Curvature Ductility Factor of Rectangular Sections Reinforced Concrete B PDF

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering Vol:6, No:11, 2012
Curvature Ductility Factor of Rectangular

Sections Reinforced Concrete Beams
Y. Si Youcef, and M. Chemrouk
εb σb
Abstract—The present work presents a method of calculating the
ductility of rectangular sections of beams considering nonlinear φe ε's σ's
behavior of concrete and steel. This calculation procedure allows us k.d
to trace the curvature of the section according to the bending
moment, and consequently deduce ductility. It also allowed us to
study the various parameters that affect the value of the ductility. A
comparison of the effect of maximum rates of tension steel, adopted
by the codes, ACI [1], EC8 [2] and RPA [3] on the value of the εs=fe/Es fe
ductility was made. It was concluded that the maximum rate of steels
International Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:6, No:11, 2012 waset.org/Publication/7612
permitted by the ACI [1] codes and RPA [3] are almost similar in
their effect on the ductility and too high. Therefore, the ductility Fig. 2 Deformation and stress at the elastic limit state
mobilized in case of an earthquake is low, the inverse of code EC8
εbu σb
[2]. Recommendations have been made in this direction.
k.d ε's σ's
Keywords—Ductility, beam, reinforced concrete, seismic code,
relationship, time bending, resistance, non-linear behavior. φu
I. INTRODUCTION
εs>fe/Es fe
I N seismic zones, it is important to design structures, with
power ranging deformation beyond the elastic deformations
without losing its ability to stay in service, in other words Fig. 3 Deformation and stress at the ultimate limit state
designing structures with ductile behavior. The current
philosophy used in the seismic design of reinforced concrete II. CONCRETE AND STEEL MODEL
frames auto-stable is based on the hypothesis of the formation
of plastic hinges at critical sections, the ability of the latter to The stress-strain curve (see Fig. 4) for unconfined concrete
resist several cycles of inelastic deformations without is assumed to be composed of a branch of the second degree
significant loss in bearing capacity is evaluated in terms of ascending parabolic followed by a linear horizontal branch
available ductility. represented by the following expressions:
d1 σb σs
As' fc
fe
εbu=0.0035
d
εs
ε0=0.002
h Es
As
εs0
0 εb
b
Fig. 1 Rectangular beam section Fig. 4 Stress-strain curve of Fig. 5 Stress-strain curve of
concrete steel
The ductility of a reinforced concrete beam section is
measured by the expression ⁄ [4], [5], [6], [7], [8],
represents the curvature of the section when the concrete if 0.002 (1)
. .
reaches its ultimate limit state and is the curvature of the
section when steels in tension reaches the elastic limit state if0.002 0.0035 (2)
Fig. 12.
The stress-strain curve of steel shown in Fig. 5, suppose an
elastic-plastic behavior identical in compression and tension,
Y. Si Youcef is with the Ecole Polytechnique d'Architecture et represented by the following expressions:
d'Urbanisme, Alger, Algeria (e-mail:youcefsiyoucef@gmail.com).
M. Chemrouk is with Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari
Boumediene, Algeria (e-mail: mchemrouk@yahoo.fr). if ⁄ ⁄ (3)
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 6(11) 2012 971 scholar.waset.org/1999.3/7612
if ⁄ (4) . if ⁄ (12)
. if ⁄ (13)
if ⁄ (5)
The moment of the force relative to the neutral axis is
III. THE HOMOGENEOUS SECTION BEHAVIOR LAWS written as follow:
A. Resistant Forces Developed by the Compressed
Concrete, Tensile and Compression Steels . . (14)
Possible distributions of compressive stresses in the B. Calculation of the Section Equilibrium
concrete are shown in Fig. 6, according to the deformation of The homogeneous section, must verify the following
the farthest compressed fiber ε S from the neutral axis. equilibrium equations:
εbs σbs σbs
Σ 0 andΣ 0 (15)
k.d
We define the rate of tension reinforcement by:
⁄ . (16)
Fig. 6 Diagrams of possible compressive stresses distributions And the rate of compression reinforcement by:
The compressive force in the concrete is calculated from: ⁄ . (17)

