Lecture 1 Introduction To Wireless and Mobile Communications

Outline of the Lecture
• Motivation
• Brief history of wireless communication
• Block diagram of communication system
• Technical challenges
• Current wireless communication systems
• Trends for future systems and networks
Motivation
• Why wireless communications?

– Reasons for no wires are manyfold.
• Flexibilityy
• Mobility
• Robustness?
– Yes and no.
• Faster to deploy than wired
Wireless Communications II @ University of Oulu, Dept. Electrical and Inform. Eng., Telecomm. Laboratory & CWC 3
1. Introduction
Why Talk About Wireless?
• Wireless communication is not a new technology but cell phones have
brought revolution in wireless communication
• Wireless Technology has changed the way
– Organizations & individuals work & live today
• In less than 10 years
– World has moved from fixed to wireless networks
– Allowing people, mobile devices & computers talk to each other, connect
without a cable
– Only available option for field data acquisition
• Interconnectivity with multiple devices
– Using radio-waves, sometimes light
– Frees user from many constrains of traditional computer & phone system
10/19/2014 Wireless and Mobile Communications 2

Wired vs. Wireless
• Wired Networks • Wireless Networks
– high bandwidth – low bandwidth
– low bandwidth variability – high bandwidth
– low error rates (10-6) variability
– high error rates (10-3)
– symmetric connectivity
– possible asymmetric
– can listen on wire
connectivity
– high power machines – hidden terminal
– high resource machines problem
– need physical access – low power machines
(security) – low resource machines
– low delay – need proximity
– connected operation – higher delay 5
– disconnected operation
Electromagnetic Radiation
8
Photonic
Introduction To Wireless Communication Networks and Systems

Wireless communications is, by any measure, the fastest
growing segment of the communications industry.

Cellular systems have experienced exponential growth over the
last decade and there are currently about two billion users
worldwide.

In addition, wireless local area networks currently supplement or
replace wired networks in many homes, businesses, and
campuses.

Some of the new application emerged are wireless sensor
networks, automated highways and factories, smart homes and
appliances, and remote telemedicine.
Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

Photonic

The first wireless networks were developed in the pre-
industrial age.

Smoke signals,

torch signaling

lashing mirrors •Combination of signals Transmit using LOS

signal flares •An elaborate set of Signals are used

semaphore flags

and others.

Observation stations (telescope) were built on hilltops and
along roads to relay these messages over large distances.
Observer
People
Observer
Initiator

Photonic

These early communication networks were replaced first by
the telegraph network (invented by Samuel Morse in 1838)

later replaced by the telephone.

In 1895, a few decades after the telephone was invented,
Marconi demonstrated the first radio transmission.

Radio technology advanced rapidly to enable transmissions
over larger distances with

Better quality,

less power

Smaller devices

cheaper devices,
Thereby enabling public and private
radio communications,
television, and wireless networking.

Th fi
The firstt h
half
lf 20th Century
C t
• Audio broadcasting over radio

• Video broadcasting
g over radio (television)
( )
• Government radio systems
– Police radio
– Military radio
• World War II
– Secure communications and spread spectrum
• Theoretical breakthroughs
g
– Wiener filter
– Matched filter
– Information theory
1. Introduction
Photonic

Early radio systems transmitted analog signals.

Today most radio systems transmit digital signals
composed of binary bits.

Directly from a data signal

or by digitizing an analog signal.
Why Digital signals?

Consistence of reproduction
Noise immunity
Seemless of integration
 Multiplexing
 Integration of d/t Technology
(Technology Convergence)

Photonic
 A digital radio can transmit

 a continuous bit stream
m
Ca
 it can group the bits into packets (Packet Cam
1
Radio).
2
 Packet Radio is often characterized by bursty
transmissions:.
 The first network based on packet radio,
ALOHANET, was developed at the University of
Hawaii in 1971. Cam
 The network architecture used a star topology with Cent.
the central computer at its hub.
 Any two computers could establish a bi-directional
communications link between them by going
through the central hub
 ALOHANET incorporated the first set of protocols Cam
for channel access and routing in packet radio 4
systems Cam
3

Photonic
 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

(DARPA) use packet radios for tactical
communications in the battlefield.
 The nodes in these ad hoc wireless networks had
the ability to self-configure into a network.
 the resulting systems fell far short of expectations
in terms of speed and performance.
 Packet radio networks also found commercial
application in supporting wide area wireless data
services.
 wireless data access
 email, At low data rate (20kbps
 file transfer,
 Web browsing)

