02 Rock Drilling Methods and Machinery

European Shotfirer Standard
Education for Enhanced Mobility
– ESSEEM –
Drilling methods and commonly
used machinery
worked out and giving a lecture by

Jouko Salonen
Sandvik Mining and Construction Oy
Competencies required in Drilling.
Precise drilling, Rock blasting and Demolition:
– The shotfirer must be familiar with various drilling methods and related machinery
and equipment to some extent. He/she must be able to inform the driller about
preferences as to drill pattern, depth, inclination of holes and matters like health,
environment and hazardous situations during drilling.
.
Straight-hole drilling and drill patterns:

– The shotfirer must understand the importance of straight-hole drilling (and drilling
errors), the position of the hole, direction and depth. Straight-hole drilling is of
paramount importance while doing bench blasting, demolition work and tunnelling.
– Tools for straight-hole drilling:

• Right drill rig.
• Proper drill steel.
• Accurate drilling of patterns (burden and spacing).
• Inclination, deviation and depth measurements / instrumentation.
• Safety when drilling, dust evacuation, noise reduction
Drilling methods and commonly used machinery
List of contents:
1. Drilling machinery, hydraulic/pneumatic/others
2. Drilling methods
3. Drill steels
4. Communication between shotfirer and driller
5. The importance of precise drilling, the position of the hole, the
direction and the depth
6. Drilling for demolition
7. Occupational health and safety
Fundamental knowledge
Supplementary knowledge
Danger
Training plan
Contents Time
(5 hours)
• Drilling machinery 30 min
• Drilling methods 30 min
• Drill steel 30 min
• Communication between shotfirer and driller 15 min
• Importance of precise drilling 150 min
• Drilling for demolition 15 min
• Occupational health and safety 30 min
Slide 5
List of contents:
2. Drilling methods
3. Drill steels
1. Drilling machinery. Hydraulic/pneumatic/others.

Hand held drills + compressors and hydraulic
power unit, petrol driven drills
Rigs of different sizes (and types)
Tunneling and UG mining drilling equipment
Typical hand held drilling machinery:

– A hand held drill, usually pneumatic.
– Dust collector (if needed), usually pneumatic.
– Compressor as a power unit for the drill and the dust collector.
All these can be hydraulic ones as well.
For very small tasks

it is sometimes
economical to
choose a petrol
driven drill.
Small rig applications, 22-45 mm hole sizes.
– Road Construction
– Demolition works
– Secondary breaking
– Foundation drilling Trenching
– Dimensional Stone Quarries
See the dust collector

Dimensional stone applications on the excavator: all
the dust is collected
and taken out from
the quarry.
Top hammer, hole sizes 45-115 mm
Slotting. Used when there is a

need to excavate very close to
buildings. Also quite popular in
dimensional stone quarries.
Winch is often
needed to
ensure safety.
Top hammer, 51-127 mm

Pneumatic rig.
Laser is used to confirm

exact drilling level.
Cop
Rod
rig.
Top hammer, 89-152 mm

Big top hammer rigs are productive but
they prefer good terrain conditions.
Underwater drilling
Top hammer
drilling unit
on board
Down the Hole, 70-190 mm
Even big DTH-rigs are

easily transported.
Rotary drills
Rotary rigs are only used in large

scale production like surface mining.
Tunneling and UG mining drilling equipment

List of contents:
2. Drilling methods
3. Drill steels
2. Drilling methods
Top Hammer
Down the Hole
Rotary
Drilling methods:
Top Hammer DTH Rotary

F
F
F
Hammer Hammer in No hammer

on top the hole at all
Drilling methods, Top hammer:
PERCUSSION
FEED
ROTATION
FLUSHING
•Percussion, enabling drill bit penetration into rock

CUTTINGS
(inpact energy generated by the rock drill piston is transferred
to the rock through the drill steels and the drill bit)
•Feed, keeping drill bit in tight contact with rock