.
. . . . . . (6) 1) Section without compression reinforcement
The moment of this force with respect to the neutral axis is a) Case where 0 .
written as follow:
.
. . . . . . . (7) φ εb=?
k.d
From expressions (6) and (7) are deduced for the particular
values
ε = 0.002.
- α = 2/3 = 0.6666 εs<fe/Es
As
- β = 5/12 = 0.4166
ε 0.0035 Fig. 7 Deformations diagram for
- α = 17/21 = 0.8095
- β = 143/147 = 0.9727 For a value of ε such that ε f /E and for a supposed
- deformation of ε of the compressed fiber, most remote from
Knowing the tensile steels deformation εs, the tension force the neutral axis, the coefficient k is written as follow:
developed by them will be
(18)
ε ifε ⁄ (8)
(19)
ifε ⁄ (9)
The moment of the force relative to the neutral axis is The forces equilibrium gives: 0, consequently:
written as follow:
α. . . . ε (20)
. . (10)
.ε ⁄α. (21)
The force developed by the compressed steels, knowing
At the elastic limit:
their deformation ε's will be:
. ⁄α. (22)
. . if ⁄ ⁄ (11)
b) Case where . α. . . . .ε (29)

εbu
φu
Rearranging the expression (28) we obtain the following
Ku.d quadratic equation:
. α. . α. ε ε . 0
(30)
εs=? ∆ α. ε . 4. α. . ε . (31)
As
Fig. 8 Deformations diagram for α. ε . √∆ 2. α. . (32)
Knowing ε be corresponding to ε f /E such thatε If ⁄ then:

ε , we assume a value of ε such thatε ε ≤ε . The (33)
deformation of tension steel can be written as follow:
α. . . .ε . (34)
(23)
We obtain:
Thus
.ε . . ⁄α. (35)
α. . . . (24)
b) In case where .
. ⁄α. (25)
A's εbu
A's εb=? φ
Ku.d ε's=?
φ
k.d ε's=?
εs=?
As
εs<fe/Es
As Fig. 10 Deformations diagram for
Fig. 9 Deformations diagram for
Both the curvature and the curvature coefficient are written
2) Section with compression reinforcement respectively:
.
,k .
a) Case where .
The tensile steel and compressed steel deformation are
The curvature corresponding to the elastic limit is written as written respectively:
follow: 1
For a supposed deformation ε such as , the .
(36)
.
coefficient k is written as: , This allows to write the
expression which allows to calculate the deformation of With ⁄
compressed steel: - CASE 1: ⁄
The forces equilibrium can be written F F F
. consequently we obtain:
with ⁄ (26)
.
α. . . . . . .
On the assumption that the deformation is elastic:ε f /
E , the forces equilibrium is written F F F , we deduced α. . (37) . .
of this the following expressions: ,
Rearranging this expression (36) we obtain the following
α. . . . . . ε (27) second degree equation:
α. . . . .ε (28) . α. . . . . . 0 (38)
∆ . 4. α. . . . (39) IV. THE DUCTILITY FACTOR PARAMETRIC STUDY Μ
. √∆ 2. α. . (40) ⁄ (48)
- CASE 2: ⁄
41 When the section of tensile steel reaches the elastic limit the
curvature of the section is:
α. . . . . 42
We obtain: /E
(49)
.
⁄α. (43)
At the ultimate limit state this curvature is written as follow:
- CASE 3: ΕS FE ⁄ES
(44) .
(50)
α. . . . . (45) Where, k and k are respectively the depth coefficients from

We obtain: the neutral axis at the elastic limit state of steels, and at
ultimate limit state of the concrete.

