Occupational Safety and Health

HAZARD ASSESSMENT, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL

Submitted to Grace Amin, M.Psi, Psikolog

MGT-HRM
Inanda Meitasari (014201600071)
Nada Zakiyah (014201600097)
Evan Januardo S. (014201600053)
Jia He (014201600116)
Li Tian Hao (014201400165)

Students of
Management Study Program
President University
20172
Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3
Literature Review.................................................................................................................................... 4
A. Hazard Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 4
B. Hazard Prevention and Control ................................................................................................... 4
Discussion ............................................................................................................................................... 6
I. Hazards in The Workplace ...................................................................................................... 6
A. Radiation Hazard ........................................................................................................................ 7
B. Toxic Substances ........................................................................................................................ 8
C. OSHA Regulation for Chemical Spills ....................................................................................... 9
D. Temperature and Pressure Hazard ............................................................................................ 10
E. Electricity and Fire Hazard ....................................................................................................... 11
F. Confined Space Hazards ........................................................................................................... 12
G. Industrial Hygiene ..................................................................................................................... 14
H. Hazard Recognition and Evaluation ......................................................................................... 16
I. Prevention and Control ............................................................................................................. 16
II. Falling, Impact, Acceleration, Lifting and Vision Hazard .............................................. 17
A. Cause of Falls............................................................................................................................ 17
B. Kinds of Falls ............................................................................................................................ 18
C. Walking and Slipping ............................................................................................................... 18
D. Effective strategies for preventing slips and falls include the following: ................................. 19
E. OSHA’s Recommendations for Effective Fall Protection ........................................................ 20
F. What to Do After Fall ............................................................................................................... 20
G. Impact and Acceleration Hazard ............................................................................................... 21
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 23
References ............................................................................................................................................. 23

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Introduction

In every occupation, there will always a risk need to be taken, especially related to the
safety and health of the worker. People concerned about the safety procedure in order to
avoid the accident which can gives any damage whether it is temporary or permanently. Yet
there are some people who still disobey the rules or safety instruction because they have
underestimate feeling toward what they have to do or the employer did not pay attention
toward the maintenance of the safety equipment or managing the hazard.

Federal OSHA (U.S.A) released a summary of all the severe injury reports it received
from January 2015 through September 2016. According to this data, employers in the 29
states covered by federal OSHA notified the agency of 17,533 incidents of the most severe
work-related injuries which includes 13,896 injuries where the worker was hospitalized, and
4,672 injuries where the worker suffered an amputation, included in the breakdown are 1,035
cases that involved both amputations and hospitalizations (Berkowitz & Hedayati, 2017).
Most of the reported accidents stated that the cause of it was the company failed to provide
safety environment and lack of safety equipment provided. By this event, the company got
warning from OSHA and mandated them to evaluate the safety application.

The number of work accidents in Indonesia is still high. Citing data of the Social
Security Administering Agency (BPJS) Employment, until the end of 2015 there have been
work accidents as many as 105,182 cases. Meanwhile, for the case of serious accidents that
resulted in deaths were recorded as many as 2,375 cases of the total number of work
accidents. The main cause of work accidents is the low awareness of the importance of K3
(Indonesian OSH) application in industry and society. So far, the implementation of it is often
regarded as cost or cost expense, not as an investment to prevent accidents (BPJS, 2016).
Whereas, it is better to invest in the safety in order to fixed it started from zero again.

Learning from the cases above, in order to create safe and healthy workplace, the
organization or company need to know what are the hazardous things which can threat the
worker’s safety and health also investigate any potential threats which will happen if there is
no action to fix it. Therefore, it is very crucial for an organization to assess, prevent, and
control those hazardous issues in the work environment. Because it is better to invest in
prevention rather than restore everything which already broken and perhaps never come back
to the way it is.

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Literature Review
A. Hazard Assessment

A hazard assessment is an evaluation of a work place, or work situation, as to the

potential for hazards that an employee may encounter while performing the job. Hazard
assessments are required under OSHA regulations for deciding what personal protective
equipment (PPE) controls may be needed for hazards on the job. Assessment and
identification cannot be separated. According to OSHA, there are several steps in conducting
identification and assessment of hazard by the employer and employers which are:

 Collect and review information about the hazards present or likely to be present in the
workplace.
 Conduct initial and periodic workplace inspections of the workplace to identify new
or recurring hazards.
 Investigate injuries, illnesses, incidents, and close calls/near misses to determine the
underlying hazards, their causes, and safety and health program shortcomings.
 Group similar incidents and identify trends in injuries, illnesses, and hazards reported.
 Consider hazards associated with emergency or non-routine situations.
 Determine the severity and likelihood of incidents that could result for each hazard
identified, and use this information to prioritize corrective actions.

