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Introduction
Passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across
cell membranes without need of energy input. (Britannica 1) Unlike active transport, it does not
require an input of cellular energy because the tendency of the system instead drives it to grow in
entropy. (Haver 1) Selectively Permeable cells are cells that are enclosed with a cell membrane.
A selectively permeable cell membrane is one that allows certain molecules or ions to pass
through it by means of active or passive transport. (Gardner 1) Osmosis is the process by which
molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated
solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the
membrane. (Britannica 1) The three types of osmotic conditions that affect living cells are called
hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic states. (Haver 1) Hypotonic is having a lower osmotic
pressure than a fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. (Britannica 1) Hypertonic is
having a higher osmotic pressure than a fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid.
(Britannica 1) An isotonic solution refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure
across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free movement of water across the
membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side. (Britannica 1) We need
to understand osmosis because it is used in plants, medicine, and to preserve meats and fruits.
The dialysis tubing is a semi-permeable membrane tubing used in separation techniques and
The purpose of dialysis tubing is to measure the glucose, starch, and iodine. (Gardner 1) The
purposes for this lab include to learn about osmosis, compare the effects of diffusion, and to
determine if a specific substance can pass in or out of a model cell. In each beaker we are trying
Hypertonic environments. (Gardner 1) Each bag will have either, tap water, 20%, 40%, 60%, or
80% starch solution. The dependent and independent variables for pt. I of the lab are dependent
is mass change and independent is concentration in solution. The dependent and independent
variables for pt. II of the lab are dependent is the color of the iodine and independent is the time
it sits in the solution. The constants for part I include the same amount of solution or water, the
same amount of time spent in the cylinders, that they were all dried off, and knots were the same
tightness, and that they were placed in and taken out at the same time. The constants for pt. II
include that the ends cut were the same length, the knots were the same tightness, make sure all
the measurements were correct, same drops of iodine, and the same amount of time. The control
group for part I was bag 1 and the experimental group was the other bags. The control group in
pt. II was the solution in the bag and the experimental group was the solution in the beaker. If a
stimulated cell with pure water is placed into a beaker with pure water, then there will be little
mass change and it will it be in an isotonic environment. If a stimulated cell with a 20% glucose
solution is placed into a beaker with pure water, then the cell will gain mass and it will be in a
hypotonic environment. If a stimulated cell with a 40% glucose solution is placed into a beaker
with pure water, the cell will have an increase in mass change and it will be in a hypotonic
environment. If a stimulated cell with a 60% glucose solution is placed into a beaker with pure
water, then the cell will increase in mass change and it will be in a hypotonic environment. If a
stimulated cell with water and another stimulated cell with an 80% glucose solution are placed
into a beaker with a 60% glucose solution, then the cell with water will have a decrease in mass
change and it will be in a hypertonic environment and the stimulated cell with a 60% glucose
solution will have an increase in mass change and it will be in a hypotonic environment. If a
Osmosis Lab Report 4
stimulated cell with starch is placed into a beaker with water and Iodine, then the cell will be in a
lower concentration gradient and the water and Iodine will move into the stimulated cell.
Materials
Beakers (6)
Water solution
Dialysis tubing
Scale
String
Paper towels
Timer
Pipets
Iodine
Starch
Graduated cylinders
Part I
1. Get 5 pieces of dialysis tubing that has been previously soaked in water. Fold one end of the
tube over 1 cm from the end and tie a knot around the tube with the string. Iie more knots to
make sure that the bag will not leak. Cut the excess string.
Osmosis Lab Report 5
2. Fill each tube halfway with 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% starch solution and two with water for a
3. After each bag is filled, close, fold, and tie each end of the bag. Don’t tie the bag to tight.
Place each bag on a numbered paper towel to avoid mixing up the bags.
4. Using a weight, measure each bag to get its mass. Record the masses.
5. Place the bags in an individual beaker for three times each for three minutes.
6. At the end of each of the three minutes, remove the bags from the beakers, dry them off, and
weight the to the nearest gram. Record the masses. When that is complete return the bags to their
7. Record the number for Bag 1 only. The weights of bags 2-5 will be determined from the
averages of the masses. Once the averages are calculated enter them in the table.
Part II
1. Fold one end of the tube over and tie a knot over the fold. Tie additional knots and cut the
3. Add 1 teaspoon of starch solution to the tube. Fold the other end and tie a knot at the other
end.
4. Rinse the bag to clean off any spills. Dry it off with a paper towel and set it aside.
5. Next, fill a beaker half full of water and add 8 drops of Iodine. Place the model cell in the
iodine water. Fill out the starting color box in the chart.
Osmosis Lab Report 6
7. Next, record any color change in the beaker. Fill out the final section in the chart in terms of
color change.
Results
Time Water in Water 20 % in Water 40% in Water 60% in Water Water in 60% 80% in 60%
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 208 317 408 567 -150 241
6 291 534 800 1009 533 316
9 249 701 1108 1409 -783 399
We got these numbers by recording the mass of each cell before we tested on them and three
times after we tested them. Once each group in all three classes completed their tests, we then
averaged out each column to make sure we were all using the same numbers.