•Rotation, turning drill bit into a new position before new
inpact
•Flushing, cleaning the hole of drill cuttings
Drilling methods: coprod Top hammer
Working principle:
• Impact rods (for percussion) have no thread - no energy losses.
• Outer pipes transmit rotation, pull-up force and flushing.
• Hole size range is normally 127 - 180 mm.
EXTENSION
ROD COPROD
DRILLING
DTH drilling, key components
Rig Compressor Drilling tools
Slide 23
Drilling methods, rotary

Rotary drilling is used for big
scale surface mining
operations. Rotation and
pull-down force are used to
drive the drilling tools into the
rock. The force comes from
the weight of the drilling rig.
The type of drilling bits used
are called roller bits and are
equipped with cemented
carbide buttons. The same
drilling method is also used
in Raise Boring.
Top Hammer DTH

1. Very cost effective in 1. Constant penetration in
holesizes 1-6” deeper holes
(sometimes up to 8”) 2. Reasonable drillability in
2. For difficult terrain bad geology
3. Energy efficient 3. Straight (long) holes
4. Wide range of 4. High penetration rate in
applications (tube bad geology
drilling for straighter holes
for example)
5. High flushing capability
5. Suitable also for 6. Low noise level
very hard rocktypes 7. Not very energy efficient
Rotary
1. Bigger hole sizes
2. For weaker rocks
3. For massive operations
Top Hammer Down-the-Hole 54

(Pneumatic & Hydraulic) (Pneumatic)
Compressive strength, UCS (MPa) 350
45
280
Rotary pull-down (tonnes)

36
210
27
140
18
70
Rotary Rotary 9
(Drag bits) (Roller bits)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (”)
25 51 76 102 127 152 203 254 305 381 (mm)
How hole size and compressive strength affect on

equipment selection
Criteria for selecting drills:

– rock conditions (hardness, homogenous), tramming conditions
– environmental requirements
– annual production (m3 or t) => number of drills
– critical diameter of explosive => hole size big enough?
– flexibility in usage => different types of work?
– application costing => D&B costs per m3 or t
– level of automation
– operator comfort and safety
– ease of between site/pit transport
– operator startup training
Productivity
Contractor
Training benefit
before
startup Training during
startup
A rig simulator can be very useful
Machine delivery Time for un-experienced
Drilling simulator in use operators.
TH - annual drill rig production capacities

shifts per year 225 = 5 d/w · 45 w/a
shift hours per year 1800 = 8 h/d · 5 d/w · 45 w/a
engine hours per year 1224 = 1800 · 68 % utilisation
rock density, t/m3 2.7
Annual production, Mtpa

2.8
2.4
2.0
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
51 64 76 89 102 115 127

2” 2.5” 3” 3.5” 4” 4.5” 5”
Drill-hole size, mm
DTH - annual drill rig production capacities

shifts per year 225 = 5 d/w · 45 w/a
shift hours per year 1800 = 8 h/d · 5 d/w · 45 w/a
engine hours per year 1224 = 1800 · 68 % utilisation
rock density, t/m3 2.7
4.5
Annual production, Mtpa

4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
102 127 152 178 203 229 254

4” 5” 6” 7” 8” 9” 10”
Drill-hole size, mm
List of contents:
2. Drilling methods
3. Drill steels
3. Drill steels: shank, rods, tubes, different bits

• Top hammer
• Down the hole
• Rotary
Selecting straight-hole drilling tools
• optimum bit / rod diameter relationship

rods rigid enough
• insert types / bit face and skirt
spherical / ballistic / chisel inserts
normal bits
retrac bits
drop center bits
guide bits
• additional drill string components
guide tubes / pilot rods
Drill steel, TH:

Drill steel, TH:

Tubes in Top Hammer drilling

(example)
Straight-hole drilling
Select a drill bit that gives best drilling accuracy in current rock conditions
Flat face Drop Center Flat face Drop Center

Normal skirt Normal skirt Retrac Retrac Guide Bit
Deviation
estimate (64 1.05 m 1.0 m 0.7 m 0.4 m 0.3 m
mm, h=15 m):
Bit regrind intervals, bit service life and over-drilling

