s˛fÑ˛ñ Ó˚ˆÏõü xÌÓy ¢%!ÓõˆÏúÓ˚y£z ≤Ãïyòñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
xhs˛m≈ˆÏı˛£z ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ òãÓ˚– ~£z ˆö˛yÑ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ÈÙÈ ÎyÓ˚
Á˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚e=!úÓ˚ Îs˛fíy Á ›˛yòyˆÏ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ò õ)ì≈˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛y ~Ñ˛y !¢k˛yhs˛
ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ !Ó°Ïß¨ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ Óyïƒ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z xˆÏÌ≈ Ü“=!ú ≤ÃÓú¶˛yˆÏÓ
x!hfl˛Óyî#ñ õ)úì˛ ã§yÈÙÈ˛ôúÈÙÈ¢ye x!hfl˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈˆú Ï òñ ì˛y xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚
~Ó˚y Óƒ!_´õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛y!Ñ˛cñ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢lfl˛›˛ Á ¢%!ÓïyÓyî# ˆîyúyâ˛ú xì˛ƒhs˛ î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ
ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚–
!Ñ˛ls˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÜˆÏ“ â˛!Ó˚e òÎ˚ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü£z £ˆÏÎ˚
v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚– ì˛y£z Ü“=!úˆÏì˛ñ ˆÎõòñ ÚÓ˚y‹T…ˆÏîy£#Ó˚yÛñ Ú˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚yÛñ ÚÓy
ÚˆÓˆÏòyãúÛ ÜˆÏ“ Ó˝ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ñ ˆÑ˛v˛z ≤Ãïyò òÎ˚ñ ˆÑ˛v˛z x≤ÃïyòÁ òÎ˚ñ ¢Óy£z
!õˆÏú!õˆÏüñ ¢ÓyÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ á%Ó˚˛ôyÑ˛ ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ òyÎ˚Ñ˛£#òñ ˆÑ˛w£#ò ~Ñ˛
Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xÓÎ˚Ó ˆãˆÏÜ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ö˛ˆÏú x!hfl˛Óyî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ Ü“=!ú ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛
xˆÏÌ≈ õy:Óyî# £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ◊!í¢Ç@˘Ãyõñ !õ!äÈú Óy úyúG˛y[˛y xò%˛ô!fl˛iì˛ £ˆÏúÁ– ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚
äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ¢£ˆÏã Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ–
~£zãòƒ£z ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ÜˆÏ“ Îì˛›%˛Ñ%˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü Óí≈òyñ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ xÇü£z
xyÌ≈¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ ≤ÃÌõ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ !ò!Óv˛¸ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Á ì˛yÓ˚ ˜ü!“Ñ˛
!òõ≈yí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛Öy!ò ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈò–
xyÌ≈¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˆÓ!ü ãÓ˚&!Ó˚
£ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈñ ì˛y ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ Úv˛zv˛¸yòÛ ÜˆÏ“ xy¢úyˆÏõÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy x˜ÏÓï Ñ˛Î˚úy ¢y¡ÀyˆÏãƒÓ˚
˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ¶)˛ˆÏÜyú Á ¢õyãì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ Óí≈òyÎ˚– ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢#õy äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛Ó˚
˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú ÎyˆÏFäÈ ˆîˆÏÖ Á !ì˛!ò ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢ÇÎì˛ £ò òy ÈÙÙÙÈ Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yˆÏú ˙
xÌ≈ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Î%!_´ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ¢!ì˛ƒ£z ˆì˛yñ
ˆÓxy£zò# Ñ˛Î˚úy ÖyˆÏî ~Ñ˛›˛y î%á≈›˛òyÓ˚ ÖÓÓ˚ â˛y˛ôy ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ≤ÃõyíˆÏúy˛ôˆÏ£ì%˛ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛›˛y
!ò!Ó≈Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ö%ò ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z›%˛Ñ%˛ õye Ñ˛y!£!ò ÓúÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆì˛y Ü“ ˆúÖyÓ˚ îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆò£z ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyñ
Î!î òy ì˛yÓ˚ xyÌ≈ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !òõ≈yí ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ òy£z Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ˆúÖÑ˛ ì˛y£z xyú¢yõ õy!ö˛Î˚yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ¢õyã ˛ô!Ó˚fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚–
ÚÚ7 òÇ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ÖyîyˆÏò ˛ô%!úü ~ˆÏú ¢Óy£z ÎÖò ÓˆÏÎ˚ú Üy!v˛¸ñ ¢y£zˆÏÑ˛úñ ïyõyˆÏúyv˛ñ
Ó˚!ü ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ Ñ˛!˛ôÑ˛ú›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ãÇ!ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆG˛yˆÏ˛ô ãDˆÏú ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ Ó§yˆÏâ˛ñ xy¢úyõ£z ≤ÃÌõ
ÖyîyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy¢ ~Ñ˛›%˛Á ÓîúyˆÏì˛ ˆîÎ˚!òñ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˛ô%!úüˆÏÑ˛Á ˆîÔv˛¸yˆÏì˛ ˆîÎ˚!ò Ñ%˛!úÑ˛yõy!Ó˚Ó˚
!˛ôä%È !˛ôä%È É ÓÓ˚ ˛ô%!úüÜy!v˛¸Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛ì˛ fl˛∫!hfl˛Ó˚ ˆ¢›˛y ˆ¢ òy ÓˆÏúÁ !fl˛Àö˛ ˜Ö!ò
õúˆÏì˛ õúˆÏì˛ Óv˛¸ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆüÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ñ˛£z äÈˆÏ® î%ÛãˆÏò !˛ôÑ˛ ˆö˛ˆÏúñ ~Ñ˛£z ¢yˆÏ˛ô
£y¢y£y!¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó%!G˛ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z ≤ÃÌõ Ó%!G˛ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ˆÜy›˛y Ñ˛y!ú˛ôy£y!v˛¸
ÓyãyÓ˚›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛õò ÜÓ˚õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ó xòƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óyî !îˆÏú £zÇ!úü
ÈÙÈ ÓyÇúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !fl˛Àö˛ îyÓ˚&Ñ˛y î%Ñ˛yò !ÓüˆÏ‡˛–... Á£z ¢õÓyÎ˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ Öyîyò e´ˆÏõ ◊õã#Ó#Ó˚
~Ñ˛õye Á x!ÓÑ˛“ Ó˚&!ãÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú ì˛yˆÏì˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# !¢úˆÏõy£Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸
ÎyÎ˚ õyòò#Î˚ ˆõÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏˆÏíÉ ÚxyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ˆîÓyÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ˆò£z ¢Óy£zˆÏÑ˛– Î!î xy˛ôòyÓ˚y
!òˆÏãÓ˚y£z Ó˚&!ãÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò xyõÓ˚y !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚Ó òyñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢õÌ≈òÁ
Ñ˛Ó˚Ó òy– ≤Ãüy¢ò !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ£z â˛úˆÏÓ–Û ≤Ãüy¢òˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ â˛yúyˆÏì˛ xy¢úyõ
ãyˆÏò ÈÙÙÙÈ ö˛ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚ ãòÜíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ myÓ˚y 3ñ7ñ14 òÇ á%!¢ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú £zÎ˚yÑ%˛Ó xyˆÏÓ˚y xy@˘Ãy¢# Á xy¢úyõ ì˛yÓ˚Á ˆÓ!ü Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ
~Ñ˛ãò ¢Ó ÖyîyˆÏòÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢y¡ÀyˆÏãƒÓ˚ xï#ŸªÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÚˆÑ˛yúõy!ö˛Î˚yÛ
v˛z˛ôy!ï !òˆÏÎ˚...ÌyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õ≈ ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚!òñ ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫!òÎ%!_´ ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò
≤Ãy!ì˛¤˛y!òÑ˛ ¢)e ~ì˛ˆÏ¶˛y›˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛e ¢õyˆÏÓü ~ÓÇ !òÓ˚ÇÑ%˛ü ãòõì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛ xÓˆÏ£úy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄ ö˛ˆÏú ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ¢Ó îˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˝ˆÏv˛¸y˝!v˛¸ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ xy¢úyˆÏõÓ˚ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
!òˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÓyÓ˚ Á xy¢úyˆÏõÓ˚Á ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ îˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ òyÈÙÈÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚
Á ¢Ó îúˆÏÑ˛£z òyâ˛yˆÏòyÓ˚– ˆ¢ â§˛yîy ˆîÎ˚ ¢Ó îúˆÏÑ˛ îÓ˚yã £yˆÏì˛ñ .... ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢Óy£zˆÏÑ˛
üâ˛#ò ˆïy!ò £ÓyÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿ ˆîÖyˆÏòÁÎ˚yúy ˆì˛y xy¢úyõ£zó ≤ÃyÎ˚ xy¢yòˆÏ¢yú Óƒy›˛Óú v˛z£zˆÏÑ˛›˛
ÓyãyÓ˚›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛y£z !Ñ˛ˆÏò Ñ˛y!ú˛ôy£y!v˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢Ó ˛ô%ˆÏãyÓ˚ ¢Ó v˛zÍ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆõy›˛y
!£¢ƒyîyÓ˚ Á£z xy¢úyõ£zó !ÓˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈ¢y!îÈÙÈ¢ÍÑ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈîyö˛ò ¢ˆÏÓˆÏì˛£z ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zIµú xÓîyòñ ì˛yÓ˚£z
!îõyÑ˛ xyÓ˚ Ó˚&˛ôÎyÎ˚ !fl˛Àö˛ 36 òÇ ÁÎ˚yˆÏv˛≈ â˛yÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚›˛y £z§›˛¶˛y›˛yñ ì˛yˆÏì˛ 50 x 4 = 200
ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢Çfl˛iyò xyÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óv˛¸ Ñ˛Ìy ¶˛@¿≤ÃyÎ˚ Ñ˛yú# Á !üÓ õ!®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛ofl˛i ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚
ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢ ˆì˛y xy¢úyˆÏõÓ˚£z ˛ôÎ˚¢yÎ˚⁄ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ â%˛!Ó˚ÈÙÈ!äÈòì˛y£z ˆò£zñ ÓyãyÓ˚ ÜÓ˚õñ ¢ÓyÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛
Ó˚!àò ˆõyÓy£zúñ !£ˆÏÓ˚y ˝u˛yñ â˛yÓ˚ˆÏüy ¢yì˛ ˆÓyG˛y£z õ%Ü≈y ~Ñ˛!îˆÏò£z ö§˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢ÓyÓ˚£z ˆâ˛yÖ
úyú ÈÙÈ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ !ò!ÿ˛!hs˛ñ ≤Ãüy¢ˆÏòjÓ˚ !ò!ÿ˛!hs˛ ÈÙÈ ˆòy G%˛›˛ ˆòy G˛yˆÏõúy Ö%òÈÙÈÖyÓ˚y!Ó
î%ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛›˛y £ˆÏÓ£z ÈÙÈ £zu˛y!fl˛T…Î˚yú ˆÓŒ›˛ ÈÙÈ òõ≈yú Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚–...ÛÛ
î#á≈ ~£z v˛zm,!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò !äÈú– 1990 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xhs˛ì˛ 2010 ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Á
!Ñ˛ä%È›˛y ¢õˆÏÎ˚ xy¢yòˆÏ¢yú Ñ˛Î˚úyÖ!ò !ü“yM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ xydy Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓxy£z!ò ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛Î˚úy
â˛ˆÏe´Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ !Ó!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ òõ%òy !ÓÖƒyì˛ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆì˛y ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸£z
!î!FäÈñ Ö!ò xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆúÖyˆÏì˛Á ≤ÃyÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È£z ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ Î!î
ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ xy¢yòˆÏ¢yú ÈÙÈ Ó˚y!òÜO Ö!ò xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ ~Ñ˛õye ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ Óúy £Î˚ ì˛y x!ì˛Ó˚Oò
£ˆÏÓ òy ÓˆÏú£z õˆÏò £ˆÏFäÈ– Úv˛zv˛¸yòÛ Ü“ Óyî !îˆÏÎ˚Á Úï¢Ûñ ÚˆÓˆÏòyãúÛñ Úˆ£ˆÏãõ!òÛñ
ÚÓ˚y‹T…ˆÏoy£#Ó˚yÛñ Ú˛ôúyì˛Ñ˛Ûñ Ú˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÛ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ÜˆÏ“ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ õyú¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ ~£z !ü“ Á
Ö!ò≤Ãïyò ¶)˛ÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ¢ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ÓyˆÏÓ˚yÓyˆÏÓ˚£z !òäÈÑ˛ !ü“ˆÏ¢ÔÑ˛Î≈ x!ì˛e´Î˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛iyòÑ˛yú!òÓk˛ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– xyˆÏÜ£z ÓˆÏú!äÈñ ~Ó˚y ¢Óy£z !õˆÏú!õˆÏü
ˆÎò ~Ñ˛›˛y£z Ü“–
≤ÃÌõ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆúÖy ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆúÖy
1– ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛ fl˛iyò x!ò!î≈‹T– 1– ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛ fl˛iyò ¢%!ò!î≈‹T–
2– Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ¢B˛›˛ˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ñ x!hfl˛Óyî#– 2– Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢õyã ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ÈÙÈ õy:Óyî#–
3– õïƒ!Ó_ ¢ÇüÎ˚ Á ˆîyúyâ˛ú ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛– 3– !ò¡¨!ÓˆÏ_Ó˚ x¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Á ¢%!ÓïyÓyî–
4– !òÓ˚y¢_´ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í– 4– xÇü@˘Ã£íõ)úÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í–
5– !â˛eñ ¶˛yfl˛ÒÎ≈ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Á 5– ≤ÃyÎ˚ xò%˛ô!fl˛iì˛–
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ¢)«¯˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛yÜ ˆÓ!ü–
6– ¢)«¯˛ òy®!òÑ˛ì˛y !òõ≈yí– 6– xòy®!òÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò !òõ≈yí–
7– â˛!Ó˚e fl˛∫yï#ò £ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Óºyhs˛– 7– â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ £zˆÏFäÈ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xò%˛ô!fl˛iì˛
ì˛yÓ˚y xyÌ≈Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚
£yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ô%ì%˛ú–
8– ¶˛y°Ïy !òˆÏã£z Sxy!DÑ˛¢£V o‹TÓƒ– 8– !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛ o‹TÓƒ–
9– xƒyòye´!òãõ Óy Ñ˛yú!Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ˆò£z– 9– Ñ˛yú!Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ xyˆÏäÈ–
10– ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ Óƒ!_´õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ 10– Ó˝ Óƒ!_´õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛
Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚í– ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚ò–
11– îú#Î˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ Á ˛ôy!›≈˛Ñ˛õ#≈ 11– ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛y
ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ Ü“– ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°Ï ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ Ü“–
12– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xò%¶)˛!ì˛ Á Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ 12– ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ÷ï%£z ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛–
≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò–
î#á≈ ~£z xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ˛ôÓ≈ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆÎ ì%˛úòy ÓyˆÏÓ˚
ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆúÖyÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈñ ì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ äÈˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏú ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¢%!Óïy
£ˆÏÓ–
!ì˛ò
ˆÑ˛ ~£z ˆúÖÑ˛ ⁄
!ì˛!ò !£Ó˚ß√Î˚ ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚–
˛ôM˛ÈˆÏüyï≈ ~£z õyò%°Ï!›˛Ó˚ !Ó!â˛e ã#Óò x!¶˛K˛ì˛y– ˛ô%Ó˚&!úÎ˚yÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõ ãß√ñ Ó§yÑ%˛v˛¸y !Öÿ˛yò
Ñ˛ˆÏúˆÏã Ñ˛ˆÏúã !ü«˛yñ ˆüˆÏ°Ï 1991 ¢yˆÏú Óï≈õyò !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ
!˛ô. ~£zâ˛. !v˛. ◊ˆÏk˛Î˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ Ñ˛õú Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ õã%õîyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ã#Óò Á ¢,!‹T !ì˛!ò£z ≤ÃÌõ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y!òÑ˛
ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÓ˚ xDˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ xy¢yÓ˚ ¢y£¢ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆäÈy›˛Ü“ Á ≤ÃÓı˛
¢õ@˘Ã ¢Ç@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò ì§˛yÓ˚ xÓîyò £Î˚ˆÏì˛y xòyˆÏúy!â˛ì˛£z ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyˆÏÓ–
Ñ˛õú !ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Ñ˛ˆÏúãÈÙÈ!ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ £ÁÎ˚y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛
!äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#Óò ïyÓ˚y ÓˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !Ó!â˛e ÖyˆÏì˛– !ü«˛Ñ˛ì˛yñ Ü,£!ü«˛Ñ˛ì˛yñ
¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ì˛yñ Úâ˛ì%˛Ó˚DÛ Á Ú≤Ã!ì˛«˛íÛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ¢£ˆÏÎyÜ# ¢¡ôyîòyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yüò ¢Çfl˛iyÎ˚ñ
äÈy˛ôyÖyòyÎ˚ñ Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛yˆÏã xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã ã#!ÓÑ˛yã≈ò ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!â˛e ã#Óò x!¶˛K˛ì˛y
!îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
Ñ˛õú ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ Á ã#Óò#Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ òy!Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ìy!ü“# ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÑ˛yò ˛ô!Ó˚â˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ õˆÏò
Ó˚yÖˆÏÓñ ì˛y Óúy Ñ˛!‡˛ò– ì˛ˆÏÓ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ xy@˘Ã£ ãyˆÏÜ ì§˛yÓ˚ fl˛iyòyB˛ !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚–
ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yò áÓ˚yòyÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚⁄
õˆÏò £Î˚ñ Ñ˛õú Ñ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢)- Á Ó˝ˆÏÑ˛Ô!òÑ˛ òy®!òÑ˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛yÜñ Á xyÖì˛yÓ˚Áãµyõyò
£z!úÎ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ x¢Ω˛Ó v˛zîy¢#òì˛y Óy !òõõ≈ì˛y ~ÓÇ ˆîˆÏÓü Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í
«˛õì˛y ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z !ì˛ò ˜ÏÓ!üˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ !õ◊í áˆÏ›˛ ì˛y Îy!s˛fÑ˛ !õúò xˆÏ˛ô«˛y xòƒì˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È £ˆÏÎ˚
ÁˆÏ‡˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢›˛y£z !£Ó˚ß√ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !òãfl˛∫ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ñ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ Ü“¢ÇÖƒy
Óì≈˛õyˆÏò ˛ô§Î˚!eüÈÙÈâ˛!Õ‘ü äÈyv˛¸yˆÏÓ Ñ˛# òy ¢ˆÏ®£ñ î%!›˛ Ü“ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ~ÜyˆÏÓ˚y!›˛ Ó˚â˛òy ÓyˆÏî Óy!Ñ˛
ˆúÖy fl˛∫“ ã#Ó# ¢Ó ˆäÈy›˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ~ÓÇ ú%Æ– ~£z¢Ó ˆúÖyÓ˚ ì˛y£z xyüyò%Ó˚*˛ô
≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚!ò– ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ xyõÓ˚y ˆÑ˛v˛z£z ãy!òòy–
£Î˚ˆÏì˛y òyòy Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏò£z xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈñ Ó˝ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !£Ó˚ß√Î˚ @˘Ã£íˆÏÎyÜƒ £ˆÏÓò
òy– ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓú fl˛∫Ñ˛#Î˚ â˛!Ó˚êÏ Ó˚ ˆúÖy=!ú ˆÑ˛v˛z ¢yòˆÏ® fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú
Ï xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÁ
¢õyò¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ÌyˆÏÑ˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ñ˛Ìy ~›˛y£zñ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y x¢Ω˛Ó–
† Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏoy£#Ó˚y É ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛ ÚÑ˛!Óì˛#Ì≈Ûñ !Ó!òõÎ˚ 125 ›˛yÑ˛y–
† ˆ£ˆÏãõ!ò É ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛ Ú~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛Ûñ !Ó!òõÎ˚ 150 ›˛yÑ˛y–
!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ÓyÇúy Á ≤ÃÓy¢# ˛ô!eÑ˛y

