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SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 1
Since τ = 0, L = Constant When earth approaches the
dA L perihelion, its speed increases.
= = Constant
dt 2m Explain
Ans:
i.e., areal velocity of the planet is
constant.
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 2
Vector form of Newton’s Law of
Gravitation
F α m1m2
1
F
r2
m1m2 G m1m2
F Hence F =
r2 r2
r2 by m1 is,
If m1 = m2 = 1 Kg and r = 1 m G m1m 2
F21 = ˆr21
G11 r212
F G
12 G m1m 2
= - ˆr12
r12 2
“Universal gravitational constant is
numerically equal to the force of G m 1m 2
= 2
rˆ12 = - F12
attraction between two unit masses r12
kept at a distance of 1 m apart”. ie, F21 = - F12
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 3
3. It is independent of the presence or G Mm
In equilibrium, = C
absence of other bodies. d2
4. It is a central force. C d2
5. It is a conservative force. G =
Mm
6. It obeys the principle of
Substituting all values in the above
superposition.
equation, Cavendish calculated the
7. It is the weakest force in nature.
value of G as 6.75 × 10-11 N m2/ Kg2
8. It is a long range force.
Pr.4: A rocket is fired from the earth
Determination of G – Cavendish
towards the sun. At what distance from
method
the earth’s centre is the gravitational
force on the rocket is zero? Mass of the
Cavendish calculated the value
sun= 2×1030 kg, mass of the
of G using the given arrangement
earth=6×1024 kg. Neglect the effect of
called torsional balance. It consist of
other planets etc. (Orbital radius of
two small identical lead balls of mass
earth=1.5×1011m)
‘m’ each, suspended by a wire. Two
Soln:
equal heavy lead spheres of mass ‘M’
each kept at a distance of‘d’ from each
‘m’ mass, on opposite sides.
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 4
when dropped from a height is called
acceleration due to gravity.
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 5
value of acceleration due to gravity is
GM
g(h) = (2)
R + h
2
(2) g (h) GM R2
=
R + h
2
(1) g GM
g (h) R2
=
R + h
2
g
R2
=
h
2 If ‘ρ’ is the mean density of earth,
R 1 +
R then mass of earth,
M = Volume × density
4
R2 = R3
= 2 3
h
R 2 1 + 4
R G R3
eqn (1) g = 3
R2
2
g(h)
h 4
= 1 + g= G R (2)
g R 3
h If the body is kept at a depth of ‘d’
If h < < R, then R is very small from the surface of earth, then the mass
compared to 1. Expanding the RHS of of radius R–d will only be effective for
the above equation by Binomial the gravitational pull towards the
theorem and neglecting the higher centre.
h
4
powers of R , we get , g(d) = G R - d (3)
3
g (h ) 2h g(d)
= 1 - (3) R- d d
g R = = 1-
(2) g R R
2h
d
g (h ) = g 1 - g(d) = g 1 -
R
R
The above equation shows that the
value of acceleration due to gravity The above eqn. shows that the value of
decreases with height. g decreases with depth.
3. Variation of ‘g ’ with depth At the centre of earth, d = R
R
g(d) = g 1 - = 0
R
For a body of mass ‘m’ placed on
the surface of earth, we have Note: - The weight of a body of mass
G M m ‘m’ at the centre of earth is zero.
mg =
R2
Pr.5: A body of mass ‘m’ falls freely
G M
g = (1 ) under gravity, near the surface of earth.
R2
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 6
(a) Will the acceleration of the body
change if a part of the mass is thrown
away from it?
Soln: -
Soln:
Soln:
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 7
Pr.11: How far above the earth’s
surface does the value of g become
the 16% of its value on the surface?
Pr.9: Find the height at which the Assume radius of earth to be 6400km.
acceleration due to gravity is reduced
Soln:
to half.
Soln:
Soln:
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 8
Pr.15: Imagine the motion of a body
Pr.13: Keeping the mass of earth the from the centre of earth to the surface
same if the diameter is shrinked by of moon, what changes will you
1%, what will be the percentage observe in the weight of the body
change in acceleration due to gravity during that motion? (Neglect the
on the surface? effect of all other bodies)
Ans:
Soln:
Ans:
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 9
Now the gravitational force on ‘m’ is ‘h’, then we can substitute r1 = R and
GMm r2 = R + h in
F=
x2 1 1
U = G M m - , W e get
The work done to displace the body r1 r2
through a distance dx is
1 1
GMm U = G M m -
dW = F dx = dx R R + h
x2
R +h - R
= GM m
Then the total work done to bring the R R + h
body from infinity to the point P is If h < < R , R + h R
given by,
h
r
GMm U G M m
W = dw = dx R R
x2
h
r = G Mm 2
1 R
= GMm x2
dx
G M
r
= 2
mh = gmh
-1 R
= GMm
x U=m g h
r
1 Gravitational Potential
= -GM m
x Gravitational potential at a
1 1 point in a gravitational field is defined
= -GM m -
r as “the work done in bringing a body of
-GMm unit mass from infinity to that point”.
=
r -G M W
This work done is stored in the body as V= V=
r m
its gravitational potential energy U.
It is a Scalar quantity.