2000
1000
600
400
le d
ri l
-d
200
er
Ov
100
Bit regrind intervals (drm)

d d
60
d/3 d/3
40
20
Premature
button 10
failures 8
6
2
20 40 60 100 200 400 1000 2000 4000 10000
Bit service life (drm)

Drill steels, DTH

DTH Drill steels: BITS

DTH-hammers are usually quite simple:

Check valve 1.Top Sub
1. 2. Piston Case
3. Feed Tube Assembly
4. Piston
3. 5. Guide Sleeve
6. Bit Retainer
4. 7. Driver Sub
2.
8. Button Bit
5.
6.
7.
8.
Drill pipes – different types and sizes
The lack of drill pipe standard for DTH drilling has resulted a large
range products on the market with varying quality and performance.
Drill pipes, fishing tools
– In case of in hole drill pipe

failures there are special fishing
tools to retreive pipes and
hammers
• Conical female thread to grip
around the drill pipe
• Conical male thread to grip inside
the drill pipe
Rotary Roller bit:

List of contents:
2. Drilling methods
3. Drill steels
Drilling data from shotfirer (or blasting

manager) to driller: drill plan (pattern, hole
size), depth (sub drilling), inclination of the
holes and matters like health, environment
and hazardous situations during drilling.
Information from driller to shotfirer according
to observations during drilling (e.g. MWD).
Measuring drill hole position and path
Communication between shotfirer and driller
Drilling operator must know what kind of drilling

performance is expected: pattern, hole size, depth
(sub drilling), inclination of the holes, accuracy
level.
Shofirer must be informed according to

observations during drilling (e.g. MWD).
Rock properties noticed
Drilling errors and differences from
planned
Contents of drilling log varies a lot and
must be confirmed in the beginning of
each project
One must re-do the blast design after

getting information from driller.
List of contents:
2. Drilling methods
3. Drill steels

direction and the depth.
Drilling errors => effect on burden (amount of

rock to be liberated, locally choked blasts, floor
humps… loading capacity)
Drill instrumentation (e.g. inclination and depth)
The importance of precise drilling: Calculation
example: total cost of unnecessary subdrilling
(drilling, charging, explosives, loading hauling…)
Risk of drilling into explosives: prior subdrill,
‘unliberated’ rock mass, floor hump, drilling close
to loaded hole.
Accurate drilling gives

effective blasting
Sources of drilling error

1.Marking and collaring errors
2. Inclination and directional 1 2
errors
3. Deflection errors
4. Hole depth errors
5
5. Undergauge, omitted or lost
holes
3
4
4
By selecting proper rock

drilling tools and applying
correct setting on the rig
hole deviation can be
reduced to a minimum even
in difficult rock formations
Straight-hole drilling
B
Inclination error
Hole depth error
Deviation
Flyrock
Oversize boulders
Toes / floor humps
Potential for flashover

initiation or dead-
pressing or deflagration
due to reduced
distance of drilled holes
RELATIVE HOLE STRAIGHTNESS,

different rods:
51
51 mm
mm (( 2”)
2”) 60
60 mm
mm (2 (233//88”)
”) 87
87 mm
mm (3
(3 ½”)
½”)
drill
drill rod
rod drill
drill rod
rod tube
tube
HOLE
HOLE SIZE
SIZE 102
102 mm
mm 2”
2” 2233//88”” 2233//88”” rod
rod ++ guide
guide tube
tube
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED DEFLECTION
DEFLECTION 1.0
1.0 xx 0.6
0.6 xx 0.45
0.45 xx
AT
AT HOLE
HOLE BOTTOM
BOTTOM
(compared
(compared to
to 11 3/4”
3/4” rod)
rod)
Tougher rods
Advantages
Improved precision of drilling
Stronger and faster connections
Improved flushing
Faster drilling
Longer service life of drill steel
Improved quality of blasting =
reduced cost
Most important: Put as much rod as possible behind the drill bit!
Drill-hole deflection error control
select bits less influenced by rock mass discontinuities