!òì˛y£z ÜyˆÏÎ˚ò*
v˛z!òü üì˛Ñ˛ Óyày!ú ã#ÓˆÏò òì%˛ò ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ Ó£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏò!äÈú– ~£z ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yˆÏú£z
xyï%!òÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛õ%ˆÏÖ Óyày!úÓ˚ Îyey ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ñ Î!îÁ ~£z Îyey˛ôÌ Ö%Ó õ¢,í !äÈú òy–
˙!ì˛ˆÏ£ƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyï%!òÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ mˆÏ®µ ~£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óyày!ú ã#Óò «˛ì˛ !Ó«˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~£z
üì˛y∑#ˆÏì˛ Óyày!ú ã#Óò Üì˛yò%Ü!ì˛Ñ˛ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ òy £ˆÏÎ˚ òì%˛ò ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢ı˛yˆÏò ˆòˆÏõ!äÈú–
ö˛ˆÏú x!òÓyÎ≈¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚ ¢Çáyì˛ñ ¢Çá°Ï≈– òyòy áyì˛ÈÙÈ≤Ã!ì˛áyì˛ñ m®µ ¢ÇáyˆÏì˛ v˛z!òü
üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óyày!ú ã#Óò x!fl˛iÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óyày!ú ¢õyã ˆÑ˛yò ˛ôˆÏÌñ
!Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô%Cyò%˛ô%C Á !Óhfl+˛ì˛ !ÓÓÓ˚í Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ v˛z!òü
üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôe ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ– ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È xfl˛∫!hfl˛Ñ˛Ó˚ Á xõyò!ÓÑ˛ Ó˚#!ì˛ò#!ì˛ î)Ó˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ú%°Ïõ%_´ ¢õyã Üv˛¸yÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿ ˆîÖyÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ ~£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚£z– ~£z fl˛∫≤¿ˆÏÑ˛ Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓ Ó˚*˛ô
!îˆÏì˛ ~£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ xyˆÏ®yúòñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛ òyv˛¸y ˆîÎ˚ ˆÜy›˛y
¢õyãˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ¢#õyÓk˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ü˝ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÓ%ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚–
≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ ïõ≈ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Á ≤ÃŸ¿ ãyˆÏÜ– !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ì˛Ñ˛≈ÈÙÈ!Óì˛Ñ˛≈– !Öfi›˛yò
!õüòyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîÔÓ˚yˆÏdƒÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü Óy·˛ ïõ≈yÓú¡∫#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úyˆÏ˛ô ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ !£®% ïˆÏõ≈
xyfl˛iyü#ú õyò%°Ï !Ó˛ôß¨ ˆÓyï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– !ü«˛y ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ òyòy ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò–
¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ÈÙÈxyÓ˚!ÓÈÙÈö˛yÓ˚!¢ â˛â˛≈yÎ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xy@˘Ã£ £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚– ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì˛≈ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ
!ü«˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎy!Üì˛y v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Óyày!úÓ˚y ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢hs˛yòˆÏîÓ˚ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã# ˆüÖyˆÏì˛
Óƒhfl˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ò– v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑# !äÈú Ú˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚Û ÈÙÈ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ ¶˛yÓïyÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ
≤Ãyâ˛ƒ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ úy!úì˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛É Óyày!úÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛yì˛Ó˚ ã#ÓòˆÏÓyï !ü!Ìúì˛yÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚–
ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xò%Ñ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ö˛ˆÏú òÓƒ Î%ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ fl˛∫ˆÏîü !â˛hs˛y ïyE˛y ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã â˛â˛≈yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛y Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~£z
≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÓÑ˚ ˛!›˛ v˛zˆj
Ï üƒ !äÈú !ÓK˛yò Á Î%!_´ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫ˆîÏ üÓy¢#ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zqy!¢ì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚y– v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyÑ˛ ≤ÃyÆ õïƒ!Ó_ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ î%!›˛ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ î,!‹T¶˛!D
ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÜúñ ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò á›˛ú ¢ÇÓyîÈÙÈ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ ˛ô,¤˛yÎ˚– ~Ñ˛ ˆ◊í#Ó˚ !ü!«˛ì˛
õïƒ!Ó_ ˆÜy¤˛# !â˛Ó˚yâ˛!Ó˚ì˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !â˛hs˛y ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ !£®% Ó˚«˛íü#ú ˆÜy¤˛#¶%˛_´
*¢£Ñ˛yÓ˚# xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ £z!ì˛£y¢ !Ó¶˛yÜñ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚wòyÌ Ñ˛ˆÏúã–

296 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ !ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ÓyÇúy Á ≤ÃÓy¢# ˛ô!eÑ˛y
£ˆÏúò– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ õïƒ!Ó_ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ¢¡±îyÎ˚ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ ã#Óò îü≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ G%˛§ ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú–
î%£z îú£z £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã üy¢ò ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁñ ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Üì˛ !äÈˆÏúò
xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ãˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛v˛¸y ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏúò– õïƒ!Ó_ Óyày!ú Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#
ì˛yÓ˚ õì˛yõì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ñ ì˛Ñ˛≈ÈÙÈ!Óì˛ˆÏÑ˛≈Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤’y›˛ö˛õ≈ !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏäÈ !òˆÏúò
¢ÇÓyîÈÙÈ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛˛ôeˆÏÑ˛–
v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ïõ≈ÈÙÈ¢õyãÈÙÈ!ü«˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ !â˛hs˛y ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü òÜÓ˚Óy¢# !ü!«˛ì˛
ˆ◊í# !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈Á ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyîyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ
ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚y ¢ÇáÓk˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò Á ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xyˆÏÓîò !òˆÏÓîò ãyòyˆÏì˛
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– ~£z¢Ó ˛ôs˛iyÓ˚ £yì˛ ïˆÏÓ˚£z Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ãÜˆÏì˛ Óyày!úÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü–
˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢%ÓyˆÏî ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü“ÈÙÈ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ!ÓK˛yò ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Óyày!úÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
áˆÏ›˛– Îy v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˆâ˛£yÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y˛ô%!Ó˚ ÓîˆÏú !îú– ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ
!ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚ â˛â˛≈y Óyày!úˆÏÑ˛ ÷ï% ã#Óòõ%Ö# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú!òñ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íy ˆãyÜyÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛– £z!ì˛£y¢ â˛â˛≈yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛Á v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
Óyày!úˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ úyˆÏÜ!ò– £z!ì˛£y¢ äÈyv˛¸y Óyày!ú Ó§yâ˛ˆÏÓ òy ì˛y fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏúò Ó!B˛õâ˛w
â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– ˆÑ˛Óú ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ!ÓK˛yòÈÙÈ£!z ì˛£y¢ â˛â˛≈yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe£z òÎ˚ñ fl˛iy˛ôì˛ƒ ÈÙÈ ¶˛yfl˛ÒˆÎÏ Ó≈ ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ
~£z ¢õÎ˚ òyòy ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò ~ú– ¢Ó !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ Óyày!úÓ˚ !ü«˛yñ ïõ≈ñ ˆ˛ôy°ÏyÑ˛ñ ÖyÁÎ˚yñ áÓ˚ÈÙÈÓy!v˛¸ñ
â˛yúÈÙÈâ˛úòñ !ÓŸªy¢ÈÙÈx!ÓŸªy¢ ¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%ÈˆÏì˛£z ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆäÈ§yÎ˚y úyÜú– xyˆÏÜÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚
ã#Óò £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ú xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü Ü!ì˛ ¢¡ôß¨– ˆÓ˚úñ õ%oyÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ Ñ˛úƒyˆÏí !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ K˛yò¶˛y[˛yÓ˚
Óyày!úÓ˚ òyÜyˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ â˛ˆÏú ~ú– ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ x˛ô!Ó˚¢#õ =Ó˚&c v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛Á
v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óyày!úÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü ¢õÎ˚ úyˆÏÜ!ò– ãòõì˛ Ü‡˛ò ~ÓÇ õyòÓ Ñ˛úƒyˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã
~ˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏúò v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛Ó˚y–
v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚í ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ òyòy ì˛Ñ˛≈ÈÙÈ!Óì˛Ñ˛≈ xyˆÏäÈ–
˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛y ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÎ˚ v˛zm%k˛ v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ òì%˛ò xˆÏòÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È á›˛ˆÏúÁ
ãò¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ÓˆÏv˛¸y xÇü£z ì˛y fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò– ¢õÑ˛yú#ò !Ó!ü‹T Óƒ!_´Ó˚yÁ ãòÜˆÏòÓ˚
¢%ÖÈÙÈî%ÉÖñ xyüyÈÙÈxyÑ˛yCy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü õyÌy áyõyÎ˚!ò– ÓyÇúyÓ˚ õ%¢úõyò ¢yõˆÏãÁ v˛z!òü
üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ!îˆÏÑ˛ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆÑ˛yò ˆäÈ§yÎ˚y úyˆÏÜ!ò– ~£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
˛ô)Ó≈ ˆÜÔÓ˚ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛y î#«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ x¢!£°%å õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚
Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó,£_Ó˚ ãÜÍ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%Ö !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ õïƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊í#Ó˚ xy!Ó¶˛≈yÓ
!Óú!¡∫ì˛ £Î˚– õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y£z @˘Ãyõ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ~£z ¢Ó ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ˆÏòÓ˚
fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ì˛Öy!ò ˆúˆÏÜ!äÈú ì˛y Óúy Ñ˛!‡˛ò– £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã xyõˆÏú òÜÓ˚Óy¢# !ü!«˛ì˛ v˛zFâ˛!Ó_ Á
!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ÓyÇúy Á ≤ÃÓy¢# ˛ô!eÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 297
õïƒ!Ó_ òyòy ¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛zI#!Óì˛ £ˆÏúÁñ @˘ÃyõÓyÇúy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜˆÏäÈ Üyë˛¸ xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚– ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛
xyˆÏúyñ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚– ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ˙ŸªˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ £yì˛äÈy!ò xyÓ˚ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ¢#õy£#ò îy!Ó˚o–
~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ òì%˛ò ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿ñ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ !îò Îy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ Á ≤Ãyí ïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ @’y!ò– v˛z!òü üì˛Ñ˛
Óyày!ú ã#ÓˆÏò ÷ï% xyˆÏúyñ xyüyñ òÓã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ £z!Dì˛£z !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢!òñ ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú
˛ôÓ˚yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ü,Cúñ !òõ≈õ ˆüy°Ïí xyÓ˚ ¢#õy£#ò xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ x!Óâ˛yÓ˚– ¢Ó !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛
¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy òÓ ãyÜÓ˚í ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú ÈÙÈ ~Ñ˛Ìy ˆõˆÏò ˆòÁÎ˚y Ñ˛!‡˛ò–
!Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ~£z ¢õÎ˚ òÜÓ˚Óy¢# Óyày!ú õïƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊í#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛ òÓˆÏâ˛ì˛òy ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú
ÈÙÈ ~£z ˆâ˛ì˛òy£z xyï%!òÑ˛ì˛y– ÎyˆÏÑ˛ Cognitive Revolution Óy !â˛hs˛ò !Ó≤’Ó Óúy
£Î˚– Îy Óyày!úˆÏÑ˛ v˛zI#!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ ≤ÃÌyˆÏÑ˛ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ñ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
õ)úƒˆÏÓyï ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ≤ÃŸ¿ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ñ ˆ◊í# fl˛∫yÌ≈ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò £ˆÏÎ˚Á !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ î,!‹T ¶˛!DˆÏÑ˛ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛– ÎyÓ˚ Ó!£É≤ÃÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛!äÈú ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe Á ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ôeÈÙÈ˛ô!eÑ˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
!îˆÏÎ˚– ÓˆÏãwòyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ Ú¢ÇÓyîÈÙÈ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛˛ôeÛˆÏÑ˛ ~£z òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ö˛ú ÓˆÏú õˆÏò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò–
˛ô!ÿ˛!õ K˛yò !ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x¶%˛ƒmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yú ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ xyõÓ˚y òyòy Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí â˛úˆÏì˛
˛ôy!Ó˚!òñ ì˛yÓ˚yÁ ~ˆÏîˆÏü !üÑ˛v˛¸ Üyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò– ì˛y£z ~Ñ˛›˛y ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ÓƒÓïyò ¢Ó ¢õÎ˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ¶˛yÓïyÓ˚y£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ö˛y™ Óy ãyõ≈yò#Ó˚ òÎ˚–
£zì˛y!úˆÏì˛ !@˘Ã¢ Á ˆÓ˚yõ ˆÎ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ ~ÖyˆÏò ˆ¢ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÓy£#
≤Ãyâ˛ƒÓyî– Ó˚yõˆÏõy£ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ¢Óy£z Ö%Ó ¶˛yˆÏúy ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ Á £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã#
ãyòˆÏì˛ò ÈÙÈ xy˛ôò ˙!ì˛£ƒˆÏÑ˛ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Á xyï%!òÑ˛#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã úyÜyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ
ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚&Ó˚ myÓ˚fl˛i £ˆÏì˛ £Î˚!ò– ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢Ó ¢õˆÏÎ˚£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ ü!_´üyú# Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ~ÓÇ
v˛zß¨ì˛ ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˙!ì˛£ƒ xyˆÏäÈñ Îy ¢õyã ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÎÌy !ü“ñ ¢y!£ì˛ƒñ
!ÓK˛yòñ ¢õyãñ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ñ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ì˛yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛– !Ó!›˛ü xy¢yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ
Á ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ó%!k˛ã#!Ó õïƒ!Ó_ ¢¡±îyÎ˚ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ !ü«˛yÎ˚ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !äÈú– ÎyÓ˚y ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òÓ
ãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ãß√ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òÓ ãyÜÓ˚í ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚ v˛zò!ÓÇü Á !ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛
x!Ó¶˛_´ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ xyˆÏ®yúò– v˛z_Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢)ˆÏe ˛ôyÁÎ˚y Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚
!â˛hs˛yïyÓ˚y ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚˛ v˛z_Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚y ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe Á ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛
˛ô!eÑ˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ–
v˛zò!ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ü!_´üyú# ïõ≈#Î˚ Á ¢õyã ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚Ñ˛ñ ˛ô![˛ì˛ñ «%˛Ó˚ïyÓ˚
¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ñ ¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ñ ˆîüˆÏ≤Ãõ#ñ Óy@¬# ~ÓÇ !ÓK˛yò# !äÈˆÏúò ÎyÓ˚y ~Ñ˛ˆÏe òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ ¶˛yÓõ)!ì˛≈ ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– Îy ÓyÇúyÓ˚ !â˛hs˛yˆÏâ˛ì˛òyˆÏÑ˛ õïƒÎ%Ü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ Î%ˆÏÜ
Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õ£c £ú ì§˛yÓ˚y ≤Ãyâ˛ƒ Á ˛ôyÿ˛yˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛
õ)úƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ¢ì%˛Óı˛ò Óy ˆõúÓı˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ú∏˛
≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ ÜDy Á £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã# ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ú∏˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ# ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚
Îõ%òyÓ˚ ¢DˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ô!úõy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ãˆÏß√ !äÈú xyï%!òÑ˛ Óyày!ú ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛– ¢Ó ¢õÎ˚ õy!›˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ õì˛
ˆõˆÏü!òñ !‡˛Ñ˛ õì˛ Ó#ã ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!ò– ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÁ !äÈú Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛yÓ˚í Îy£z ÌyÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ¢ÇÓyî õyïƒõ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
ˆÑ˛õò !äÈú ˆ¢ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ÓyÇúyñ ˆÎ Î%ˆÏÜ ãß√ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ≤ÃÓy¢#⁄ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyˆÏîÓ˚
îy˛ô›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛›˛– ì˛ˆÏÓ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈y¶˛y°Ï ˆ¶˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏü |°ÏyÈÙÈv˛zîˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
Ó˚!_´õ xy¶˛y äÈv˛¸yˆÏFäÈ– ˆÑ˛Óú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ òÎ˚ñ Ó!£ã≈ÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ á›˛òy ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ v˛zîy¢#ò
!äÈú òy ≤ÃÓy¢#– Ó˚yõyòˆÏ®Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y úy¶˛ ˛˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ó˚yõyòˆÏ®Ó˚
ò#!ì˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ≤ÃÓy¢#– xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ£Ó˚ˆÏö˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓy¢#Ó˚ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD £yì˛ !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !îÑ˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ ≤ÃÓy¢#Ó˚
˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚– Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
á›˛òy ≤ÃÓyˆÏ£ ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓì˛Ó˚ˆÏD xyˆÏ®y!úì˛ £!FäÈú– ≤ÃÓy¢# ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆãyÓ˚yˆÏúy Ó_´Óƒ
ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ !ü«˛y !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ fl˛f#!ü«˛y ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ ≤ÃÓy¢#Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ¢ÇÖƒy ò#Ó˚Ó ÌyˆÏÑ˛!ò– ˆ¢
¢õˆÏÎ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ãÜÍÁ òÓÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô Ó˚*˛ôy!Î˚ì˛ £!FäÈú– !ü“Ñ˛úyÓ˚ ˆ¢ÔÑ˛ˆÏÎ≈ !ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ÓD
£z!ì˛£y¢ ¢õ%Iµú– òì%˛ò ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y ÚˆÓDú fl˛%ÒúÛ !ü“ Á !â˛eÑ˛úyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe òÓƒ ¶˛yÓ Á
xy!DˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– !â˛e Á ¶˛yfl˛ÒˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï ~ÓÇ ºõíÑ˛y!£ò#ˆÏì˛ ö˛ˆÏ›˛y@˘ÃyˆÏö˛Ó˚
xyˆÏúyÑ˛!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢õy£yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy¢#Ó˚ xD !Ó¶)˛!°Ïì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚– ˛ô!eÑ˛y!›˛ !òÉ¢ˆÏ®ˆÏ£
Óyày!ú õyòˆÏ¢ !ü“ ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ îyÓ# Ó˚yˆÏÖ–
ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yò ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yò ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛y ¢õÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ î˛ô≈í– ˆ¢£z î˛ô≈ˆÏí
≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £Î˚ ˆ¢£z ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ Óy ãy!ì˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ ¢õyãñ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛– Ó˚yõyò®
â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û ˆ¢£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢!â˛e õy!¢Ñ˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛y ÎyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
xyõÓ˚y ÓyÇúy ì˛Ìy ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõyˆÏï≈Ó˚ ì˛Ìƒ ¢õ,k˛ £z!ì˛Ñ˛Ìy ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚–
Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û ˛ô!eÑ˛y xyÑ˛!fl˛øÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ xy!Ó¶˛≈yÓ £Î˚!ò– ì˛Ó˚&í Ó˚yõyò® â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ !Ñ˛ä%È
«%˛o «%˛o ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôyîòyÓ˚ îy!Î˚c ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ 1308 ÓDy∑ S1901 !Öfi›˛y∑V
˜ÓüyˆÏÖ ≤ÃÓy¢# ˛ô!eÑ˛y!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
Ó˚yõyò® 1308 ÓDyˆÏ∑ ˜ÓüyÖ õyˆÏ¢ S1901 !Öfi›˛y∑ ~!≤ÃúV Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û ¢!âe
õy!¢Ñ˛˛ôe !òã ¢¡ôyîòy Á ˛ô!Ó˚â˛úòyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~£z Ñ˛yˆÏã ì§˛y£yÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò ¢£yÎ˚
£ò £z![˛Î˚yò ˆ≤ÃˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl˛∫_¥y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚# !â˛hs˛yõ!í ˆáy°Ï– !â˛hs˛yõ!í ˆáy°Ï !äÈˆÏúò ˛ô!eÑ˛y!›˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò
˛ô,¤˛ˆÏ˛ôy°ÏÑ˛ Á õ%oyÑ˛Ó˚– Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ Ó˚yõyò® Ó˝ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã# Á ÓyÇúy