B. Hazard Prevention and Control

Risks should be avoided/eliminated and (if not possible) reduced by taking preventative
measures, in order of priority. The order of priority is also known as the hierarchy of control.
There different hierarchies of prevention and control measures which have been developed by
different institutions. Effective controls protect workers from workplace hazards; help avoid
injuries, illnesses, and incidents; minimize or eliminate safety and health risks; and help
employers provide workers with safe and healthful working conditions. The processes
described in this section will help employers prevent and control hazards identified in the
previous section (United States Department of Labor, 2017). To effectively control and
prevent hazards, employers should:

 Involve workers, who often have the best understanding of the conditions that
create hazards and insights into how they can be controlled.

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  Identify and evaluate options for controlling hazards, using a "hierarchy of
controls."
 Use a hazard control plan to guide the selection and implementation of controls,
and implement controls according to the plan.
 Develop plans with measures to protect workers during emergencies and non-
routine activities.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of existing controls to determine whether they continue
to provide protection, or whether different controls may be more effective.
Review new technologies for their potential to be more protective, more reliable,
or less costly.

The hierarchy of controls

When applying the

hierarchy of prevention and control
measures one should have in mind
the legal requirements (Chambers,
n.d.). In the context of prevention
and control measures, the legal
framework priorities avoidance and
elimination of the risks at source
clearly over reduction.

Also, as go down the list of options, the controls become less reliable, costlier and
require more work to ensure they are maintained. In most situations, the actual method for
controlling the risk is a combination of options in the hierarchy. Training of workers should
be associated with all steps and is fundamental to prevention and control. Where a potential
emergency scenario is identified as part of the risk assessment then appropriate drills and
exercises are likely to be part of the training and familiarization of workers to deal with any
such situation arising.

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Discussion
I. Hazards in The Workplace
There are several types of hazard in the workplace. Chemical hazards include mists,
vapors, gases, dusts, and fumes. Chemical hazards are either inhaled or absorbed through the
skin or both. Employees should be warned of chemical hazards by labels on containers or
material safety data sheets (MSDSs). MSDSs are special sheets that summarize all pertinent
information about a specific chemical. Physical hazards include noise, vibration, extremes
of temperature, and excessive radiation (electromagnetic or ionizing). Biological hazards
come from molds, fungi, bacteria, and insects. Bacteria may be introduced into the workplace
through sewage, food waste, water, or insect droppings. Ergonomic hazards are related to
the design and condition of the workplace. Poorly designed workstations and tools are
ergonomic hazards. The following are the environmental hazards according to OSHA:

 Noise is sound that is unwanted or that exceeds safe limits. It can cause problems
ranging from annoyance to hearing loss. Acceptable levels of noise have been
established by OSHA, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH), and the EPA. OSHA mandates that an employee’s exposure level be
limited to 90 decibels (dB) calculated as an eight-hour, time-weighted average.
 Temperature control is the most basic way to eliminate environmental hazards. A
“core” temperature measured deep inside the body, not on the skin or at body
extremities. Core temperatures exceeding about 2°F below, or 3°F above, the normal
core temperature of 37.6°C (99.6°F), which is 37°C mouth temperature (98.6°F
mouth temperature), impair performance markedly.
 Radiation hazards are increasingly prevalent in the age of high technology. In the
category of ionizing radiation, safety and health professionals are concerned with five
kinds of radiation (alpha, beta, X-ray, gamma, and neutron). Alpha radiation is the
least penetrating, which makes shielding simple, whereas the others are more difficult
to shield against. The greatest risk for nonionizing radiation in the modern workplace
comes from lasers.
 Extremes of pressure also represent a potential hazard in the workplace. One of the
most common troubles encountered by workers under compressed air is pain and
congestion in the ears from inability to ventilate the middle ear properly during

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 compression and decompression. As a result, workers can have temporary hearing
loss; some have permanent hearing loss.
 Biological hazards from various biological organisms can lead to disease in workers.
Legionnaire’s disease is an example where bacteria that grew in the cooling/air-
moving systems which causing sickness and death.
 Ergonomic hazards are conditions that require unnatural postures and unnatural
movement. Human body can endure limited amounts of unnatural postures or
motions. However, repeated exposure to such conditions can lead to physical stress
and injury. Design of tools, workstations, and jobs can lead to or prevent ergonomic
hazards.