reduce drill string deflection by using guide tubes, etc.
reduce drill string bending by using less feed force
reduce feed foot slippage while drilling - since this will
cause a misalignment of the feed and lead to excessive
drill string bending (occurs typically when drilling Prior
through sub-drill zones from prior bench levels) δ sub-
avoid gravitational effects which lead to drill string drill
sagging when drilling inclined shot-holes ( > 15°) zone
avoid inpit operations with excessive bench heights Bit skidding
and feed
deflection, ∆L
∆L = ƒ ( L3 ) for δ ≠ 0 foot
Drill-hole
slippage δ
occurs at
∆L = ƒ ( L2 ) for δ = 0
this point
Drill-hole length, L
∆L
How bit face designs enhance drill-hole straightness
When the bit starts to drill through the fracture surface

on the hole bottom - the gauge buttons tend to skid off
this surface and thus deflect the bit.
More aggressively shaped gauge inserts (ballistic /
chisel inserts) and bit face profiles (drop center) reduce
this skidding by allowing the gauge buttons to “cut”
through the fracture surface - thus resulting in less
overall bit and drill string deflection.
How bit skirt designs enhance drill-hole straightness
When the bit is drilling

through the fracture surface
on the hole bottom - uneven
button loading conditions
arise, resulting in bit and drill
string deflections.
A rear bit skirt support (retrac
type bits) reduces bit
deflection caused by the
uneven button loading
conditions by “centralizing”
the bit with this rear support.
Drill-hole deflection trendlines in schistose rock
Fissures
along
schistosity
or bedding
°
° - 20 0°
2
planes
15 5° -
1
Relatively Stabile drilling

stabile drilling direction
direction perpendicular to
parallel to fissures along
fissures along schistosity or
schistosity bedding planes
Examples of drill-hole deviation
Deflection with
and without pilot
Floor hump due to tube for Ø89 mm
explosives DC retrac bit /
malfunction - T51 in micaschist
caused by drill string Deflection caused by
deflection gravitational sagging of
drill steel in inclined
holes in syenite
Straight-hole drilling!
Drilling
– More drill meters/shift
– Improved service life of drilling tools and
machine
Blasting
– Better control of fragmentation
– Better floor and wall control
– Reduced risk of fly-rock and vibrations
– Reduced amount of secondary blasting
Loading and hauling
– Better fragmentation and smoother floor
improves loading capacity and reduces Quality holes are……
costs • clean and stable
Crushing • drilled in the right position
– Higher crushing capacity
• at the correct angle
– Planned amount of fines
• straight
• to the right depth
Quality holes
Waste Ore Waste
B
A
Waste Ore Waste

Oversize blocks
Dilution
Ore loss
Quality holes Hole depth

Advance ~ 95% of hole depth
Underbreak
Overbreak
Quality holes: Clean and stable
Air flushing
Air mist flushing
Hole plugs
Flushing of drill-cuttings
Insufficient air < 15 m/s Too much air > 30 m/s Correction factors
low bit penetration rates excessive drill steel high density rock
poor percussion wear badly fractured rock
dynamics erosion of hole (air lost in fractures
interupt drilling to clean collaring point - use water or foam to
holes extra dust emissions mud up hole walls)
plugged bit flushing increased fuel
holes high altitude
consumption
stuck drill steel (low density air)
”circulating” big chip large chips
wear
Flift Flift
G G
qç=
ÑäìëÜáåÖ
Besides dust reduction dustmizer is
used to produce clean, stable holes
and avoid jammed drill steel. cêçã=
ÅçãéêÉëëçê
aìêáåÖ=ÇêáääáåÖ=ëã~ää=~ãçìåí=çÑ=ãáñíìêÉ=
çÑ=ï~íÉê=~åÇ=Çìëí=Ñç~ã=áë=~ÇÇÉÇ=íç=
ÑäìëÜáåÖ=~áêK=^å=çéÉê~íçê=Å~å=~Çàìëí=~åÇ=
Åçåíêçä=ëÉííáåÖë=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=Å~ÄáåK
Good
Collaring
Bad
Collaring
Feeder beam
pressed
against
Start drilling with reduced the rock
percussion- and feed force
Correct angle of the blast holes is critical from both safety and economy aspects
Modern equipment onboard the drill rig helps the operator to quick and easy line
up the holes for optimal drilling pattern and best technical and economical outcome
Machine settings:
– In all rock drilling it is important that correct
setting are applied on the rock drill
– In difficult rock conditions it is even more
critical for best possible hole accuracy
– Most important is to set percussion- and
feed force correctly
• Too high settings will give bad drilling
accuracy
• Too low setting will cause severe
damage to the drill steel
– Modern rock drills can have drilling control