Photonic
 By far the most successful application of wireless networking

has been the cellular telephone system.
 when wireless voice transmission between NewYork
and San Francisco was first established.
 In 1946, public mobile telephone service was introduced in 25
cities across the United States.
 These initial systems used a central transmitter to cover an
entire metropolitan area.
 But it was not sufficient due to limited radio spectrum..
 It Could support only 543 users.
 A solution came from AT&T Bell Laboratories
developed the cellular concept .
 Cellular systems exploit the fact that the power of a transmitted
signal falls off with distance.
 two users can operate on the same frequency at
spatially separate locations with minimal interference
between them.
M bil Communications
Mobile C i ti
• Voice transmission between New York and San

Francisco in 1915
– convergence of telephone and radio started.
• Public mobile telephone introduced by AT&T in USA
in 1946
– FM radio transmission, 120 kHz per voice channel, limited
to 80 km from base station, operator-assisted
operator assisted dialing.
• Mid-1960s: AT&T’s IMTS (Improved Mobile
Telephone
p Service)) uses 30 kHz voice channels,,
narrowband FM and direct dialing
• Cellular concept
p introduced byy AT&T in 1950s.
– Spatial frequency reuse.
– Concept designed completed in late 1960s.
1. Introduction
Block diagram
g of communication system
y
1. Introduction
• Format
– Operation to convert signal into digital form (digital
symbols)
• E.g.,
E A/D
A/D-conversion
i
– Does not remove redundancy
• Source coding
– Information signal’s (from source) redundancy is
removed (e.g.,. HUFFMAN
HUFFMAN-coding)
coding)
– Compressing the message
– Digital symbols have redundancy,
• If symbols have not the same probability or
• if symbols are not independent of each others
– Source symbols inherent redundancy is nonsystematic
• Wastes channel capacity
• Cannot be efficientlyy used to detect/correct errors
1. Introduction
• Encryption: two goals
– privacy (sanoman yksityisyys): prevents the inappropriate
users to get the infomation (useless to intercept)
– authentiation ((sanoman luotettavuus):) pprevents the
inaapropriate users to sent information (prevents false alarms)
• Channel coding
– Redundance is increased in a way, that the receiver can use it
efficiently to detect and correct errors -> parity check bits
(e.g., repetition codes, block codes, convolutional codes)
– Every sequence of k bits is presented as code word of length n
=> amount of redundance is n/k; inverse k/n is code rate
– Channel coding g increases signals’
g distance in signal
g space,
p ,
therefore error probability decreases
– Errors should be usually randomized using interleaving
1. Introduction
• Modulation
– To match the signal spectra in the band pass channel
– Can be changed carries wave
• amplitude,
lit d phase
h or frequency
f
– Line coding is corresponding process in low pass channel
• Spectrum spreading (spread spectrum systems)
– Signal spectrum is spread by a factor of 100-1000
– Goals,
Goals e.g.,
eg
• Increase interference resistance of the receiver
• Decrease propability of interception (LPI)
• Tolerate multipath propagation
• Multiple access (CDMA = code division multiple
access)
• Distance measuring
p
– Spreadingg is done using
g special
p spreading
p g code
1. Introduction
• Multiplexing
– Sharing of transfer capacity of channes to different users
– Is usually fixed
– Can be done in frequency or time domain (orthogonality)
– Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
– Time division multiplexing (TDM)
• Multiple
M lti l access
– Also sharing of channel capacity
– Not necessary fixed but it can be changed based on
requirements of the users
– Access is controlled
– Examples
̵ Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
̵ Time division multiple access (TDMA), e.g., GSM
̵ Code division multiple access (CDMA),
(CDMA) e.g.,
e g WCDMA
̵ Space division multiple access (SDMA)
̵ Polarization division multiple access (PDMA)
1. Introduction
• Synchronization
y
– To find meaningful time instants of the received
signal time axis
– Frequency (carrier synchronization) and
time (symbol synchronization) estimation
1. Introduction
Photonic
Technical Challenges Networks and Systems
 Many technical challenges must be addressed to

enable the wireless applications of the future.
 These challenges extend across all aspects of
the system design.
 Wireless Nodes (terminals)
 Wireless Channel
 Intermediate Devices (BTS)

Photonic
Challenges on Wireless Terminal Networks and Systems
 As wireless terminals add more features, these small

devices must incorporate multiple modes of operation
in order to support the different applications and media.
 Computers process voice, image, text, and video data,
but breakthroughs in circuit design
 Consumers don’t want large batteries that frequently
need recharging.
 so transmission and signal processing at the portable
terminal must consume minimal power.
 The signal processing required to support multimedia
applications and networking functions can be power
intensive.
 Thus, wireless infrastructure-based networks, such as
wirelessLANs and cellular systems, place as much of
the processing burdenas possible on fixed sites with
large power resources.

