DOW einae eH CHEMISTRY SOLUTIONS Qa 1.2AI + 30, + Al,0, 2.281 +N, > 2AIN 3.2Al+ 3Cl, > 2AICl, 4.Al+Cr,0, > Al,O, + Cr 5.Al+Mn,0, > Al,0, + Mn 6.Al+HCI> AICI, +H, JH, AN(OH), + 3HCI 7,281 + 3H,S0,(il) + Al,(SO,), + 6H, 8, 2Al + H,SO,(conc,) >» Al,(SO,), + SO, + H,0 9. Al + HNO, > No reaction 10.Al + NaOH AK(OH), + 3 11, 2A1+ AICI, Hah Tema, 3AICI Q2 4. Al(OH), + 3H > AP? + 3H,0 acid 2. AI(OH), + NaOH > Na[AI(OH),] or NaAlO, 2H,0 base sodium meta aluminate 3. Al(OH), — Below 480°, 1,0, (a-form) 4. AI(OH), —ABeve 450%, A,0, (form) Q3 MI) MUI) (SO,),.12H,0 Q4 6 water molecule act as ligands about mono valent metal cations and 6 water molecule act as ligands about trivalent metal cations. Q.5 Almost any unipositive cations (except Li-) most commen alums have K*, NH,” Q.6 AIM, TI, Vir, Cres, Fel, Mn, Co™, Ga, Ret, In Q7 due to different type of ions. as ou Q.9 It loses water of crystallisation and swell up. Q.10__ Alums are used as mordant in dyeing. Q.11 Acidic due to cationic hydrolysis of trivalent cation. [RTE Wsi0w Koa een Tainan) ROTA WAL) Ph 74 exam, FOERTO Pacee 33Doncnulaaen ina Qa2z Qs qua Qs qe Qa7 qus Qu9 Q.20 q2t Q.22 Q.23 Q.24 Q.25 Q.26 9.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 ast 932 233 934 2.35 2.36 9.37 ass 939 . JOY SN An aqueous solution containing equimolar amount of Al,(SO,) and K,SO, crystallises as allums. rani Double dulphate of divalent ions and trivalent fons with 24 water molecules in their crystals are known as pseudo alums, No Al,SO,,18H,0 AI(OH), + 3H* > Al* + 3H, acid Al(OH), + NaOH Na[A(OH),] or Nao, 24,0 base sodium meta aluminate AI(OH), > Gelatinous white ppt Zn(OH), > white ppt. It is prepared by passing dry chlorine over aluminium powder. ALO, + 3C + 3Cl, > 2AICl, + 3CO In inert orgnic solvent and in vapour state. ‘The high enthalpy of hydration is sufficient to break the covalent dimer into [M(H,0),]** and 3X- Yes Acidic, AICI, + 3H,0 > Al(OH), + 3HCI Yes It is hydroscopic in nature AICI is unstable below 800°C. It disproportionate below 800°C 3aICI> AICI, + 2A AICI, + Cl [AICI] AlCl, + LiH (excess) 9LI[AIH,] ALO, GAI,Oy, BAO, orAL0, Al + Fe,0, > Al,0, + Fe + heat 2Al,0, + 2AICI, -> 6AICI + 30, e-form TAL,0, The strength of C-C bond is very high Pb Graphite co ABLES VISION KOTA, 608.4, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2408510 PAGE# 34DOW einae eH Q.40 at Qaz a3 44 45 46 a7 Qs 49 Q.50 Qst Q5z Q53 Q54 Q55 Q56 Q57 Qss Q59 Q.60 Qet Qez 63 Qa Q6s Q.66 Q.67 CHEMISTRY Pb Free electrons present in 2p orbitals of graphite Graphite c 840 e008 e-Quartz © B-Quartz ¢ Tridymite "es cristobalite a-Sn ‘eS fSn “e> Rhomble Sn a-Sn ‘e> BSn © Rhombic Sn P. ‘The conversion of white tin (B-Sn) is accompainied by an increase in volume and the letter, being very brittle, easily crumbles down to powder, this phenomenon is known as tin disease When bent the metal produces a cracking sound due to rubbing of crystals over one another is known as tin cry. sn Diamond C0, CO,, C,0, H,CO, HCOOH Fullerens are produced by evoparation of graphite by lesser. Yes 60 Purple colour Red orange colour Socker's ball Malonic acid co, sno co CO neutral, others ~> acidic sio, Produce strong base by hydrolysis. Cac, +N, —1300°6_, Cacn, [RTE Wsi0w Koa wen Tana ROTA WAN) Ph 4am, FORSTO PAGE# 35Doncnulaaen ina qes Q69 Q.70 zt Q72 Q73 Q74 Q7s Q76 q77 Q78 Q79 Q20 Qst Qs2 983 qsa aes rani CaCN, —HO"_, Ca(OH), + H,N-CN LH,O HAN-C- NH Cacn, + 2Naci 8 Cac, + NACN +N, K,Fe(CN), 8, 4KCN + Fe +N, 2KCN + H,SO, > 2HCN + 2K" + SO, Alkaline HCN oN -CeN HCN __c¥"_, cu(CN), + NaCN HCN 40, Cl, + NaOH OCI + Cr (CN), + NaOH OCN’ + CN both produced similar type of ions. SiO, does not have tendency of px-pr overlapping, CO, SiO, Acidic Ge0,, SnO, Amphoteric PbO, Basic Po(NO,), » PbO + NO, co, Gives mellitic acid (C,(COOH),] and oxalic acid (RSi0), Silicones are produced. sp B-Quartz Silicates are formed 2KOH + SiO, +K,SIO, +H CaCO, + SiO, + Casio, + co, 2KNO, + SIO, + K,SIO, + 