ENGLISH TECHNIC 1

THE PROCESS OF MAKING CERAMICS

CREATED BY:
Name : Sisi Lingga Deyana
NIM : 061630100021
Class : 1 SA

CIVIL ENGINEERING

POLYTECHNIC OF SRIWIJAYA

2016
 PREFACE
First of all, lets praise to Allah SWT who has giving me a chance to finish this writer
timely, and i would like to say thank you to Mrs. Eriza as the lecturer who always have time
to teach us till we have a lot of knowledge about how to practice english well.

This assignment is one of English task who explain about How To Make Ceramics in
civil engineering. I realized this paper it’s not perfect, but i hope it will be useful for us.
Critics and suggestion needed for me to make this paper more better.

I hope we as Student of Polytechnic of Sriwijaya can work professionally by using

lines and angles for civil engineering, Thank you.

Palembang, January 2016

 TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover Paper.........................................................................................................................i
Preface.................................................................................................................................ii
Table Of Contents..............................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background..............................................................................................................1
1.2 Problems Formulation..............................................................................................1
1.3 Benefit......................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
2.1 The Definition of Ceramics......................................................................................3
2.2 Ceramics Composition.............................................................................................3
2.3 Characteristic of Ceramics.......................................................................................5
2.4 Types of Ceramics....................................................................................................5
2.5 The Process of Making Ceramics ...........................................................................6
2.6 Purpose of Ceramics ...............................................................................................7
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION
3.1 Conclusion................................................................................................................8
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND
Ceramic materials technology development at the present time has been
directed to the specifications of its utility in a variety of needs, such as: household,
industrial mechanics, electronics, cordierite, refractories, space technology, porous
ceramics, and so forth.
The ceramics industry was started in the year 4500 BC that earned by residents
of the Neolithic settlement in the area of Shanxi in China. Industrial ceramics at that
time only concentrated on income oldest tembikar. Tembikar encounter in England,
can at first impression back in the year AD and the Roman conquest. Between then
and 1500 years AD, the most important development is the porcelain that can reflect
light. Activity in England started with pottery eistercian at the beginning of the
sixteenth century. The sight of the seventeenth century English pottery industry
beginning with Tofst brothers makes pottery in Staffordshire slip. In the eighteenth
century reveal the seeds developments that have made the pottery industry as there are
today.
At the end of this century introduction of electrical fire has brought to seed
starters electro porcelain industry.

1.2. PROBLEMS FORMULATION

1. What is the definition of ceramic?
2. What is the ceramic composition?
3. What is the nature of the ceramic material?
4. What are the types of ceramic materials?
5. What is the process of making ceramics?
6. How the test methods ceramic material?
7. What are the uses and benefits of ceramics?
1.3. BENEFIT
1. To find the definition of ceramics
2. To determine the composition of the ceramic material
3. To know the nature of the ceramic material
4. To determine the types of ceramic materials
5. To know the process of making ceramics
6. To determine test methods ceramic material
7. To determine the usefulness and benefits of ceramics
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1. DEFINITION OF CERAMICS

Ceramics was originally derived from the Greek, Keramikos, which means a form
of clay which has undergone a process of combustion. Dictionaries and ensiclopedia
1950 defines ceramic as a work of art and technology to produce goods from burnt clay
like pottery, tile, porcelain, and so on. But this time not all the tiles come from clay.
Definition sense includes all the latest ceramic instead of metal and inorganic materials
in the solid form. (Joseph, 1998; 2)

2.2. CERAMICS COMPOSITION

Ceramic compositions generally consist of 4: Clay (clay), quartz (flint), feldsfar,

and glass powder (cullet).