A. Radiation Hazard
To understand about the radiation hazards, first of all we should understand about the
basic terms that usually people used in this context, and the following is the examples of the
terms:

 Radiation: include energy nuclear particles, alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays,
neutrons, high-speed electrons, and high-speed protons
 Radioactive material is a material that emits corpuscular or electromagnetic
emanations as the result of the reaction.
 A restricted area is any area that have limited access to protect employees from
exposure to radiation or radioactive materials.
 An unrestricted area is any area that free from radioactivity hazard present.
 A dose is the amount of ionizing radiation that absorbed per unit of mass by part of
the body or the whole body.
 Rad is a measure of the dose of ionizing radiation absorbed by body tissues stated in
terms of the amount of energy absorbed per unit of mass of tissue. (1 rad = the
absorption of 100 ergs per gram of tissue).
 Rem is a measure of the dose of ionizing radiation to body tissue stated in terms of its
estimated biological effect relative to a dose of 1 roentgen (r) of X-rays.
 Air dose, an instrument to measures the air at or near the surface of the body where
the highest dosage occurs to determine the level of the dose.

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  Personal monitoring devices are devices worn or carried by an individual to measure
radiation doses received. Widely used devices include film badges, pocket chambers,
pocket dosimeters, and film rings.
 A radiation area is any accessible area in which radiation hazards exist that could
deliver doses as follows: (1) within one hour, a major portion of the body could
receive more than 5 millirems or (2) within five consecutive days, a major portion of
the body could receive more than 100 millirems.
 A high-radiation area is any accessible area, in which radiation hazards exist, that
could deliver a dose in excess of 100 millirems within one hour.

Personal monitoring precaution are really important especially for the employees of the
companies who produce, use release, dispose of, or store radioactive materials or any others
source of ionizing radiation. There are a lot of action to preventing the hazards radiation. For
instances:

 Employers should do comprehensive surveys to identify and evaluate radiation

hazards in the workplace.
 Employers should provide appropriate personal monitoring devices.
 Employers should require the use of the appropriate personal monitoring devices in
any condition that related with the activities that directly contact with the hazards
radiation.

B. Toxic Substances
Toxic substance is one that has a negative effect on the health of a person or animal. It
became negative effect because of: (1) properties of the substance, (2) amount of the dose, (3)
level of exposure, (4) route of entry, and (5) resistance of the individual to the substance.
Response can vary widely and might be as little as a cough or mild respiratory irritation or as
serious as unconsciousness and death. A toxic substance must first enter the bloodstream to
cause health problems. Common routes of entry for toxic agents are inhalation (through the
nose), absorption (through skin), injection (through needle), and ingestion (through mouth).
Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) can cause a variety of health problems ranging from the
temporary to the long term. Health problems commonly associated with poor indoor air
quality include allergic reactions, respiratory problems, eye irritation, sinusitis, bronchitis,
and pneumonia. To eliminate contaminated air and bring in fresh air there are several things
need to pay attention:

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  Ventilation
 Air infiltration rates
 Airflow rates in ducts
 Airflow patterns
 Fume exhaust

C. OSHA Regulation for Chemical Spills

A regulation dealing with chemical spills is called the Hazardous Waste Operations and
Emergency Response Standard (HAZWOPER). This standard offers two ways in responding
the chemical spill which are (1) evacuate all employees in the event of a spill and to call in
professional emergency response personnel, besides employers who use this option must
have an emergency action plan (EAP) in the workplace; and (2) respond internally and the
employers must have an emergency response plan.

An emergency action plan (EAP) should have at least the following elements: alarm
systems, evacuation plan, a mechanism or procedure for emergency shutdown of the
equipment, and a procedure for notifying emergency response personnel. An emergency
response plan that includes the provision of comprehensive training for employees. Ranging
from awareness to in-depth technical training for employees who will actually deal with the
spill. HAZWOPER includes several courses such as:

 Summary of key federal laws

 Overview of impacting regulations
 Classification and categorization of hazardous waste
 Hazardous waste operations
 Penalties for noncompliance
 Responses to spills
 Emergency response
 Personal protective equipment
 Material safety data sheets (MSDSs), etc.

People are exposed to a variety of substances every day in the home and at work—
paints, paint remover, detergent, cleaning solvents, antifreeze, and motor oil, to name just a
few. Most substances with which we interact are not dangerous in small amounts or limited

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exposure. However, high levels of exposure to certain substances in high concentrations can
be dangerous.

D. Temperature and Pressure Hazard

Heat Stress

Heat stress is the net heat load to which a worker may be exposed from the combined
contributions of metabolic effect of work, environmental factors (i.e., air temperature,
humidity, air movement, and radiant heat exchange), and clothing requirements. This affect
performance and safety, but it is not harmful to health.