2NO, + ¥20, SiO, + 6HF— H,SIF, + 2H,0 c+Si0, +c si ZABTES VISION KOTA, son TALWANOI KOTA (RAL) Ph TAA eas069, 208810 PAGES 36DOW einae eH 286 287 8s 289 2.90 ast 92 293 94 Q95 9.96 Q97 298 Q99 Q.100 Q.to1 Q.102 103 Q.104 Q.105 Q.106, Q.107, Q.108, Q.109 Q.110 Qa. qa12 113 Qaia Prsisind Flint Super cooled liquid, pseudo solid SIO, + 6HF->H,SIF, + 2H,0 Fluoro siliclic acid Na,Si0,.CaSiO, HSIO, Na,SiO, H,0 When transition metals are added into soda glass solution. Different type of colour are obtained Silanes Si, H,,,5 German Ge, H,,,5 Vertex of silica is formed Si + 2NaOH— Nasio, + H,> HF Silanes ‘Alkanes Toxic Not Autocombust Not Reducing agent Not Unstable Stable KNO, + SiO, + K,SiO, + 2NO, + #20, HF Corundum (a-Al,0,) and Carborundum (SiC) Glass sio, Soda glass Hard glass Flint glass Stops ULV. light Pyrex glass Caco, + Na,CO, + SiO, + H,80, » borosilicate gass Trimethy! amines sp?, Tisilyl amine sp? hybridization N(CH), Polymeric organocompounds contain Si-O-Si bonds therefore known as silicones SiO, form C does not have 3¢ orbitals. [RIES Wsi0w Koa een Taiwan) ROTA AN) Ph 704 aR, FORSTO Pace 37Doncnulaaen ina Quis Q.1i6 Q.1i7 quis quia Q.120 Q121 Q.122 Q.123 Q124 125 Q.126 127 Q128 Q.129 e130 Quast 132 9.133 2.134 135 2.136 137 2.138 139 rani Tin is purifyed by electrolytic method Both SnO and Sno, SnC,0, 5 SnO +CO+CO, Oxidation of SnO to SnO, is checked by CO Sn0, NOH, Na,Sno. SnO, 15% _, H,Sn0, stannic acid SnCl,,2H,0 2, Sn(OH)CI snd, SnCl,.5H,0 nc, 2NH, nc, NH, HgCl, + Sncl, -» Calamel nF, Does not reacts with organic acids. 3SnCI, + 2AUCI, > 3SnCI, + 2AU 3SnCI, + 2AuCl, > 2Au' + 3SnCl, M2, Sn(OH), SnCl,.SH,O 49, Sn(OH)C! Butter of Tin Sn + HNO,» H,Sn0, SnI, > yellow, SnCl, and SnBr, coloured SnO + 2HF -> SnF, + H,0 Pb has more value of ionization energy then Sn due to poor shielding of the valence shell electrons by the electrons present in d and f subshells, PDO, PbO, Pb,0,, Pb,O, Because Pb" is more stable than Pb** Absence of d-orbitals in C >> Si> Ge>sn>Pb Three Fajan's rule ABLES VISION KOTA, 608.4, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2408510 PAGE# 38eH Doncueiaa eae Q.140 (a)C Si> Ge > Pb > Sn BP, C> Si> Ge>Sn>Pb () Si Si> Ge > Pb> Sn (e) (44), Si(+4), Ge(+4), Sn(+4), Pb(+2) Q.141 Group V elements have ns? general configurator which is a half filled orbital having extra stability. So they have high LE. Q.142 As and Sb Q.143 The bond strength between Bi-Bi is quite poor and secondly due to inert pair effect, it has poor tendency to form more no. of bonds with other Bi atoms. 144 +3and+5 Q.145 _NH,(-3), NH,-NH,(-2), NH,OH(-1), N,(0), N,O(+1), NO(+2), N,0,(+3), NO,(+4), N,0,(+5) Q.146 Group V elements have poor bond strength between their atoms, 47 H-N=N=N Qa4s N, Q.149 Red, yellow, black Q.150 White and yellow Q.151 White and yellow Q.152 Nitrogen Q.153 _N, has high bond energy. Q.154 Nitrogen N, others M, Q455 pads Q.156 Ca,,N, 40, NH, CaP, : ho, PH, Q.157__Ca,P, + 6HOH > 3CO(OH), + 2PH, phosphene CaN, + 6H,0 + 3Ca(OH), + 2NH, Zn,Ais, + 6H,0 + 32n(0H), + 2AsH, Q.158 Hydrezine Q.159_NH, > PH, > AsH, > SbH, Q.160 _NH,> PH,> AsH,> SbH, > BiH, Q.161 8H, Q.162 NH, [RTE Wsi0w Koa wen Tana ROTA WAN) Ph 4am, FORSTO oreDeueiaea Q.163 NH, has H-bonding Q.164 NH, > PH, > Ast, > SbH, > BiH, Q165 8x, Q.166 Pyramidal Q.167 PCI, + HOH-+H,PO, + 3HCI Q.168 Nx, Q.169. Yes Q.170 Nitrogen Q.171 Trinalides are more stable Q.172 Yes Q.173 Gaseous state PCI, and in solid state [PCl,"] [PCI] Q.u74 Q175 Ca(PO,), + C+ CaCO, +P Q.176 Yellow Q.177 Yellow P Q.178 RedP Q.179 Q.180 Yellow .181 (2) White P converts into Red P (©) white P appears yellow Q.182 Polymeric structure. .183 Insoluble Red water P Q.184 P+ Ca or Mg Ca,P, oF MP, P + Na or K = Na,P ork, Q.185 Highly reactive, burshing into Hames when exposed to air. [ABLES VISION KOTA, 68-4, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ) Ph. O74 - 6450883, 405510 PAGER 49DOW einae eH P. Q.186 Q.187 Q.188 189 Q.190 Quast Q.192 