Understanding the rocks

BASIC PETROPHYSICAL WORKSHOP

PARADIGM GEOPHYSICAL INDONESIA
18 – 19 DECEMBER 2017
Reservoir rock types

Fundamental reservoir rock properties are

Porosity Fluid type

Saturation Permeability

Reservoir rock properties determination and derivation techniques are

Direct Indirect

Reservoir rocks can be classified into two major types

Clastic rocks Carbonate rocks
Understanding the Rocks
A sedimentary rock’s properties are controlled by their:
1. Texture
2. Pore structure
3. Mineralogy Now we’re going to learn
4. Diagenesis the impact of those
factors to the rock’s
5. Other processes petrophysical properties
Understanding the Rocks
Texture
Sedimentary texture consists of:
Affects density and porosity,
1. Grain size sometimes also affect resistivity
2. Roundness Affects density, porosity, and
3. Sphericity strength (modulus)

4. Sorting
Affects density, porosity, and
5. Packing resistivity

Controlled by constant energy

during the depositional process
Controlled by energy and time
(and therefore, distance) of the
sediments from their source
Reservoir rock types

Clastic rocks (typical members are sandstone, siltstone, claystone, and shale)
For the effect of clay in a reservoir rock, not only the volume fraction (clay content) and the clay
mineralogy, but also the type of clay distribution is important
1) Laminar clay – thin clay layers alternating with sand,
2) Dispersed clay – clay in the pores (also authigenic clay),
3) Structural clay – clay forms grains and is a rock-building component.

Carbonate rocks (typical members are calcite, dolomite, and minor clay)
Reservoir rock types

Porosity is defined as the volume fraction of all pores related to the rock bulk volume

For reservoir characterization, porosity is classified into 2:

1) Total porosity (the fraction of bulk volume occupied by the total pore space or the space
not occupied by solid components),
2) Effective porosity (the fraction of bulk volume occupied by interconnected pore space
allowing fluid flow).
Understanding the Rocks
Pore Structure
Pore structure describes the system interconnecting each pores inside
a rock (simple or intricate pore system).
Pore structure greatly affects:
1. Effective porosity (high/low)
2. Permeability (high/low)
3. Resistivity (high/low)
4. Wave velocities (usually higher/lower)
Understanding the Rocks
Pore Structure

Verwer, et al. (2011).

Reservoir’s Petrophysical Properties
Clean Sandstone Shaly Sandstone

𝛷𝑑2 + 𝛷𝑛2 2
𝛷𝑑𝑐 2
− 𝛷𝑛𝑐
𝛷𝑡 = 𝛷𝑒 = 𝛷𝑒𝑐 =
2 2

𝜌𝑚 − 𝜌 𝛷𝑑𝑐 = 𝛷𝑑 − 𝑉𝑠ℎ . 𝛷𝑑𝑠ℎ

𝛷𝑑 =
𝜌𝑚 − 𝜌𝑓 𝛷𝑛𝑐 = 𝛷𝑛 − 𝑉𝑠ℎ . 𝛷𝑛𝑠ℎ
Matrix’s Lithology Value Fluid Value
Sandstone 2.65 Brine 1
Limestone 2.71 Saline Water 1.15
Dolomite 2.877 Methane 0.423
Anhydrite 2.960 Oil 0.8
Halite 2.040
ϕnc : shale-corrected neutron ϕt : total porosity
porosity
ρ : density log reading ϕe : effective porosity
ρm : matrix density ϕdc : shale-corrected density-
ρf : fluid density derived porosity
Reservoir rock types

Saturation gives the volume fraction occupied by a fluid related to the pore volume.
A reservoir hosting the fluids water, oil, and gas is characterized by three saturation terms; their
sum must be 1:

Fluid saturation can be determined:

• From cores, plugs, or samples
• Indirectly from logs (resistivity, dielectric, or neutron measurements).
Reservoir’s Petrophysical Properties
Water Saturation
Archie (Basic Equation)
1
𝑎 𝐹 . 𝑅𝑤 𝑛 𝑅𝑜
𝐹= 𝑚 𝑆𝑤 = 𝐹=
𝜙𝑡 𝑅𝑡 𝑅𝑤

Simandoux Modified Indonesian

1−𝑉𝑐𝑙
𝑛
1 𝑆𝑤2 𝑆𝑤 . 𝑉𝑠ℎ 1 𝛷𝑡𝑚 𝑉𝑐𝑙 2
= + = + 𝑆𝑤2
𝑅𝑡 𝐹 . 𝑅𝑤 𝑅𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑡 𝑎 . 𝑅𝑤 𝑅𝑐𝑙

Sw : water saturation Rsh : shale resistivity

F : formation factor Vsh : shale volume
a : tortuosity factor Vcl : clay volume
m : cementation exponent Ro : water-bearing zone resistivity
n : saturation exponent Rw : formation water resistivity
Rt : true resistivity
Reservoir rock types

Permeability
• characterizes the ability of a rock to transmit a fluid; it connects the fluid flow rate with the
applied pressure gradient and the fluid viscosity,
• is controlled by the connected passages of the pore space (pore throats),

Methods used to determine permeability are:

• Direct measurements at samples
• Direct tests: well and drillstem tests, wireline formation testers, pump tests,
• Indirect methods using grain size parameters and porosity (particularly for unconsolidated
sediments),
• Indirect methods using wireline logs and specific interpretation (NMR, Stoneley wave, or
combined techniques implementing irreducible water saturation).
Reservoir rock types

Permeability
Depending on the fluid composition, there are 3 types of permeability:
• Absolute permeability
• Effective permeability
• Relative permeability
Reservoir rock types

Permeability is a pore space property; main controlling factors are:

• Porosity (connected porosity),
• Pore size and fracture width
Reservoir’s Petrophysical Properties
Permeability
Wyllie-Rose Timur Coates-Denoo
2 2
𝑎𝑤𝑟 𝜙𝑒 3 𝜙𝑒 4.4 𝐹𝐹𝐼
𝑘= 𝑘 = 0.136 ( 2 ) 𝑘 = 104 𝜙𝑒 4
𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑟 𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑟 𝜙𝑒 − 𝐹𝐹𝐼

𝐹𝐹𝐼 = 𝜙𝑒 (1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑟)

Fluid Wyllie-Rose Constant

Oil 250
Gas 79

k : permeability (mD) ϕe : effective porosity

awr : Wyllie-Rose constant FFI : Free fluid index
Swirr : irreducible water sat.
Reservoir rock types
Core analysis is a Laboratory study of a sample of a geologic formation, usually reservoir rock,
taken during or after drilling a well.

There are two types of core acquisition:

• Conventional (or rotary) cores
• Sidewall core (percussion and rotary sidewall coring).
Pitfalls and Solutions
Case: How do we know that our calculations are correct?

Remember:
1. Well logs are not absolute, geological data is.
If the
2. result never match
You MUST with the
calibrate coreresult
your data, the logging
with coreprocess
data, may
if
bethey
wrong,
areconsult
match,your data
your to the logging
calculations service
are company.
correct.
3. If they are not match, try to use different equation
or check other supporting data (mineralogy, etc.) or
use CROSS PLOTS.
THANK YOU