Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

(CvSU)
DON SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS CAMPUS
Indang, Cavite

Master in Business Administration

BA 235 Methods of Research

April 28, 2018

Prepared by: Jolina S. Baybay

MBA-201611318
Submitted to: Dr. Luzviminda Rodrin
 Table of Contents
Title Page

I. Outline and Scope of the Report………………………………………………………….1

II. Learning Objectives…………………………………………………………………………….1

III. Inferential Statistics…………………………………………………………………………..2

VI. Qualitative Analysis…………………………………………………………………………..4

V. References…………………………………………………………………………………………7
I. Outline and Scope of the Report

Processing of Data

Methods of Data Analysis

I. Quantitative Analysis

a. Descriptive Statistics
i. Measures of Central Tendency
ii. Measures of Variability or Dispersion

b. Inferential Statistics

II. Qualitative Analysis

These topics were divided into two (2) reporters and here, the reporter is assigned to

discuss the Inferential Statistics and the Qualitative Analysis.

II. Learning Objectives

After the reporter had presented the topics, she and the audience were expected to learn:

 What inferential statistics is, when and how it is used in the research.

 To be familiar with some of the statistical tests that can be used in Inferential statistics

 The characteristics of Qualitative Analysis, its sources of data, and how the data are

processed

 Identify the difference of Quantitative to Qualitative, Method of Data Analysis

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III. Inferential Statistics

Inferential Statistics is one of the two types of statistical analysis (the other is Descriptive

Statistics) considered for the methods data processing in research. These statistical tools is used

in Quantitative Analysis technique of research.

Inferential Statistics involves statistical procedures that draw inferences, make a

statement, and reach a conclusion based on the observation of sample from a population. With

this, conclusions are made in extend beyond the immediate data alone. It is use to infer from the

sample data what the population might think or the reaction. Or it is use to make judgements of

the probability that an observed difference between groups is a dependable one or one that

might have happened by chance. Thus, inferential statistics is use to make inferences from the

sample data from population to more general conditions.

Inferential Statistics is consists of generalizing from samples to population, performing

estimation and hypothesis test determining relationship among variables and making

predictions. It is use to describe the chance of an event occurring and the final result will be in

form of probability.

Examples: Predicting the effectiveness of medicine

Predicting the relationship between death and smoking habit

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Example:

Consider the company went to test the effectiveness of newly developed drug of heart

attack. How are they going to do that?

The flow chart above shows the process to be used in the example stated above.

 Dividing respondents into groups: Two groups of men over 70 would be selected, one

group would be given the drug and the other would be given placebo a substance with

no medical benefits or harm

 Collect Data for each Group: The number of heart attacks occurred in the group will

be counted after a period of time.

 A statistical test would be run

 Make Conclusion: Decision would be made about the effectiveness of the drug

There are some statistical tests that can be considered for inferential statistics, some are

as follows:

 T-test – used to examine the difference between the means of two independent

groups

 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) – used to test the significance of differences between

means of two or more groups

 Chi-square – use to test hypotheses about the proportion of elements that fall into

various cells of contingency table

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IV. Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative Analysis is one of the techniques used in data processing on research

methodology. This is also called nonquantitative analysis for the reason that, in the process of

interpreting data, the emphasis is not on quantification but on the quality of the information.

Raw Data can be used for interpreting information. This fulfils two functions.

 Illustrating the meaning of categories. The use of illustration in defining categories

is useful – it adds to your understanding of material.

 Stimulating new insights. Whatever the design of the study, and no matter how

refined its statistical procedures, more important insights may be arrived at

inspecting the raw data.

Qualitative analysis involves the “why” and “how” of decision making as opposed to the

what, where, and when of quantitative analysis. Since qualitative analysis focuses on in-depth

reasoning and quality of results, many researchers prefer it over the quantitative analysis that

focuses on bigger sample sizes. This type of analysis does not use any statistical tools in the

process. This needs small and focused samples instead of the large random samples that

quantitative analysis uses.

Example: Factors that led to the creation of more states (or more universities) in Nigeria

Although qualitative data is much more general than quantitative, there are still a

number of common techniques for gathering it. These include:

 Interviews, which may be structured, semi-structured or unstructured;

 Focus groups, which involve multiple participants discussing an issue;

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  ‘Postcards’, or small-scale written questionnaires that ask, for example, three or

four focused questions of participants but allow them space to write in their own

words;

 Secondary data, including diaries, written accounts of past events, and company

reports; and

 Observations, which may be on site, or under ‘laboratory conditions’, for example,

where participants are asked to role-play a situation to show what they might do.

In this approach, narrative data is collected in order to study the topic of interest and no

statistical procedures or other means of quantification is involved.

Because qualitative data are drawn from a wide variety of sources, they can be radically

different in scope.

There are, therefore, a wide variety of methods for analysing them, many of which involve

structuring and coding the data into groups and themes.

There are many aspects of qualitative analysis, and there are many tasks that different

people must perform in order to collect the data. The roles involved are the moderators,

facilitators, planners, and consultants. The moderators initiate group discussions and take care

of the group members. This includes making them feel comfortable and supervising the

discussion without wasting time or hurting the participant’s feelings. The facilitators in

qualitative analysis also take care of the sensitive questions in order to avoid any disturbances in

the discussion. The planners involved help the facilitators by creating templates and plans. They

ensure that the discussions are smooth and productive for the research.

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 Qualitative analysis is one of the best methods of research for many fields of study. It

provides depth and detail by analyzing things more than just numbers and sizes. It does this

through examining attitudes, feelings, and behaviors. This type of analysis encourages people to

expand their responses and also helps people to have a better and more detailed picture of the

causes and conclusions of different actions and reactions in the world. This deals with the

exclusion of prejudices and prejudgments, because every thought, action, and behavior is

researched through the cause and the reality.

However, there are some pitfalls to qualitative research, such as:

 If respondents do not see a value for them in the research, they may provide

inaccurate or false information. They may also say what they think the researcher

wishes to hear. Qualitative researchers therefore need to take the time to build

relationships with their research subjects and always be aware of this potential.

 Although ethics are an issue for any type of research, there may be particular

difficulties with qualitative research because the researcher may be party to

confidential information. It is important always to bear in mind that you must do

no harm to your research subjects.

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V. References

 https://www.skillsyouneed.com/learn/quantitative-and-qualitative.html

 https://www.statisticssolutions.com/qualitative-analysis/

 https://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/statinf.php

 https://www.study.com/academy/lesson/analysis-of-varince-anova-examples-

definiftion-application.html

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84H8HNV9mk0