Work tolerance time (WTT) is a formula safety and health professionals can use to
determine what steps can be taken to allow a worker to safely perform his or her required
tasks in the environment in question for the time required. The formula takes into account
such factors as temperature, humidity, level of energy, that will be expended in performing
the task, rest periods, and personal protective equipment (PPE).

Cold Stress

Excessive exposure to cold can lead to hypothermia and in preventing the deep body
temperature from falling below 36°C (96.8°F) also as to prevent cold injuries to body
extremities, especially the hands, feet, and head, the employees should be prepared with
adequate PPE, shorten for each shift of them, adjust the room temperature, and so on. In
addition, cold stress can be prevented by applying the following strategies: medical screening
and supervision, orientation and training, proper work practices, and engineering and
administrative controls.

Pressure Hazard

A pressure hazard is a hazard caused by a dangerous condition involving pressure.

Critical injury and damage can occur with relatively little pressure. The Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA) defines high-pressure cylinders as those designated with
a service pressure of 900 psi or greater.

Potential safety hazards associated with boilers and other pressurized vessels include the
following:

 Design, construction, or installation errors

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  Poor or insufficient training of operators
 Human error
 Mechanical breakdown or failure
 Failure or blockage of control or safety devices
 Insufficient or improper inspections
 Improper application of equipment
 Insufficient preventive maintenance
Through years of experience, a great deal has been learned about how to prevent
accidents associated with boilers. OSHA recommends the following daily, weekly, monthly,
and yearly accident prevention measures:

 Daily check. Check the water to make sure that it is at the proper level. Vent the
furnace thoroughly before starting the fire. Warm up the boiler using a small fire.
When the boiler is operating, check it frequently.
 Weekly check. At least once every week, test the low-water automatic shutdown
control and record the results of the test on a tag that is clearly visible.
 Monthly check. At least once every month, test the safety valve and record the results
of the test on a tag that is clearly visible.
 Yearly check. The low-level automatic shutdown control mechanism should be either
replaced or completely overhauled and rebuilt. Arrange to have the vendor or third-
party expert test all combustion safeguards, including fuel pressure switches, limit
switches, motor starter interlocks, and shutoff valves.

E. Electricity and Fire Hazard

Electricity become hazard because the electrons flow to the wrong target which can cause
damaged to person or things. Moreover, these electrons also can cause fire which can burned
out its target. However, separately, fire hazard also can come from the match, friction of
conductors, or electron. The following are the harm of both hazards:

 Damage to human body, including electric shock, electric injury caused by electric
arc, electrostatic injury.
 The damage to the object is mainly the equipment and the burning of the house,
causing the electrical device to malfunction and so on, which can cause the electric
fire explosion accident.

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  The interference and pollution of the environment mainly refers to electromagnetic
pollution, lightning, etc.
 The cause of secondary accidents refers to accidents caused by electrical accidents,
such as electrical conductors to fall, causing fire and explosion, etc.

A comprehensive fire safety program should have at least the following components:

 Assessment: Assessing the workplace for fire hazards should be continuous and
ongoing. Members of the fire safety committee should be trained in the fundamentals
of fire hazard assessment by the safety and health professional.
 Planning: Fire safety plan should have emergency escape procedures and routes,
critical shutdown procedures, employee headcount procedures, rescue and medical
procedures, procedures for reporting fires and emergencies, and important contact
personnel for additional information.
 Awareness and Prevention: All employees should receive awareness training so that
they understand the role in carrying out the emergency plan.
 Response: One of the fire safety committee’s most important responsibilities is to
arrange periodic drills so that employees automatically respond properly.

F. Confined Space Hazards

A confined space is any area with limited means of entry and exit that is large enough
for a person to fit into but is not designed for occupancy. Examples of confined spaces
include vaults, vats, silos, ship compartments, train compartments, sewers, and tunnels.
Safety and health professionals are well advised to take the following precautions when
dealing with confined spaces that may have a toxic environment. First, use the most sensitive
detection instrument available. Detector tubes, portable gas chromatographs, and infrared
analysers are all more accurate than combustible gas sensors are. Second, compare the 10
percent lower flammable limit (LFL) for any substance in question with its threshold limit
value (TLV), and let the TLV take precedence.