Photonic
Challenges with Wireless Channel Networks and Systems
 The finite bandwidth and random variations of wireless channels also

require robust applications that degrade gracefully as network
performance degrades.
 First of all, the radio spectrum is a scarce resource that must be
allocated to many different applications and systems.
 For this reason, spectrum is controlled by regulatory bodies both
regionally and globally.
 A regional or global system operating in a given frequency band must
obey the restrictions.
 Spectrum can also be very expensive:
 Eg. In USA companies spent over $9 billion for second-generation cellular
licenses
 The spectrum obtained through these auctions must be used
extremely efficiently
 Thus requiring cellular system designs with high capacity
and good performance

Photonic
Networks and Systems
Challenges with Wireless Channel
 At frequencies around several gigahertz, wireless

radio components with reasonable size, power
consumption, and cost are available.
 However, the spectrum in this frequency range is
extremely crowded.
 Thus, technological breakthroughs to enable
higher-frequency systems with the same cost and
performance would greatly reduce the spectrum
shortage.
 However, path loss at these higher frequencies is
larger with omnidirectional antennas, thereby
limiting range.

Photonic
High Frequency High Lf

Therefore high Path Loss
Low d, low Lf but low Gain
L f --- free-space loss

d --- propagation distance between antennas (m)
λ--- carrier wavelength (m)
f --- carrier frequency (Hz)
L p --- Path loss

Photonic
Continue... Networks and Systems
 The other challenge is random channel fluctuation due to

 Reflections
 Attenuation.
 This makes it difficult to design reliable systems with
guaranteed performance.
 Moreover wireless communication are challenged by
 Security implementation
 Wireless networking (The network must be able to
locate)

Why?
• Radio wave propagation (sort
of like your voice)
– Decreasing signal strength
• Radio waves lose energy
due to absorption or
scattering
– Multi-path fading:
reflections from multiple PTX  λ2 
objects; time varying due Free − space loss = = −10 log  2 2
PRX  (4π ) d 
to mobility λ − wavelength
– Interference d − distance between TX and RX
• Your signal is noise to
others in the same PRX
SNR =
frequency band noise + interference
• Broadcast nature rate ∝ W log(1 + SNR )
• Network dynamics W − bandwidth
– Moving objects, weather 16

– Node mobility
T h i l Challenges
Technical Ch ll
• Wireless or radio communications pose a number of

distinct technical and scientific challenges related to
the fact that communication need to be wireless due
to
– radio propagation issues
– power limitations if the terminal is also wireless in power
supply sense.
• A wireless channel is inherently more difficult and
fl
fluctuating than
h a wired d one.
Ö Wireless connection is not always the best choice.
1. Introduction
T h i l Challenges
Techninal Ch ll (2)
• Terminal challenges:
– Power limitations in portable terminals
Ö power efficiency is a crucial issue.
– Multitude of system standards
Ö need for
f fflexible and reconfigurable
f terminals.
• Radio spectrum is a scarce resource.
– Bandwidth efficiency is a critical design issue.
– Frequency spectrum sharing and allocation is a big
political/economical issue.
issue
• International standardization bodies and national
regulators need to co-operate.
co operate.
• Security concerns due to radio transmission.
1. Introduction
Wi l
Wireless Channel
Ch l
• Wireless channel distorts the signal in several

manners:
– free-space path loss (attentuation)
– shadowing (large scale fading)
– (small scale) fading due to multipath propagation.
• Wireless channels are always unpredictable to some
extent.
Ö Wireless channels pose a main technical /
theoretical design / research challenge for wireless
communications.
Ö Understanding the channels is crucial.
1. Introduction
Wired vs. Wireless
Supported data rate
time
Supported
data rate
15
time
Propagation Channel – the
Trouble Maker
Radio channel realisation is different at every possible point