The table and the graph show us the results of the experiment. For water in water, the mass
quickly rose from 208 to 291 after 6 minutes but after three more minutes it fell to 249. The dark
blue graph shows the increase and then decrease of the mass of the mass. For 20% in water, the
mass increased by all most 200 ever time with it going from 317 to 534 finally to 701. The
orange graph shows the constant increase of the mass of the bag overtime. For 40% in water, the
mass increased by almost 300 ever time with is starting at 408 and going to 800 and then 1108.
The grey graph represents the constant increase of the mass of the bag overtime. For 60% in
water, the mass increased by almost 400 ever time starting at 567 and going to 1009 and then
finally to 1409. The yellow graph represents the constant increase of the mass of the bag
overtime. For 80% in water, the mass dropped negative to -150 then rose to 533 then descended
to -783. For 80% in 60%, the mass had a small but constant increase of its mass by going from
241 to 316 to 399. The light blue graph represents the increase of mass of this bag. For pt. 2 the
Osmosis Lab Report 7
tube turned purple. The water also stayed a little bit the same but due to the purple leakage of
This graph shows the rate of change in the mass of each bag overtime.
Discussion
In part one, most of the bags had a mass increase, while one had a decrease. This mass change
was due to the type of environment that the dialysis tubing was placed into. In the first setup, the
cell with water was placed into a beaker with water and experienced a slight mass change
because the dialysis tubing was in an isotonic environment. This meant that the concentration
was equal both inside and outside the cell. In the second setup, the cell with the 20% glucose
solution was placed into a beaker with water and experienced a mass gain because there was a
higher concentration of pure water on the outside. This meant that the cell was in a hypotonic
Osmosis Lab Report 8
environment, causing the water to move inside to reach equilibrium. In the third setup, the cell
with the 40% glucose solution in water experienced an increase in mass change because it was in
a hypotonic environment. This meant that there was a higher concentration of water outside the
stimulated cell, causing the water to want to move inside the cell until it reached equilibrium. In
the fourth setup, the cell with the 60 % glucose solution in water experienced an increase in mass
because there was a higher concentration of pure water outside the cell, causing the water to
move inside the cell. This means the cell was in a hypotonic environment. In the fifth setup, there
was a cell with water and another one with an 80% glucose solution that were both placed into a
60% glucose solution. The stimulated cell with water in the 60% glucose solution experienced a
decrease in mass change because it was in a hypertonic environment. This caused the water to
move outside of the cell because there was a higher concentration of pure water inside the cell
and to be able to reach equilibrium, the water would have to move to a lower concentration. The
movement from the cell caused there to be a decrease in mass because there was less substance
inside the stimulated cell as time increased. In the cell with the 80% glucose solution in a 60%
glucose solution experienced an increase in mass because the cell was in a hypotonic
environment. This meant that there was a higher concentration of pure water outside of the cell,
causing the water to move inside the cell to reach equilibrium. This caused an increase in mass
because the cell was filled with more pure water as time increased. The rate of osmosis was
different for each setup. This happened because as the cells got closer to equilibrium, the rate
slowed down due to less substance having to move in and then eventually they equaled out and
osmosis was not needed. The rate of osmosis was also different due to the different concentration
gradients. When there was a higher concentration of water outside of the cells, there was more
water that tried to move inside. Osmosis happens faster when there are higher amounts of
Osmosis Lab Report 9
substance trying to reach the lower concentration gradient. The 80% glucose solution in the 60%
glucose solution did not gain as much weight from zero to three minutes as the 20% glucose
solution in the water because in part II of the lab, the stimulated cell with starch in it started as
white but at the end of the time, it changed to blue. This happened because the higher
concentration was outside of the cell and it contained water and iodine. The iodine mixed with
the water and formed the higher concentration of pure water, meaning that it was in a hypotonic
environment and the water would move into the lower concentration gradient. The iodine caused
the color to turn blue and as it moved in with the water, it changed the cell to blue as it reached
equilibrium. From the labs, it was found that the cell was permeable to water. When the cells
were in a hypotonic state or a hypertonic state, it would allow the water to move into or out of
the cells to reach equilibrium. In the labs there could have been many sources of error. In the first
lab, the cells were placed into the beakers for a short period of time. This could have affected the
change in mass because there would have been more time to reach equilibrium. Another error
could have happened when the stimulated cells were taken out of their environment. After this,
they were supposed to be dried off, but some could have had extra liquid that did not get dried
off, affecting the mass. Then next error could have come from the measurements. When using
the glucose solutions, some of it stuck to the graduated cylinders and did not allow for equal
amounts of glucose for the stimulated cells. The last source of error could have happened when
the cells were taken out of the beakers. The error could have happened because the cells were not
taken out at the same exact time, causing one or two cells to have more time to reach
equilibrium. A change to the lab would be allowing the cells to stay in the beakers for longer
periods of time. This would have changed the mass change and would have let the stimulated
References