systems that automatically adjusts drilling
parameter depending on rock conditions
Laser equipment
can be used to
assure
that blast holes
are drilled to the
right depth
TIM is a drill hole inclination and depth measurement instrument

family for surface drilling rigs. System can be used for drilling
vertical and inclined holes. Blasting direction is indicated with
the aiming device.
Hole depth measurement displays the drilled hole depth and the
penetration rate. Depth measurement is started from rock
surface. Hole depth set value can be given as bench height or as
hole depth. System automaticly stops drilling (or alarms
operator) when set depth is achieved. System also calculates
drilled meters. GPS compass can be used in order to reach
planned hole positions.
Water tank for

Site preparation special drilling
conditions
Bit
Drill-hole
positioning, regrinding
alignment and
levelling
Field
Drilling through service
overburden with
foam flushing
Drilling after Re-

removing fueling
overburden
Drill-hole Utility
monitoring & wagon
documentation
Transport
to new
jobsite
Good drilling practices
Setup & Collaring
lock oscillation cylinders, use rear jack (not lift rig), firmly push
feed-pin into ground and keep retaining centralizer closed while
drilling
if the marked collaring point is in a bad spot (sloping surface,
sinkholes, etc.) - it is then better to collar on the side and adjust
feed alignment to correspond to the targeted drill-hole bottom
have a plentiful supply and use shothole plugs to avoid rocks
falling into shotholes
Drilling
avoid drilling with hot couplings - adjust feed pressure or bit
RPMs or change bit model
change drill rods before threads are totally worn out - use
thread wear gauges
ensure that sufficient flushing is available - especially when
drilling with large bits
check that drilling is carried out with optimum bit RPMs with
regard to button wear rates
if the drill string bends while drilling - align feed to drill string so
as to reduce the adverse effects of excessive drill string bending
on hole straightness
avoid excessive rattling against the hole-bottom and retaining
centralizer when loosening threads (typically only 10 - 20
seconds)
Drill steel selection

select bit type according to rock mass conditions e.g. retrac in
broken ground, big front flushing hole(s) in weathered rock/mud
seams, spherical buttons in hard and abrasive rock types, etc.
select bits, drill rods/guide tubes according to service life or hole
straightness requirements
Bit regrinding
avoid excessive loss of bit diameter when regrinding - especially
when using hand held grinders
in non-abrasive rocks such as limestone, dolomite, etc. it can be
advantageous to adopt frequent “touch-up” regrinds at the rig in stead
of traditional regrinding procedures to remove snakeskin on button
wearflats and wearflat edges
Drill-hole deviation
excessive drill-hole deviation reduces drill steel life - typically
caused by bit deflection when drilling through shears and mud seams
rod breakage is reduced when using rods with loose couplings when
compared to MF rods
lower a flashlight to check drill-hole deflection depth as a rough
rating of hole straightness
Drilling in difficult (rock mass) conditions
Prior sub-drill zone

stabilize drill-hole walls in the prior sub-drill zone with water
added to the flushing air
drill through the prior sub-drill zone with reduced percussion
power and feed force. Adjust the flushing flow to a minimum so
as to reduce return-air erosion around the collaring point
if drill-hole walls tend to collapse - stabilise walls with
additives
Very jointed rock
use straight hole drill steel selection guidelines to minimise
drill string deflection
use retrac type bits and back-hammering to ease drill string
extraction
use power extractor if required to retrieve drill string
adjust drilling parameter settings frequently to match drilling
in varying geological conditions
Drilling in difficult (rock mass) conditions
Soft or weathered rock