-GMm
U = The S.I unit of V is J/Kg
r
Dimensional formula is
The work done to bring the body
from r1 to r2 (the change in potential W M L2 T -2
V = =
energy of the body) is given by , m M
1 1 = M 0 L2 T -2
U = - G M m -
r2 r1 Escape Velocity
1 1 Escape velocity is the minimum
i.e., U = G M m - (1) velocity with which a body must be
r1 r2 projected so that it escapes from the
Gravitational potential energy near gravitational attraction of earth
the surface of earth permanently.
If a body of mass ‘m’ is taken
from the surface of earth to a height Expression for escape velocity
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 10
The total work done to move a 2.5 km/s) more than escape velocity
body of mass ‘m’ from the surface of from the moon. Therefore gas
earth (r = R) to infinity (r = ∞) is given molecules escape from the moon and
by, hence moon has no atmosphere.
GMm
W
R Earth Satellites
Let v be velocity of the body, then
K.E of the body when projected is A body revolving around a planet in a
1 fixed orbit is called a satellite.
K m v2
2 The natural satellite of earth is moon.
The body can escape from the Examples for artificial (manmade)
gravitational pull of earth only if its KE satellites are Sputnik, Aryabatta,
is greater than or equal to the work INSAT etc.
done in overcoming the gravity.
1 GMm Orbital Velocity
m v2
2 R Orbital velocity of a satellite is the
1 G M m
m ve 2 = velocity with which it revolves
2 R
2G M round a planet in its fixed orbit.
ve2 =
R Expression for orbital velocity
2G M
ve =
R Consider a satellite of mass
G M ‘m’ that revolves round the earth in an
Bu t g = or G M = g R 2
R2 orbit of radius R + h, with velocity vo.
2g R 2 The centripetal force for the revolution
ve =
R of the satellite is provided by the
gravitational force between satellite
ve = 2gR
and earth.
S ub stitu tin g th e values, m vo 2 GMm
R = 6.4 10 m , g = 9.8 m /s
6 2 =
R+ h
2
R+h
ve = 2 9.8 6 .4 1 0 6 GM
vo 2 =
= 1 1.2 1 0 m /s = 1 1.2 K m /s R+ h
3
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 11
g RE2
vo = vo = g R E
RE
vo = 7.92 km/s
The nearest orbit of a satellite is
called minimum orbit and the The Time Period of a satellite (T)
corresponding velocity is called first
cosmic velocity. “The time taken by a satellite to
complete one orbital motion around a
Relation between escape velocity and planet is called time period of a
first cosmic velocity satellite”.
Escape velocity v e = 2 g RE Consider a satellite revolving around
the earth in an orbit of radius ‘R + h’
= 2 g RE
with a velocity vo.
= 2 v0 Time period= Distance moved for one
Escape velocity is called revolution / Orbital velocity
second cosmic velocity. 2 R + h
T
vo
Pr.17: The radius of the earth is
reduced by 4% of its initial value. g R2
But v 0 =
The mass of earth remains unchanged. R+ h
What will be the percentage change in R+ h
T 2 R + h
the escape velocity? g R2
Soln:
R + h R + h
2
2
g R2
R + h
3
2
g R2
R + h
3
T2
g R2
For minimum orbit, h=0
R+ 0
3
T = 2
g R2
R
T = 2
Pr.18: A rat and a horse are to be g
projected from earth to space. State Substituting the values of R and g,
whether the velocity is the same or T = 84.6 minutes.
different in projecting each animal. Energy of an orbiting Satellite
Justify
Ans:
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 12
The K.E of the satellite in a Geostationary satellite revolves the
circular orbit with orbital velocity ‘vo’ earth in the equatorial plane.
is The time period is 24 hours.
1 The direction of motion of the satellite
K= m vo2 is same as that of earth, i.e., from west
2
to east.
GM
But vo = The height of the orbit of
R+ h geostationary satellite is 36,000km.
1 GM Uses
K= m
2 R+ h These satellites are mainly used for
GMm communication purpose like T V and
=
2 R + h radio broadcasting and weather
The gravitational P.E at a distance (R forecasting.
+ h) from the centre of earth is
-GMm Polar Satellites
U= A satellite which revolves in polar
R+ h
orbit is called a polar satellite. The
Thus the total energy,
polar orbit is in the north-south
E = K+U
direction, while earth spins below it in
GMm GMm the west-east direction. Thus a polar
= -
2 R + h R+ h satellite can scan the entire surface of
- GMm earth.
E= Uses
2 R + h
The satellites low lying polar orbits
(500 – 800 km) are used for studying
Geostationary and polar the weather, environment and spying.
Polar satellites are extremely useful for
Satellites
remote sensing, meteorology as well as
for environmental studies of the earth.
Weightlessness
Consider an astronaut (or space-man)
of mass ‘m’ is present in the artificial
satellite. When the satellite is orbiting
around the earth, the man in the
satellite experiences a centrifugal force
whose direction is away from the
Geostationary Satellites centre.
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 13
The gravitational force, a) Can a person on the moon
GMm experience weight? Why?
Fg = , directed towards
r2 b) A satellite is revolving very
the centre of earth. close to earth. What is the
Centrifugal force, percentage increase in the
m v02 velocity needed to make it
Fc = , directed opposite
r2 escape from the gravitational
to the force of gravity. field of earth?
Net force, F = Fg - Fc
GMm m v0 2
= -
r2 r2
GM
But v0 = , where r = R + h
r
GMm m G M
F= 2
-
r r r
GMm GMm
= 2
- = 0
r r2
Hence an astronaut feels
weightlessness in an artificial satellite.
Ans:
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 14