Q.193 Q.194 Q.195 Q.196 Q.197 qass 199 Q.200 Q.201 9.202 9.203 Prsisind P_2, P.0, PH, &NaH,PO, Reducing agent P+ HNO, ->H,P0, + NO, P + Conc H,SO, -»H,PO, + 0, P + CuSO, -» Cu,P, P + AgNO, ~>Ao,P, + HNO, Pree, Pcl, Ps, PS, White (a) Ca,P, + 6H,0 > 3Ca(OH), + 2PH, (b) NaP + H,0 > NaOH + PH, AIP 100, PH, T+ ACOH), H,PO, 2, PH, + H,PO, P, + 3NaOH + 3,0 PH, + 3NaH,PO, Ring of N,0, are known as vertex ring. During formations of Ply, PH, is oxidized by O, and forms ?.0, P, + NaOH -»Na,HPO, + PH,T PH, + 0, -» HPO, PH, +0, -»P,0, + #,0 vertex ring NN has no d-orbital thus it can't accept H,0 as a ligand for hydrolysis. Due to high P ~ F bond strength Nc, Ho, x Pcl, Ho, H,PO, AsCl, 42, As,0, sbcl, ©, sb oc Bic, he, soc! Bi does not show +5 oxidation state due to inert pair effect. B>AlInAl>Ga>In>Tl Q.207 GaAl>Ga>In>TI Q.209 Al>Ge>In>Tl Q210 C>Si>Ge>Sn>Si>Ge>Sn>Pb Q212 C>Si>Ge>Sn>Pb Q.213 PDF, > POCI, > PbBr, > PbI, Q214 siSb>Bi Q.216 NBi Q.217 NH, > PH, > ASH, > SbH, > BiH, Q.218 NH, < PH, < ASH, NBr, > NCI, > NF, Q.221 NH, > PH, > AsH, > SbH, > BiH, Q.222 PCI, > AsCl, > SbCl, Q.223N,0, > P,0, > As,0, Q.224 _N,0, > P,0, > As,0, > Sb,0, > Bi,0, Q.225 N,0 As,0, > Sb,0, > NO, > 8,0, Q.227 NCI, > PCI, > AsCl, > SbCI, > BICI, 9.228 PF, > PCI, > PBr, > Pl, Q.229 Pl, > PBr, > PCI, > PF, Q.230 HNO, > H,PO, > H,AsO, > H,Sb0, Q.231 0Se>Te Q.232 0>S>Se>Te>Po Q.233H,0H,S>H,Se>H,Te 236 H,0H,5 > H,Se > H,Te Q.238 SO, > Se0, > Te0, “[ABTES VISION KOTA, 600.4, TLWANDI KOTA (RAL, Ph 0744 - 6480889, 2405510 PAGES 42eH Doncueiaa eae Q.239 SO > SO, > SO, Q.240H,Te0, < H,Se0, < H,50, Q2ai F< cl>Br>1 Q.242 F>Cl>Br>1 Q.243 Cl, > Br,>F,>1, Q244 F,> Cl, > Br, >I, Q.245 HI> HBr>HCl> HF 246 HI> HBr > HCI> HF Q.247 HF >HI> HBr > HCI 248 H-F > H—Cl> H—Br> Ho Q.249HCIO, > HCIO, > HCIO, > HCIO 9.250 HCIO> HBrO > HIO Q.251 HCIO, HCIO, > HCIO, > HCIO Q.253 HCIO> HBrO > HIO Q.254 HCI, MCI> M—Br> MI Q256 <1, <1,' <1,0,< #10, Q.257 HClO < HClO, < HClO, < HCIO, Q.258 HI<1,Kr>Ar>Ne>He Q.261 XeF, < XeF, < XeF, Q.262 Concentration solution of NH, is water. Q.263 Hydrogen bonding. 9.264 Yellow flame. Q.265 Yes NH, +0,9N, +H,0 Q.266 Hydrogen bonding. Q.267 Haber process. Q.268 NH, has hydrogen bonding like water. Q.269 Good dielectric constant: Q.270 NH, has a tendency to form H-bond which helps to dissolve organic substances whereas its relatively low dielectric constant then water makes it a poor solvent for fonic inorganic sub- stances. RTE Wsi0w Kota een Taiwan) ROTA WAN) Po 4 exam, FOEsTO vaceeDoncnulaaen ina Q27i Q272 Q273 9.274 275 Q.276 9277 9278 Q.279 9.280 Q.281 9.282 9.283 284 285 9.286 Q.287 288 9.289 2.290 291 292 9.293 9.294 9.295 9.296 Q.297 Q.298 9.299 2.300 9.301 9.302 rani . JOY SN Agl has covalent bond so itis insoluble in water but itis soluble in NH, due to complex formation. ‘Agl + 2NH, * [Ag(NH,),]" NH + NH, Acid ~ base Reducing agent N,+H,0 N +HNO, N,O+H,0 Linear One 2 NO +NO, NO, NO, Diamagnetic NO, Vapour Fe(Co), + NO > [Fe(CO), (NO),] [Fe(H1,0).NO]SO, Phosphorous acid & phosphoric acids. +1 or +3 in phosphorous acid, +4 or +5 in phosphoric acid Either one or two. Reducing agent White. One Orthophosphorous aci. No Orthophosphoric acid Pyrophosphoric ac. HPO, (HPO), HNO,, HNO, Oxidising, reducing, complex forming ability ZABTES VISION KOTA, son TALWANOI KOTA (RAL) Ph TAA eas069, 208810 PAGES 44una Dose Bie P. Q.303 HNO, 9.304 NO, dissolved in concentrated HNO, Q.305 aq. solution 306 HNO, Q.307 Birkeland Eyde & ostwald 308 Nitrateion 9.309 Urea, Q.310 1,N,0,&HNO, Q.311 By direct oxidation of NH, using Pt as a catalyst. Q.312 ,0, Q.313 HNO, + HNO, Q.314 No," Q.315. ?,0,,P,0, 2.316 7,0, Q.317 (i) P,0, + 3H,0 > 2H,P0, (li) 2P,0, + 6H,0 > 3H,PO, + PH, 9318.0, 9319 P,0, 2.320 P,0, Q.321 (i) P,0, + H,O > 2HPO, (ii) P,0, + 3H,0 > 2H,P0, Q.322._Chloramine NH,CI (2NH, + Cl, +> NH,CI + NH,CI] 9.323 Hydrazine 9.324 Ostwald Process. Q.325 2N,(g) + 6H,0(9) 9.326 NO 9.327. 