⁄α. (46)
25 25
μ μ ρ'/ρ
C. Resistant Moment Variation according to Curvature φ 20
fc28=20 ρ'/ρ
20 fc28=30 1
1 0,75
M 15 0,75 15 0,50
Mu 0,50 0.25
10 10 0
0.25
Me 5 0 5
Ultimate limit state of
0 0
compressed concrete ρ ρ
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
Yielding state of
tensile steel 25 25
μ ρ'/ρ μ ρ'/ρ
20 fc28=40 1 20 fc28=50 1
φ 15
0,75
0,50 15 0,75
φe φu 10
0.25
10
0,50
0 0.25
Fig. 11 Moment curvature beam model 5 5 0
0 0
For each equilibrium state of the section we can calculate ρ ρ
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
the corresponding resistant bending moment M φ . The
calculation procedure of M, for a given curvature φ is 25 ρ'/ρ 25 ρ'/ρ
μ μ 1
necessarily iterative. We can deduce the ductility of a beam 20 fc28=60 1 20 fc28=70
0,75 0,75
section bent according to the parameters:ρ, ρ , f et f . 15 0,50 15 0,50
10 0.25 10 0.25
D.Section Balanced State 0 0
5 5
By definition, a reinforced concrete section is said to be in a
0 0
balanced state when the compressed concrete reaches its ρ ρ
ultimate limit state deformation ε 0.0035 at the same 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
time the deformation of tensile steel reached its elastic 25 ρ'/ρ 25 ρ'/ρ
μ μ
limitε f /E . 20 fc28=80 1 20 fc28=90 1
0,75 0,75
Applying the equilibrium equations mentioned earlier to 15 15 0,50
0,50
calculate the state of the balanced section, we get the 10 0.25 10 0.25
following results: 0 0
5 5
We define the quantity by:
0 0
ρ ρ
. 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
(46)
Then: Fig. 12 Variation of μφ according to the tensile steel ρ and
ρ 0and
.
(47) compressed steel ρ areas for 20 90
The curves in Fig. 12, have allowed us to make the

whereρ is the tensile steel rate. following observations:
For a given strength of the concrete .
- The ductility μis high if the rate of tensile steel ρis small. 25
μ
25
μ
- The curves shown in Fig. 12, all interfere at the same 20 20
point, which corresponds to a certain value of ρ ρ thus 15 fc
15 fc
forming two distinct areas. In the first domain, the rate of 10 50
20
25 10 50
20
25
tensile steel are small, the increase of compressedsteel ρ 5
60
70
30
40 5
60
70
30
40
for a constant value of ρ has the effect of reducing the 0
80
0
80
value of ductility. Otherwise, in the second domain ρ ρ ρ

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
ρ , ductility, μ is improved if the amount of compressed
steel is increased. 25
μ 25
- The resistances value of the concrete affect 20 μ
20
significantly the value of the ductilityμ. 15 15
fc fc
- For a 20 MPa concrete ductility varies from 20 10 50
20
50 20
to 7 for 0 ρ 0.01 and from 7 to 2 for

25 10 25
60 30 60
70 30
5
0.01 ρ 0.02 and from 6 to 0 for 0.02
40 70
80 5 80 40
ρ 0.03. 0
ρ 0 ρ
- For a 30 MPa concrete ductility varies from 45 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03
to 6 for 0 ρ 0.01 and from 9 to 3 for 25

0.01 ρ 0.02 and from 7 to 1 for 0.02 μ

20
ρ 0.03.
15
- For a 50 MPa concrete ductility varies from 78 fc
20
to 12 for 0 ρ 0.01 and from 12 to 5 for 10 50
60 30
25
0.01 ρ 0.02 and from 8 to 3 for 0.02 5 70

