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DURAI MS
ASSISSTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL SURGERY
MGMCRI
Endoscopy is a nonsurgical procedure used to examine a
person's Gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope, a flexible
tube with a light and camera attached to it
1958 Development of fibreoptic gastroscope
1968 Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography
1969 Colonoscopic polypectomy
1970 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography
1974 Endoscopic sphincterotomy (with bile duct stone extraction)
1979 Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
1980 Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy
1980 Endoscopic ultrasonography
1983 Electronic (charge coupled device) endoscope
1985 Endoscopic control of upper gastrointestinal bleeding
1990 Endoscopic variceal ligation
1996 Introduction of self-expanding metal stents
2008 Endomicroscopy delivers histological mucosal definition
UPPER GI ENDOSCOPY
ENTEROSCOPY
COLONOSCOPY
ENDOSNCOPY PRINCIPLE
Endoscopy minimally invasive
diagnostic medical procedure
used to evaluate interior surface
of an organ.
Take Biopsies
Explain cause of pain
Reflux Oesophagitis
Ulcer disease
Oesophagus to jejunum
Malignancy
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Haemorrahage
Injection
Clips
31/07/2016 11
In the pyloric region
1st part of the duodenum
The gastric ulcer
31/07/2016 12
Small bowel pathologies
Angiodysplasia
Meckel’s diverticula
NSAID related enteropathy
Benign or malignant tumour
Push enteroscopy
Double balloon enteroscopy (DBE)
Single balloon enteroscopy (SBE)
Spiral enteroscopy
Capsule endoscopy
Indications:
GI bleeding of obscure origin
Chronic diarrhoea
Malabsorptive syndrome
Chronic abdominal pain
Therapeutic application:
Foreign body removal
Mucosal resection
Insertion of SEMS
Dilatation of stricture in Crohn’s disease
ERCP after Billroth II or Roux-en-Y reconstruction or
after bariatric surgery
Described by Tada in 1977
Sonde enteroscopy
Working length of 250-400cm
Propelled by small bowel peristalsis
Lack of working channel and prolonged examination time
Performed with a dedicated enteroscope with an overtube
Method:
Overtube loaded onto the enteroscope
Enteroscope enter the proximal jejunum
Overtube pushed into the 3rd part of duodenum and held by
assistant
Enteroscope proceed to advance into the jejunum
Patient can drink clears immediately, but no solid food for 3 hours.
Attached to the leads is the recorder and the patient should report
back if it stops recording for any reason.
Belt and aerial should be worn for 8 hours after swallowing or until
the recorder stops recording.
Recorder and aerials are returned, but the capsule is disposable!
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Cost
Reporting time
Impaction
Difficult to localise the lesion
High miss rate
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Overview
• Colonoscopy is a procedure used to see
inside the colon and rectum.
• Colonoscopy can detect inflamed tissue,
ulcers,
and abnormal growths.
• The procedure is used to look for early
signs of colorectal cancer and can help
doctors diagnose unexplained changes in
bowel habits, abdominal pain, bleeding
from the anus, and weight loss.
1
Rectal bleeding with looser or more
Follow up of colorectal cancer and frequent stools ±
polyps
abdominal pain related to bowel
Screening of patients with a actions
family history of colorectal cancer Iron deficiency anaemia (after
biochemical confirmation ±
Assessment/removal of a lesion
seen on radiological examination negative coeliac serology):
oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and
Assessment of ulcerative
colonoscopy together
colitis/Crohn’s extent and activity Right iliac fossa mass if ultrasound
is suggestive of colonic origin
Surveillance of inflammatory
Change in bowel habit associated
bowel disease with fever/elevated inflammatory
response
Surveillance of
acromegaly/ureterosigmoidostomy Chronic diarrhoea (>6 weeks) after
sigmoidoscopy/rectal
biopsy and negative coeliac serology