Академический Документы
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MAE 493N/593T
Dr. Konstantinos A. Sierros
West Virginia University
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
ESB Annex 263
kostas.sierros@mail.wvu.edu
Project list
Teams: Names & Members
Project title
Wear of coins
Each group must submit 1 short report (2 pages max including
figures, graphs, tables etc)
Deadline: Thursday 7 October 2010 (during class)
Please type your report and submit a hard copy
Wear
• Introduction
‐Definition and measurement of wear
‐Classification of wear
• Mechanisms of wear
‐Seizure
‐ Melt wear
‐ Oxidation‐dominated wear
‐ Mechanical wear processes
‐ Fatigue wear in rolling contacts
‐ Fretting and corrosion wear
‐ Erosive wear
• Third bodies and wear DLC coating wear track in oil lubricated conditions
http://www.engineering.leeds.ac.uk/ietsi/Research_Projects/Lubricant‐surface.shtml
‐Wear by abrasive contaminants
‐ Interfacial ‘third’ bodies
‐ Debris analysis
• Further reading
Definition of wear
‘Wear is the progressive damage, involving material loss, which occur on a surface
moving relatively to another surface’
• Wear is the inevitable companion of friction
• Lubricants are employed in order to reduce friction and wear
Wear rate w (for rolling/sliding contact): The volume lost from the wearing surface
per unit sliding distance
Wear rate depends on;
1.Normal load
2.Sliding speed
3.Temperature
4. Thermal properties of involved surfaces
5.Mechanical properties of involved surfaces
6.Chemical properties of involved surfaces
Wear testing
Sliding wear
A.Ring on ring
B.Face to face
C.Pin on disc
D.Pin on rim
E.Block on ring
F.Pin on flat
(From I. Hutchings – Tribology)
Contact conditions
(From I. Hutchings – Tribology)
Classification of wear: Wear maps
• Wear can be mild or severe
• This is not based on any value of wear rate but on observation
• Increased loading, sliding speed, bulk temperature leads to increased wear rate
Classification of wear: Wear maps
• Wear can be caused by;
‐Abrasion
‐Adhesion
‐Oxidation
‐Delamination
‐Melting
‐Corrosion
‐…and other phenomena…
Archard wear equation
W Applied load • w is directly proportional to W
w=K× • w is inversely proportional to H
H Surface hardness of
Wear rate
wearing material
Wear coefficient
Classification of wear: Wear maps
Cobalt‐chromium alloys
W Leaded brass pin sliding against
w=K× a hard stellite ring
H
Mild to severe
Transition
At low loads, wear increases with load &
(in agreement with Archard equation) Drop in
resistance
• At a load between 5‐10N a sharp
increase in wear is observed
• Beyond 10N load, wear rate is in
agreement with Archard equation
again
Leaded brass against steel
Subsurface deformation
(From I. Hutchings – Tribology)
Classification of wear: Wear maps
•Testing was done using slow sliding and low surface pressures
•i.e. modest temperature increase
•K can change if conditions become more severe because of transitions of
wear mechanisms
•K is always less than 1
• 0.18<μ<0.8
• Range of w is very much greater
Wear and friction
• There is no simple correlation between friction and wear
• Qualitatively we might expect higher frictional forces to involve relatively high
wear
• Some material combinations can produce very similar frictional forces but very
different wear
Wear maps
• Wear maps are used to explore patterns of wear behaviour under changing
conditions (Temperature, sliding speed, load etc)
• Wear maps are specific to a particular material
• Wear maps also incorporate regimes of different surface chemical reactions
associated with temperature effects
• No detail on mechanical forms of wear
• Wear maps can be constructed from experimental data
• Wear maps can also be built from model‐based equations
Wear maps
Sliding speed
Nominal contact
Normalized ~ U Anom
U= area
velocity k π
Plot
against Thermal diffusivity
each other Of wearing material
Wear rate
Normalized pressure
Normal ~ = w = K~
w p
~ p pressure Anom
p=
H Hardness
Normalized
wear rate Wear coefficient
Wear maps
• Applied normal pressure vs sliding
speed
• Different wear mechanisms are
traversed by contours of equal
normalized wear rate
• Line PQ divides graph in two regions
• LHS region: wear is controlled by
mechanical processes (wear rate
depends on load but not greatly on
speed)
•RHS region: Thermo‐chemical effects
dominate
(wear rate depends on both
Load and speed)
Wear maps
• Mild to severe wear transition
occurs when contours become steep
(eg arrow A)
• A small change in speed can move
the operating point from one contour
to another
• Around ‘valleys’ of contours first
wear rate increases and then
decreases (normal for some materials
such as steels!!)
Wear maps – alternative presentation
Shear strength of weaker material
• This type of wear map gives more emphasis to the mechanical aspects of wear and less to
thermal since velocity is not an independent variable
Wear maps – alternative presentation
• θ‐axis is calibrated logarithmically in order to include the elastic regime
• We can calibrate the x‐axis using the plasticity index Ψ which indicates gradually elastic to
plastic transition
• At steeper values of surface slope (higher θ) there is plastic deformation of the worn
surface
• Contours of equal wear rate traverse the map
Wear maps – alternative presentation
• When surfaces are smooth (θ is small) elastic deformations can not be neglected
• They can solely accommodate the applied loads and wear is depends on fatigue or
damage accumulation
• When Ψ≈1, elastic – plastic boundary is met
•For Ψ>1 substrate plastic deformation becomes significant and wear is
delamination wear due to elasto‐plastic effects
• IF surface is rough, abrasion wear is initiated (this involves severe plastic
deformation‐ploughing & micromachining)
• During micromachining wear rate is lowered because shear stresses are reduced
Summary
• Definition of wear
• Measurement of wear – wear rate
• Wear maps