0,,0, Q.328 (i) 2KCIO,(s) Spap,?30,(9) + 2KCI(s) 9.329 Co, +50, Q.330 Sodium peroxide Na,0, Q.331 Pale Blue 9.332 F,0 9.333 NO Q.334 No vacant ¢-orbital. [ARTES WsIOW KOTa, en Tana) ROTA WAL) Ph 4 aOR, FOBSTO vacee asDoncnulaaen ina 9.335 9.336 9.337 2.338 2.339 2.340 Q341 9342 9343 344 9345 Q346 9.347 Q.348 9.349 9.350 351 9.352 9.353 2.354 9355 9.356 0.357 9.358 9.359 2.360 9361 9.362 Q.363, Q.364 e365 0.366 9.367 9.368 rani Heating with a cobalt salt $0, Ba0 2n0 Elements that are on the borderline between metals and non-metals Sulphurous acid (HS0,) Alkaline Hydrogen High lattice eneroy Be0, SiO, 8,0, 2H,S + 0, + 2H,0 + 2S 8 0, >0,>0,->0,7 °, Yes “1 Na,0, > MgO > Zn0 > P.O, Small size, High EN, Absence of d orbitals. Priestley Strong covalent between two O atoms due to px-px overlapping Non-linear ©, = paramagnetic, 0, = diamagnetic Nitrite ion By action of a silent electric discharge 1178 Increases to 3/2 times. °, (j) Oxidation of organic compound, (ii) Water purification Group 16 Yes it can be oxidise all of them Zero 10% P, +0, +H,0 >H,PO, Zero to +5 False ABLES VISION KOTA, 608-4, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2408510 PAGES 46una Dose Bie P. Q.369 370. Red Q371 U.V.Rays Q.372 Chlorofloro Carbon Q.373. 0, + 2K’ +2 +H,0->KOH +1, +0, 9.374 solid 2375 10, Q.376 Skew, chain structure 0.377 H,00rH,0, Q.378 Its strong oxidizing nature ready decomposition 2.379. Yes 380 Reducing agent 381 Acid Q.382 Basic 383 HO, and OH Q.384 BaS0,+H,0 oH ows ClOGT™ on 386 No 387 Peroxodisulfuric acid 388 0,>0,>H,0 389 8 Q.390 Fes, Q.391 Frasch process 9.392 y-sulphur Q.393 _Itis prepared by boiling milk of ime with sulphur and decomposing the product with HCl Q.394 369K, transition temperature. Q.395 (i) 25+ Cl, oe, S.C, (i) 38 +P, +, BS, (il) 284+¢ [RIES Wsi0n KOT, wen Tana) ROTA WAI) Ph 74 aR, FOESTO pace® a7ina Doncnulaaen aie 396 (NH,),S, 9.397 $0, 398 Trigonal planner, 120 9.399 SO, Q.400 Reducing nature Q401 50, Q.402 +4and +6 Q.403 FeS +H,SO,(dil.) + FeSO, + H,S HAS) +80) > H,8(9) Q.404 Dibasic acid Q.405 _Bisulphides and hydrogen sulphides. Q.406 It reacts with cations and produced coloured insoluble sulphides, Q.407 sis pricipatted. Q.408 1,5 is readly oxidized into s or its disprotonation to SH- or S*. It's ligand abilty is very weak. Q.409 Dilute chlorine Q.410 #50, itis used in most of manufacturing process. Q411 Contact process, Lead chamber process, 412 Fe(OH), remove As,0, in contact process. They absorb As,O, on their surface. Q.413 95% Q.414 Contact process. Q.415 Fe(OH), QA16 SO, + H,0-+H,S0, itis a violent reaction. a7 540,450, 2? 50, Ho, 1450, 418 Intermolecular hydrogen bonding. 419 _Bisulphate and sulphate. 420 2 Qari 46 2.422 H-bonding 2.423 _Sparting of acid due to evolution of great amount of heat 424 1,50, is an oxidizing agent thus it can easily oxidised elements in their oxyacis. 425 2.426 oxidising agent -an form strong extensive H-bonds. Q.427 C,(H,0), —coneHs. , 6C + 6H,0 Black ABLES VISION KOTA, 608.4, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2408510 PAGES 48eH Doncueiaa eae Q.428 1,50, Q.429 4,50, Q.430 Zeroand +4 Q.431 It can be reduce 1, Q.432 It dissolves unreacted AgBr from the photographic emulsion by complexation Q.433. Cl, +H,0 + Na,S,0, -» 2HCI + Na,SO, +S Q.434. Cl, +H,0 + Na,S,0, -» 2HCI + Na,SO, +S Hypo is thus used as an antichlore. Q.435._Na,5,0, Q.436 _Na,S + Na,S,0, + 1, > 2Nal + Na,5,0, 437 5,0, (Tetrathionate) 438 aq. solution of hydrogen halides. Q.439 Strong affinity for hydrogen. 