80
40
ρ 0.03. 0
ρ
- For an 80 MPa concrete ductility varies from 130 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
to 15 for 0 ρ 0.01 and from 19 to 7 for
0.01 ρ 0.02 and from 11 to 5 for 0.02 Fig. 13 Variation of μ φ according to the tensile steelρ , the
ρ 0.03. resistance and the ratio ρ ⁄ρ
- Generally and whatever the concrete strength, we have
the ductility μ 7 ifρ 0.25ρ , it varies from 9 to 3.5 From Fig. 13, we deduce that the value of the ductility
for 0.25ρ ρ 0.5ρ , and from 7 to 2 for 0.5ρ ρ increases with increases in the ratio ρ ⁄ρ .
0.75ρ and from 6 to 1 for 0.75ρ ρ ρ .
V. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RPA-99, ACI AND EC8
- The balanced state for a concrete strength of 20 MPa RECOMMENDATIONS CODES
corresponds toρ ρ 2.18%, for a concrete strength of 30
a) Algerian earthquake code recommends the following
MPa toρ 2.73%, for a concrete strength of 50 MPa to measures:
ρ 5.47% and for a concrete strength of 80 MPa the - The concrete of the principal elements must have
balanced state corresponds toρ ρ 8.75%. strength of 20 45 .
- The improvement of compressive strength of the concrete - The minimum ρ ρ total rate, of the
has resulted in increased ductility for tensile steel rates more longitudinal reinforcement along the entire length of
or less high, for ρ 0.03 with 20 we have μ the beam is 0.5%.
which varies between 0 and 5, with 40 we obtain - While-the maximum ρ ρ total rate is 4% in
μ which varies between 2.5 and 7 for 80 μ qui current zone and 6% in overlapping zone
- No carrying Beams solicited mainly by the seismic
varies between 5 and 9.
loads must have symmetrical steel reinforcements
This situation is generally required for its economic
ρ ρ with a steel section at mid span at least
character, because it ensures at the same time the load-
equalizes with the section on support.
carrying capacity who requires sometimes high sections of b) The U.S. regulation ACI building code
steels (what implies a reduction of ductility) and a sufficient recommendations are:
ductility for its deformability which is better if the tensile steel - The minimum rate of steel to be disposed on the
rate ρ is weak (what implies a reduction in resistance), the entire length of the beam is given by:
ideal is to find an intermediate position for maximum strength - ρ ρ max 0.25 , 1.38⁄
and maximum ductility.
- For bent elements of structure located in seismic
zone. ρ ρ 0.5ρ .
- The section of tensile steels of the bent elements
belonging to ductile beam-column structures resistant
to seismic forces shall not exceed 2.5% of the section
of concrete.
ρ ρ 0.025
c) The EC8 requires - Increase in the ratio ρ /ρquantity of the steels

- for beams high ductility to dispose closed stirrups compressed on the quantity of tensile steels.
which diameter φ≥6 mm with spacing such that s : Moreover, it was shown, it is possible to define the
s min ⁄4 , 24 , 150 ,6 threshold of ductility, to be achieved by the balanced state of
This confinement allows a considerable increase in the section, indeed with:
ductility.
- In zones of plastic hinges, on a length equal to two ρ<0.25ρb μ≥ 7
times the section height of the beam, to dispose in the 0.25ρb<ρ<0.5ρb 9 ≥μ≥ 3.5
compression zone, a section of steel not less than the 0.5ρb<ρ<0.75ρb 7 ≥μ≥ 2
half of the tensile section. 0.75ρb<ρ<ρb 6 ≥μ≥ 1
ρ 0.5ρ .
With
- Along the entire length of the beam, the
.
reinforcement should satisfy the followings ifρ 0
conditions :
ρ ifρ 0
ρ 0.05 ⁄
ρ 0.17 ⁄ In the light of these results, it appears that it is adapted to
These recommendations ensure in an indirect way using the limit the rate of the tensile steels to ρ 0.25ρ in the zones of
condition of minimum reinforcement for concretes with