õy!¢Ñ˛ Á ¢yÆy!£Ñ˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôyîòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˆîü#ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏîü# xòƒyòƒ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ôˆÏeÓ˚Á
!ì˛!ò ¢ı˛yò Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ò– ~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Á ˛ôˆÏÓ˚y«˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !ì˛!ò Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û
¢)â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !Ñ˛ls˛ fl˛∫yï#ò õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ õyò%°Ï ˛Ó˚yõyò® â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ Îì˛!îò ˛ô)í≈ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò ì˛ì˛!îò ¢ÎˆÏb !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôyîòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èòñ ˆÑ˛yò áy›˛!ì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚!ò–
~£z ¢õhfl˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ xyüyÈÙÈxyÑ˛yA«˛yñ !â˛hs˛yÈÙÈ¶˛yÓòy Á xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛“òy !äÈú–
!Ñ˛ls˛ ÎÖò£z ì§˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÎ˚ ›˛yò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú ì˛Öò£z !ì˛!ò ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôîì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ !ì˛!ò !fl˛iÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !òˆÏã£z ˛ô!eÑ˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– ì˛yÓ˚£z ö˛ú◊&!ì˛ £ú ÓyÇúy
¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ¢!â˛e õy!¢Ñ˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛y Ú≤ÃÓy¢#ÛÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü– ~£z ≤ÃÌõ Ó˚yõyò® â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚
≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ¢¡ô)í≈ fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yˆÏÓ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢¡ôyîòyÎ˚ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò xˆÏòƒÓ˚ £hfl˛ˆÏ«˛˛ô ˆò£z–
≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD òÓ ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ xy!DˆÏÑ˛ ~£z ˛ô!eÑ˛y!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ õ£ˆÏú Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ¢yv˛¸y ãyÜyÎ˚–
~£z ¢õÎ˚ xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢¡∫!úì˛ ˆÑ˛yò ˛ô!eÑ˛y£z
!äÈú òy– Îy !äÈú ì˛y ïõ≈ õì˛yîü≈Üì˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛y– ˆ¢!îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ú≤ÃÓy¢#ÛÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚
≤ÃÑ˛yüòyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛ òì%˛ò ÖyˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÓy!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò Ó˚yõyò®– !ì˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚
£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ~Ñ˛ ò!ãÓ˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ˆ¢£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ~ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˝ !õ!◊ì˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚
x¶˛yÓ !äÈú– ˆ¢£z x¶˛yÓ ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú !òÉ¢ˆÏ®ˆÏ£ Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û ˛ô!eÑ˛y!›˛–
≤ÃÓy¢#ˆÏì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒ ¢y!£ì˛ƒñ ¢õyãñ ïõ≈ñ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ îü≈òñ !â˛e ¢¡∫!úì˛
¢õÑ˛yú#ò ¢ÇÓyî ~Ñ˛ˆÏe ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüˆÏò ˛ô!eÑ˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yüòy ãÜˆÏì˛ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ xyˆÏúyv˛¸ò ¢,!‹T
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ˆ¢£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õòˆÏò Ó¢%õì˛#ñ ¢Ó%ã˛ôeñ Ñ˛ˆÏÕ‘yúñ ÓDîü≈òñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ñ
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ñ ¢yïòyñ ì˛_¥ˆÏÓy!ïò# ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ x≤Ã!ì˛£ì˛ ˆÜÔÓ˚ˆÏÓÁ Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û ˛ô!eÑ˛y
¡‘yò £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!òñ ÓÓ˚Ç ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚ ü#ˆÏ°Ï≈ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú– Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ K˛yò Á
!ÓîƒyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛Ìƒyò%¢ı˛yò# !òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ Î%!_´˛ô)í≈ ¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ !õ◊ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z Óƒy˛ôÑ˛
ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛y xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˆÎ¢Ó ˛ôeÈÙÈ˛ô!eÑ˛y=!ú !äÈúñ
ˆÎ=!ú ˆ¢ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ òyõ# ˛ô!eÑ˛y £ˆÏúÁ Ú≤ÃÓy¢#ÛÓ˚ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛y Á õyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÑ˛«˛ !äÈú òy–
Ó˚yõyò® 1908 !Öfi›˛y∑ ~úy£yÓyî ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ò– Óy¢fl˛iyò
Á xy!˛ô¢ ¢yïyÓ˚í Óy·˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Ü!úÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óyv˛¸#ˆÏì˛ !ò!î≈‹T £ú– ~Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û
Á Úõv˛yí≈ !Ó˚!¶˛Î%˚Û ÎÌyÓ˚#!ì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏì˛ úyÜú–
≤ÃÓy¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ÓˆÏú Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û òyõÑ˛Ó˚í £Î˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó˚yõyò® xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
¢ì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛yÖ ˆö˛Ó˚yˆÏúò– Î!îÁ Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û ü∑!›˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ Óƒ!Æ áˆÏ›˛ ˆÜú
x!â˛ˆÏÓ˚£z– ÚxyõÓ˚y ˆÎ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚y!◊ˆÏì˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y Óy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy¢#
£ˆÏÎ˚ xy!äÈ ~£z xÌ≈›˛y£z ≤Ãïyò £ú– ≤ÃÓy¢#Ó˚ !üˆÏÓ˚y¶)˛°Ïí £ú ~£z Óyí# Ú!òã Óy¢¶)˛ˆÏõ
˛ôÓ˚Óy¢# £ˆÏúÛ–1 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ ãß√¶)˛!õ £ˆÏúÁ !Ó!›˛ˆÏüÓ˚ !òÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ xyõÓ˚y !¶˛ß¨Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yì˛ ÈÙÈ
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛¶)˛!õ ˆÎò xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy¢ ~ÓÇ !òã ¶)˛ˆÏõ xyõÓ˚y ≤ÃÓy¢#– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚
Ó˚yõyò® â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò ˆúÖÑ˛ñ ¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ñ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ £ˆÏúÁ !ì˛!ò !äÈˆÏúò ~Ñ˛ãò
ˆîü ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛– ãyì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y fl˛ô,£y ì§˛yÓ˚ õIyÜì˛ !äÈú– ~ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿ !ì˛!ò ¢Ó≈îy î,ë˛¸ ¢ÇÑ˛“
!äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y ¢ˆÏD ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!îò xyˆÏ˛ôy°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò– ≤ÃÓy¢# ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ◊ˆÏk˛Î˚ ¢%ò#!ì˛
Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õhs˛Óƒ!›˛ xì˛ƒhs˛ fl˛ô‹T Á Î%!_´˛ô)í≈ ÈÙÈ
Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û òyõ!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ÓyÇúyˆÏîüˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãyí !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓyˆÏ¢ ~õò Óyày!úÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚
!¶˛ì˛Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ xyÑ%˛!ì˛ ˆÎò ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôyˆÏFäÈ– õˆÏò £Î˚ ~£z òyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ô!eÑ˛y ≤ÃÎ˚yÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü
£ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD£z Ú≤ÃÓy¢# Óyày!úÛ ~£z ü∑!›˛ Óyày!úÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÜ§ˆÏÌ ˆÜú–Û2
≤ÃÓy¢# ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò !äÈú ú¡∫yÎ˚ 16.5 ˆ¢!r›˛!õ›˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ â˛Áv˛¸yÎ˚ 22.5 ˆ¢!r›˛
!õ›˛yÓ˚– î%£z!›˛ Ñ˛úˆÏõ !Ó¶˛_´ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ñ˛úˆÏõÓ˚ ¢y£zã 7 ˆ¢!r›˛!õ›˛yÓ˚ !äÈú– Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ õ)úƒ 2––0
S2 ›˛yÑ˛y 50 ˛ôÎ˚¢yV–
≤ÃÓy¢#Ó˚ ˜üüÓ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ~úy£yÓyˆÏî– 1901ÈÙÈ1908 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ~úy£yÓyˆÏîÓ˚
Ú£z!u˛Î˚yò ˆ≤Ã¢Û ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!oì˛ £Î˚– 1908 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ 120/2ñ xy˛ôyÓ˚
¢yÓ˚Ñ%˛úyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏv˛Ó˚ ÚÑ%˛hs˛ú#ò ˆ≤Ã¢Û ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û ˛ô!eÑ˛y ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– õˆÏïƒ
!Ñ˛ä%È!îò ÚÓy·˛!õüòÛ Á ˆüˆÏ°Ï !òãfl˛∫ Ú≤ÃÓy¢# ˆ≤Ã¢Û S1924 !Öfi›˛y∑V ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
˛ô!eÑ˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !fl˛¨?˛ Á !ü!“ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú– Ó˚yõyò® î#á≈ 43 ÓäÈÓ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ Î%Ü˛ôÍ fl˛∫_y¥ !ïÑ˛yÓ˚#
Á ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÓy¢#Ó˚ ïyÓ˚Ñ˛ Á Óy£Ñ˛ !äÈˆÏúò–
≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛yˆÏú Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û òyõÑ˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ !üˆÏÓ˚yòyˆÏõ !äÈú ÓyÇúyÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚
Ñ˛!Óì˛yäÈeÈÙÈ
Ú¢Ó ‡˛§y£z ˆõyÓ˚ áÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈñ xy!õ ˆ¢£z áÓ˚ õ!Ó˚ Ö%§!ãÎ˚y–
ˆîˆÏü ˆîˆÏü ˆõyÓ˚ ˆîü xyˆÏäñÈ xy!õ ˆ¢£z ˆîü úÓ Î%!G˛Î˚yÛ–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ÈÙÈ ÚÚ≤ÃÓy¢ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ òy!£ ÈÙÈ ˆÓ˚ òy!£ ÈÙÈ ˆÓ˚ ãòˆÏõ ãòˆÏõ õÓ˚ˆÏíÛÛ–
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ~£z xyü#Ó≈yî úúyˆÏ›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy¢#Ó˚ î#á≈ Îyey˛ôÌ ÷Ó˚& £ú–
≤ÃÓy¢# ~ì˛£z ¢õyî,ì˛ £Î˚ ˆÎñ ≤ÃÌõ ¢ÇÖƒy ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z ì˛y ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ö%˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚– ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ â˛y!£îy ˆõ›˛yÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó˚yõyò®ˆÏÑ˛ ~£z ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛ ˛ô%òõ%≈!oì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
£Î˚– ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ=!ú e´õyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yì˛ £ˆÏì˛ úyÜú– ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ~£z
!ì˛ò!›˛ ≤Ãïyò ÈÙÈ 1V ¢Óπ≈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏÓîò– 2V ≤ÃÓy¢# ÓyDyú#Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ~ÓÇ 3V v˛zFâ˛õyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆîü#ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏîü# !â˛eÑ˛úy Á ¶˛yfl˛ÒˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ó˚*˛ô ≤ÃÑ˛yü– ~£z !ì˛ò!›˛ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚
ã#ÓˆÏò ~Ó˚*˛ô Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎñ xyõÓ˚y ≤ÃÓy¢# ˛ô!eÑ˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Úãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÛ ÓˆÏú Üíƒ
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚–
≤ÃÓy¢#Ó˚ ~£z !ì˛ò!›˛ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ äÈyv˛¸yÁ xyÓ˚Á Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÈ
1V ¢¡ôyîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒ!_ćñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢%òyõñ õòò Á õò#°Ïy–
2V õ%oí ˛ô!Ó˚˛ôy‡˛ƒ– ì§˛yÓ˚ õ%oí ¢¡ô!Ñ˛≈ì˛ Ñ˛y!Ó˚Ü!Ó˚ K˛yòñ Ó˝ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˆúÖyÓ˚ ¢£ãyì˛ «˛õì˛y–
3V ≤ÃÓy¢# ˛ô!eÑ˛y £ú ÓyÇúy ¢Ó≈≤ÃÌõ ˛ô)íy≈D ¢!â˛e ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ôe–
4V ≤ÃÓy¢# ˛ô!eÑ˛y!›˛ !äÈú òÓƒ ¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ xyîˆÏü≈Ó˚ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛–
5V ≤ÃÓy¢#Ó˚ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ÈÙÈ Ó˚yõyòˆÏ®Ó˚ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛yñ xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ ¢õyã
¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚Ñ˛ñ ïõ≈ˆÏòì˛yñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õ≈#ñ ü!_´üyú# ≤ÃyÓ!ı˛Ñ˛ Á !ÓÓ˚y›˛ ¢yÇÜ‡˛!òÑ˛ ~ÓÇ
fl˛∫yï#ò Á !òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ !â˛hs˛y–
6V ˛ô!eÑ˛y!›˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛#˛ôe !Óòƒhfl˛ ÌyÑ˛ì˛ ÈÙÈ ˆúÖÑ˛Üí Á ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy=!úñ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢)â˛# Á
!â˛e ¢)â˛# ~ÓÇ !Ó!Óï ≤Ã¢D myÓ˚y– !Ó!Óï ≤Ã¢D ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ Ó˚yõyò® !òˆÏã !úÖˆÏì˛ò–
7V ¢£ˆÏÎyÜ# ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ !äÈˆÏúò òÓ#òñ ≤ÃÓ#ò Óƒ!_ćÓ˚y– ~Ó˚y £ˆÏúò â˛yÓ˚&â˛w
ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ÓˆÏãwòyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ˆÎyˆÏÜüâ˛w ÓyÜúñ ò#Ó˚îâ˛w ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#ñ ¢%ï#ò Ñ%˛õyÓ˚
ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# ≤Ãõ%Ö–
8V ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !äÈˆÏúò ¢%ˆÏÓ˚wòyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ Îî%òyÌ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ ˆ£Ó˚¡∫â˛w
˜õeñ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ñ ãÁ£Ó˚úyú ˆòˆÏ£Ó˚&ñ ãÜî#üâ˛w Ó¢%ñ Ó˚ãò#Ñ˛yhs˛ =Æñ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚wòyÌ
ˆ¢òñ õ£ydy Üyı˛#ñ Óyõòîy¢ Ó¢%ñ !¢. ~£zâ˛. !â˛hs˛yõ!ò ~ÓÇ Ó˚yõyòˆÏ®Ó˚ î%£z Ñ˛òƒy üyhs˛yˆÏîÓ#
Á ¢#ì˛y ˆîÓ# ≤Ãõ%ˆÏÖÓ˚y–
9V ˛ô!eÑ˛y!›˛ òyòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ òyòy xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ¢õ,k˛ !äÈú– ~£z !Ó¶˛yÜ=!ú £ú ÈÙÈ ¢B˛úò
Á ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òyñ Ñ˛!‹T˛ôyÌÓ˚ñ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyñ !Ó!Óï ≤Ã¢Dñ ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ñ ¢Ç!«˛Æ @˘Ãs˛iñ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òyñ
˛ôM˛Èü¢ƒñ ˛ôyÓ˚y˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆë˛v˛zñ õ!£úy õã!úüñ ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛ÈÙÈ˛ì˛y!v˛¸ñ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿y_Ó˚ õyúyñ
ˆÓì˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ˜Ó‡˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛– ¢Ó ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ xÓüƒ ¢Ó !Ó¶˛yÜ ÌyÑ˛ì˛ òy–
10V ˛ô!eÑ˛yÖy!òÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°Ï#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢#õyÓk˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓîò !äÈú
¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚–
11V ≤Ã!ì˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆü°Ï !îò ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y¡øy!òÑ˛ î!«˛íy ˆîÁÎ˚y
£ì˛–
Ó˚yõyò® õˆÏò ≤ÃyˆÏí !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò ˆÎñ xyõÓ˚y ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#ñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Óyàyú# Óy
xòƒ ≤ÃˆÏîü#Î˚– Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û ~£z xyîü≈ ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ì˛ Ìy!Ñ˛ˆÏúÁ ì˛y£y !òÓı˛ !äÈú ÷ï% ÓyÇúy
¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Îy Ñ˛úƒyíÑ˛Ó˚ñ !¶˛ß¨ !¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃˆîÏ üÓy¢#Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛Á ì˛y Ñ˛úƒyò≤Ã¢)
òy £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ≤ÃÓy¢# Ñ˛yúe´ˆÏõ Se´õyß∫ˆÏÎ˚V ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#Ó˚ !Ó!Óï ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
ˆ«˛e £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ú– !â˛hs˛yü#ú ¢%!Ómyò ˆúÖÑ˛Üí ~ˆÏì˛ ¢yÓ˚Ü¶˛≈ Ó˚â˛òy ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
xyÓ˚Ω˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– ≤ÃÓy¢#ˆÏì˛ ˆúÖy ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xÌ≈ !äÈú ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ xy!àòyÎ˚
¢,ãòü#úì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓüy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ úy¶˛ Á ïyˆÏ˛ô ïyˆÏ˛ô ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ äÈyv˛¸˛ôe ˛ôyÁÎ˚y–
¢¡ôyîÑ˛#Î˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Á õhs˛Óƒ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy Á á›˛òy ~ÓÇ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy£õyòì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y ≤Ã!ì˛õyˆÏ¢ ≤ÃÓy¢# ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ~!›˛ ¢õyã
¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˆÎõò £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ ˆì˛õ!ò ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛Ñ)˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õòˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ
fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛yì˛Ó˚ì˛y ~ˆÏò!äÈú– ~£z fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛yì˛Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ ¢)«˛ Ñ˛yã!›˛ Ñ˛úõ ì%˛!úˆÏì˛ ¢%®Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ
˛ô!Ó˚fl˛≥%˛!›˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ Ó˚yõyò® â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ¢Ó≈yD#ò v˛zß!¨ ì˛£z Ó˚yõyòˆÏ®Ó˚
≤Ãïyò ú«˛ƒ !äÈú– Ñ˛yˆÏã£z v˛zß¨!ì˛õ)úÑ˛ ¢Ó≈≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎbñ v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ xò%¤˛yò ~£z ¢Ñ˛ú
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚¶%˛_´ £ú– !ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ â˛yÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ ˛ô)íy≈D £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚
xãfl˛À v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚í ¢M˛Èy!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ Ú!Ó!Óï ≤Ã¢DÛ– ÎyÓ˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ £ú
¢¡ôyîÑ˛#Î˚ Ó_´Óƒ Á õhs˛Óƒ ¢õ@˘Ã– ~ˆÏ£ò ~õò ˆÑ˛yò !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !äÈú òy Îy ≤ÃÓy¢#ˆÏì˛ Ú!Ó!Óï
≤Ã¢ˆÏDÛ fl˛iyò ˛ôyÎ˚!ò– ~ˆÏÑ˛ Óúy ÎyÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ Á ¢õyã ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛úõ–3
Ú!Ó!Óï ≤Ã¢ˆÏDÛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xyˆÏúy!â˛ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚=!ú ˆÎõò ˜Ó!â˛eƒ xòòƒì˛yÎ˚ ¶˛Ó˚yñ ˆì˛õ!ò ì˛yÓ˚
Ó!ú¤˛ Î%!_´ Á ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ˆõúÓı˛ò !äÈú– !Ó!Óï ≤Ã¢ˆÏDÓ˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ mƒÌ≈£#ò ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛#Î˚
õhs˛Óƒñ ~ÖyˆÏò ˆÑ˛yò xyˆÏ˛ôyˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ˆò£z– ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ ¢ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÌ≈ ¶˛yˆÏÓ£z Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û
˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ î,!‹T¶˛D#ˆÏì˛ Ú!Ó!Óï ≤Ã¢ˆÏDÛ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ≤ÃÓy¢# ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ õ)ú
ú«˛ƒ !äÈú ãyì˛#Î˚ ãyÜÓ˚í–
Ó˚yõyò® ~Ñ˛ãò ˆúyÑ˛!ü«˛Ñ˛– ¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ fl˛∫“ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ˆÏÓ˚ Á ¢%úˆÏ¶˛ K˛yò !Óì˛Ó˚í
ì§˛y£yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ– ~ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ÷ï% ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢õ¢ƒy Óy !Ó°ÏÎ˚ òˆÏ£ñ !Ó!Óï !ÓîƒyÓ˚ Á xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
ˆ«˛e £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û– ¶˛y°Ïy ì˛_¥ñ Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¶˛y°Ïyñ !£®# ˛ô!Ó˚¶˛y°Ïy ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛Ó˚
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ v˛zß¨!ì˛ñ !â˛hs˛y Á ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ úy¶˛ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ãyòˆÏì˛
˛ôy!Ó˚– xyï%!òÑ˛ !ÓK˛yòñ !Óî%ƒÍñ ˆÓ˚!v˛Î˚yõñ v˛z!qîì˛_¥ñ ˛ô«˛#ì˛_¥ñ Ñ˛#›˛ì˛_¥ñ ˆúyÑ˛ÜyÌyñ
ˆãƒy!ì˛!Ó≈îƒyñ ãy!ì˛ì˛_¥ñ ¢õyãÈÙÈ!ÓK˛yòñ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ ˛ô%Ó˚yì˛_¥ñ Óyàyú# ì˛Ìy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#Ó˚
¢õ%o ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!òˆÏÓü fl˛iy˛ôòñ ˆîüÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÈÙÈ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ Ó˝!Óï !Ó°ÏÎ˚ xyõÓ˚y
≤ÃÓy¢# ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ !Óï,ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˆî!Ö– ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüˆÏòÓ˚ õ%Öƒ
v˛zˆÏjüƒ ¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ K˛yò !Óì˛Ó˚í ~ÓÇ ì˛y£yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò K˛yòÈÙÈfl˛ô,£y Á xò%¢!ı˛Í¢y
v˛zˆÏoÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y– !â˛hs˛y Á ÜˆÏÓ°Ïíy ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ xyõÓ˚y ˆÎ xyd !ò¶˛≈Ó˚ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ ~£z ≤Ãì˛ƒÎ˚ ˆÓyï
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚â˛òy !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ò˛ô%ˆÏíƒÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢£ˆÏã£z ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– !â˛eÑ˛úy
~ÓÇ fl˛iy˛ôì˛ƒ Á ¶˛yfl˛ÒˆÏÎ≈ƒÓ˚ !òîü≈ò=!úÓ˚ myÓ˚y ãyì˛#Î˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒ ˆÓyï î,ë˛¸ !¶˛!_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ fl˛iy!˛ôì˛
£Î˚– Ó˚yõyò® ~£z v˛zˆj Ï ˆÏüƒ£z !ü“ ì˛Ìy !â˛eÑ˛úyñ fl˛iy˛ôì˛ƒ Á ¶˛yfl˛ÒÎƒ≈ ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ÓˆÏÜÓ≈ ˚
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ á›˛yˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÌõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Ñ,˛ì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛“ £ò– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòyÈÙÈ!â˛hs˛yÓ˚
¢ˆÏD xyõÓ˚y ˆÎõò o&ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ ~õ!ò xyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ myÓ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚– ≤ÃÓy¢#Ó˚
≤Ã!ì˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yò òy ˆÑ˛yò v˛zFâ˛õyˆÏòÓ˚ !â˛e ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ì˛–
î%£z!›˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® £ˆÏúò ~ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ˛ô!ÌÑ,˛Í– !ì˛!ò ≤ÃÌõ õy!¢Ñ˛
˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ Ó˝Óí≈ !â˛e ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !mì˛#Î˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ £ú !ü“=Ó˚& xÓò#wòyÌ
‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !â˛e ≤ÃÑ˛yü– Ó˚yõyò® ≤ÃÌõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ≤ÃÓy¢#ˆÏÑ˛ î,ë˛¸ !¶˛!_Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
≤ÃÎ˚y¢# £ò– ˛ô!eÑ˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛Óú ¢%î,üƒ Á ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z â˛úˆÏÓ òyñ ≤ÃÌõ ˆ◊í#Ó˚
ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy ¢Ω˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚y£z ÎˆÏÌ‹T òÎ˚ñ ~ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛iy!Î˚c îyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú xyÓ˚Á
xˆÏòÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò– ˛ô)Ó≈ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˛ô!eÑ˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òÎ˚!õì˛
¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y xì˛ƒyÓüÑ˛– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì˛ÖòÑ˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏò Ñ˛õ õy!¢Ñ˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛y£z ≤Ã!ì˛ õyˆÏ¢
!òÎ˚!õì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ì˛– ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÓy¢# Á !ò!î≈‹T ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ì˛ òyñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚
Ó°Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yõyò® !fl˛iÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎñ ˛ô!eÑ˛yˆÏÑ˛ 30 Óy 31 !îò xhs˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
!£¢yÓ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xhs˛ì˛ ˛ôÎ˚úy ì˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÖ ˛ô!eÑ˛y!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ì˛–
õy!¢Ñ˛˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ !ò!î≈‹T !îˆÏò !òÎ˚!õì˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ó˚yõyò®£z ˆÓyï £Î˚ ≤ÃÌõ xÓú¡∫ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ≤ÃÓy¢# ˛ô!eÑ˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ â˛!Õ‘ü ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !òÎ˚!õì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ~£z
â˛yÓ˚îüÑ˛ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢¡ôyîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ =Ó˚& îy!Î˚c ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ Ó˚yõyò®
â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– ~Ñ˛›˛yòy ˆäÈî£#ò ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢¡ôyîòy ÓyÇúy ¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ !òÉ¢ˆÏ®ˆÏ£
~Ñ˛ î%ú≈¶˛ òã#Ó˚ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û ˛ô!eÑ˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ˆãƒy!ì˛õ≈Î˚# ˆîÓ# !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò
ÈÙÈ ÚÚÓDîü≈ˆÏò ¢y!£ì˛ƒ=Ó˚& òÓ Î%Ü ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò Ó˚yõyò®ÓyÓ%– ˛ô!eÑ˛y ¢¡ôyîòy Á
¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ ãÜˆÏì˛ Ó!ú¤˛ !â˛hs˛yñ ˆì˛ãfl˛∫# ¶˛!Dõy Á õhs˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò xyîü≈ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï ò–ÛÛ4
ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy¢#Ó˚ Ñ,˛!ì˛c Ñ˛#ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y Ñ˛# ~ÓÇ Ó˚yõyòˆÏ®Ó˚ Óƒ!_ć ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚
~£z ˛ô!eÑ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò!›˛ ≤Ã!íïyòˆÏÎyÜƒ ÈÙÈ
ÚÚ≤ÃÌõ ÎÖò Ó˚yõyò® ≤Ãî#˛ô Á ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy¢# ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ,˛!ì˛c Á ¢y£¢ ˆîˆÏÖ
õˆÏò !Ófl˛øÎ˚ úyÜú– xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏv˛¸yñ äÈ!Ó xúÇÑ,˛ì˛ñ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ !Ó!â˛eñ ~õò îyõ# !ã!ò¢ ˆÎ
ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏü â˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y !ÓŸªy¢ £Î˚!ò– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y ~Ó˚ xyˆÏÜ ÓyÇúy ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ôˆÏe ¢õÎ˚
Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛úyÓ˚ Ó§yïyÓ§y!ï !äÈú òy–... ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛õy =ˆÏò ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !ò¶˛≈Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~õòì˛Ó˚
xyÓ˚ xy›˛ˆÏ˛ôÔˆÏÓ˚ !ë˛ˆÏú!õ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ≤ÃÓy¢# ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò ÈÙÈ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õyò
Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ Öy!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ fl˛<úò £ˆÏì˛ !îˆÏúò òy–... ≤ÃÓy¢# ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!eÑ˛y ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò !¢!k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ãò¢yïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !â˛eˆÏÑ˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ òyòy v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚í !îˆÏÎ˚ ì,˛Æ Ñ˛Ó˚y
~Ó˚ Óì˛– ~ˆÏì˛ õòˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ãv˛¸ì˛yÎ˚ ãv˛¸yˆÏì˛ ˆîÎ˚òyñ òyòy !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ,î% xyáyˆÏì˛
ãy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖÛÛ–5
Ó˚ˆÏàñ Ó˚ˆÏ¢ñ ¶˛yÓòyÎ˚ñ ˆõïyÎ˚ ¢Ó!îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÓy¢# ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈¢)!Ó˚ ˛ô!eÑ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¡‘yò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ¢y!£ì˛ƒñ !ü“ñ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ îü≈òñ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò ¢ÇÓyî ~ÓÇ ¢%õ%!oì˛ !â˛e ¢Ω˛yÓ˚
!Óì˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ~õò !Ó˛ô%ú ≤ÃÎ˚y¢ £z!ì˛˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ ~Ñ˛ˆÏe ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚!ò– ¶˛yˆÏúy ˛ô!eÑ˛y ÷ï% ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
«%˛ïy ˆõ›˛yÎ˚ òyñ «%˛ïy Ó,!k˛ Óy ¢,!‹TÁ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÓy¢# Óyày!ú ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏò ¶˛yˆÏúy äÈ!Óñ
¶˛yˆÏúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒñ v˛zßì¨ ˛ì˛Ó˚ õòò â˛â˛≈y òyòy ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ â˛y!£îy ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– Ó˚yõyòˆÏ®Ó˚ ¢¡ôyîòyÎ˚
¢yïyÓ˚í Óyày!ú !ü!«˛ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏò !îÜhs˛ Ó˝î)Ó˚ ≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ≤ÃÓy¢#ˆÏì˛– ~ÖyˆÏò£z
≤ÃÓy¢#ÈÙÈÓ˚ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ì˛y–
¢£Ñ˛yÓ˚# @˘Ãs˛i˛ôO# ≠
1– Ó¢%ñ ˆ¢yˆÏõwòyÌ ÈÙÈ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ôˆÏe Ó˚Ó#w ≤Ã¢D ≤ÃÓy¢#ñ Ñ˛!úÑ˛yì˛yñ ˆ›˛ˆÏÜyÓ˚ !Ó˚¢yâ˛≈ £zò!fi›˛!›˛v˛z›˛ñ
1976ñ ˛ô,É 24–
2– â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ¢%ò#!ì˛Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ÈÙÈ ≤ÃÓy¢# °Ï¤˛# Óy!°ÏÑ≈ ˛# fl˛øyÓ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i ≠ °Ï¤˛# ˛ô)!ì˛≈ñ ˛ô,É 13–
3– Ó¢%ñ ˆ¢yˆÏõwòyÌ ÈÙÈ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ôˆÏe Ó˚Ó#w ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ≤ÃÓy¢#ñ Ñ˛!úÑ˛yì˛yñ ˆ›˛ˆÏÜyÓ˚ !Ó˚¢yâ˛≈ £zò!fi›˛!›˛v˛z›˛ñ
1976ñ ˛ô,É 24ÈÙÈ25–
4– â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ˛ôyÌ≈ ÈÙÈ Ó!B˛õâ˛w ≠ ÓDîü≈ò Á v˛z_Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏú ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛v˛z_Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ñ Ñ˛ˆÏúãfl˛T…#›˛ñ
1994ñ ˛ô,É 27ÈÙÈ32–
5– ˛ô!eÑ˛y ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ñ ≤ÃÓ¢#ñ Ñ˛y!ì˛≈Ñ˛ñ 1338 ÓDy∑–
6– ïÓ˚ñ Ñ,˛°åñ ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ƒ !õ!£Ó˚ ÈÙÈ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ ÚÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ãò ˆ¢Ó˚y ¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ñ Üíõyïƒõ ≤ÃÑ˛yüòyñ
Ñ˛!úÑ˛yì˛yñ 1991ñ ˛ô,É 86ÈÙÈ87–
7– ˙ñ ˛ô,É 87
8– ˙ñ ˛ô,É 89
9– Ó¢%ñ üÇÑ˛Ó˚# ≤Ã¢yî ÈÙÈ ÚÓ˚yõyò® â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ Á ≤ÃÓy¢#Û ˆîü ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢ÇÖƒyñ 1990ñ ˛ô,É 40
10– ÓyÜúñ ◊#ˆÏÎyˆÏÜüâ˛w ÈÙÈ ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ¢yïÑ˛ÈÙÈâ˛!Ó˚ì˛õyúyñ îüõ Ö[˛ñ Ó˚yõyò® â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ
ÓD#Î˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˛ô!Ó˚°ÍÏ ñ ˆ˛ôÔ°Ï 1371ñ ˛ô,É 5ÈÙÈ95
11– úy£yñ ≤ÃÓ#Ó˚ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ÈÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ Á Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û ˛ô!eÑ˛y ÈÙÈ ~Ñ%˛ü üì˛Ñ˛ñ 2006ñ
Ñ˛!úÑ˛yì˛yñ ˛ô,É 9 ÈÙÈ 22
12– â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒÎ˚ñ ˛ôyÌ≈ ÈÙÈ ÓyÇúy ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe Á Óyày!úÓ˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚íñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 1977ñ ˛ô,. 32
13– ˆáy°Ïñ !ÓòÎ˚ ÈÙÈ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ !ÓmÍ ¢õyãñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 1978ñ ˛ô,. 74
14– ˆáy°Ïñ !ÓòÎ˚ ÈÙÈ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ïyÓ˚yñ 1800ÈÙÈ1900ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 1970ñ ˛ô,.
190
15– Ó¢%ñ fl˛∫˛ôò ÈÙÈ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ òÓˆÏâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 1975ñ ˛ô,. 120
16– Ó¢%ñ fl˛∫˛ôòñ ˆâ˛Ôï%%Ó˚#ñ £zw!ãÍ ÈÙÈ v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óyày!ú ã#Óò Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2003ñ
˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ô!íñ ˛ô,. 25ÈÙÈ26
17– üyfl˛f#ñ !üÓòyÌ ÈÙÈ Ó˚yõì˛ò% úy!£v˛¸# Á ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ÓD ¢õyãñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2007ñ !òv˛z ~ã
˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ñ ˛ô,. 1ÈÙÈ10
18– Ó¢%ñ fl˛∫˛ôòñ ¢ÇÓyî ÈÙÈ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ôˆÏe v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óyày!ú ¢õyãñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y S≤ÃÌõ
Ö[˛V˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD ÓyÇúy xyÑ˛yˆÏî!õñ 2013ñ 1ÈÙÈ15
19– !e˛ôy‡˛#ñ xõˆÏúü ÈÙÈ £zì˛yú#Ó˚ Ó˚ƒˆÏòü§y¢ Óyàyú#Ó˚ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2014ñ xyò® ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ñ
˛ô,. 1ÈÙÈ6
20– Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yãñ òÓ˚£y!Ó˚ ÈÙÈ v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óyày!úÓ˚ ãyÜÓ˚í ì˛Ñ˛≈ Á !Óì˛Ñ˛≈ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2009ñ
ˆÑ˛.!˛ô.ÓyÜâ˛# xƒyu˛ ˆÑ˛y¡ôyò#ñ ˛ô,. 1ÈÙÈ5
21– ˆáy°Ïñ !ÓòÎ˚ ÈÙÈ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òÓãyÜ,!ì˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2009ñ Á!Ó˚ˆÎÏ r˚ ›˛ ÓœƒyÑ˛ˆÏ¢yÎ˚yò ≤Ãy£zˆ¶Ï ˛›˛ !ú!õˆÏ›˛v˛ñ
˛ô,. 1ÙÈ8
22– Ó¢%ñ fl˛∫˛ôòñ õyõ%ò õ%òì˛y¢#Ó˚ S¢¡ôy!îì˛V ÈÙÈ î%£z üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓyÇúy ¢ÇÓyîÈÙÈ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ôeñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ
2005ñ ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ô!òñ ô,. 1ÈÙÈ6
23– Ó¢%ñ fl˛∫˛ôò ÈÙÈ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ òÓˆÏâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ 2016ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ô!òñ ô,. 1ÈÙÈ12
24– â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ Ü#ì˛yñ !õeñ ≤Ã#!ì˛ ÈÙÈ ≤ÃÓy¢#Ó˚ ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ¢)!â˛ S1308 ÈÙÈ 1333 ÓDy∑Vñ 2004ñ
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ ÓD#Î˚ @˘Ãs˛iyÜyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚°Ïîñ ô,. 1ÈÙÈ9
25– Ó¢%ñ üB˛Ó˚# ≤Ã¢yîñ Ó¢%ñ ¢%î#˛ô ÈÙÈ Ó˚yõyò® â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÓy¢#ñ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ïyÓ˚y 1 Á 2 Ö[˛ñ
Ñ˛!úÑ˛yì˛yñ 2009ñ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD ÓyÇúy xyÑ˛yˆÏî!õñ ô,. 1ÈÙÈ10
26– ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ◊# ÓˆÏãwòyÌ ÈÙÈ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏe ˆ¢Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìyñ ≤ÃÌõ Ö[˛ñ S1818 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
1830V ÓD#Î˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˛ô!Ó˚°ÍÏ ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ ˆ˛ôÔ°Ïñ 1408ñ ô,. 1ÈÙÈ5
27– ˆáy°ñÏ !ÓòÎ˚ ÈÙÈ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ôˆÏe ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢õyã !â˛eñ 1ñ 2ñ 3ñ 6 Ö[˛ñ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ¶˛Óòñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ
2015ñ ô,. 1ÈÙÈ10
28– õyõ%òñ õ%òì˛y¢#Ó˚ ÈÙÈ v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ÇÓyî ÈÙÈ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ôe S1847ÈÙÈ1905Vñ
ÓyÇúyˆÏîüñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ ô,. 1ÈÙÈ5
29– Ghose, Hemanta Prasad - The News Paper in India, Calcutta, 1951, p.1
30– Dasgupta, Uma - Rise of an Indian Public, Impact of official Policy, 1870-
1880, Calcutta 1977, p. 13
31– John, Mcguire - The Making of a Colonial Mind, A quantitative study of
the Bhadralok in Calcutta, 1857-1885, Australian National University
Monographics on South Asia, No. 10, 1983, p. 61
32– Gohain, Hiren - The Idea of Popular Culture in the Early Nineteenth
Century Bengal, calcutta, 1996, p. 24
33– Basu, Arani - History of Media in Bengal : A Chronological overview. p.
5-8
34– https.www.2huberlin.de/transcience/vol.4 issue1, 2013
Girls Working in Households : Some