=> radio channels are multi-dimensional
=> this can be utilised in multiple antenna constructions to
10
improve performance and capacity of systems
Examples
p of Q
Quality
y of Service (Q
(QoS))
Requirements
Voice Data Live video

D l
Delay < 100ms - < 100ms
Packet Loss < 1% 0 < 1%
BER 10-3 10-6 10-6
D t R
Data Rate
t 8-32 kbps 1-100 Mbps 1-20 Mbps
Traffic Continuous Burstyy Continuous
1. Introduction
Service Requirements
• Sensor networks: <1kbit/s; central nodes need up
to 10Mbit/s
• Speech communications: 5-64 kbit/s, depending in
speech coder (vocoder)
• Elementary data services: 10-100 kbit/s
• Communications between computer peripherals: 1
Mbit/s
• Wireless LANs: broadband internet speeds, 1-100
Mbit/s
• Personal Area Networks: >100 Mbit/s
26
Wi l
Wireless Performance
P f Gap
G
LOCAL AREA PACKET SWITCHING WIDE AREA CIRCUIT SWITCHING
100 M ATM 100,000 ATM

100,000
Ethernet
10,000 FDDI 10,000
wired- wireless
Ethernet bit rate "gap"
bit-rate gap
1000 User 1000 User wired- wireless
Bit-Rate Bit-Rate ISDN bit-rate "gap"
(kbps) 2nd gen (kbps)
100 WLAN 100 28.8 modem
1st gen p
32 kbps
P lli
Polling WLAN 9.6 modem PCS
10 10 14.4
9.6 cellular digital
2.4 modem cellular
Packet 2.4 cellular
1 1
Radio
.1 .1
.01 .01
1970 1980 1990 2000 1970 1980 1990 2000
YEAR YEAR
1. Introduction
Wi l
Wireless Networking
N t ki
• Locating the users and routing the signal is not

always trivial in mobile communications.
• The traffic patterns, user (also interfering ones)
locations and service needs ((data rate,, delayy
requirements, reliability etc.) vary over time and
p
space.
– High mobility poses particularly significant challenges.
• Challenges
g to wireless networking g protocols,
p , media
access, routing etc.
• Cross
Cross-layer
layer optimization is needed for performance
optimum.
1. Introduction
OSI P
Protocol
t lRReference
f M
Model
d l (1)
Host A Host B
application application
presentation presentation
session session
transport transport
network network
data link data link
physical physical
1. Introduction
OSI P
Protocol
t lRReference
f M
Model
d l (2)
• Application layer: user program that generates data.

• Presentation layer:
y changes
g syntax
y (data
( format)) if
necessary.
• Sess
Session
o layer:
aye sysynchronizes
c o es sess
sessions
o s (d
(dialogues).
a ogues)
• Transport layer: end-to-end connection
management, error recovery.
• Network layer: routes data through network.
• Link layer: framing,
framing error recovery on links,
links
including MAC.
• Physical layer: point-to-point
point to point medium-dependent
medium dependent
transmission.
1. Introduction
Crosslayer Design
• Hardware
• Link
• Access
Delay Constraints
• Network Rate Constraints
• Application Energy Constraints
Adapt across design layers

Reduce uncertainty through scheduling
Provide robustness via diversity
1. Introduction
Current Wireless Communication
Systems
• Cellular communication (telephone) systems
• Cordless phones
• Wireless local area networks (WLAN’s)
• Wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN’s)
• Fixed wireless access
• Paging systems
• Satellite networks
• Short range connectivity
• Emerging systems and technologies
– Ad hoc wireless networks
– Sensor networks
– Distributed control networks
1. Introduction
Types of Wireless Devices
• Radiolinks
• Laptops
• Palmtops
• Multimedia phones
• PDAs
• Basic mobile phones
• Pagers
• Sensors
Resources Portability
7
Photonic
Current Wireless Communication system Networks and Systems
Cellular Telephone System

 Cellular telephone systems are extremely popular and
lucrative worldwide:
 These are the systems that ignited the wireless
revolution.
 Provide two-way voice and data communication
 The basic premise behind cellular system design is
frequency reuse.
 reuse the same frequency spectrum at
spatially separated locations.
 Specifically, the coverage area of a cellular system is
divided into non-overlapping cells.
 Intercell /Interchannel Interference
 Reuse Distance