440 (i) CaSO, + 2HF(g), (ii) Na,SO, + 2HCI(g) Qaai HF 482 HI> HBr > HCI> HF Q.443 High bond dissociation energy intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Q.444 Due to high EN & small size of F Q.445 SbF, is a strong e pair acceptor. Q.446 HF 447 HF 448 HE HCI > HBr > HI Q.456 Kk? and (HF,}- Q.457. Fluorine Q.458 CIOH> BrOH > 10H Q.459 HClO HCIO, > HCIO, > HCIO QA71_HCIO, > HCIO, > HCIO, > HCIO 472 HCIO, Ca(OCl) C+ H,0 qasa cl, @.485 The amount of Cl, obtained from a sample of bleaching powder by treatment with excess of dilute acids or CO, Q.486 It produce nascent O by treatment with H,S0, 9.487 Autooxidation 9.488 Mixed salt, 2.489 35 to 38% 9.490 Yes Q.491 Halogen means salt forming. ABLES VISION KOTA, 608.4, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2408510 PAGE# 50eH Doncueiaa eae Q.492 Q.493 16" group elements Q.494 Alkali metals and halogens Q.495 Due to higher EN and their reactivity 496 T-and 10, 497 x Q498 cl, Q.499 Electrolysis of mixture of molten KF and HF Q.500 Diaphragm is used to separate the two gases H, and F, otherwise these gases reacts explosively. Q.501 By passing Cl, gas into bromide salt solution Q502 6H! +10, +141, +3H,0 Q.503 GH +10, +141, +3H,0 Q.504 When H,S0, is added to NaCl with MnO,, Cl, is evolved. Q.505 K.MnF, + SbF, > K,SbF, + MnF, + MF, Q.506 True Q.507 When halogen has ~ 1 oxidation state. Q.508 He, Ne, Ar 509 (a) Mg + Br,(/) > MaBr, (b) P, + C19) — PCI, (5, + FQ) > SF, (0) Keg, + F(a) > XeF, Q.510 Covalent nature Q511 UF, Q.512 (i) CaF, + H,S0, con, 7 CaSO, + HF (ii) NaCl +H,S0, cone, > Na,SO, + HC (ill) H, + Br, Pees ayee)_, HBr (iv) 21,(6) +N,H, 22 > N, + HE (v) 1, +H,S OH +S Q.513 PCI, + 0,0 > POCl, + 20c1 Q.514 Hypochlorite ion Q.515 Cl, +H,0 + Hg0> HOCI + HCI, HCI is absorbed by HgO Q.516 NaOCl [RTE Wsi0w Koa wen Tana ROTA WAN) Ph 4am, FORSTO vacaina Doncnulaaen ae Q517 Anode Cl, gas, Cathode — H, and OH- obtain. Q518 Ca(OH), —_, Ca(OC!),. CaCl,.Ca(OH),.24,0 Q.519 2C1,0 + 2NaOH + H,0, 2NaClO, + 0, + 2H,0 520 Ba(ClO,), + H,SO, + BaSO, + 2HCIO, Q.521 Ba(ClO,), + Cl, + Ba(Cl0,), Q.522 THC! 523 Used in rockets as fuels. 524 NaClo, + NH,CI-+ NH,CIO, + Nac! 525 _x-x bond is stronger due to effective overlaping. 526 Absence of unpaired electrons. Q527 Lower electronegativity difference Q.528 These are self ionizes 529. Cl does not show +ve 0.s. due to higher LP, 530 Fluorine Q531 1 Q-532 True Q533 True Q534 True Q535 True Q536 11 Q537 IF, 538 _ICIis used as Wi's reagent in the estimated of the iodine number of fats and olls Q.539 Iodine no, is a measure of the number of double bonds i.e. the degree of unsaturation of the fats. Q540 IF ICI, 1(ClO,),.1PO,. Q.543 HOI (Hypo iodous acid) HCl. 544 HF, HBrO, bromic acid 545 (i) [1 [AIC] (ii) Cs (IF 546 st np Q547_Ne=0,Ar=0,kr=10, Xe = 10 Q.548 Gain or loss of electrons requires high energies. ABLES VISION KOTA, 608.4, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2408510 PAGE# 52una Dose Bie P. Q.549 Due to weak dispersion interactions between atoms. Q.550 He Q.551 He Q.552 Rn Q.553 ~ 1% Q.554 Ar Q.555 Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe Q.556 Natural gas Q.557 He Q558 Ra ,,Rnz Q.559 1962 560 Ionization enthalpies of 0, & Xe are close to each other 561 [XeF]}* [Pt,F,.- Q.562_ Electronegative Q563 Xe, 0, Q.564 Xenon, krypton Q.565 Radon Q.566 Ar, Ne, He Q.567 KrF, Q.568 6XeF, + 12H,0 4Xe + 2X00, + 24HF + 30, Q569. XeF, XeF,, XeF, Q570 Xe0,- + 6HF Q571 XeOF, & Xe0,F, Q572 xed, Q573 Xe0F, Q574 Xe0. Q.575 Xe0, + OH > HXeO,- = Trigonal pyramidal, XeOF, = Square pyramidal. hydrogen xenate ion Q576 Perxenate ion Xe0," Q577 +8 Q578 Yellow 579 Oxidising Q.580 (a) XeF,, (b) XeF,, (c) Xe, Q.581 He non flammable & light gas [RTE Wsi0w Koa wen Tana ROTA WAN) Ph 4am, FORSTO vacee ssDoncnulaaen ina 582 583 asa 585 2.586 0.587 e588 9.589 9.590 Qse1 Q592 9.593 Q.594 Q.595, Q.596 Q.597 9.598 9.599 2.600 Q.601 Q.602 9.603 Q.604 Q.605 Q.606 9.607 Q.608 9.609 610 Qe11 Qe12 9613 rani Neon He XeF,, XeF., XeF, XeF, 6 XeF, FE Pyramidal Tetrameric & hexameric ‘Square pyramidal [xer,]}* [SbF,}- 4.2K Helium Rn True (b) Lis better reducing agent. Because the big size of Na‘ releases smaller heat of hydration: Na can reacts with alr and water, Ls lighter than kerosense so it float over kerosene surface there if reacts with atmosphereic oxygen. The 0, of atmosphere tarnishes metalic surface by reacting with metal. (a,b) (a) (©) (a) Cs>Rb>K>Na>Li The hydration energy