Reflections on Girl Child Domestic Labour
Geetika Ranjan*
Small girls working as kaamwalis or maid servants in

households is a common trend in India. Children, both boys and
girls, work as domestic labourers in houses to earn a living and
assist their parents in maintaining livelihood. The United Nations
Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as anyone
younger than 18 years. The term Child Domestic Labour (CDL)
applies to children who perform domestic work in the home of
their employer and not their family and get paid for their work.
The household chores he/she does are - washing utensils,
sweeping and mopping, washing clothes, cooking, looking after
children, aged and disabled in the house and in general running
errands for the householders. Domestic work is a global
phenomenon that perpetuates hierarchies based on race,
ethnicity, indigenous status, caste and nationality ( Andall 2004).
Child domestic labour (CDL) is widely prevalent in India. The
hierarchies of caste and class which have always existed in the
society initiated and perpetrated the trend of some serving the
others. The Convention of International Labour Organization (ILO
No. 182, 1999) declares child domestic labour as the worst form
of child labour and mentions that child domestic labour is
exploitative and it includes trafficking, slavery, or practices similar
to slavery, or work which, by its nature or the circumstances in
which it is carried out, is hazardous and likely to harm the health,
safety, or morals of the child, it constitutes a worst form of child
labour 1.
*Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, North-Eastern Hill