increase bit RPMs or use X-bits to increase bit resistance to
indentation. This improves the percussion energy transfer
efficiency ratio and reduces the feed force requirement – and
reduces the problem of opening tight threads
Mud seams and shears
use bits with big front flushing hole(s) to reduce the
occurrence of bits getting stuck and the anti-jamming
mechanism triggering in too often
flushing control automatics recommended - it retracts the drill
string when the flush flow is close to zero (adjustable set-point)
do not retract the drill string too fast when drilling in mud so
as to avoid the collapse of holes by this “vacuum” effect
avoid high return-air velocities by reducing the flushing flow
when drilling in water filled holes so as to avoid the added water
erosion effect on drill-hole walls and the collaring point
Dust prevention
use dust control to avoid releasing dust into the air when the
dust collector empties. Dust control also reduces the amount of
airborne dust after blasting.
Risk of drilling into explosives:

When drilling through prior subdrill zone, toes or
floor humps), driller must ensure he is not going to
hit undetonated explosives. If places of holes were
measured on upper bench, new ones can be
placed between the earlier ones.
Before collaring, operator must use sufficient
flushing to clear the starting point. That helps one
to avoid drilling into an old hole and to do the
collaring properly.
Drilling is not allowed neither close to charged hole
nor close to hole being charged.
Quality holes, how to

?
control?
Hole
deviation
measuring
and face
scanning
equipment
Components of a hole measuring system:
Winch and probe unit

Field
measuring
DisplayIT
SOFTWARE
Hole meaesuring: 2 rows, 4 holes per row.

Face was skanned and hole deviation measured. Actual distance
between holes and distance from first row to face is shown as blue
lines. Depth you want to observe can be chosen, here close to surface
and in the bottom. In this case you can see systematic error in aligning.
Scanned
1 meter face in front
below of a hole
surface
In the bottom (burden

Scanned up to 3.4 m instead if
holes planned 2.2 m)
In situ hole deviation control
L
D= Hole diameter
HL=Depth when sight of lamp
disappear
HF=Hole depth
X=Hole deviation, rough estimate
Drilling methods and commonly… D&B Costs
( EUR / t )
Example, poor operator 100 200 300

• Bench height 5 m, hole depth 5.7 m Hole diameter (mm)
2
• Drill-hole 51 mm, pattern 2.34 m (1.3m*1.8m)
Driller wants to ”be sure”: He drills 1.0 m too long holes!
EXTRA COST per HOLE:
Drillmeters: 1.0 drm * 3.5 €/drm = 3.5 €
Explosives: 1.0 m * 1.24 kg/m * 2.0 €/kg = 2.48 €
Labour (charging 0.5 €/kg) 1.24 kg * 0.5 €/kg = 0.62 €
Total = 6.60 €
Extra cost per drm 6.6 € / 5.7 m = 1.16 €/drm
If drilling capasity was 30 drm/h, damage would be 34.7 €/h
What would be suitable salary (€/h) for the driller?
+ additional costs: loading and hauling, filling (possibly concrete)

råÇÉêÖêçìåÇ=ÇêáääáåÖI=çéíáãáòáåÖ=Çêáää=C=Ää~ëí=ÅóÅäÉ
oçÅâ= qìååÉä=äáåÉ
k~îáÖ~íáçå fåàÉÅíáçå
ëìééçêíáåÖ
mêçÑáäÉ=Åçåíêçä c~ÅÉ=aêáääáåÖ
áprob
oÉéçêíáåÖ
iç~ÇáåÖ=C=Ü~ìäáåÖ `Ü~êÖáåÖ
_ä~ëíáåÖ
låäáåÉ=jta
– Shows jumbo drilling in real time in 3D through Ethernet interface or WLAN
to a PC
– PC can locate in cabin, behind the rig or in the office depending of the
network construction
– Shows drilling result as it proceeds
– Reports currently: hole positions all the MWD items, face surface and ”hole
bottom surface”
– HotPlug enables PC connection and data update any time during the round
Measured data during drilling :