2.2.1 Clay
Clay as the main material for the manufacture of ceramics, is one of the
ingredients whose use is very beneficial for humans because the material is easy
to obtain and use the results were very spacious. Shaped like a small slab nearly
hexagon shaped with a flat surface. Crystalline form; as this causes the clay when
mixed with water has the pliancy (plastic), is easily formed because the crystals
glide over one another with water as a lubricant premises (Astuti, 1997 in
Trisnawanti, 2008).
Clay has properties that are typical when wet have the plasticity but when in
a dry state would be hard, whereas when burned will be solid and strong. In
general, people use clay (loam) as a raw material for bricks and pottery.
2.2.2 Quartz (flint)
The purpose of the quartz is this:
- Reduce dry shrinkage, thus reducing cracks in drying.
- Reduced shrinkage burned time and enhance quality.
- An order for combustion.

The properties and state of the material:

- Thinking about the fine particle size.
- The nature of plastic is high.
- Has a high dry strength
- Depreciation during the drying and firing high.
- Color after burning light gray because of the element iron is higher than kaolin.
- High melting point of about 1728 ° C

2.2.3 Feldspar
Feldspar is a group of minerals from rock crushed and can provide up to
25% flux (fusing) on the ceramic body. When burned ceramics, feldspar will melt
(fuse) and form molten glass that causes soil particles and other materials
attached to one another. At the time freezes, this material provides strength to the
ceramic body. Feldspar is insoluble in water, containing alumina, silica and flux
used to make high temperature gelasir.

2.2.4 Glass powder / Cullet

Cullet is a glass powder which is very small. Glass is usually produced
from a mixture of silicon dioxide or materials (SiO2) which is an amorphous
object, formed through the solidification of a melting prosesan without
crystallization. Glass is sometimes regarded as a viscous liquid (viscous)
mindless non-crystalline or amorphous. But only some of the liquid that can form
a glass. At high temperatures, the glass is a true liquid, and the liquid phase, the
structure of inorganic materials have not been uniform and the atoms are always
on the move constantly.
2.3. CHARACTERISTIC OF CERAMICS
The nature of the ceramic is determined by the crystal structure, chemical
composition and mineral luggage. Therefore the properties of ceramics also depends on
the geological environment in which the material is obtained. nature are common and
easily seen physically in most types of ceramic is britle or brittle, it can be seen on the
ceramic traditional types such as glassware, cups, jugs, pottery and so on, try to drop a
plate made of ceramic compare with plates of metal, ceramic certainly easy to break,
although this trait does not apply to certain types of ceramics, particularly ceramic type
results sintering, and sintering mixtures of ceramic to metal. other properties are high
temperature resistant, for example, traditional ceramics consisting of clay, flint and
feldfar resistant up to temperatures of 1200 C, engineering ceramics such as ceramic
oxides can stand up to a temperature of 2000 C. The high compressive strength, this
trait is one factor that make research on ceramic continues to grow. In general, the
ceramic properties include:
 Hard, strong, but is brittle or easily breakable.
 Resistant to corrosion.
 Good heat capacity and low thermal conductivity.
 The electrical properties can be insulators, semiconductors, conductors and even
superconducting.
 Can be magnetic and non magnetic.

2.4. TYPES OF CERAMIC

In principle, ceramics are divided into two, namely:

2.4.1 Traditional Ceramics

Traditional ceramics are ceramic made using natural materials, such as
quartz, kaolin, etc. Which included ceramics are: glassware (dinnerware),
household (tile, bricks), and industry (refractory).
 2.4.2 Ceramic smooth
Fine ceramics (or so-called modern ceramics technical ceramics, advanced
ceramics, ceramic engineering, techical ceramic) is a ceramic made using metal
oxides or metals, such as metal oxides (Al2O3, ZrO2, MgO, etc.). Its use: the
heating element, semiconductor, turbine components, and in the medical field.
(Joelianingsih, 2004)

2.5. THE PROCESS OF MAKING CERAMICS

The process of formation of ceramic products will determine the physical properties
of the ceramic products. How the formation of ceramic depending on: the purpose of
usage, shape and material properties of its base. There are four ways the formation of
ceramic products, namely:

1. How the formation of the process of soft clay (soft mud process).
This method is usually used to form the desired ceramic products with
mushy formation so that it can be done by hand formation. This method is usually
used for special objects that can not be done with other tools, such as fine ceramic
product which it was established by the rotary process. In this process, the clay is
soft with a water content of 25 v 40%, provided the clay is still quite Ikuat
withstand its own weight so it does not change shape.