of Li is greater therefore a large amount of heat is evolved. Heat of hydration (Thermodynamic factor) is highest for Li but kinetic order of reactivity is C5> Rb > K> Na > Li Yes Solution become alkaline 2M + %20, > M,0 #,0, Na,0,, KO,, RbO,, C50, ) u ABLES VISION KOTA, 608.4, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2408510 PAGE# 54DOW einae eH Q.614 9.615 2.616 617 ass Q619 2.620 Q.621 9.622 9.623 9.624 625 2.626 9.627 9.628 Q.629 Q.630 Qest Q.632 9.633 9.634 2.635 636 9.637 Q638 Q.639 2.640 Prsisind Elements which have (noble gas) ns*, ns* configuration. Hydroxides and oxides of these metals are highly alkaline in nature, Na Alkali metals are highly reactive. Na,SO,.10H,0, Na,SO,, NaNO, d-block element s-block element Alkali metals forms metallic bond by valency es. This is due to lesser no. of electrons used by the elements to form electronic sea of metallic bond. This is due to covalent bond developed by the d-block elements in its metallic bond. cs Bcc Very low LE Alkali metal ion in aqueous state in alkali metal salts are colourless due all e's is paired state. Alkaly metals have inert gas configuration in ionic form. By flame test. U- Crimson red Na ~ Yellow gold K~ Green (pale) Rb ~ Blue Cs~ Blue Because photons of light energy of invisible part of bunsen flame is absorb by e°s of alkali metal land get excited into higher energy shell. When electrons transite back It radiates light of visible region. Because energy gap of electron shells are different in different elements. Thus energy needed to transition and consecutive radiations are also different, To prepare volutile chlorides. Cu wire themselves in blue colour. Highly reliable ‘Smaller ions forms oxide medium size ions form peroxide and larger ion forms superoxide. Antifluorite structure Depends upon the reactivity of metal toward oxygen. @ It would have turned blue. [RTE Wsi0w Koa wen Tana ROTA WAN) Ph 4am, FORSTO Pace 5Doncnulaaen ina ean Q.642 643 e644 e645 esas 2.647 esas 649 2.650 651 9.652 2.653 654 ess ese 657 ess 659 660 Q.661 Q.662 9.663 Q.664 665 Q.666 rani Na,0, + H,0 + 2NaQH + H,0, Na,0 + H,0 > 2NadH KO, +H,0 + 2KOH + H,0, +0, 0, (a) Na,0, diamagnetic (b) KO, paramagnetic (c) 0, paramagnetic (d) Na,0 paramagnetic Na,O, + HCICail.) U,0 < Na,0 < K,0 < Rb,0 < Cs,0 They easily liberates oxygen NNa,CO,,.10H,0, Na,CO,,-7H,0, Na,CO, H,0, Na,0 s-block element. (4) Na,0, and Na vapour are formed. s-block elements have calculate with high thermal stability due to less polarizing power of cat- ions. Na,CO, > NaHCO, > H,CO, Cs,CO, > >U,CO, (a) Lit < Nat < RbY < Cs* (b) Lit > Nat > Rb* > Cs* (c) Lit > Nat > Rb* > Cs" (d) Lit > Natl> Rb* > Cs* (e) Lit < Na < Rb* < Cs* 4 Cs>Rb>K>Na>Li When lithium is reacted with pure hydrogen lithium hydride is formed, Small size of lithium ion better balances hydride ion. Lithium charge to size ratio is very high as compared other alkali metal ion therefore this leads to covalent property in lithium compounds. NH,*, substituted ammonium ions, Ti+, Ag*, spherical + 1 complex (n° ~ C,H,),Co* Mgr? Na,N does not exist at room temperature N,- has high -ve charge & prefers covalent bonding which can only be developed by lithium ions among alkali metal ion. Due to small size of lithium ions the energy released by reaction of Lit with water is greater than the energy needed to wides the crystal lattice. HCI0, 3H,0 (©) i,CO, is stable due to higher polarizing power of lithium. Hydration energy is greater then lattice energy. Due to anion hydrolysis. ABLES VISION KOTA, 608.4, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2408510 PAGES 56us DEReea ate P. JOY WN 2.667 aes ses Q.670 qert Q.672 Q.673 674 Q.e75 Q.676 Q.677 Qe7s Q.679 Q.680 Qest Q.682 Q.683 2.684 9.685 2.686 9.687 Q.688 9.689 9.690 Q.691 Q.602 693 a.s04 ass 9.696 HCO, NaHCO,, KHCO,, RBHCO,, NH,HCO, Na,CO, is stable Na,O, + H,0 + 2NaOH + H,0, Na,O +H,0 > 2Na0H U,CO, decomposed into LiO and CO, but Na,CO, does not decomposed Because all bicarbonates passes H' as an essential cation which polarises CO,-* ions and decom- poses into CO, All bicarbonates all soluble in water. 