University, Shillong
308 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Girls Working in Households : Some...
The issue of child domestic labour is highly complex. They

are among the most invisible child labourers. The hidden nature
of the work makes it difficult to estimate the number of children
involved in domestic labour (Silva-de-Alwis 2007; Tetteh 2014).
As per ILO estimate there are 15.5 million children engaged in
domestic work and about 90 % of them are girls.2. UNICEF finds
that girls are two times more likely to be out of school and working
in a domestic role.3 Domestic work is a work sector which mainly
involves women and children. The perception of unskilled nature
of the domestic work is coupled with the view of women and
girls being naturally ordained with the ability to perform the
household chores.
Domestic labour and child labour are issues which have been
discussed in different writings. These make sporadic and
passing mention and references to girl child domestic labour ,
but a concerted qualitative research on girl child domestic labour
per se is much required to understand their situation particularly
in relation to India. Writings on domestic labour, women
domestic labour and child labour include a general picture of
the situation of the girl child domestic labour but a specific,
detailed and deeper addressing of the same is pertinent to
holistically understand the situation of the girl child domestic
labour. The vulnerability of a girl child domestic help is not of
the same nature and degree as the vulnerability of others
engaged in domestic work. The life, problems and challenges
of the girl child domestic labour may not be the same as those
of men or women domestic labour or as those of the boys in
domestic labour. Recent decades have witnessed the growing
concern for the ‘girl child’ from policy makers, civil society and
the like with the growth in consciousness about the plight of the
same.
A plethora of schemes and legislations have been introduced
for the protection and holistic development of the girl child. The
reason for the spurt of such measures is the receiving end
Girls Working in Households : Some... ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 309
position of the girl child in India. The patriarchal mindset which

prefers the male child to the female one and looks down upon
the girl children as burden, problem and liability, is at the root of
the neglect of the girl child. The concern for the girl child becomes
all the more pertinent when one sees their state in the labour
sector. Child labour stands banned in India. Published data
shows that girls are more in demand and number than the boys
to work in the domestic sphere (Raghuram 2005, 5). According
to the National Domestic Workers’ Movement [NDWM], an
estimated 20 million people work as domestics throughout the
country. Of these workers, 90 percent are women and children
between the ages of 12 to 75 while those below 14years old
make up 25 percent of the workers. Media reports as well as
scholarly writings bring to the fore the trials and tribulations faced
by the domestic workers such as trafficking, doing hazardous
work, health problems, sexual exploitation, inhuman treatment
, lack of access to education etc. There is a need to carry out
a holistic study of the situation of the girl child domestic labour
as it exists in an integrated relation with a gamut of factors
which attribute towards the making of a girl child a domestic
labour and are also influenced by the same.
Girl child domestic labour is a global reality. The problems
and challenges of child domestic labour in different countries
have been brought out in different works. It is in the less
developed countries where girls work as domestic labourers.
Tetthe’s study on Ghana (2014), discusses the juxtaposition of
myths about child domestic labour with actual reality. By taking
several narratives she challenges various myths about child
domestic labour, like child labour is an act of patronage by nice
employers. Miller (http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest
/mena/ChildWorkers.pdf D.O.A. 20 May 2015) writes that young
girls working as maids in Morocco are extremely vulnerable to
physical, emotional and sexual abuse. They work for more than
12 hours a day, have no access to school and perform dangerous
works.
While most of the works throw light on the negative effects

of the girl children’s engagement in domestic labour, there are
some works which indicate the protective aspect of the same.
Castle (2006) and Foster (2000) point out that by working as
domestic labour the children’s nutritional, financial, emotional
and other welfare needs are likely to be met especially when
their parents are not able to fulfil these responsibilities. However,
the promise of fosterage may have an ulterior motive. Goody
(1982) in her study in West Africa informs that in the name of
providing shelter to children, they are trafficked and forced into
domestic servitude. Boonpala and Kane (2001) and Brown
(2007) discuss how agents traffic children from rural areas into
slavery or servitude through false promises of providing them
with foster care in the cities.
The issue of child domestic labour is highly complex. They
are among the most ‘invisible’ child labourers ( Grier 1994). The
hidden nature of the work makes it difficult to estimate the number
of children involved in domestic labour (Silva-de-Alwis 2007;
Tetteh 2014). Scholarly works on girls working as labour in
different industries such as carpet industry (Nangia 1992) , beedi
industry ( Kumar 1992) or as street children ( Ghouse 1992)
point towards their exploitation in these sectors. Child domestic
labour has been recognized as one of the most intolerable and
hazardous forms of child work ( Basu-Mallik and Basu- Mallik
2006).
Cultural factors motivate parents to send their daughters
to work in households as the latter are considered safer
compared to outside work(Chakravarty and Chakravarty 2011;
Blagbrough (4) 2012;). Trafficking of women and girls for sexual
exploitation (Brown 2007,Blagbrough and Glynn 2012; DSAPK
2006) reveals yet another dark side of domestic labour. As per
National Domestic Workers Movement, September, 2011),
Children in domestic work are hidden and invisible under a veil
of acceptance on the pretext of social solution to ‘help’ the child.
Trafficking of children is rampant. Be it intra or inter country.

Children are trafficked from Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan.
From within India, children are trafficked from the Tribal belt,
especially, Delhi to Patna, Kanpur, Mumbai, and Orissa to Goa.
The situation of the girl child domestic workers needs to be
understood in context. Some works while discussing the plight
of the girl child labour attribute its main cause to the lower position
of girls in the society compared to the boys ( Nayar 1997;
Subramaniam 1991). The situation of child domestic labour in
some places in India is borne out of some works. Mishra (2012)
in his study on Odisha states that almost 90% of girl children
started working as domestic labour before they completed 12
years of age. He refers to the CACL (Campaign Against Child
Labour) study of 2001 which throws light on the fact that the girl
children who were forced to take up domestic work, were the
daughters of daily wage earners or small cultivators or had
fathers addicted to liquor. Intense poverty at the home front was
the push factor for little girls to take up domestic work. A large
number of girl children domestic labourers are found in big cities
like Mumbai, Kolkata and Bangalore. In Mumbai there are
approximately six lakh domestic workers (Social Alert 2000). In
Bangalore there are about five lakh domestic workers, 25 percent
of whom are girls in the age group of 10 to 16 years who
accompany their mothers to work (Rani et al. 2005). Madhumati
(2013) gives a comprehensive picture of the conditions of migrant
females in Bangalore working as domestic workers. Study by
SEWA (2008) reports that in Ahmadabad there are about fifty
thousand domestic workers mostly women. Approximately five
thousand children mostly girls work as domestic labour in
Bhubaneswar (PTI 2005). Tandon brings out the role of the
placement agency workers and non placement agency workers
and in driving women and children to domestic labour. She writes
that the “placement agents encourage 9-10 years old girls to
earn for their family” (2012: 12)
Surabhi Tandon Mehrotra and Mewa Bharti while discussing

the conditions , rights and responsibilities of part-time domestic
workers in Delhi mention that “India has witnessed large-scale
migration over the last two decades of girls from tribal areas of
Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and
Orissa. These girls come with other girls from the village, through
private recruiting agents, or other organisations to be employed
as ‘maids’ in urban households. With increasing migration of
tribal girls to Delhi, the trend of independent migration of girls
has also seen a sharp rise. All migration may not be safe as
girls are vulnerable to be trafficked for domestic work by agents
and abused physically, psychologically and sexually by
employers and agents”(2010:2)
Studies reveal that children working as domestic labourers
remain deprived from availing education ( Rahman 1995).
Working for long hours takes a heavy toll on their physical and
mental health ( Nieuwehuys 1995). A report (DSAPK 2006 ) on
migrant girl domestic workers from tribal areas of Jharkhand ,
Chattisgarh and Orissa, discuss the role of NGOs in rescuing
minor girls from sexual exploitation by their employers and also
from their own fathers and brothers at home. Basu-Malik and
Basu-Malik (2006) on Kolkata write that girls are preferred to
boys as domestic workers due to the prevalent notion that girls
are more skilled in doing domestic chores and are more
complaint by nature .
The psychological and physical health problems faced by
girl child domestic labour has been brought out by studies dealing
with medical practice (Banerjee SR et.al.2008; Mishra and Arora
2007; Mishra 2009). Misra (2009) put forth an ironical picture
stating that about 64% of doctors including paediatricians
employed domestic child labour and about 85% of such servants
were girls facing both nutritional and medical problems. He also
writes that due to “ the increasing incidence of child sexual and
physical abuse at home by domestic servants, most employers
felt that it was safer to have a young female domestic servant to

look after the children, rather than have an adolescent or adult
male servant at home.
In an age when countries are witnessing rapid development
in practically every field and where the issue of human dignity,
human rights and human welfare have become serious subjects
of deliberation and action, the plight of the girl child domestic
labour needs to be addressed with more agility. Studies on the
subject bring out that there has been a growing awareness about
the situation of the girl child and individual as well as government
and non Government initiatives are being directed towards the
amelioration of the problems of the girl children. However what
remains a matter of concern is the fact that the root of the
problem lies much deeper in the conventions , in the traditional
mindset of the elders of the family to which the girl child belongs
too. While poverty and illiteracy are major causal factors for
driving little girls towards domestic labour what needs to be
understood is that these causal factors also in a way, at least to
some extent, arise and perpetuate from a mindset which
requires counselling.
References:
1. http://unicef.in/Story/1139/Assessing-Child-Domestic-Labour-in-
India ( Date of Accession : 12 May 2015)
2. ILO (2004) Child Labour: A textbook for University Students
(ILO, Geneva) file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/pol_ textbook _
2004.pdf ( D.O.A 5 May 2015)
3. Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission 2014 :16. http://
www.mphrc.nic.in/WriteReadData/Pdf/Project%20Report%
20on% 20Child%20Labour.pdf ( D.O.A. 12May 2015)
4. http://www.upgov.nic.in/upinfo/up_eco.html) ( DOA 17 April 2015)
5. Children In India 2012- A Statistical Appraisal : Social Statistics
Division Central Statistics Office Ministry of statistics and
Programme Implementation Government of India. http://
mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/Children_in_India_2012.pdf
6. Study on “Discrimination of the Girl Child in Uttar Pradesh” ,

conducted by Social Action Forum for Manav Adhikar. New
Delhi. ( Page 14) ncw.nic.in/.../discrimination_of_the_ girl_child
_ in_ uttar_ pradesh.pdf ( DOA 5 May 2015)
7. http://www.census.gov/ipc/prod/wid-9801.pdf# search=% 22
uttar % 20pradesh %20girls% 20complete% 208%
20years%20of%20 schooling%22. (DOA 26 April 2015)
8. Lucknow City Development Plan 2006 . lmc.up.nic.in/pdf/
nnfinal.pdf ( DOA 30 April 2015)
9. Andall ,Jacqueline. 2000. Gender, Migration and Domestic
Service: The Politics of Black Women in Italy. U.K: Ashgate
Publishing.
10. Banerjee SR , P.Bharati, T.S.Vasulu , S.Chakrabarty , P.
Banerjee.2008. Whole time domestic child labor in metropolitan
city of Kolkata. Indian Pediatrics; 45: 579-582.
11. Barta, Patrick and Krishna Pokharel. 2009. Megacities Threaten
to Choke India. The Wall Street Journal. (http://www.wsj.com/
articles/SB124216531392512435)
12. Basu-Mallik, Samit and Soma Basu-Mallik. 2006. A Study
Report on Knowledge, Attitude, Practice on Child Domestic
Work with ICDS Functionaries. Kolkata : Right Track.
13. Boonpala, P. and Kane, J. 2001. Trafficking of Children: The
Problem and Responses Worldwide. Geneva: ILO-IPEC
14. Blagbrough, Jonathan. 2012. Child Domestic Workers:
Protected Persons or ModernDay Slaves? Global Dialogue.
14(2).
15. Blagbrough, Jonathan, and Edmund Glynn.1999. Child
Domestic Workers: Characteristics of the Modern Slave and
Approaches to Ending Such Exploitation. Childhood 6 (1).
16. Brown, E. 2007. The Ties that Bind- Migration and Trafficking
of Women and Girls for Sexual Exploitation in Cambodia.
Bangkok: IOM.
17. Castle, S. 1996. The Current and Intergenerational Impact of
Child Fostering on Children’s Nutritional Status in Rural Mali.
Human Organization, 55 (2):193–205.
18. Chakravarty,Deepita and Ishita Chakravarty. 2011.Girl Children,

Family and Dirty Work: Paid Domestic Service in the Indian
State of West Bengal. CSSSC-UNICEF Social Inclusion Cell.
Occassional Paper, No. 1
19. DSAPK. 2006.A Report on Study of Migrant Girl Domestic
Workers from Tribal Areas of Jharkhand,Chhattisgarh and
Orissa. Pune : Drishti Stree Adhyayan Prabodhan Kendra(
DSAPK)p145.
20. Foster, G. 2000. The Capacity of the Extended Family Safety
Net for Orphans in Africa, Psychology Health and Medicine, 5
(1): 55–63.
21. Ghouse, A.1992. Street Children of Calcutta. Noida :National
Labour Institute.
22. Goody, E. 1982. Parenthood and Social Reproduction: Fostering
and Occupational Roles in West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
23. Grier,Beverly.1994. Invisible Hands: The Political Economy of
Child Labour in Colonial Zimbabwe 1890-1930. Journal of
Southern African Studies. 20(1):27-52.
24. Kumar, S . Vijaya. 1992. Children of Darkness. Man in India.
72(2) pp 233-237.
25. Madhumati, M. 2013. Migration for Domestic Work – A Case of
Female Domestic Workers in Bangalore. International Journal
of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, Vol.2 (1),
January.
26. Mehrotra, Surabhi Tandon and Mewa Bharti.2008.. Rights and
Dignity: Women Domestic Workers in Jaipur., New Delhi: Jagori
(http://www.jagori.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/01/Final_DW_
English _ report_10-8-2011.pdf)
27. Miller, Joanna. The Abuse of Child Domestic Workers: Petites
Bonnes in Morocco. Topical Review Digest:Human Rights in
the Middle East and North Africa http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/
researchdigest/mena/ChildWorkers.pdf. (DOA 21 May 2015)
28. Mishra, Dharmendra Kumar. 2012. Child Rights and Situation

of Children in Odisha. OdishaReview,July.(http://odisha.gov.in/
e-magazine/Orissareview/2012/July/engpdf/14-18.pdf). (DOA 14
May 2015).
29. Mishra D and P. Arora.2007.Domestic Child Labor. Indian
Pediatrician; 44: 291-292.
30. Mishra, D. 2009. Domestic Child Labor in India – Reasons
and Responses.IndianPaediatrics46:p226. http://medind.nic.in/
ibv/t09/i3/ibvt09i3p266.pdf ( DOA 29 April 2015)
31. Nangia, Sudesh. 1992. Child Workers in the Carpet Weaving
Industry of Jammu and Kashmir. New Delhi: National Labour
Institute.
32. NationalDomesticWorkersMovement.2011.September,
www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Children/Study/NDWM.doc
(DOA 22 April 2015)
33. Nayar, Usha.1991. Labour of Indian Girl Child :Multi Curse, Multi
Abuse and Multi Neglect. The Indian Journal of Social Work.
III(1) Jan:pp 37-47.
34. Nieuwenhuys, O.1995.The Domestic Economy and the
Exploitation of Children: The Case of Kerala. International
Journal of Children’s Rights 3: 213–25.
35. Press Trust of India.2005. Save Toiling Tykes, Unionize
Domestic Help. http://www.expressindia.com/news/
fullstory.php? newsid = 45958#compstory (DOA 18 April 2015)
36. Rahman, H.1995. Child Domestic Workers: Is Servitude the
Only Option? Dhaka: Shoishab Bangladesh.
37. Raghuram, Parvati.2005. Global Maid Trade: Indian Domestic
Workers in the Global Market. in Shirlena Huang, Noorashikin
Abdul Rahman and Brenda Yeoh (eds.). Asian Transnational
Domestic Workers. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. 1–32. A
draft version.
38. Rani,D.Lakshmi, Aparna Bhattacharjee and Manabendranath
Roy (eds).2005.Child Domestic work: A Violation of Human
Rights- Report on the Legal Position of Child Domestic
Workers in India. New Delhi: Save the Children.
39. Silva-de-Alwis, Rangita de. 2007. Legislative Reform on Child

Domestic Labour: A Gender Analysis. UNICEF: Legislative
Reform Initiative Paper Series. January. http://www.unicef.org/
gender/files/Leg_ Reform _ on _ Child_Domestic_ Labour%
281%29.pdf. (DOA 18 April 2015).
40. Social Alert.2000. Estimates cited in Child Comestic work: A
Violation of Human Rights, Report on the legal position of child
Domestic workers in India, Dr.D. Lakshmi Rani and Mr.
Manabendranath Roy (eds.) 2005.
41. Subramaniam, Aparna.1991. Work Patterns of the Girl Child.
The Indian Journal of Social Work. 52(1), Jan. pp49-59.
42. SEWA:2008. Issues faced by domestic workers: Organizing
strategies used by SEWA-Self Employed Women’s
Association, A Paper Presentation on the Regional conference
on Domestic Workers Asian Domestic Workers Network and
Committee of Asian Women on 26-27th August 2008 Bangkok.
http://www.abhinavjournal.com/images/Arts_&_Education/
Feb13/1.pdf ( DOA 2 May 2015)
43. Tandon , Pankhuri.2012. Domestic Workers: How to Give Them
Their Due. CCS Working Paper No. 278 Summer Research
Internship Programme . Centre for Civil Societyhttp://ccs.in/
internship_papers/2012/278_domestic-workers_pankhuri-
tandon.pdf (DOA 27 April 2015)
44. Tetteh Peace Mamle.2014. Child Domestic Labour In Accra: A
Juxtaposition of the Myths with the Reality. Childhoods Today,
Volume 8, Issue 2, 2014.
Origin And Development of Tabla Baz and

Gharana of North-indian Music
[From 18th To 20th Century A.d]
Partha Dey*
In North Indian Music, i.e., in Hindusthani Sangita, the most

pouplar drum or percussion instrument in TABLA. It is played to
express musical rhythm which is the nucleas of Indian Tala.
Rhythm is a proportion of time inherent in all aspects of
nature. In music, rhythm is not only that which beautifies the
melody, it is also the vital force in melodic imagination. Thus it
has been said that rhythm is the ‘pulsation of melody, nay of the
universe’. The great poet Rabindranath Tagore, said, “What is
rhythm ? It is the movement generated and regulated by
harmonious restrictions. This is the creative force in the hand of
the artist. So long as words remain in uncadenced prose from,
they do not give any lasting feeling of reality. The moment they
are taken and put into rhythm they vibrate into a radiance”.1
Time charged with energy sweeps across endless space,
translating all things, from the smallest to the biggest, into
rhythmic vibrations. It is not known what the earliest form of
express-ing rhythm was. Possibly primitive man discovered
rhythm from the movement of his own body, and melody from
the varying pilch of his voice. In course of time, his familiarity
with rhythm and melody, inherent in all living beings , sharpened
his musical sense.
Thus after a checkered career of musical development
through centuries, man transformed his sense of rhythm into a
Tala and his sense of melody into a Raga or classical melodies
both of which are the organised and sophisticated forms of
*Research Scholar, Hindusthani Classical Music, Sangeet Bhavana,

