Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
2012s2 CE48-11-1 1
Water quality – content
point – non point sources
oxygen depletion / modelling
regulations
2012s2 CE48-11-1 2
Overview sources
2012s2 CE48-11-1 3
Point sources & non-point sources
Point Non-point
sewer air pollution
animal manure agro-chemicals via groundwater
factory agro-chemicals via siltation
gasoline station (surface runoff)
dry cleaner urbanisation, many septic tanks
waste dump
mining
2012s2 CE48-11-1 4
Point sources & non-point sources
Biological Oxygen Demand in the Philippines
2012s2 CE48-11-1 6
Sources and sinks of oxygen
http://www.esac.pt/rnabais/GAREIA2007-2008/STREEPER%20AND%20PHELPS%20EQUATION.pdf
2012s2 CE48-11-1 7
Oxygen Resources in Streams
“DO Sag”: 5 zones
Clean Decomposition Sceptic Recovery Clean
2012s2 CE48-11-1 8
Streeter-Phelps equation
“DO Sag Curve”
2012s2 CE48-11-1 9
Modelling approach
1. Define state variables (here DO and BOD)
2. Define (kinetic) processes
A. Mixing of river and waste water
B. Oxygen use by BOD
C. Reaeration
3. Construct mass balances
4. Solve
2012s2 CE48-11-1 10
Streeter-Phelps equation
mixing + oxygen use + reaeration
C. Reaeration
River
Waste
A. Mixing B. BOD degradation using oxygen
Complete transverse and vertical mixing (perpendicular to flow), no mixing in flow direction: plug flow, x
=ut
2012s2 CE48-11-1 11
Streeter-Phelps equation
2.A mixing
L and DO
r r L and DO after mixing
river; flow rate Q o o
r
Mass balances:
L and DO
w w
Qr Lr Qw Lw (Qr Qw ) Lo in waste stream; flow rate Q
w
2012s2 CE48-11-1 12
Streeter-Phelps equation
2. A mixing 2
Example
Calculate
River discharge: 10 m3/s
L and DO
Waste water discharge: 300 L/s o o
BOD River 1 mgO /L
2
BOD waste water 1000 mgO /L
2
DO river 8 mgO /L
2
Example
Calculate
River discharge: 10 m3/s
L and DO
Waste water discharge: 300 L/s o o
BOD River 1 mgO /L Result
2
BOD waste water 1000 mgO /L L = 30.1 mgO /L
2 o 2
DO river 8 mgO /L
2 DO = 7.8 mgO /L
o 2
DO waste water 0 mgO /L
2012s2 2 CE48-11-1 14
Streeter-Phelps equation
2.B Oxygen use by BOD
BOD + O CO + H O
2 2 2
dL
k d L;
dt
t 0, L Lo
2012s2 CE48-11-1 15
Streeter-Phelps equation
2.B oxygen use by BOD: half life BOD
Half-life, time needed for the concentration to decrease by a factor 2
Lt Lo e kd t , ln( L0 / Lt ) k d t ,
ln( 2) 0.693
t1/ 2
kd kd
t x / u
Example
2012s2 CE48-11-1 16
Streeter-Phelps equation
2.B oxygen use by BOD: half life BOD 2
Lt/L0 = 15 / 30 = ½ find distance after 1 half life
2012s2 CE48-11-1 17
2012s2 CE48-11-1 18
2.B River deoxygenation coefficient
(First order decay rate of BOD)
2012s2 CE48-11-1 19
Streeter-Phelps equation:
2.C reaeration
Rr k r ( DOs DO) k r D
R reaeration rate (mgO /L/d)
r 2
k reaeration rate coefficient (d-1)
r
DO saturated dissolved oxygen concentration (mgO /L)
s 2
DO dissolved oxygen concentration in river (mgO /L)
2
D oxygen deficit DO - DO (mgO /L)
s 2
The rate at which O2 is dissolved in water is proportional to the “dissolved oxygen deficit”
2012s2 CE48-11-1 20
Streeter-Phelps equation
2.C reaeration data
2012s2 CE48-11-1 21
Streeter-Phelps equation
2.C oxygen solubility for rearation
T (oC) DOs (mg/L)
15 10.15
20 9.17
25 8.38
30 7.63
35 7.07
2012s2 CE48-11-1 22
Streeter-Phelps equation: 3. Mass balance
Change in mass = mass flow in – mass flow out + mass flow reactions
2012s2 CE48-11-1 23
Volume Flow/Concentration/Mass Flow
J=QC
Volume V in m3
Mass M in g
M=VC
2012s2 CE48-11-1 24
Streeter-Phelps equation
3. mass balance
DO
s
Change in Deficit Deficit
BOD Reaeration
D = DO –DO = deficit
s
x river length (m)
u velocity (m/day),
2012s2 CE48-11-1 25
Streeter-Phelps equation
4. Mass balance solution
kd t
Lt Lo e
2012s2 CE48-11-1 26
Streeter-Phelps equation
“DO Sag Curve”
2012s2 CE48-11-1 29
http://emb.gov.ph/laws-wqm.htm
2012s2 CE48-11-1 30
Fresh Water Classification
Public Water Supply Class I. This class is intended primarily for waters
having watersheds which are uninhabited and otherwise protected and which
AA require only approved disinfection in order to meet the National Standards for
Drinking Water (NSDW) of the Philippines.
Public Water Supply Class II. For sources of water supply that will
A require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and
disinfection) in order to meet the NSDW.
Recreational Water Class I. For primary contact recreation such as
B bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc. (particularly those designated for tourism
purposes).
1) Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic
resources;
C 2) Recreational Water Class II (Boatings, etc.)
3) Industrial Water Supply Class I (For manufacturing processes after
treatment).
1) For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc.
D 2) Industrial Water Supply Class II (e.g. cooling, etc.)
3) Other inland waters, by their quality, belong to this classification
2012s2 CE48-11-1 31
Water Quality Criteria for Aesthetics and Oxygen
Demand for Fresh Waters
Parameter Unit AA A B C D
Temp rise C
0
3 3 3 3
pH - 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 6.0 - 9.0
DOxygen mg/L 5 5 5 5 3
BOD5 mg/L 1 5 5 7 (10) 10 (15)
Oil/Grease mg/L nil 1 1 2 5
Nitrate mgN/L 1 10 nr 10* -
Phosphate mgP/L nil 0.1* 0.2* 0.4* -
Phenols mg/L nil 0.002 0.005* 0.02* -
T Coliforms NPN/100 ml 50* 1000* 1000* 5000* -
Fecal Coli NPN/100 ml 20 100 200 - -
Chloride mg/L 250 250 - 350
Copper mg/L 1 1 - 0.05*
Selection, *) see notes in DAO 90-34
Red print entry are stations that conform with DO and BOD guideline values
2012s2 CE48-11-1 34
http://www.denr.gov.ph/e-library/enr-statistics.html
2012s2 CE48-11-1 35
Flow direction
2012s2 36
ENGR. ALEX J. TACBOBO Supervising Environmental Management Specialist Environmental Management Bureau-Region X