1. Anti-Jamming State
2. Drilling Control Setting
3. Feed Pressure
4. Flushing Flow
5. Flushing Pressure
6. Penetration Rate
7. Percussion Pressure
8. Rock Detect
9. Rotation Pressure
10. Rotation Speed (control
based)
11. Stabilator Pressure Skanned face
12. State of Flushing Flow
13. Waterpump Pressure
MWD data
Planned versus
drilled holes
Modern technique makes it possible to combine drill and blast design
– Designing of the most economical drill & blast plan => Reporting
– Drilling accurate holes according to plan (location of hole bottoms)
– Reporting holes drilled, not only ones planned
– Blasting is designed where it is most critical – in the bottom of the round (Blast Plane)
– Parameter based blasting modelling (Burden calculation) to optimize hole location
– Fracture zone control – to visualize effect of selected explosives
I
B =
qxS
B = Burden [m]
I = Degree of Charge [kg/m]
q = Required Specific charge [kg/m3]
S = Spacing [m]
Using drilling data

in blast design:
List of contents:
2. Drilling methods
3. Drill steels
Drilling methods and commonly used…

TH, core-drilling, oxygen
lance
Demolition without drilling
and blasting
Drilling methods and commonly used…
Drilling for demolition

Drilling machinery for demolition should be easily brought to site and
moved inside the site.
Usually you have to consider need to drill into reinforced concrete.
Hand held drills (pneumatic or electric top hammer) and small rigs are
commonly used. Sometimes together with thermic lance (see next slide).
Core drilling is used in demolition works in order to drill blast holes into
concrete reinforced with steel bars.
Thermic lance (oxygen lance or core lance)
Working principle:
– 3 – 6 m long iron tubes – filled with wires – are burnt by a
stream of oxygen. The burning temperature reaches
2000°- 3000°C. Concrete and other materials melt and
can flow away or are blown out.
– The existence of steel (reinforcement or beams) is easing
the process.
– Holes can have diameters from 25 – 75 mm.
– Because of the sparks and hot lava which are generated
during the application special protection measures must
be taken: fire proof protecting clothing, hard hats with
shields, gloves etc.
– Before the hole can be loaded or drilling is continued with
normal drills it must cool down.
– The application of thermic lances is a very expensive
method.
Special application: oxygen lance

only for underwater use.
Demolition without blasting

For safety and sometimes
economical reasons one should
consider demolition without drilling
and blasting.
Hydraulic splitter is used

in small-scale
operations. It is
effective also in rock
material.
List of contents:
2. Drilling methods
3. Drill steels
7. Occupational health and safety in drilling

work related accidents for:
mobile equipment
hazardeous work areas
emissions control
noise control
dust control
fly rock / charging / straight-hole drilling
falling rocks / wall control
=> safety is as much

equipment as it is attitude
An example of good practise:
As a first thing, driller has built a fence against
falling. Shotfirers take it down as last task
before blasting.
Assessment of some work related health

risks by authorities in Sweden ( UG + SF )
Risk
Musculoskele
tal disorders
Silicosis Stress/ment
al workload
Diesel
Oil mist Radon Vibrations
Noise
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Drill cuttings in the air can damage your lungs. It is on response of driller
and drilling manager to make sure that dust control works properly.
When dust collector works

properly, you can see
nice piles of cuttings on
a surface.
Maintenance:
• Clean the dust
collector and
change filters
regularly.
• Keep hoses
undamaged
sçäìãÉ=çÑ=ÅìííáåÖë
fÑ=~ää=ÅìííáåÖë=ïÉêÉ=ÅçääÉÅíÉÇ=áåíç=éä~ëíáÅ=Ä~ÖëW
eçäÉ=ëáòÉ=NMO=ããK
kÉí=éÉåÉíê~íáçå=ê~íÉ=NKP=ãLãáåK=
sçäìãÉ=çÑ=ÅìííáåÖë=~ééêçñáã~íÉäó=NR=äLãáåK
^Äçìí=QRM=ä=éÉê=ëÜáÑí=ÜçìêK
táíÜ=~=ÇÉåëáíó=çÑ=êçÅâ=OKR=âÖLÇãP ïÉ=ÖÉí=
ÅìííáåÖë=OT=âÖLãáåK=
OR=âÖ=Ä~Ö=áë=ÑáääÉÇ=áå=çåÉ=ãáåìíÉK
råÇÉê=TKR=Ü=ëÜáÑí=ïÉ=Ü~îÉ=íç=Ñáää=~åÇ=íê~åëéçêí=
~ééêçñáã~íÉäó=OQM=Ä~ÖëK
ERN=ãã=ÜçäÉ=→ 60 bags)
For fealthy
reasons, it is
relevant to keep
the dust control
system working
properly. This
application collects
all the cuttings
during one shift.
Be always sure you wear your