Visva-Bharati University.
Origin And Development of Tabla Baz ... ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 319
rhythm and melody respectively Hence, although the rhythmic

and melodic expressions are the purpose of Tala and Raga a
Tala is much more than what is called rhythm and similarly a
Raga is much more than a more Melody.
Time, when measured and marked with a certain number of
beats is called a “time-measure”. But in India, a Tala is a
conditioned time measure. Just like Ragas, there are numerous
Talas, under independent names, features and a motive.
A Tala has a disciplined framework and it offers endless
possibilities of expressing varied rhythmic ideas through
compositions, which may be pre-conceiv-ed or spontaneous or
a combination of both-A Tala has several important factors of
which a few are explained below:—
a) In every Indian Tala there are a definite number of beats
or ‘Matras’.
b) Grouping of these beats into Sections called ‘Anga’ (bar
divisions).
c)‘The first Matra, called the ‘Sam’ is the most important
Matra, having maximum accent in the Tala-cycle known as the
Focal point of the Tala-cycle. The compositions which may start
off from any Point of the cycle, though usually from the Sam,
But all of them irrespective of their starting points, do end up on
the Sam, either delicately and gracefully or with an exciting
climax.
d) Similarly, there is a counterbalance in a Tala-cycle, called
the Khali, the least accentuated beat. For practical purpose, it
only helps to locate the position of the other Angas, and Matras.
e) Avrtti (Cyclic rotation)
f) Finally, the most important factor in a Tala-cycle in the
‘Theka’ consisting of certain standard and fixed syllables (Bols)
which matchingly represent the Tala-cycle. Such syllabic sounds
go to make up the language of the Tabla.
Membranophonic syllabus (Bols) of Tabla:
Now, though the pair of the drums (Tabla & Bayan) is
considered as one unit or one instrument, independently the
320 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Origin And Development of Tabla Baz ...
bass drum is called the Bayan or Dagga while the trable drum
is called Dahina or Tabla. But the Tabla having more varieties of
sound and timbre than its partner, both jointly, is called Tabla.
The ingredients of the small phrases and big compositions
are evolved from the following seven basic syllabic sounds,and
their fifteen variations. Among the seven basic sound two are
from the Bayan, left-hand drum; (1) ghe, open sound. (2) ka or
kat, closed sound and five are from the Tabla right-hand drum:
(1) na, on the kinar , side: (2) ta, on the. Sur (Lav); (3) di open
sound; (4) te, giving the onomatopoeic terekete’ and (5) the, a
closed sound for dhir-dhir which is produced by the palm. The
additional fifteen derivative syllabic sounds of Bols are produced
by modulations of these seven sounds. Thus, altogether twenty-
two sounds are produced for musical purpose like the twenty-
two Srutis, microtonal intervals, in a saptak, gamut of seven
notes, in music. Of these twenty-two sounds eight are peoduced
by the left hand on the Bayan and fourteen by the Dayan or right
hand; and by means of combinations many other interesting
sounds are produced. They are numerous syllables / mnemonic-
syllables called bols which can also be pronounced orally
phonetically like Na, Tu, Tit, Tak, Ghe, Kat and combinations
like Dha, Dhet, Dhina, Tereketetak, Dhinegene, Ghentaraan,
Dheredherekat etc.(Demonstration).2
Syllables having no literal meaning as such, are the raw
materials of all types of rhythmic compositions, and they have
a life of their own. They have colour, timbre and aesthetic value,
and a quailty that comes from association in their use by the
great masters of abstract musical language.
If we take a few syllables and put them together in a way,
not explicable, they flash into life, and we have not just a syllable
sentence but a song, a revelation, a new creation, a joy for ever.
These drum syllables of Tabla have no literal meaning . They
are Abstruct yet, with the help of these syllables, great
composers have given expression to their rhythmic
imaginations, feelings, ideas and thoughts. They created beautiful
compositions of varied designs to finally project in a Tabla Solo

recital an animated and magnificent rhythmic mural . The Tabla-
maestros in this way created diffent “Gharanas”.
Just as in the field of vocal and instrumental music and also
as in Western Classical Music, a galaxy of great composers, of
Tabla art, lived during the last 150 to 200 years.
Origin of Tabla playing :3
Though there are different opinions as to the origin of the
Tabla-playing art. The earliest name available from authentic
sources is that of Ustad Siddhar Khan who lived sometime in
the 18th century in Delhi. The earliest of the other available
names of great Tabla players, if we go back in an unbroken
chronological form, today, would date back to early 18th century.
As far as the usage of Tabla is concerned , we can definitely
say that Tabla, as a concert instrument gradually came into
prominence in the mid 18 th century to provide suitable
accomniment to the then newly introduced Noth Indian ‘Khayal’
singing introduced by the great composer Sadarang (Niyamat
Khan), under the partronage of Mughal emperor of Delhi
Muhammed Shah II and Gulam Rasool of Lucknow.However,
Dhrupad form of classical song used to be the main and popular
form of classical vocal music North India, for which
accompaniment was provided by the Pakhawaj a horizontal
double-faced percussion instrument, with a mighty sound.
Tabla has two roles (i) accompaniment and (ii) solo. Firstly,
it is used is accompaniment to vocal and instrumental music
and to Kathak dance , and secondly, it is used for solo
performances. Accompaniment, again, is of two kinds (i) Just
keeping time (literally) ‘Sath-Sangat’ ; and (ii)Skilful Sangat
‘Jawabi- Sangat’,the art of accompaniment, in the real sense
of the term.
In classical music , whether it is for opera or concert, there
are two methods of accompaniment on the drums : (i) well
rehearsed; and (ii)unrehearsed. In the case of opera and the
cinema the music is well rehearsed. In a concert hall. However,

it may be otherwise . The accompanist sometimes plays with a
musician he meets for the first time on the stage. This is truly a
crucial trial for the accompanist , for he does not know on which
Tala the the song or ‘Gat’ composition for instruments is based;
nor does he know the tempo and the ‘Sam’ . If he fails to identify
the Tala and pinpoint the place of the ‘Sam’ the performance is a
failure and such a failure tells upon the prestige of the
accompanist, irrespective of the seniority of otherwise of the
main artiste.
Then after detecting the appropriate Tala its ‘Sam’ and the
tempo either on his own or by a hint from the main artiste. He
has to establish very firmly in the minds of all the rhythmic
structure if the melodic composition. Thus he gradually creates
confidence in his own mind and then, with feelling of relief.
Transmits that confidence to the minds of the main artiste and
the audience. There after the performance proceeds smoothly,
with appropriate rhythmic embellishments. In the case of North
Indian classical vocal music, Khayal , for example, the present
trend is to include the ‘Alap’ known as ‘Vistara’ or elaboration
within the frame of the ‘ Vilambit’ , (slow) song. Alap is not
executed before the actual song composition, as it is done in
Dhrupad. Hence the Tabla accompanist is supposed to play,
during the ‘Vistara’,only the Theka of the necessary Tala, clearly
and melodiously but in a subdued manner and with a strong
sense of accommodation. This continues until the main artiste
steers the movements further. Then, with the slightly faster
tempo, the accompanist feels stimulated to play out one or two
small rhythmic compositions with a view to keeping pace with
the musical need. The vocalist then takes up a ‘Drut’ or faster
song in the same Raga or melody but in a faster tempo, and the
accompanist gets a better chance to display his talent and
sometimes to allow the vocalist to pause for breath or a short
rest, thus enriching the total effect.4
Everyone present becomes more attentive when a Saval-

Javab,[question and answer], takes place. The main artiste,
usually an instrumentalist, produces a melodic Tihai, or a
Tukda, or Chakradar, and expects the Tabla-player to reproduce
the rhythm exactly on his Tabla with identical syncopation
paraphrasing, scansion and intomation. The Tabla-
player,summoning all his sincerity, ready wit, and other
necessary qualities, responds to the challenge, and usually
succeeds in full measure ; only rarely does a Tabla-player fails.
If, however, the main artiste detects even a single small flaw, he
will relish the discomfort of the accompanist . ‘Saval-Jawab’ is
normally found to be one-sided, because it is not customary for
the Tabla-player to expect the main artiste to reproduce a ‘Tukda’
or an intricate Chakradar played on the Tabla. However, from
the layman’s point of view, it is very interesting and exciting. But
on the part of the Tabla-player it is a test of skill and musical
intelligane.
The most thrilling section of the whole performance takes
place when the Tabla-player is inspired to extemporize in the
form of ‘Sath Sangat’. Instead of playing the ‘theka’ of the Tala
being performed, he plays extempore to synchronize with the
rhythmic outlines of the various metres being employed by the
vocalist or the instrumentalist. But here, especially in North Indian
music, both the artistes keep the outline of the Tala cycle in
mind and try to outwit each other by way of dodging, hide and
seek, surprise cross-rhythm and so or, all without the assistance
of any external signals.In south Indian music and dance a third
person keeps time either on a pair of cymbals, or by clapping .
At times both artistes go far away from the orbit of the Tala cycle
and then try to puzzle or confuse each other while keeping the
correct tempo and the Tala-cycle in mind , and then both return
together exactly on the Sam and reestablish the original pace of
the music. A truly exciting moment !
As a solo performing art, the Tabla developed to its highest
and most refined stage during the last 100 or at the most 150
years, during which time , thousands of beautiful and brilliant

compositions were created by the great Tabla-composers and
players. There is a small ‘But’ which is very significant.5
Most of the great composers and players didn’t know to read
and write. Yet, they learnt, composed and remembered
thousands of composition. The dimension of repertoire of the
subject developed through group-discussions, competition ,
challenge posed between the musicians and of course through
a lot of intense thinking and research. Quite a lot of these
compositions have come down to the North Indian Tabla-players
today, mainly through oral-transmission, coupled with Talim
(Coaching). Many compositions of course have been lost,
because they were never written. But the compositions that have
survived till today, are so many that it will take generations to
learn, digest and assimilate them.
Among the Tabla traditions established in North India, the
following are the major schools; Delhi, Ajrada, Lucknow ,
Farukhabad and Punjab. Each school or Gharana having its
distinctive style and concept has been named after the above
mentioned places where the great thinkers/composers lived.
A tabla solo recital is supposed to be performed with a
melodic accompaniment provided on a stringed instrument
named Sarangi. The Sarangi accompanist steadily repeats the
suitable melody called nagma, till the finale od soloist .
A solo performance opens with a short and brilliant
composition called ‘Mukhda’ or ‘Mohra’ which literally means
a face or glittering entry piece. This may be followed by a set of
other Mukhdas just to establish the proper atmosphere/warming
up.
Then comes the first introductory section called the
‘Peshkar’. Which is coined from a Persian word ‘Pesh-Karna’
(to introduce). The peshkar consists of a few syllables arranged
to from a theme or a base of the Tala. The principal syllables,
are borrowed from the Bols of the ‘Theka’ (the standard set of
syllables representing the Tala-cycle). However, with the theme
as a base, the artiste improvises as per his feelings and vision,

yet, systematically, sequentially with the same syllables of the
theme for quite sometime and then sounds off with a Tihai
comprising the same syllables. Mush of the Peshkar Is
improvised spontaneously.
Then the artiste moves to another type of composition called
‘Qaide’ (lit.rule). The principle of improvisation though similar to
that of the Peshkar is much more elaborate because its theme
goes on forming various definite shapes termed as Bal, Pech ,
Girah , Fanda.6
References:
1. Tagore, Rabindra Nath . (1953). The Religion of an artist.
(Kolkata,Visva-Bharati Granthana Vibhaga), 18.
2. Ghosh, Pdt.Nikhil. (1968). The Art and Science of Traditional
Tabla Recital. (Bombay,Sangit Mahabharati), 2-3.
3. Ibid,4-8.
4. Basu, Rathin. (1957). Sachitra Tabla Siksha. (Calcutta,Author),
19.
5. Ibid,26.
6. Ghosh, Pdt.Nikhil. (1968). The Art and Science of Traditional
Tabla Recital. (Bombay,Sangit Mahabharati), 9.
Psychotherapeutic Impact of
Rabindrasangeet On Bengali Culture
for stress Management
Siddhartha Sankar Deb*
Introduction Music is regarded as the best art of the fine arts.

Because Music can take us into a world of serenity and
composure taking all the grievances away. For the hectic
schedules of modern life stress, anxiety, depression, insomnia,
frustration, all these evil forces declare their autocracy over
everybody’s life. Music has had a tremendous effect on mortals.
Music helps to deal with grief sadness, anxiety and anger. Singing
regulates, sustains and deepens the breath, increases the
sensitivity of auditory system and refines the internal sensing
process. Singing can resonate the entire physical body and the
electromagnetic field, fully engage the mind, and give the
emotions a vehicle for expression and produce an overall sense
of wellbeing. All these aspects we can find in Tagore Songs,
and they always help in channelizing the mind and body science
of human being.
The research started with the hypothesis that as Tagore
songs have always been a center of respect and curiosity for
the Bengalis. Rabindrasangeet, by its simplicity and melody, has
been helping them in a spontaneous leading of life.
The root of the word ‘stress’ comes from Old French, the
language of the Norman Conquest which took place nearly 1,000
years ago, where estresse meant narrowness, straightness or
oppression. It is interesting to look at this – the most ancient
meaning of the word already implies a force that is pressing or
squeezing things into tightness or constriction. How does that
*Research Scholar, Musicology, Rabindrabharati University.

Psychotherapeutic Impact of Rabindra... ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 327
compare with the way we feel when we think about the effects
we associate normally with stress? (Harding 2011, 4)
For most of us, that word conjures up pictures of discomfort
and pain, trials and tribulations or setbacks and problems. What
we are going to explore is the fact that life events are often made
worse by stress, so by unlocking and understanding what stress
is we can start to understand it and deal with things much more
positively. This does not have to be a painful process either; in
fact, it can shed light on all aspects of our lives and give us new
tools to help ourselves.
The word ‘stress’ is bandied about in these days, but do we
really know what it is? Well, after this journey we will have a
much better idea. If we can bring an open mind, a sense of
humor and a dose of honest self-observation to this journey, we
will really reap the benefits. Firstly why we wants to study stress
at all? Stress is a physical and emotional reaction that everyone
experiences as he/she encounters changes in life. These
changes can have positive or negative effects. Stress has
positive effects when it makes us deal constructively with daily
problems and meet the challenges. Stress has negative effects
when it becomes continuous. Selye (1983) classified four types
of stress as – 1. Overstress or Hyper stress, 2. Under stress or
Hypo stress, 3. Damaging stress (Distress), 4. Good stress.
Well, perhaps because it is a fact of modern life and it affects
us all at some time or the other, it’s also something that is very
personal: it is very easy to go through life on a treadmill, burdened
more and more by the build-up of stress, experiencing its effects
and feeling powerless to do anything about it. However, we don’t
need to be at its mercy and we really can help ourselves. If we
are willing to take a clear and honest look at our lives and apply
some simple principles, then things can really start to change.
Change is really at the heart of the picture, and it is a fact of
existence that is beyond doubt these days. Whether we consider
the environment, work, economics, geography, family life or the
328 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Psychotherapeutic Impact of Rabindra...
weather, recent world events are showing that change is at work

on a scale that is vast and multifaceted. For example, only one
generation ago, expectations of a ‘job for life’ were common and
people felt might be over decades. Now it is barely possible to
project a year ahead– and perhaps not even that far. Man’s
adaption to today’s environment must be seen from an
evolutionary point of view. It took us millions of years of
development to become the species we are to-day, and in most
of this time the conditions for survival have been quite different
than the conditions we meet to-day. The basic requisitions for
the survival of our ancestors were mostly of physical nature.
To-day’s challenges are mostly of psychological nature.
Our emotion or feelings are another aspect of the overall
picture of stress, Emotions are literally ‘e-motions’ or ‘energy in
motion’; they are powerful and can strongly influence our lives,
sometimes bringing change incredibly quickly. People are being
hit by waves of change that can seem overwhelming and, again,
a sense of powerlessness can bring deep levels of emotional
stress. However, change is also exciting and empowering if we
can turn our perceptions around.
Stress often feels like something that crushes us, something
that presses down on us and makes us feel helpless. Perhaps
some of us highlighted emotions, like fear, anxiety, worry; or the
effects of stress like feeling breathless, our heart racing or our
palms becoming damp. Anxiety is a form of fear that can
immobilize a person and totally influence his life. We all feel
anxious at times, but usually these feelings pass. A person in a
severely anxious state will entirely shift the way they function
when faced with the idea that something they dread will happen.
All these things help to build up a picture of what stress might
look like – and already we can see it is complex. It is not easy to
narrow it down. Sometimes it seems to link to emotions,
sometimes to effects, sometimes to things from outside us and
sometimes to things inside us. In fact, stress is all these things
and more – a truly compact idea with many facets.
Stress as a subject is now taking on a different meaning; we

know it is a word that is simple to say, but as an idea it already
covers many different levels. At this point we need to consider
other elements that can be influenced by the impact of stress
on our lives. These are called ‘lifestyle factors’, and they revolve
around important areas of our daily existence. Lifestyle factors
relate to choices we make on a daily basis about what we eat,
drink or take into the body. These factors can be affected by our
stress levels because they relate to things we choose to put
into our bodies to influence how we feel a racing mind is one of
the key sings of mental stress. It means our thoughts are flying
through our head at an incredible pace and nothing gets to
completion. Mental stress affects us all at one time or another. It
is a state where the mind feels totally overloaded and all our
usual coping mechanisms seem to disappear, leaving us in a
state of confusion and even helplessness. Mental stress is often
connected to lifestyle issues around work or family and is
accompanied by a -feeling of ‘build-up’ over time. However, there
are ways to cope with these stress patterns to keep a better
internal balance. Thought patterns are more like a flood and they
do not help us make useful choices. This mental state is often
associated with insomnia; the mind cannot switch into sleep
mode because it is replaying events over and over. If we are under
extreme pressure then it is easy to lose our sense of ‘center’, a
balanced place inside where we feel calm. Listening to proper
Rabindrasangeet is very helpful to learn and apply on a regular
basis because its therapeutic purpose improves the situation.
Firstly the term ‘Psychotherapy’ embraces a wide variety of
techniques, all of which have the goal of helping emotionally
disturbed individual’s modify their behavior, so that they can more
satisfactorily adjust to the environment. The different branches
of Psychotherapy are (1) Psychoanalysis, (2) Behavior therapy,
(3) Cognitive behavior therapy, (4) Expressive therapy, etc. ‘Music
Therapy’ comes under ‘Expressive Therapy’. It involves “The use
of sound and music within an involving relationship between client
and therapist to support and encourage physical, mental, social

and emotional wellbeing” (Bunt, 1994.) This is called ‘Music Therapy’.
Now a day’s people in many parts of world are using music
for therapeutic purpose. Researchers are working a lot on the
effectively of this therapy. The quality of our voice can be a
reflection of our emotional, physical and spiritual condition, which
revitalize our internal organs and our endocrine gland. And its
pros are already used for the welfare of human being. And we
can see the positive result that those who are using these
therapies seem to be cured farther than normal. The use of
music for treatment is known as Music therapy all over the world.
In India also therapists are studying the subject to use it properly.
And some positive results have already come out.
Music gives wanderings to human life. And its pleasing tune
releases a person from all the worries and anxieties and
connects him with the divinity or spirituality. In everyday life we
come across a lot of problems. But that problematic and hectic
life can be changed to a heavenly and peaceful life by the help of
music. We, the human beings always like to fantasize and are
fond of art and aesthetic. And music is the device to express
our expression.
Music has the potential to influence us both psychologically
and physiologically, it is an important area of therapy for stress
management. Music therapy can make use of biofeedback, it
can reduce tension and facilitate the relaxation response. It may
be more compatible with relaxation than verbal stimuli, which
may be distracting – music is processed mainly in –nonverbal
area of the brain. Music may help people to identify and express
the feelings associated with their stress.
From the ancient age Bengalis are known to be culturally
rich because they are famous for their art and culture. In this
cultural atmosphere the creative songs of Rabindranath play a
vital part tounderstand the Bengali culture. Though 21 st century
witnesses the introduction of a number of music forms, Tagore
songs continue to be a subject of priority for the Bengalis. The
work –of Rabindranath gives a new identity to the Bengali

community. Tagore Songs have left a permanent mark in the
hearts of Bengalis. As in Bengali culture the lyrics and tune of
his songs plays a significant role. So the songs of -Tagore stand
as cultural milestone to every Bengali. For the Bengali
community, Tagore’s songs will always be an ideal, in
comparison to other Bengali songs. As Rabindranath is an
idealistic figure to the Bengalis and his created pieces of art an
asset to them. So it is true that Rabindrasangeet and Bengalis
are bound in a strong, deep bond from where they get their
inspiration to life.
Tagore Songs have strong therapeutic value. The three
aspects of music are its Tune, Rhythm and the Lyrics. The Tune
helps in relaxing and realizing one’s own self and to slowly unbind
oneself from the aliments of mind and body, the Rhythm helps
in body movements which rejuvenate the mind and Lyrics unfold
repressed wishes and desires.
For the destruction of stress of all kinds and for the proper
constructiveness of modern man’s competitive mechanical life
the therapeutic value of Tagore Song’s is increasing day by day.
Tagore songs have acquired an extraordinary position in the
mindset of the Bengalis. And hardly any other form of music
can describe their mental setup better than Rabindrasangeet.
In ‘Sangeetchinta’ and ‘Jibonsmriti’ Gurudev Rabindranath
expressed many musical and philosophical opinion to relate
about our daily lines. Rabindranath expressed his personal
outlook towards life through his songs which now finds relevance
even in our contemporary lives.
The efficacy of Music Therapy depends on appropriate
choice and application of music and rhythm. Therapeutic
application of Tagore songs depends on the mental state of the
individual. For example, the well-known song ‘Prano bhariye
trisha horiye more aro aro dao pran’ filling the heart and quenching
the thirst give me more and more life and another popular song
‘Jodi tor dhak sune keu na ashe tobe ekla cholo re’ means If no
one responds to your call then proceed alone can work as an

antidote for a depressed mind. Besides most of his songs are
related to our daily lives to motivate our emotion and mental
stress. These songs are like-
1. ‘Nai nai voy, hobe hobe joy, khule jabe eai dar’ means we,
at this point of time, are victims of stress and stress related
problems. For example, we suffer from depression and
withdrawal symptoms. And this song is intimately connected
with these problems. Its essence is the message we have to
conquer our fears, we have to overcome our familial fears. The
poet invokes us to come out of this sphere of problems.
2. ‘Hobe joy, hobe joy, hobe joy re, ohe bir he nirvoy.’ This
song is address to cope with our tiredness and depression. In
fact, each and every time of this song helps us to overcome our
stress and despair. The inner message of the song in question
is the following: we have to be fearless and victorious, only then
love, life and power will strengthen us and our existence and will
help us in battling the adversities of life
3. ‘Bipode more rokhya koro ea nohe mor prarthona.’ This
song is highly relevant, it tells us not to depend on prayers and
consolation. It tells us to cultivate the power of the heart, learn
politeness, recognize the role of power to identify sorrow, danger,
loss and inspire the inner desires. The poet say he is not seeking
relief from mental stress, from pain in losing near and dear ones,
financial problems, professional pressures, problems in family
life. The poet says he does not want to evade or avoid these
negatives. In fact, on the contrary, he seeks the help of this song
to pare the reality and, seeks courage to battle the negatives.
4. ‘Moder jemon khela temni je kaj janish ne ki vai.’ People
often adopt a middle way to seek release from stress. We shall
discuses here the problem of apathy towards work. The poet
tells us not to any fear connected with work but to enjoy work as
play. We should think we are engaged in play while laboring. At
present, we are victims of mental problems related to our work
and profession. From this emanates various complex problems