OSHA has its owned confined space standard. This standard mandates that entry
permits be required before employees are allowed to enter a potentially hazardous confined
space. It includes several things to do as follow:

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  Shut down equipment/power. Any equipment, steam, gas, power, or water in the
confined space should be shut off and locked or tagged to prevent its accidental
activation.
 Test the atmosphere. Test for the presence of airborne contaminants and to determine
the oxygen level in the confined space. Fresh, normal air contains 20.8 percent
oxygen. OSHA specifies the minimum and maximum safe levels of oxygen as 19.5
and 23.5 percent, respectively.
 Ventilate the space. Spaces containing airborne contaminants should be purged to
remove them. Such areas should also be ventilated.
 Have rescue personnel stand by. Never allow an employee to enter a confined space
without having rescue personnel standing by in the immediate vicinity.
 Maintain communication. An employee outside the confined space should stay in
constant communication with the employee inside. Communication can be visual,
verbal, or electronic (radio, telephone).
 Use a lifeline. A lifeline attached to a full-body harness and a block and tackle will
ensure that the employee who is inside can be pulled out should he or she lose
consciousness.

Training for Applicable Personnel

All personnel who will be assigned to a confined space work team as well as their
supervisors should receive periodic training that covers at least the following areas of
concern:

1. Entry permitting
2. Hazard awareness
3. Selection and proper use of monitoring equipment
4. Selection and proper use of PPE
5. Selection and proper use of stand-alone rescue equipment as well as all applicable
rescue procedures
6. Communication procedures
7. Performance auditing
8. Documentation and recordkeeping

Employee Right-to-Know

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 1. Hazardous product inventory. A comprehensive list of all hazardous substances found
in the workplace in question.
2. Material safety data sheets file. A master file of data sheets for all hazardous
substances in the inventory must be maintained both at the main offices of the
organization and any branch sites.
3. Proper labeling. All containers—original, immediate-use, and storage—must be
properly labeled. The label must contain the name of the hazardous substance, the
manufacturer, emergency procedures, and instructions for the safe use of the
substance in question.
4. Emergency plan. Such plans must contain all the necessary actions to be taken in case
of an incident (for example, fire, spill, accidental release, reaction).
5. Employee training program.

G. Industrial Hygiene
Industrial hygiene is a safety and health profession that is concerned with predicting,
recognizing, assessing, controlling, and preventing environmental stressors in the workplace
that can cause sickness or serious discomfort to workers. It can cause enough discomfort to
result in lost time or illness. Common stressors include gases, fumes, vapors, dusts, mists,
noise, and radiation. Someone who dealing with the industrial hygiene called as industrial
hygienists, and their responsibilities are:

 To ensure the health of employees

 To maintain an objective approach in recognizing, assessing, controlling, and
preventing health hazards regardless of outside pressure and influence
 To help employees understand the precautions that they should take to avoid health
problems
 To respect employers’ honesty in matters relating to industrial hygiene
 To make the health of employees a higher priority than obligations to the employer

The OSH Act sets forth the following requirements relating to industrial hygiene:

 Use of warning labels and other means to make employees aware of potential hazards,
symptoms of exposure, precautions, and emergency treatment
 Prescription of appropriate personal protective equipment and other technological
preventive measures

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  Provision of medical tests to determine the effect on employees of exposure to
environmental stressors
 Maintenance of accurate records of employee exposures to environmental stressors
that are required to be measured or monitored
 Accessibility of monitoring tests and measurement activities to employees
 Availability of monitoring tests and measurement activities records to employees on
request
 Notification of employees who have been exposed to environmental stressors at a
level beyond the recommended threshold and corrective action being taken

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) stated that every job
performance has it owned standard in order to avoid misconduct during the work which end-
up with accident. This standard commonly includes written operating procedures, mechanical
integrity programs, and formal incident investigation procedures. OSHA’s Process Safety
Standard is stated in 29 CFR 1910.119; several points as follow:

 Coverage, company choses threshold amount of a chemical listed in the standard, for
instance 10,000 pounds or more of a flammable material at one site in one location.
 Employee participation, where employees should be involved in all aspects of the
process safety management program. In addition, employees must be given access to
information developed as part of the program.
 Process safety information (PSI), organizations establish and maintain process safety
information files. Information included in the files includes chemical, process, and
equipment data.
 Process hazard analyses (PHAs), it supposed to identify potential problems so that
prompt corrective action or preventive measures can be taken.
 Standard operating procedures (SOPs), the employers manage to establish and
maintain written standard. The requirement applies to handling, processing,
transporting, and storing chemicals.
 Requirements for contractors, standard describes the special requirements imposed on
companies that contract portions of their work to other companies. The following
requirements are:
 Screen contractors before issuing a contract to ensure that they have a
comprehensive safety and health program.

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  Orient contractors concerning the chemicals with which they may be required
to work or be around, the emergency action plan, and other pertinent
information.
 Evaluate contractors periodically to ensure that their safety performance is
acceptable.
 Maintain an OSHA injury and illness log for the contractor that is separate
from, and in addition to, that of the host company.