'Na,CO, is more basic in aqueous state. Decomposed into 2Na,CO, + 2H,0 It forms a blue coloured solution of ammonated electrons and ammonated alkali metal ions. Blue colour turns to colour of metallic Cu. Due to ammonated e-s. Because blue colour is exihibited by ammonated electrons, and electrons obtained from all alkali metals are same, () Strong reducing agent, call) Peramagnetic By addition TM. ion Na + NH,(/) Fe" NaNH, + YAH, P Residual deposition of alkali metal. ) Due to pairing of electrons. (a,b,c, 4) fr Fr 21 min one Monovalent Paramagnetic Sodium peroxide Low solubility of LiF is due to its high lattice energy. Low solubility of Cs is due to smaller hydration energy. Due to their high electropositivity. RTE Wsi0w Kota een Taiwan) ROTA WAN) Po 4 exam, FOEsTO Pace 57Doncnulaaen ina 2.697 698 e699 2.700 Q701 Q.702 Q.703, 9.704 9.705 9.706 9.707 Q.708 2.709 Q710 q7i a712 e713 e714 e715 e716 Q717 q7is Q719 9.720 q721 Q.722 Q.723, 9.724 9.725 9.726 Q.727 Q.728 rani u Na Na>K>Rb>Cs L,CO, < Na,CO, < K,CO, < Rb,CO, < Cs,CO, CsHCO, < RBHCO,, KHCO, < NaHCO, < LIHCO, ME < MCI- KBr < KCI Li>k>Na Li,0, Na,0 < K,0, Rb,0 < Cs,0 Li SrS0, > BaSO, (Increasing solubility) (ill) Ca(C,0,), > Sr(C,0,), > Ba(C,0,), (increasing solubility) 8a 2Ca(NO,), 2, 2Ca0 + 4NO, + 0, Strontium nitrate Greater hydration energies of Be? & Mg? ions overcome the lattice energy factor. Be have no vacant deorbital while other have it. MgS0,,2H,0, MgSO,,7H,0 By treating with H,S0, By fractional crystallization MgSO,.7H,0 [Ma(#,0),150, 4,0 Potash magnesis isa Fertilizer & Its chemical composition K,S0,.MgSO,,6H,0. Purgative in medicine Ca,Si0,, Ca,SI0,, Ca,A,0, When it is mixed with water & send the powder herdered into a block that resembled the natural limestone quairried in the Isle of portland. [RTE Wsi0n Kota een Tawa) ROTA WAL) Ph 74am, TORSO Pace 8Doncnulaaen ina 758 759 2.760 Q761 e762 e763 a764 e765 2766 0.767 Q768 Q769 9.770 Q771 Q772 Q773 Q774 Q775 0776 Q777 778 Q779 2.780 Q781 Q.782 Q.783 784 785 786 . JOY SN Itis the hydration of the molecules of the constituents and their rearrangement. rani 3, Aspdin in 1824, Be 2 7th Alkaline earth metals due to increased nuclear charge. ‘After first ionization alkali metals aquired inert gas configuration therefore their second LLP. is very higher Be, Mg : electron are too strongly bound to get excited by flame. Ba K,(Cu(cn),) al I>Br>Cl>F +3 Cast iron 34° 4s configuration Zero Mixture of Cu + Sa + Zn cu"? and pb*? HS Mn0, Transition of electrons between d-orbitals of a metal Ag" polarises Br- and I ‘Small and highly charged ions and have vacant orbitals to accept lone pair of electrons from ligand A deep blue vollet coloured compound Cr0(0,), is formed Mn Cr(OH), < Cr(OH), < CrO,(OH), acid strength increases with increase in oxidation number, Cr(OH), + 3HCI > CrCl, + 3H,0 base Cr(OH), + NaOH > Na[Cr(OH),] acid Because of formation of oxide layer. [Fe(CN),]*- has one unpaired electron (d°sp? hybridised Fe**) while [Fe(H,0),]>* has five unpaired electrons (sp'd? hybridised Fe) ABLES VISION KOTA, 608.4, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2408510 PAGES 60us DEReea ate P. JOY WN Q.787 788 Q.789 Q.790 Q791 Q.792 Q.793 Q.794 Q.795 Q796 9797 Q798 Q799 9.800 801 Q.802 9.803 Q.804 9.805 sos Q.807 (a) 36 (b) 33 (©) 36 (4) 36 1(b), 11(a), T1I(c) [Co(H,0),C1,]CL.H,O [NI(H,0),?