which affect our daily routine. It could often lead to indifference
to work we have to conquer this negative aspect.
5. ‘Jodi tor dak sune keu na ashe tobe ekla cholo re.’ This
song conveys the following message. A therapist should identify
the depression, anxiety and withdrawal symptom and say that
we are not born to become failures. Rather, he should be guided
by the inner light and glow which will bring success to him.
After analyzing these songs, we find that if we feel and try to
realize our lives very minutely then we enjoy our life to the fullest.
In the present globalized world, we are leading a very mechanical
life. To overcome this we can take the help of music. And for the
Bengalis Rabindrasangeet plays a vital role. Tagore wrote his
songs to depict his realizations from life. And without any
hesitation we say to what great extent conscious and sensible
he was towards life. In ‘Sangeetchinta’ the poet says that
“Chirokalei ganer sur amar mone ekta onirbochoniyo abeg
upostit kore. Ekhono – kajkormer majkhane hotath ekta gan
sunile amar kache ekmuhurtei somosto songsarer vabantor
hoiya jay. Ei somosto chokhe dhekar rajjyo gane sonar modhyo
diya hotath ekta ki nuton ortho lav kore.”1
It means that Tagore song has the power to create joy and it
also connects us to infinite divinity. At the same time we can
take Rabindrasangeet as a source of inspiration in our busy
daily life. The creativity in Tagore’s song has always been infusing
the Bengali emotion. Tagore has realized the facts of day to day
life and composed his songs with his own life experience. In
‘Sangeetchinta’ the poet also says that “Amader kache amader
protidiner songsarta thik samonjosyomoy noy - Tar kono tuchho
ongsho hoyto oporimito boro khudatrisna, jhaghrajhati, aram-
beyaram, tukitaki, khutinati, khitimiti eiguli bortyoman muhurtoke
kontokito kore tulche, kintu sangeet tar nijer vitorkar sundor
samonjoshyer dara muhurter modhye jeno ki ek mohomontre
somosto songsartike emon ekti perspective er modhye dar koray
jekhane or khudro khonosthayi osamonjoshyogulo ar chokhe

pore na.”2
Besides, if producing music in an improvisational way, and
discussing pieces of music and lyrics in a group, in that case
Rabindrasangeet can also help us become more aware of our
emotional reactions and encourage us to share constructively
with the group. Therefore we realize that music can be taken as
igniting power in mind. And it also produces a meditative effect
on our polluted hectic life.
In 21st century the popularity of Rabindrasangeet is
increasing above the expectation level. It implies that the present
generation is also getting fascinated by Rabindrasangeet
gradually. Apart from the tune, lyrics, rhythm, Rabindrasangeet
has also become an indispensable part of Bengali culture. People
can easily get over their gloom, melancholy, grief through the
mesmerizing tune of Rabindrasangeet. In ‘Sangeetchinta’ the
poet says that “Sangeeter moto emon ashchorjyo indrojal bidhya
jagate ar kichui nei, e ek nuton sristikorta. Ami to vebe paine
Sangeet ekta nuton mayajagat srishti kore na puraton jagater
ontorotomo oporup nityo rajyo udghatito kore dey. Gan provriti
kotokguli jinis ache ja manushke ei kota bole je, ‘Tomora jagoter
sokol jiniske jotoei poriskar budhigomyo korte chesta koro na
keno er aasol jinishta onirbochoniyo, ebong tarei songe amader
mormer mormantik jog, tarei jonnye amader eto dukhyo, eto
sukh, eto bekulota.”3
Conclusion In the end, this journey is about US, It allows us
to think about things such as, Why do We act like this? How do
We want to be seen? How do We want to live our life? Do we
want to be a puppet on strings pulled by stress, or do We want
to take a good look at ourselves and find out how We can make
things better? We decide, We choose. We may be surprise at
how much pleasure We have while We find out. It means
Bengalis can get all the answers to the problems of life in
Rabindrasangeet and it works as an unstoppable inspiring
source which gives fuel to the lives of the Bengalis.
End Notes: -
1. Rabindranath Thakur, Sangeetchinta (Culcutta: Visha bharati
Granthan Bivag, Ograhayan, 1393), 175.
2. Ibid, 191.
3. Ibid, 192.
Reference:
1. Carnegie, Dale. How to Stop Worrying and start living. New Delhi:
Arnold Helineman, 1982.
2. Chapra, Dr. H. K. Lifestyle & Health. New Delhi: Sterling
Publishers, 2006.
3. Harding, Jennie. Stress Management. London: British Library
Cataloguing Publication, 2011.
4. Mukhopaddhay, Provatkumar. Gitobitan Kalanukromik Suchi.
Kolkata: Tagore Research Institute. 25 Se boishak, 1385.
5. Mukhopaddhay, Provatkumar. Rabindra Jiboni prothom khando.
Culcutta: Visha bharati Granthan Bivag. Ograhayan, 1392.
6. Nalapat, Suvarna. Music Therapy. New Delhi: Readworthy
Publication, 2008
7. Thakur, Rabindranath. Sangeetchinta. Culcutta: Visha bharati
Granthan Bivag. Ograhayan, 1393.
8. Thakur, Rabindranath. Jibonsmriti. Culcutta: Visha bharati
Granthan Bivag. Ograhayan, 1398.
Labour Politics
Kashi Nath Mahaldar
Why a Particular is Called Laborer? When Mankind itself

is Laborer! The word labor means workforce and which turned
into a very crucial word in our society. We all work, we all effort
to accomplish our tasks. But why we particularize in the name
of labour (workforce) to a class or a man as labourer? While
mankind itself is labourer. I’m going through a few steps to
annoyance your brain.
A man in nature is labour. A man born and brought up like a
labour, working for nature. He earns and he waits for fruits get
ripe through his own labour, sometimes against nature and
sometimes for nature.
Man is a part of nature, it is sure, similarly, labour is a part of
mankind and labor is a natural to you, you cannot eschew it.
And remember, to be laborer, One has to be laborious, and
to be laborious, one has to be laborer first (Laborer, One who
works for body or fame) either mental or physical labourer.
But questions is that labourer are unskilled worker, earn daily
using their body instead of brain, in this manner , you defined
and classified a class or group of man as a labourer. Isn’t it?
But who does not earn daily, per day? I mean, Who does
not calculate their income per day, daily? The man who works
as a scientist or president!
Then, why? They retire after a limited and calculated days?
Then Why they are paid calculating days? The only difference
is rate which you have right to made, giving the common worker
the title, where you Don’t allow them to make any right of them
because of your critical knowledge.
Yes! Scientist do not retires but he or she has to invent or
mend the theory or has to vomits his experience till death
*Prose Writer
Labour Politics ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 337
laboriously day and night because of his scientific knowledge

which needs only mental labour.
Again let me explain the term ‘unskilled’ which is used in the
definition. You called them unskilled, but Are they really unskilled?
No! They are not unskill! They are skilful enough,
How?
You can questions. Look, An Engineer or a driver, or a player
are skilled, they go through a course, it’s true. Who said the
primary worker do not ? but we fails to see that! If a man don’t
have skill to dig the crust, or if a man don’t have skill of carrying
loads on his head,
Do you engaged them to your work?
Skill is everywhere, in the works of everybody. Do you think
only they have workforce, labor , by which they perform a task,
then why an Healthy Engineer cannot do the same work who
has enough workforce? Because he has workforce but not
skillful on that particular works which the man has. All are skillful
in their field, but the difference is the field of taking course of skill.
Here all labors for wages, and the only difference is levels of
rate of wages. The primary worker works much get less wages
and after that you underestimate them giving a title laborer as
you are Hawk, sitting top of the Tree, busy to make differentiation
according your own interest.
And good laborers are sometimes rewarded , either he works
in the field or parliament with fame and popularity.
We all are laborers. If you don’t know this , you should
discuss it with your wife, if you are married. Women are always
good laborers, they cannot avoids it a little but it is sure they
cannot tolerate the word labourer because it seems to
underestimate them. If she doesn’t know, she is ignorant or
innocent. She should know how much she has to labour in a day!
Again let me remind the term laborer, the term is a noun
which means someone who works with their hands or one who
uses his body instead of brain to earn wages.
338 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Labour Politics
You know, she, I mean your wife, makes you awake; she
makes foods for you, as early as possible. She is always busy,
day and night, for your needs —busy with husband and sons.
She does everything with the help of her hands and brain, then,
Is she laborer ? Laborer uses hands and body to earn according
the dictionaries, instead of brain. But question is that only using
brain , can any work be performed without bodily effort? Or any
task can be performed with bodily effort without using brain?
Certainly! no.
When you cannot make yourself awake after the alarm of
wife, you shake your body just in couch, then you wife, late night-
slept wife keep busy herself for your office foods or school foods
for your sons. She always thinks of needs, your own needs. Not
labour! She works with her work force timely. Here she knows
her responsibilities. And to perform these responsibilities need
both brain and bodily labour. When she make you awake , she
uses brain, when she cooks foods , standing alone in a small
kitchen room, she uses hands , means body …and brain when
she mixes spices. That means one has to uses both body and
brain in the same time to cook.
One day I ask an educated young lady of 34,
Are you labourer?
She replied, what! Are you mad!
After that I don’t dare to ask any questions on that day. But I
know about her, she does every day the said works. Then who
is labourer? They man who works in the field only?
Again in the next day, I asked her another question, who does
your household works?
She replied, ‘Definitely me”
Then I threw another question, who according you is laborer?
“One who works for wages” ——————she replied.
I asked, Do you work for wages?
“wives doesn’t work for wages” ———she replied hurriedly
and went away.
But really wives do not work for wages!
She uses both body and brain as the man or woman who
works hourly to earn. She mentally accepts herself, she is the
workforce of the family, but when one calls her laborer, she gets
angry, but She does not know what I am doing is labour too , if
her husband would keep a woman to do all the tasks, she does
every day, she surely would introduces her as a laborer or
servant of the house to her guests.
(Again, I am saying same thing,) She sends you office, she
sends your sons schools, take cares your old busy parents,
and cook your arrival foods, night foods, and household works.
In between them, she does beauty herself otherwise you will
not take her to the parties or cinema hall. If she one day forgets
to iron your shirt, you don’t care to slap or rebuke her. And this
slapping needs labour.
But why one slaps or rebuke to spouse ? And you say!
What happens when your mate get satisfied with your works?
I think he or she rewards you?
But why the word reward or rebuke or slapping comes
between the two most sweet relation? Because the relationship
is conditional, depends on needs of each other.
If you keep a man or woman instead her , you call her or him
a labourer or labour, but she or he too is a wife or husband of
someone and she or he begins to depend upon your wages and
his bodily works, but here everybody depends on each other,
dependency is chained in our society.
Again, the term, labour and laborer may mean different to
you. Labour is noun and verb both but laborer is only noun. If
you go to works in NASA as a scientist, they will pay you hourly
or par day or per month or year. But to get payment you are
selling your labour. There you labor laboriously day and night to
performs a task, and your labour makes you socially difference
in our society but what makes you socially difference is labour
. And you labored for the wages not immediately but surely.
But The man who works in NASA and who works in field
both uses workforce, both uses brain.
How both uses brain?

The Scientist from early of his life struggling laboriously to
invent something or recreate something, using various theory,
similarly a Man who works in the field has been practising the
technique of his works from early of his life with the help of
workforce and brain. Level of brain is different, level of labour is
different, but each labors —————————Do you think
laborer don’t have brain?
Do You Think scientist does not labour?
No. isn’t it?
An engineer study hard to get theory through bookish
knowledge and apply it , advice it to the primary workers. And
the primary workers who always practically efforts to work
through the advice of an engineer as he never went through the
books. Similarly, Engineer can’t not work the works of primary
workers as he never went through the course of his works. but
both laboring in two different field for body and fame, both same;
mankind. Weapon (labor) of both is same.
Again, Struggling is not labour but to struggle one need labor.
Here everybody struggling—struggling for existence, in more
specifically, the politicians are struggling to snatch the seats,
the business men are struggling to profit more, but you don’t
compare with farmers, they struggle too —————struggle
with nature— natural hazards to protect your Banquet. But their
struggle is always laborious. They are the wives of mankind.
They are close more close to nature. They like wives makes
foods , cooks for you, sends it for you, after that ,they are deprived
sections, you say, you name them according your pleasure, you
say sometimes, underestimating them, laborers or sometimes
mistaking and make you so! Ask him how painful it is, to hear.
Again who works in the construction building, you call them
labourer but — Are they only labourer or hard worker working
for wages daily ? you don’t labour ! Think! Sometimes they too
take their wages at the end of week or month and sometimes a
professor too take their wages daily, when the works for one
day. You can question ——— How?
Think, when a professor go to the University to examine the
answer sheet or when he guards in any competitive exam, he
calculates his wages of his labour per day, daily. Isn’t it?
Busyness is not labour. Cops keep themselves busy,
ministers keep themselves busy, they are busiest, they can’t
give time to their dear one even but they are busy but what make
them busy is labor. They themselves call this “We are Busy, I
‘m busy” these frequently use term I heard myself.
You name a person labourer, in exchange of money or dollar,
your own laborer, you say proudly! Labour is not work ! Here
everybody works, but everybody is not called laborer or laborious.
why?
You broadly can divide labor into two ————mental labour
and physical labour.
But what is mental labor?
First let me say, what we accept here is mentally, definitely
by here I means in the earth. If I say, I study, I teach, I talk , I
deliver speech, and all these cost energy but we don’t say energy
is labor, labour always cost energy too,——
But do you think?
Talking, studying, teaching are laborious?
Yes, these are. These are Mental labors. In mental labour
, we give labour to think, to talk, isn’t it?
But how you make one understand that you are mentally
laborious?
If you make understand , Then everybody laborer, the mad
who singing is laborious, the boy who playing sick and hide is
laborious. Will you accept it ? Again I am warning you, energy is
not labor, we know, without energy, there is no shape of labor.
But energy is not labor. we can do work energetically, laboriously,
Then what is labour?
We say, The labour is the effort by which we perform a
particular task. But eating, drinking, sitting, everywhere needs
efforts , then these are labor! Then why an intellectual old man
uses “I feel pain when I sit in arm chair” instead of the word
labour? Because he lakes labour (workforce) and gets hurt.
And again we use laborer as a name of working people. But the
question is that, here every body works, everybody performs,
and then why a particular is called laborer?
Then what we understand by Laborer?
Performance of task or working people?
Once, I ask a business man, what do you understand by
labour?
He replied “daily worker”
Then I threw another questions to him, what do you
understand by laborious?
He said, “one who works hard”
Again I threw a next questions, ————Do you work daily?
But unfortunately he cannot give me response because of the
arrival of the train. But my intelligent readers know what could
be his response. ..
Who does not work every day?
Likes wives, like farmers everybody uses their workforce,
their efforts, everybody labors, every day.
Then, only hard working people are laborious?
And, one who daily works is laborer?
Is it?
Again, Intelligence is not labour but intelligent person is
laborer or laborer. To be intelligent you have to laborious. The
difference between ‘laborer’ and ‘laborious’ is noun and adjective.
You know but you don’t know what is, You too a laborer, either
mental laborer or physical laborer. The people who works
physically, be tired physically and one who works mentally, he
be tired mentally. But remember both the labors make you tired
and cost your energy.
Actually, after all, we are all laborers, either physically or
mentally… but what is the problem is that, we cannot tolerate
the word ‘laborer’ mentally.
When one calls us laborer, we cannot swallow it.

One day, mine a friend, Roma went to the Burdwan University
for attested but she came back being insulted because the
officer was busy and he entered into the office and requested
him thrice for attested her documents, when she third time
made the request, he shouted at him—”Do think I’m labourer!!”
in English and all others men who were working beside the
officer desk, began to chuckle at her. Why he shouted? Because
he has to be laborious more than before to do the extra work
(attested).
And this mental labors (Shouting) costs his energy. He labors
to shout. He labors to work there, but he being labourer is not
ready to endure the word ‘laborer’ when he is called a laborer.
Again, can’t stop to say myself, a few writers , social writers
of India, are very much conscious about the term labour and
politics under it in their writing, but problem is their private life
and real life, not writing, they are conservative in nature but in
artificially they are against social torture of division and
underestimation. Look, when those writers are printing
something, dived deeply into it but they cannot stop there
themselves from true, And when he or she engage a man to
prune his or her garden. He use mentally the term labour instead
of his good name. And while one man is engaged to prone
garden, he or she round many a time during the man’s labour
(pruning) to watch , for watching he or she has to cost labour
not less than the man who pruning (according his level of daily
labors). But he being conscious of his own labor, he cannot
express it the man but to his spouse. As, if he express his own
feeling to him, he thinks I am underestimating myself, I too labour
not in his type but type.
If a economical man go to a primary worker to labors for
him, he carries reporter with him or pre-papered himself
announcing but it is knowing unknown that all primary workers
always labor to make stomach satisfied of the mankind. Their
announce is unheard, their labor continue for the sake of mankind
and artificial man’s labour is for announcing death, But the lazy
class always run after artificiality, they give importance on virtual
reality rather than reality and differentiation. They try minutely
differentiate mankind. The true hearts who working in factory or
field or constructions are called labour or laborer but they don’t
fear or don’t care or perhaps cannot care of their poor rate of
income or system created by those uplift men.
We find in Tagore,
S!â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yú£z õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛îú xÖƒyì˛ ˆúyÑ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚£z ¢ÇÖƒy ˆÓ!üñ ì˛yÓ˚y£z
Óy£òó ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õyò%°Ï £ÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆò£zó ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z!FäÈˆÏ‹T ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ôy!úì˛– ¢Ó ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õ
ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ñ Ñ˛õ ˛ôÛˆÏÓ˚ñ Ñ˛õ !üˆÏÖñ Óy!Ñ˛ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î≈y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ó ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚◊õñ
¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x¢¡øyò– Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜ õˆÏÓ˚ñ v˛zˆÏ˛ôyˆÏ¢ õˆÏÓ˚ñ
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ÁÎ˚yúyˆÏîÓ˚ úy!Ì G§˛y›˛y ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ õˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈã#ÓòÎyeyÓ˚ ãòƒ Îì˛ÈÙÈ!Ñ˛ä%È ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ¢%!ÓˆÏï ¢ÓÈÙÈ!Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ì˛yÓ˚y Ó!M˛Èì˛– ì˛yÓ˚y ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ !˛ôú¢%ãñ õyÌyÎ˚ ≤Ãî#Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Öyv˛¸y î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ÈÙÈv˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
¢Óy£z xyˆÏúy ˛ôyÎ˚ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Üy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛ú Ü!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–V
“There have always been one group of unseen people in
society, their number is always greater, they are the carriers;
they have no time to evolve as humans; they live off what their
country throws away. They eat the least, they have the least to
call their own, they learn less than all the others and they look
after the rest; their labour is the greatest as is their misfortune.
They die of disease at the slightest excuse, or of starvation and
their mistreatment at the hands of those who are above them –
they are deprived of every kind of comfort one needs in life. They
are the stands upon which the lamp of civilization is placed,
standing straight with the flame held above them – they ensure
that everyone above receives light while they are covered in the
drips of oil.”
Ó˚y!üÎ˚yÓ˚ !â˛!‡˛
ÈÙÈÓ˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚
In Rabindranath Tagore, the Nobel laureate, we find many
broad and open writing about the socially deprived section but I
don’t find anywhere like APJ Abdul Kalam and his family. Kalam
in his Autobiography, “Wings of Fire” wrote , “I do not recall the
exact number of people she fed every day, but I am quite certain
that far more outsiders ate with us than all the members of our
own family put together” but Tagore don’t have instances like
him.
But Tagore by “unseen people in society” classified and
underestimated them and named them according his pleasure
and interest it seems that he sympathising them but true is he
labored for own, underestimating them as “unseen people in
society”
If we ourselves cannot make our hearts alerts that we are
labour of nature or laborer in nature, and slave of labour, our
classifications, differentiation and underestimations and
deprivations will increase itself day to day.
But what should we remember is, the word labor is an
inseparable part of our life. G.B. Shaw in his essay “Freedom”
wrote, “ …we are slave to necessities” we easily swallow it
“slave to necessities” but can’t Swallow the Word ‘laborer’.
Being fully conscious of our daily labour to satisfy our stomach
daily, we are unable to sallow the word , labour or labourer in
case of us but what we call easily to the primary worker because
we, when increase our knowledge or health power or wealth ,
we begin to underestimate them who works under us because
of their high availability and give wages and name of them
according our own pleasure and interest. Actually, we are always
busy to be socially classified, forgetting our continuous labour ,
being laborer. Here every body labors and the type of labors of
each can be different but workforce (which I mean ability to do
a particular task) is always same. But we can’t swallow it, the
word labourer.
( Again, being everybody labour, we cannot marks everybody labour or
labourer, if it is expose to our dear wives, engineers, doctors, scientists and
players labourer (etc) so, they will think they are made fool like them who
works in the construction buildings or fields and will not be encouraged to
do such difficult tasks as only earning large amount of money is not enough,
look, to-days there is so many easy and escaped ways by which we can earn
money enough and they will not take steps forward making life mechanical
device.)
This creates difference of opinion and difference of social
class. Force us to call our laborious sister who sweeps your
floor, a laborer, our laborious brother who cultivates your banquet,
a labourer, but cannot think labor is effort, instead, we make him
or her a class, laborer. We forget, we all laborers, and we are all
“Slave of nature”, because here everybody efforts, labors or uses
workforce resolutely to make our stomach satisfied.
“Labour is blossoming or dancing where