2. Ways of making the process of stiff clay (Stiff mud).

The period used in the form of clay you are quite heavy when printed /
molded by hand .. The water content of stiff clays in this way approximately 15 v
30%. Usually this requires extruder forming tool so that the tool removed from a
rigid soil column. Then the soil column is formed / cut, and then reconstituted into
a particular product. This method is usually used in the manufacture of ceramic
products and ceramic banhan weight of the building, such as ceramic tile, brick,
perforated brick, soil pipes and other harsh forms of ceramic products.
 3. Establishment way to slip past.
This method is used when the clay to be molded in the form of a slurry
prepared subtlest and shaped liquid mud. Usually clay containing an array of fine
grain once. The water content in the clay is 12 v 50%. This method is usually done
by making molds of plaster that had been burnt, and by printing them may be the
same product. In addition, it is also possible to form hard objects formed by hand
or machine. Ways of making is usually used to make products sanitair (doset, sink,

4. How establishment with a dry process.

In this way the use of clay / future mix of low moisture content and 4 v
12%, so the time was humid. How to shape it usually by means of felts (press) of
high pressure to get a product that has a high density as well. This method is
generally used to make ceramic products that have a high density but results are
not burnt to melt, for example in the manufacture of ceramic tiles, clinker brick and
refractory bricks.

2.6. PURPOSE OF CERAMICS

Most of the people have been using products made of ceramics, either for household
needs such as bowls, plates, cups, teapots, jars etc. Or ceramics that are used for
building materials, such as bricks, ceramic tiles, ceramic tiles, ceramic pipes for
disposal. There are also ceramic used for special purposes and built specifically
Similarly example ceramic insulators used for industrial needs electricity.
With the development of technology it is now even ceramics have been used in
various fields of science purposes like medical field known as bio-ceramics, for
example, some human organs damaged it can be replaced by ceramic materials such as
bone and teeth. Ceramics also widely used in the electronics world. Apparently many of
the parts of the electronic products made of ceramic material.
In the field of aerospace technology and space, it turns certain parts of aircraft and
spacecraft made of ceramic material. For example, the air space shuttle Columbia and
Discovery turns the entire fuselage exterior is coated with fire-resistant coats made of
lightweight ceramic (light refractory brick) that is resistant to very high temperatures.
Without coated ceramic material that is not possible then the spacecraft can fly crawl
space, because when returning to Earth will experience friction with the atmosphere
that results in extremely high temperatures that.
Ceramic materials are also used in the field of nuclear technology. This is because
the ceramic material, in addition to withstand very high temperatures, also at the same
time very poor conductor of heat. Even the ceramic material is the only material that is
resistant to nuclear radiation, so that wherever a nuclear reactor using a ceramic
material as a protector, so that the radiation does not spread everywhere because it is
very dangerous.
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

3.1. CONCLUSION
Ceramic is a form of clay which has undergone a process of combustion
which is generally made of clay, quartz, feldsfar, and glass powder. The nature of
the ceramic is determined by the crystal structure, chemical composition and
mineral luggage that generally has particularly properties:
 Hard, strong, but is brittle or easily breakable.
 Resistant to corrosion.
 Good heat capacity and low thermal conductivity.
 Its electrical properties can be insulators, semiconductors, conductors
and even superconducting.
 Can be both magnetic and non magnetic.
Ceramics are usually used for household needs such as bowls, plates, cups,
teapots, jars etc. Or ceramics that are used for building materials, such as bricks,
ceramic tiles, ceramic tiles, ceramic pipes for disposal.