* > [Fe(CN) J > [Fe(CN),J* INI(H,0),J"* ANNG2) = J35 = N=5 (unpaired electrons) = x = 3(Fe**) Fets = [ar] 3¢° ‘The s- and p-block elements do not have a partially filled d-shell so there cannot be any d-d* transition. The energy to promote as s- or p-electron to a higher energy level is much greater and corresponds to ultraviolet light being absorbed. Thus compound will not be coloured. Hg" has all filled Sd orbitals (no unpaired electron is Sd), hence no d-d* transition, hence colourless, Sc(21) : [Ar] 3d 4s? ‘Sc : [Ar] 34° no unpaired electron in d-orbital, hence no (d-d*) transition hence colourless, ‘Ti(22) : [Ar] 3a? 4s* ‘TP* : [Ar] 3d* due to unpaired electron in d-orbital (d-d*) transition possible hence coloured. ‘There is a steady decrease in the radi as the atomic number of the lanthanide element increases, It is because, for every additional proton in a nucleus, the corresponding electron goes into 4f shell which is too diffused to screen the nucleus as effectively as more localised inner shell. Hence the attraction of the nucleus for the outermost electrons increases steadily with the atomic number of the lanthanides. This contraction in size is quite regular. This is called Lanthanide Contraction. Lattice energies, solvation energies and ionisation energies would be similar. cis-2-butene Natta Zeolite SVOe + MnO, + H,0 + 5VO,* + Mné + 2H cro, vw VI (0 = ~ 2 diperoxo = - 4) vw v Cr,07 < CP < Cr ‘Smaller the oxidation state of the element in the ion, greater the reducing nature. 2MnO, + 5H,O, + 6H* 5 2Mn? + 50, + 8H,0 2MnO, + 3H,0, + 2MnO, + 30, + 20H" + 2H,0 ETERS VisiOn KOTA ca, Twanor KOTA WAI) Ph oa ext, DoasTo waceeDoncnulaaen ina sos 809 Qsio qsit B12 813 814 Qsis asis 817 asis Qsi9 9.820 821 e822 9.823 Q24 9.825 9.826 827 9.828 9.829 2.830 831 832 9.833 2.834 2.835 . JOY SN Aqueous CO, releases H* which can convert MnO,* into MnO, and MnO, reaction rani in a disproportionation CO, + H,0 = Ht + HCO, 3Mn0O,- + 4H" - MnO, + 2MnO, + H,0 AgBr + 2Na,S,0, -+ Na,[Ag(S,0,),] + NaBr In both cases Fe” ions are formed due to reduction. Hence solution appears light green. Fe?" gives green ppt with NaOH and Fe" gives red brown ppt. 2K,Hal, + NH, + 3NaOH > 4KI + 3Nal + 2H,0 (odie ot ton’ base) roan pot 70% Cu + 30% Zn 75% Cu + 25% Ni 60% Ni + 20Fe + 20% Fe NO,-, HCO,, CH,COO- No, Na,co, co, co, S* — SO, and CO" + CO, caco, ca(oH), ca(Hco,), so, Green. crs Basic. Dichromate or chromate. Oxidising agents Cl,, Br,, KIO,, Cus, K,Cr,0,, KMnO, Reducing agents. ppt dissolves through formation of CO, Co," and So; In presence of I- and Br Pb, Ag, Sb, Sn ABLES VISION KOTA, 608.4, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2408510 PAGES 62DOW einae eH 2.836 9.837 Q.838 9.839 Qs40 Q.841 Q.842 9.843 asaa asas ass Qe47 848 asa9 2.850 851 qss2 esa asa ess 2.856 9.857 sss 859 2.860 861 9.862 2.863 Q.864 9.865 2.86 9.867 ass Prsisind NO,", NO,", chlorates. P. JOY WAS Cl, Is evolved as Cr,0,* are oxidising agent and oxidises CI into Cl, HCl Cr.F, violet Hel a, a, Cro, (yellow colored ion) is formed. White ppt of AgCl NH, solution, S0,* solution, cyanide solution, hypo solution, amine solution. Agl Fazan's theory. Agcl cr Soluble in hot water. H,P0,- ca, cs, Br Br, (Red) TI, (Violet / purple) Cl, water, HOCI, NaOCl, cone. HNO, Redox reaction take place and Br, is liberated. H,SO,, HNO,, MnO, PbO,, Cl, water, KMn0,, NaOCl, HOC Cl, and F, SO, and I, vapour is released HCI, HBrand HI Hs All can be oxidised Formation of white ppt of Cu,, 1, is formed K Hol, Hol, > K,Hol, rb It forms free iodine, which is detected by starch. No RTE Wsi0w KOT en Tawa) ROTA WAL) Ph 74 ean, FOBsTO PAGES 62Doncnulaaen ina Q269 2870 871 872 873 2.874 2875 2.876 0.877 e878 2879 2.880 9.881 Q.882 Q.883, Q.884 qess qess Qe87 qsss e889 890 Q891 qeo2 803 e804 asos ass 2.897 e808 2.899 2.900 nein No 4 Al, Zn NO,7, NO," No, HNO, ie. formed releasing NO. Pale, Blue NO, Ba,(PO,), Sulphide PbSO,, BaSO,, Ag,SO,, HgSO, gO HgS0,.H90 (NH,),MO, (NH,).Mg,0,,.4H,0 (NH), [P(MO,0,,)4] Canery yellow Yellow ppt of ferric phosphate is formed. White gelatinous ppt of zirconyl phosphate is formed Phosphate and arsenate CO, CO, H,0 vapours Blue Redox takes place. Orange + Green cH,coo- ‘Smell of vinegar is evolved Silver acetate cH,coo” Fecl,, {Fe,(OH),(CH,COO),}* Fe(OH), (CH,COOH) Formate 02) ZABTES VISION KOTA, son TALWANOI KOTA (RAL) Ph TAA eas069, 208810 PAGES 64