H. Hazard Recognition and Evaluation

Olishefski (an HSE professional) recommends that all processes be subjected to the
following hazard recognition procedures:

 Determine the exposure threshold for each hazardous substance identified when
applying the questions just listed, including airborne contaminants.
 Determine the level of exposure to each hazardous substance.
 Determine which employees are exposed to each hazardous material, how frequently,
and for how long.
 Calculate the total weight averages (TWA) to the exposure thresholds identified
earlier.

For hazard evaluation, the following considerations are important: the nature of the
material or substance involved, the intensity of the exposure, and the duration of the
exposure. Key factors to consider are how much exposure is required to produce injury or
illness; the likelihood that enough exposure to produce injury or illness will take place; the
rate of generation of airborne contaminants; the total duration of exposure; and the prevention
and control measures used.

I. Prevention and Control

 Engineering Controls includes such strategies as replacing a toxic material with one
that is less hazardous or redesigning a process to make it less stressful or to reduce
exposure to hazardous materials or conditions. Or by isolating a hazardous process to
reduce the number of people exposed to it and introducing moisture to reduce dust.
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is typical equipment which imposes a barrier
between the worker and the hazard but does nothing to reduce or eliminate the hazard,
includes safety goggles, face shields, gloves, boots, earmuffs, earplugs, full-body

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 clothing, barrier creams, and respirators. But, if by chance the workers accidentally
get contaminant, they need to wash-out their eyes or skin immediately with the safety
equipment.
 Administrative Controls involve limiting the exposure of employees to hazardous
conditions using such strategies as the following: rotating schedules, required breaks,
work shifts, and other schedule-oriented strategies.
 Additional Strategies are type of prevention and control strategies used will depend
on the evaluation of the specific hazards present in the workplace. The following list
of generic strategies applies regardless of the setting:
 Good housekeeping including workplace cleanliness, waste disposal,
adequate washing and eating facilities, healthful drinking water, and control of
insects and rodents.
 Using special control methods for specific hazards, such as reduction of
exposure time, film badges and similar monitoring devices, and continuous
sampling with preset alarms.
 Setting up medical programs to detect intake of toxic materials.
 Providing training and education to supplement engineering controls.
 Self-Protection Strategies is crucial for the workers since they need to understand
that protecting themselves are the best method to keep them secure. The rules of it as
follow:
 Know the hazards in your workplace
 Know the possible effects of hazards in your workplace.
 Use personal protective equipment properly.
 Understand and obey safety rules.
 Practice good personal hygiene.

II. Falling, Impact, Acceleration, Lifting and Vision Hazard

A. Cause of Falls
1. A foreign object on the walking surface. A foreign object is any object that is out
place or in a position to trip someone or to cause slip.
2. A design flaw in the walking surface
3. Slippery surfaces
4. An individual’s impaired physical condition

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 B. Kinds of Falls
1. Trip and fall accidents occur when workers encounter an unseen foreign object in
their path. When the employee’s foot strikes the object, he or she trips and falls.
2. Stump and fall accidents occur when a worker’s foot suddenly meets a sticky surface
or a defect in the walking surface. Expecting to continue at the established pace, the
worker falls when his or her foot is unable to respond properly.
3. Step and fall accidents occur when a person’s foot encounters an unexpected step
down (for example, a hole in the floor or a floorboard that gives way). This can also
happen when an employee thinks he or she has reached the bottom of the stairs
when, in reality, there is one more step.
4. Slip and fall accidents occur when the worker’s center of gravity is suddenly thrown
out of balance (for example, an oily spot causes a foot to shoot out from under the
worker). This is the most common type of fall

C. Walking and Slipping

Every year slips, trips, and falls cause more than 1 million workplace injuries and
approximately 16,000 deaths. A company’s overall safety and health program should include
a slip and fall prevention component. Such a component should have the following elements:
1. A policy statement/commitment. Statement to convey management’s commitment.
Areas that should be included in the policy statement are management’s intent,
scope of activity, responsibility, accountability, the safety professional’s role,
authority, and standards.
2. Review and acceptance of walkways. Establish the criteria that will be used for
reviewing all walking surfaces and determining if they are acceptable. For example,
a criterion may be a minimum coefficient of friction value. Regardless of the
criteria, the methodology that will be used for applying them to the review and
acceptance of walkways should also be explained.
3. Reconditioning and retrofitting. Include recommendations and timetables for
reconditioning or retrofitting existing walking surfaces that do not meet review and
acceptance criteria.
4. Maintenance standards and procedures. State the maintenance standards for walking
surfaces (for example, how often surfaces should be cleaned, resurfaced, replaced).
In addition, this section should contain procedures for meeting the standards.