personal protective equipment!!!
ERGONOMIC
CABIN: Noise
level < 80 dB(A)
F.O.P.S and
R.O.P.S.
certificates
Drilling noise levels - TH

85 dB(A)
boundary for
Feed casing reduces noise
basic drill rig
levels by approx. 10 dB(A).
”Noise of 1 normal rig equals
to noise of four rigs with
noise quard.”
5 x 25
m
Safety issues of inpit operations

pit planning and operations supervision
safety consciousness of workforce
operator hazard training
=> minimum occurrence of accidents
Rollover from Pit wall failure

terrain bench burying 3 drill
- 35m drop rigs in rubble
FOPS/ROPS CABIN CAN SAVE YOUR LIFE
Premature ignition
of electric
detonators and
blast due to
lightning
REFERENCES:
Information presented is based on research work done by
Sandvik Mining and Construction Oy (former Tamrock) and
ESSEEM project group.
Permission to use photos for educational purpose from:

Arne Lislerud
Jouko Salonen
Jukka Salonen
Junttan Oy
Oy Atlas Copco Louhintatekniikka Ab
Quarry Line R&D Oy
Sandvik Mining and Construction Oy
Walter Werner

02 Rock Drilling Methods and Machinery

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

02 Rock Drilling Methods and Machinery

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

European Shotfirer Standard

Education for Enhanced Mobility

worked out and giving a lecture by

Precise drilling, Rock blasting and Demolition:

Straight-hole drilling and drill patterns:

– Tools for straight-hole drilling:

• Drilling methods 30 min

• Drill steel 30 min

• Communication between shotfirer and driller 15 min

• Importance of precise drilling 150 min

• Drilling for demolition 15 min

• Occupational health and safety 30 min

1. Drilling machinery. Hydraulic/pneumatic/others.

Typical hand held drilling machinery:

For very small tasks

Small rig applications, 22-45 mm hole sizes.

See the dust collector

Top hammer, hole sizes 45-115 mm

Slotting. Used when there is a

Top hammer, 51-127 mm

Laser is used to confirm

Top hammer, 89-152 mm

Down the Hole, 70-190 mm

Even big DTH-rigs are

Rotary rigs are only used in large

Tunneling and UG mining drilling equipment

Top Hammer DTH Rotary

Hammer Hammer in No hammer

Drilling methods, Top hammer:

•Percussion, enabling drill bit penetration into rock

•Feed, keeping drill bit in tight contact with rock

Drilling methods: coprod Top hammer

DTH drilling, key components

Rig Compressor Drilling tools

Drilling methods, rotary

Top Hammer DTH

Top Hammer Down-the-Hole 54

Rotary pull-down (tonnes)

How hole size and compressive strength affect on

Criteria for selecting drills:

TH - annual drill rig production capacities

Annual production, Mtpa

51 64 76 89 102 115 127

DTH - annual drill rig production capacities

Annual production, Mtpa

102 127 152 178 203 229 254

3. Drill steels: shank, rods, tubes, different bits

Selecting straight-hole drilling tools

• optimum bit / rod diameter relationship

Drill steel, TH:

Drill steel, TH:

Tubes in Top Hammer drilling

Flat face Drop Center Flat face Drop Center

Bit regrind intervals, bit service life and over-drilling

Bit regrind intervals (drm)

Bit service life (drm)

Drill steels, DTH

DTH Drill steels: BITS

DTH-hammers are usually quite simple:

Drill pipes – different types and sizes

Drill pipes, fishing tools

– In case of in hole drill pipe

Rotary Roller bit:

4. Communication between shotfirer and driller