high seismicity, to reach a ductility μ≅8, and to ρ 0.5ρ in
moderate resistance ( 22 ), in the case of the RPA
an average ductility ofμ≥ 13, the ACI code ensures a ductility the average seismicity zones to reach a ductility μ≅6, and to
μ≅ 12,5 whereas, l’EC8 an average minimal ductility limit the total quantity of steels ρ ρ’ with a maximum of
ofμ≥ 16,5. 1.5% at least in high seismicity zones. This last assumption for
The section of maximum reinforcement not to exceed a concrete with moderate resistance ( 22 ) ensure a
imposed by the RPA and ACI codes aim at ensuring a quasi- ductility of:
identical minimal ductility value about:
In the case: ρ’+ρ= 4% μ≅4.5 with ρ’/ρ=0.25
- μ≅ 2.5 forρ'/ρ=0.5 μ≅6.5 with ρ’/ρ=0.50
- μ≅ 4.2 forρ'/ρ=0.75 μ≅8.5 with ρ’/ρ=0.75
In the case:ρ’+ρ= 6%
REFERENCES
- μ≅ 2.5 forρ'/ρ=0.5
- μ≅ 4.2 forρ'/ρ=0.75 [1] ACI 318. ACI 318. "Building code requirements for structural concrete".
2004.
On the other hand l’EC8 aim at ensuring a higher ductility [2] EC8. Eurocode 8. Conception et dimensionnement des structures pour
about: leur résistance aux séismes et document d'application nationale. s.l. :
- μ≅ 7.5 forρ'/ρ=0.5 Normalisation française, Decembre 2000.
[3] RPA 99/V2003. RPA 99/V2003. "Régles Parasismiques Algeriennes".
- μ≅ 8.3 forρ'/ρ=0.75 s.l. :Ministére de l'habitat D.T.R B.C 2-48, 2003.
These results show that the maximum steel section tolerated [4] J. G. MacGREGOR. Ductility of structural elements. [Handbook of
by the codes ACI and RPA reduced ductility considerably concrete engineering]. s.l. : Mac Graw Hill, 1974. pp. 229-247.
[5] H. Nakamura, J. Niwa & T. Tanabe. An analytical evaluation of the
comparatively with the EC8 code. ductility of reinforced concrete members.s.l. : Earthquake engineering,
Researchers have agreed on a minimum and reasonable tenth world conference, 1992. pp. 4343-4348.
ductility value what must develop the critical sections of a [6] M. M. Ziara, D. Haldane, A. S. Kuttab. Fexural behavior of beams with
confinement.ACI structural journal. Jan-Feb 1995. pp. 103-114.
structure known as ductile, conceived to resist the [7] M. S. Al-Haddad. Curvature ductility of reinforced concrete beams
seism effects; they suggest a minimal value who can vary under low and high strain rates. ACI structural journal. Oct 1995. pp.
from 4 to 6, thus 2 to 3 times ductility necessary in the 526-534.
[8] R. Park& D. Ruitong. Ductility of doubly reinforced concrete beams
structural design under static loads, Where it is permissible to sections. ACI structural journal. March-April 1988. pp. 217-225.
take μ≥ 2. [9] Pfrang et al. Pfrang E.O., Siess C.P. and Sozen M.A. Juillet "Load-
Moment-Curvature Characteristics of Reinforced Cconcrete Cross
Sections". s.l. : Journal of the American Concrete Institute, july 1964.
VI. CONCLUSION
Vol. 61, 7.
The ductility calculation ⁄ of a reinforced
concrete beam by taking into account the nonlinear character
materials of concrete and steels can be calculated easily and
precisely, by using the method exposed in this work with
computer tools help.
It was shown that ductility ⁄ increase with
- Reduction in the quantity ρof tensile steels
- Reduction in the yield stress of steels.

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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

Curvature Ductility Factor of Rectangular

The compressive force in the concrete is calculated from: ⁄ . (17)

b) Case where . α. . . . .ε (29)

Knowing ε be corresponding to ε f /E such thatε If ⁄ then:

∆ . 4. α. . . . (39) IV. THE DUCTILITY FACTOR PARAMETRIC STUDY Μ

α. . . . . (45) Where, k and k are respectively the depth coefficients from

ultimate limit state of the concrete.

The curves in Fig. 12, have allowed us to make the

value of ductility. Otherwise, in the second domain ρ ρ ρ

to 7 for 0 ρ 0.01 and from 7 to 2 for

to 6 for 0 ρ 0.01 and from 9 to 3 for 25

0.01 ρ 0.02 and from 7 to 1 for 0.02 μ

0.01 ρ 0.02 and from 8 to 3 for 0.02 5 70

c) The EC8 requires - Increase in the ratio ρ /ρquantity of the steels

condition of minimum reinforcement for concretes with

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