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 5. Inspections, audits, tests, and records. Provide a comprehensive list of inspections,
audits, and tests (including the types of tests) that will be done, how frequently, and
where. Maintain records of the results.
6. Employee footwear program. Specify the type of footwear required of employees
who work on different types of walking surfaces.
7. Defence methods for legal claims. Outline the company’s legal defences so that
aggressive action can be taken immediately should a lawsuit be filed against the
company. In such cases, it is important to be able to show that the company has not
been negligent (for example, the company has a slip and fall prevention program that
is in effect).
8. Measurement of results. Contain the following two parts: (a) an explanation of how
the program will be evaluated and how often (for example, comparison of yearly,
quarterly, or monthly slip and fall data); (b) records of the results of these
evaluations.

D. Effective strategies for preventing slips and falls include the following:
1. Review and analyse accident statistics to determine where slip and fall accidents are
happening and why; then take the appropriate corrective measures.
2. Monitor the condition of walking surfaces continually and make appropriate
preventive corrections immediately.
3. Make sure that ramps and sloped floors have high-friction surfaces.
4. Use safety mats, nonslip flooring, and slip-resistant safety shoes.
5. Make sure that stairs have handrails.
6. Make sure that visibility is good in potentially hazardous areas. Add extra lighting if
necessary. Also make sure that the colour of paint in these areas is bright and helpful
in calling attention to potential hazards.
7. Make sure that spills are cleaned up immediately and that the underlying cause of
the spill is corrected.
8. Make sure that employees who work in potentially hazardous areas select and wear
the right slip-resistant footwear.
9. Use appropriate technologies such as vertical incidence tribometers to measure the
slip resistance of floors and take appropriate action based on the results.
10. Conduct periodic audits of walking surfaces throughout the facilities in question,
document carefully the findings, and take appropriate action in a systematic way.

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 E. OSHA’s Recommendations for Effective Fall Protection
Because slip and fall accidents account for approximately 1 million workplace injuries
every year, organizations obviously need to have a strong fall prevention program in place.
But what does it take to have an effective fall prevention program? OSHA recommends the
following strategies:
 Have a plan. An organization should develop a written plan that is part of its larger
safety and health plan. The fall protection plan should contain a statement of
commitment from both management and employees, rules and regulations relating to
fall protection, and an explanation of the training program and training requirements.
 Establish proper fall protection requirements. Require the use of fall protection
equipment any time an employee works more than 4 feet above the floor in general
industry, 6 feet or more in construction, and 10 feet or more when on scaffolding.
 Provide proper fall protection equipment and procedures and require their use.
Organizations should determine what types of fall protection equipment and
procedures are needed, provide them to employees, and require their proper use. As
examples, this might include personal fall arrest systems, guardrails, safety nets,
positioning devices, warning lines, controlled access zones, and safety monitoring.
 Ensure fall protection device replacement. Organizations should replace fall
protection devices on a regular schedule even if there are no significant signs of
wear.
 Ensure proper use and type of equipment. Ensure that the fall protection equipment
provided to employees is the proper type for the situation in question and that
employees inspect it before putting it on, that it fits properly, and that it is properly
attached to anchorage points.
 Provide training. Provide fall protection training for supervisors and employees,
including how to recognize fall-related hazards and how to properly use all
applicable fall protection equipment.

F. What to Do After Fall

If, in spite of your best efforts, a fall occurs on the job, what employees do in the
immediate aftermath can mean the difference between life and death for the victim. First,
make sure your organization has a fall rescue plan in place that includes the following: (1)
training for all personnel in how to carry out a rescue—what to do and what not to do; (2)
proper equipment on site and readily available; (3) coordination with local emergency

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authorities; and (4) assigned responsibilities. Then, in addition, make sure all employees
who work at heights or with others who work at heights understand the following basics:
 Never work alone. There should always be two or more people working in close
proximity when working at heights. It is important to have someone available to
initiate the fall rescue plan.
 Keep legs moving. When a worker is dangling from his fall arrest gear, it is
important for him to keep his legs moving—not frantically, but just rhythmically and
regularly. This will help prevent the venous pooling of blood that can lead to shock.
If it is possible, the suspended worker should try to move into an upright position.
 Raise the worker to a seated position. Once the suspended worker has been brought
to the ground, the tendency is to lie him down in a horizontal position. This is a
mistake because it can suddenly release pooled blood that can strain the heart and
cause death. Instead, move the victim into a seated position.