The body is not bruised to pleasure soul”
—-W. B Yeats
Kajoli in ‘So Many Hungers’

By Bhabani Bhattacharya
Amit Kumar De*
Bhabani Bhattacharya is an outstanding Indo-Anglian novelist

of the present times. He has written both fictional and non fictional
works but he is best known for his novels which have received
highest critical acclaim in India and abroad. He is a social realist.
He went on to produce such literary master pieces as so many
Hungers (1947) Music for Mohini (1952), He who Rides a Tiger
(1954), A Goddess Named Gold (1960), Shadow From Ladakh
(1966) and Dream in Hawaii (1978).
All the novels of Bhattacharya present a true picture of the
problems of contemporary India society. Sudhakar Joshi feels
“His novels have a penetrating and sympathetic analyses of the
simple but unsurmountable problems in Indian life. His themes
general revolve round poverty, hunger, pestilence, traditionalism,
caste system, Industrialization and the resulting controversy of
Gandhian pan aches versus rapid industrialization”.
Bhabani Bhattacharya is a writer with a missionary zeal. His
novels give us a glimpse of his personality, his awareness of
the human predicament, his interest in what goes on in the inner
chamber of the human mind and his philosophy of moderation
and compromise. This article shows how Bhabani Bhattacharya
portrays the picture of Indian women characters who seem to
be at wars with both self and the society.’
In his first novel, Bhattacharya deals with the famine in
Bengal. As Balaram S. Sort writes ‘In so many Hungers,
Bhattacharya synthesizes the old and the new value through
*Research Scholar, F. M. University, Ballasore.

348 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Kajoli in ‘So Many Hungers’...
different sets of character and episodes. The stories of the Basu

family in Calcutta and Kajoli’s family in Baruni project his belief
that life is all compromise and there can, never the less, be
unity in diversity.”
When the story begins Kajoli is an innocent rustic girl of
fourteen. She lives in her ancestral mud-and-thatch house along
with her mother and a Younger brother, Onu, aged ten or eleven.
Her father and an elder brother, Kanu are in the prison.
Bhattacharya very strongly expresses his intimate
knowledge of village life. In this novel he has shown how the
villagers of Baruni lead their simple but dignified life. Kajoli does
not forget the old customs of India then Rahoul arrives at the
house in the company of Devesh Basu whom the villagers call
him ‘Devata’ out of love and respect. He is a retired teacher. He
is an earnest follower of Gandhji. He often shares their plain
meal consisting of “ Steamed rice and lentils, a pinch of salt and
a lemon, some baked sweet potato and a vegetable curry of
sorts and perhaps some thickened milk in a small brass by way
of luxury” Kajoli shows her due respect and admiration to Rahoul
by removing the shoes from his feet, pouring cold water on the
feet and washing off the dust. Rahoul is embarrassed. Devata
reminds him that Kajolis is ‘a well bred peasant girl with a legacy
of manners as old as India.” Here Bhattacharya delineates the
social picture of the so called aristocratic people like Basu,
Mukherjee, Bhattacharya, Chatterjee etc. how they receive the
respect from the poor peasant girl of rural Bengal. Bhattacharya,
by name a Bengali Brahmin likes up the social issues of caste
system traditional of Hindu society. “Human relationship here
implies family relationship Kajoli misses her father and elder
brother. She is moved by the parental love for Devesh Basu and
brotherly affection for Rahoul. Kajoli expresses respect, love,
anxiety, ambition and wonder for them.
Another important feature of Bhattacharya’s art of
characterization is that his women characters belong to a
Kajoli in ‘So Many Hungers’... ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 349
particular class in which they have wonderful fighting spirit.

Hunger uprooted millions of peasants from their soil. Most of
the hungry rural people rush to the big cities. In the country side
they catch the fish crabs and figs and the roots to eat in the city
they are completed to catch the rats to survive. The garbage
cans become their food bowls in the city. Hungers makes them
very weak. They are unable to protect themselves from the wild
animals.
“A woman lay stretched by the trunk, groaning, while a Jackal
crouched and ate her body. The Jackal saw Kajoli, grunted and
slunk off unhurried.”
Kajoli never imagines what danger lives before her. There
are another type of hunger, hunger for sex appears when one
night during their journey for Calcutta Kajoli is raped by a soldier
in the meadows. The soldier is a pray to sex. But he does not
lose his humanity, he takes Kajoli and her family to Calcutta, in
an ambulance and admit her in a hospital. Here Kajoli can not
save her chastity for two reasons, firstly as she is pregnant she
is too weak to fight or run and secondly it is hunger which makes
her helpless. In order to get some more bread for her mother
and brother she offers her body to the soldier’s hunger for sex.
Kajoli’s mother is happy that Kajoli is at least gets food in the
hospital. But in spirit she is pure.
Kajoli recovers her strength to fight against the poverty which
is prevalent every where. Through Kajoli Bhattacharja shows
that poverty hunger can not degrade the true human spirit. Kajoli
suffers terribly. At last her soul has been awakened and she has
progressed from spiritual darkness to light when she feels that
the purity can not be restored and she decides to sell herself
for the sake of her mother and brother.
Bhattacharya had no use for “art for art’s sake” and firmly
believed that art should be for life’s sake. Art should not keep
away from life and its problems, rather it should deal with such
problems, focus attention on them and thus provoke thinking,
so that the problems concerned may be tackled and solved.
350 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Kajoli in ‘So Many Hungers’...
Through Kajoli’s character Bhattacharya shows the wretched

condition of the contemporary Indian society. Bhattacharya
writes, “The need for self expression could be as strong as other
needs…. for food, for sleep, for women.” Kajoli devours the
bread offered by an Indian soldier without thinking about her
starving younger brother. This shows that “Self preservation is
great in man when a person is on the verge of death, he knows
no human relations.”
In this novel through Kajoli’s character Bhattacharya has
mentioned Indian spirit and though in his novels there was a
greatt impact of Mahatma Gandhi and Tagore. Like them the
main purpose of Bhattacharya is to depict the India of tomorrow
as strong, self sufficient and spiritually great Bhattacharya
dreams of a socialistic society for India. In his novels he firmly
shows equality and justice for all. In So Many Hungers Kajoli
respects Deveta because through his character the novelist
focuses the quit India movement the other phases of National
movement, such as the civil Disobedience movement and re
breaking of the salt law.
Bhattacharya’s realism has made of Kajoli a pregnant figure,
but her rate in the total design of the novel is nevertheless a
subsidiary one. She becomes the symbol of human love. In her
complexity he stands for all men. She suffers deeply in badly
and mind in the middle reach of her life but she never loses her
courage and honesty. Through her character, Bhattacharya
shows that he is a serious observer of life. The novelist is strongly
conscious about social affairs and has deep concern for the
suffering humanity, Kajoli, who is on the verge of her personal
degradation” responds to her inner voice and chooses the right
path. Through her character Bhattacharya attacks the British
government for their negligence and condemns the British
administration for its different attitude towards Bengal in the
economic crisis.
Kajoli in ‘So Many Hungers’... ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 351
References :
1. Bhattacharya, Bhabani, So Many Hungers, New Delhi : Orient
Paper backs, 1978.
2. Sorot Balaram S. The Novel of Bhabani Bhattacharya.
3. Dr. B. Syamalarao: Bhabani Bhattacharya and his works.
4. Monika Gupta: The novels of Bhabani Bhattacharya.
5. Ram Sewak Singh: Bhabani Bhattacharya, A Novelist of Dreamy
Wisdom.
6. Narendrapratap Singh: Social criticism in the novels of Bhabani
Bhattacharya.
7. G. Rai: Bhabani Bhattacharya, A study of his novels.Papers,
Ph.D. thesis paper on A.K. Mukherjee, Amaravati University, I.G.
Purohit: Sourashtra University, Meenakshi Tewari: Kumaun
University.
2348 4870

Issue 4th Vol 12th June &amp; September 2017 Ebong Prantik

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Issue 4th Vol 12th June &amp; September 2017 Ebong Prantik

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

~ÓÇ ˛≤Ãy!

Issue : 4th Vol. 12th June & September, 2017

≤ÃÑ˛yü ≠ 18 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ñ 2017

≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛ ≠ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛

≤Ãy!Æﬂ˛iyò ≠ ˆîÛãñ ˆî Ó%Ñ˛ ˆﬁ›˛yÓ˚ Sî#˛ô%Vñ ˛ôy!ì˛Ó˚yõñ

!Ó!òõÎ˚ õ)úƒ ≠ 250 ›˛yÑ˛y

† ˆúÖyÓ˚ îy!Î˚c ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !òãﬂ˛∫– ¢¡ôyîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !ú!Öì˛ xò%õ!ì˛ äÈyv˛¸y ~£z

˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ≠ !Óhﬂ+˛ì˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y Á !Ó!â˛e ¢,!‹T

˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyÌ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ S1847ÈÙÈ1919V ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ≤Ãïyò Á !Ó!ü‹T

*˛≤Ãy_´ò !Ó¶˛yÜ#Î˚ ≤Ãïyòñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ñ˛yü# !£®% !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

ˆòò– 1869 !Öﬁ›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÜ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Óy·˛¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ õ%Ö˛ôe v˛zÍÑ˛ú ˛ô!eÑ˛y Óy

˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ˆö˛yÑ˛úy !îÜ¡∫Ó˚ñ õÎ˚òy ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ Á ˛ôyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚

˜eˆÏúyÑ˛ƒòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“ x!ì˛≤ÃyÑ,˛ì˛ Óy xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ ¶)˛ì˛ˆÏ≤ÃˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛Ôì%˛Ñ˛Ñ˛y!£!ò=!ú

Î%!_´ ì˛ˆÏÑ˛≈Ó˚ Ó,_yhs˛ Á úyúò

S1987V ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ñ Ó˝ ˆâ˛‹TyˆÏì˛Á @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ !ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ £z¢úy!õ

*ˆ˛ôüyÎ˚ £z!O!òÎ˚yÓ˚ñ ˆòüyÎ˚ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛–

!îÑ˛òyõ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ £hﬂ˛#òyõ £hﬂ˛#òyõ¢õ)ˆÏ£Ó˚ xÌ≈ Á !e´Î˚y!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ÓƒyÖƒy

Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ñ ÚÜãÈÙÈÑ˛FäÈˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ m®µÛ Óy ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ÜíõyòƒˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ˆÓîK˛yò#ˆÏîÓ˚ m®µ

¢#õy£#ò ÖyÓ˚y˛ô ˆÓ!ü ÖyÓ˚y˛ô ˆÓ!ü ¶˛yú ¢#õy£#ò ¶˛yú

ïπ!ò=!úÓ˚Á !e´Î˚y!¶˛!_Ñ˛ xˆÏÌ≈ Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ì˛y !Óîƒõyò– à È=È Ñ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚£¢ƒñ ~å =È â˛Î˚òÓ˚£¢ƒñ

xyÓ˚Á !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y ÎyÑ˛21óÈÙÈ

ÓyÇúy– £zwÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛îú â˛ˆÏú !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú xyÎ≈ƒyÓˆÏ_≈Ó˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛ˆÏõ xyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛îú

ï,!ì˛ ¢%Öñ xy◊Î˚ñ üÓ˚íñ Óƒ!¶˛â˛yÓ˚¶˛yÓ !ÓˆÏü°Ï– õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ Ó!®ˆÏcÓ˚ Sï,ì˛V

Literature is the mirror of life”ÈÙÙÙÙÈ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤ÃÓyˆÏî ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛

Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò £zì˛yú#Ó˚ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ñ ˆòyˆÏÓúãÎ˚# ˛ú%£z!õ !˛ôÓ˚yòˆÏîˆÏúy S1849V– ì˛y§Ó˚ ≤ÃŸ¿

ˆâ˛‹TyÎ˚ òÑ˛üyú˛ôs˛i#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD õ)úˆÏﬂ˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôy!›≈˛ ˆòì˛,ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢Çá°Ï≈–

1 ˆõ 1969 ÙÙÙ ü!£î !õòyˆÏÓ˚ !¢.!˛ô.xy£zS~õ.~úV îˆÏúÓ˚ xyd≤ÃÑ˛yüÙÙÙÓ_´y

¢õÌ≈Ñ˛– ¢ì˛ƒÓyòˆÏîÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛#Ó˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ◊í#üe&ˆÏîÓ˚

~î‚ ²Ìy!hsþöì„þîû î£zéôé

òyÓ˚#Óyî# £z!ì˛£y¢ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛y ≠ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ì˛

*xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ ﬁ›˛yõˆÏö˛yv˛≈ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîü–

òÓ#ò ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ãyÜÓ˚í ≠ Ó#Ó˚ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ¢Ó%ã˛ôe

*xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ ﬂ˛¨yì˛ˆÏÑ˛y_Ó˚ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ó˚§y!â˛ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

˜â˛ì˛òƒ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈# ˜Ó°åÓ ïˆÏõ≈ ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y

ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# !äÈˆÏúò !òì˛ƒyòˆÏ®Ó˚ ˛ôb#– ãy£´ÓyˆÏîÓ# 1431 üÑ˛yˆÏ∑ SxÌ≈yÍ 1509

!mˆÏãwúyˆÏúÓ˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫ˆÏîüÈÙÈ¢yïòy

*x!ì˛!Ì xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ ï)úyÜv˛¸ õ£y!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Úò%Ó˚ãy£yòÛ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢¡ÀyK˛# ò%Ó˚ãy£yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓD≤Ã#!ì˛ñ !mˆÏãwúyú Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏòy

Ó˝õ%Ö# ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yí#

5– ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ G˛Ó˚y˛ôyì˛y ≠ ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yí#ñ ˆîÛã ¢Çﬂ˛ÒÓ˚í S≤ÃÌõVñ ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ 2007ñ ˛

¢_Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# ≠ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ñ ã#ÓˆÏò

*ÜˆÏÓ!°ÏÑ˛yñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ó˚§y!â˛ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

˛ôÓ˚yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Î§yÓ˚y v˛zîyÓ˚ò#!ì˛ñ ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî Á ¢õyãÓyˆÏî !ÓŸªy¢# !äÈˆÏúò ÈÙÙÙ

~î‚ ²Ìy!hsþöì„þîû î£zéôé

ÓyÇúy Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ xò%Ó˚*˛ôy ˆîÓ#Ó˚ îyò xòﬂ˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈– !ì˛!ò õ!£úy

Ó˚yãÓÇü#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚£z £z!ì˛£y¢– Ú!eˆÏÓí#Ûˆì˛ ˆú!ÖÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚

˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ì˛y§Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢Á òy›˛ƒÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Úõs˛fü!_´Ûñ Úˆ˛ôy°Ïƒ˛ô%eÛ

ãyî%Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ~ÓÇ x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ≠ ¢ı˛yò# xyˆÏúyÎ˚

ãyõ≈y!òˆÏì˛ !â˛e xyˆÏ®yúò£z ≤ÃÌõ ãyî%Óyhﬂ˛Óì˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ú!«˛ì˛ £Î˚– ãyõ≈yò

Úã#Óò Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Óyhﬂ˛Óì˛yÛÎ˚ ü£#î%ú ã!£Ó˚ õ%!_´Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ !òîyÓ˚&í Óyhﬂ˛Ó x!¶˛K˛ì˛y

ãÎ˚ãÎ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õhs˛Óƒ ÈÙÙÙÈ

2V ì˛ˆÏîÓ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 205–

21V ì˛ˆÏÓîñ ˛ô,¤˛y ÈÙÈ 336

²ÌKþy !î„þyŸ ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ ÓyÇúy òy›˛ƒïyÓ˚yÎ˚ñ Üíòy›˛ƒ ~Ñ˛ x!Óﬂ˛øÓ˚í#Î˚ òy›˛Ñ˛

{ŸªÓ˚îü≈òñ õyÎ˚yñ ì˛s˛f Á Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ

Î!î îÎ˚y Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y ~£z=!ú ˆîˆÏÖòñ ˆÎ ˆÜˆÏã!›˛Î˚yÓ˚ Á £zÇ!úü Ñ˛Ó˚¢˛ôòˆÏv˛™ Îy xy!õ ◊#

xyãß√ÈÙÈÓy!úÑ˛yã#Óò¶˛Ó˚£z !äÈúñ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ﬂ˛ô‹T v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ !äÈúñ ¢Ó Óy!úÑ˛yÓ˚

ÚˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÛÓ˚ ˆü°Ï xïƒyÎ˚ ≠ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆò˛ôˆÏÌƒ

ÚÑ˛yv˛zˆÏÑ˛ ãyòyˆÏì˛ ÓyÓ˚í–Û

~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏDñ ÚxyüB˛yÛÓ˚ xyˆÏÜñ Úá›˛Ñ˛y!úÛ òyˆÏõÓ˚ xïƒyˆÏÎ˚ úyÓíƒÈÙÈx!õì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÌy˛ôÑ˛ÌˆÏòÓ˚

Ó%k˛ˆÏòÓ Ó§%Ó˚ fl∫ï˛sf û˛yÓöy ≠

ò„þ’Å„%þhsþ#¢‚îy”óéôé „þyîÄ˜yöìÝþÄ îûî#w˜yí àþy„%þîû ~£z¦þyöìî Öîû& „þöìîûöìŠé˜ öë…yöì˜ „þ’Å

îûî#w˜yí öë…yöì˜ öŸ¡ì „þöìîöû Šì é˜ !àþ„þ ö¢…yöì˜£z !“þ!˜ Öîû& „þîûöœ

ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ ïõ≈ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚

Issue 4th Vol 12th June & September 2017 Ebong Prantik

Issue 4th Vol 12th June & September 2017 Ebong Prantik

ˆòò– 1869 !Öﬁ›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÜ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Óy·˛¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ õ%Ö˛ôe v˛zÍÑ˛ú ˛ô!eÑ˛y Óy

~Ñ˛ Á xÖ[˛ ˛ôÓ˚yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ 1947 !ÖÉñ 15ÈÙÈxyÜﬁ›˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ Á ˛ôy!Ñ˛ﬂ˛iyò