G. Impact and Acceleration Hazard

 Protection from Falling or Accelerating Objects
Objects that fall, are slung from a machine, or otherwise become projectiles pose a
serious hazard to the heads, faces, feet, and eyes of workers. Consequently,
protecting workers from projectiles requires the use of appropriate PPE and strict
adherence to safety rules by all employees.
 Head Protection
Originally introduced in 1919, the hard hats first used for head protection in an
industrial setting were inspired by the helmets worn by soldiers in World War I.
Such early versions were made of varnished resin-impregnated canvas.
 Eye and Face Protection
Eye and face protection are critical in the modern workplace. Eye injuries are a
common and costly phenomenon. Eye and face protection typically consist of safety
glasses, safety goggles, or face shields.
 Foot Protection
The major kinds of injuries to the foot and toes are from the following:
1. Falls or impact from sharp or heavy objects (this type accounts for 60 percent of
all injuries)
2. Compression when rolled over by or pressed between heavy objects
3. Punctures through the sole of the foot

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 4. Conductivity of electricity or heat
5. Electrocution from contact with an energized, conducting material
6. Slips on unstable walking surfaces
7. Hot liquid or metal splashed into shoes or boots
8. Temperature extremes.
 Hand Protection
Common Glove Mater
1. Leather. Offers comfort, excellent abrasion resistance, and minimum cut
resistance.
2. Cotton. Offers comfort, minimal abrasion resistance, and minimum cut
resistance.
3. Aramids. Offer comfort, good abrasion resistance, excellent cut resistance, and
excellent heat resistance.
4. Polyethylene. Offers comfort, excellent abrasion resistance, and minimal cut
resistance. Gloves made of this material should not be subjected to high
temperatures.
5. Stainless steel cord (wrapped in synthetic fiber). Offers comfort, good abrasion
resistance, and optimal cut resistance.
6. Chain link or metal mesh. Offers very little comfort, but maximum abrasion and
cut resistance.
7. Butyl rubber. Offers little comfort, but has excellent resistance to heat, ozone,
tearing, and certain chemicals, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters,
nitriles, gases, amides, acids, and nitro compounds.
8. Nitrile-based material. Offers greater comfort and protection. Consequently,
there is increased use of this type of material for the substrate coating of glasses.
9. Viton rubber. Offers little comfort, but performs well with chemicals that butyl
rubber cannot protect against, including aliphatics, halogenated, and aromatics.
Like butyl gloves, viton gloves also perform well in handling alcohols, gases,
and acids.

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Conclusion
In every workplace there must be something than can cause hazard, it can be from the
environment (condition), the material keep in touch, or from the human itself. Any kind of
consequences of being contaminate by hazard usually bring any damaged, temporary or
permanently, and the most fatal is death. To avoid this kind of risk, OSHA already makes
some rules and regulation related to safety and health. Moreover, OSHA has made the
classification of types of hazard and how to assess, prevent, and control it.

From the types of hazard, OSHA classified it into chemical hazards, physical hazards,
biological hazards, and ergonomic hazards. These four types can be divided into several
hazardous such as noise, confined space, temperature, pressure, etc. However, generally all
these types of hazard have several common in preventing act such as, training, maintaining,
protection equipment, and so on. The most important thing is always prioritizing safety in
every performance. By being aware to the surrounding also a step in doing safety procedure.
In applying the safety, both employers and employees should support this issue. The
employers need to provide the protection equipment for the employees, while the employees
also need to be responsive and obey in applying safety in the job in order to not making any
harm to the company.

References
Berkowitz, D., & Hedayati, H. (2017, April). OSHA Severe Injury Data from 29 States: 27 Workers a
Day Suffer Amputation or Hospitalization; Poultry Processing Among Most Dangerous
Industries. National Employment Law Project, 1-7. Retrieved January 2018, from
http://www.nelp.org/content/uploads/OSHA-Severe-Injury-Data-2015-2016.pdf

BPJS. (2016, January 11). Kecelakaan Kerja. Jumlah kecelakaan kerja di Indonesia masih tinggi.
Retrieved January 2018, from http://bpjsketenagakerjaan.go.id/berita/5769/Jumlah-
kecelakaan-kerja-di-Indonesiamasih-tinggi.html

Chambers, H. (n.d.). Page: Prevention and control strategies. Retrieved January 2018, from OSH
Wiki: https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/Prevention_and_control_strategies

Goetsch, D. L. (2011). Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers
(7 ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Retrieved January 2018

United States Department of Labor. (2017). Recommended Practices for Safety and Health Programs.
Hazard Prevention and Control. Retrieved January 2018, from
https://www.osha.gov/shpguidelines/hazard-prevention.html

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