Photonic
Architecture of Cellular Telephon System
 All base stations in a given geographical area are

connected a mobile telephone switching office
(MTSO).
 MTSO is mainly responsible
 Channel Allocation
 Call Routing
 Managing Handoff
(if power level is below
Threshold level)

C ll l Systems
Cellular S t
• Geographic region divided

into cells.
• Frequencies
F i / ti
time slots
l t /
codes reused at spatially-
separated locations. BASE
STATION
• Co-channel interference.
• Base stations/MTSOs
/
coordinate handover.
• Shrinking cell size increases
capacity, as well as
networking burden and
investments to base
stations.
MTSO
1. Introduction
C ll l Phone
Cellular Ph Networks
N t k
San Francisco
BS
BS
Internet
New York
MTSO MTSO
PSTN
BS
1. Introduction
Cellular System Evolution
Data
..
virtual rate
t 4G
reality
100 Mbit/s 3.9G
.
HSDPA/HSUPA
10 Mbit/s 3+G
UMTS
multimedia 3G
1 Mbit/s .
video
100
00 kbit/s
b t/s HSCSD 2+G
data GSM
10 kbit/s 2G GPRS EDGE
speech NMT
Decade
1G .
1980 1990 2000 2010
1. Introduction
Photonic
Cordless Telephone System Networks and Systems
• Cordless telephone systems are full duplex communication systems.

• First generation cordless phone
• in-home use
• communication to dedicated base unit
• few tens of meters
• Second generation cordless phone
• outdoor
• combine with paging system
• few hundred meters per station

Photonic
Paging Systems Networks and Systems
• Conventional paging system send brief messages to a subscriber

• Modern paging system: news headline, stock quotations, faxes, etc.
• Simultaneously broadcast paging message from each base station
(simulcasting)
• Large transmission power to cover wide area.

P i
Paging S
Systems
t
• Broad coverage for

short messaging
• Message broadcast
b d
from all base
stations
• Simple terminals
• Optimized for 1-
way transmission
• Overtaken by
cellular
– Features needed
within cellular
technology
1. Introduction
Photonic
Wireless LAN (WLAN) Networks and Systems
 Wireless LANs support high-speed data transmissions within a small region.
 Wireless devices that access these LANs are typically stationary or moving at
pedestrian speeds.
 All wireless LAN standards in the United States operate in unlicensed

frequency bands.
 The interference problem is mitigated by setting a limit on the power per unit
bandwidth.
 Wireless LANs can

 Ad-hoc or infrastructure.

Photonic
WLAN Networks and Systems
Infrastructure
AP: Access Point system
AP
AP wired network
AP
ad-hoc network
Wi-Fi: Wireless LAN (Hot Spot)
 Wireless Fidelity based LAN
 Most popular on Laptops
 Replacement to wired LAN
 Connectivity on the move
 Short-range (100 meters)
 Ad Hoc and Base station mode
 Operates in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
 Collection of IEEE standards 802.11a/b/g 11
Mpbs & 54 Mbps
 Low range, requires more power hence not
Ad Hoc Net Access suitable for PDA’s
Point Net  Difficult to control access & security
 Set up is expensive

Wi l
Wireless Local
L l Area
A Networks
N t k
• WLANs connect “local” computers (100m range).

• Breaks data into packets.
p
• Channel access is shared (random access).
• Backbone Internet provides best-effort
best effort service.
• Poor performance for some applications (e.g. video).
01011011 0101 1011
IInternet
t t
Access
Point
1. Introduction
Wi l
Wireless Metropolitan
M t lit Area
A Networks
N t k
• Wide area broadband wireless access solutions or

WMAN’s extend the WLAN idea and set-up to larger
coverage areas.
• Attemptp to bring
g in also some features of cellular
systems, like handovers and mobility support.
• Rapidly developing technology.
• In the first phase, fixed wireless access or wireless
local loop (WLL) technology may be realized to solve
the so called last mile problem.
– This is also a technology of its own
own.
1. Introduction
Wi-Max: Wireless MAN
 Wireless Max
High Speed 40-70 Mbps

 Mid-range (30 Kmeters)

 Eliminate the need for cables
 Saving of wired cost
 Operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band
 IEEE standard 802.16

WLAN and
d WMAN Standards
St d d
• WLAN
– IEEE 802.11b (Current Generation)
• Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)
• Frequency hopped spread spectrum
• 1.6-10 Mbps, 500 ft range
– IEEE 802.11a / ETSI HiperLAN (Emerging Generation)
• Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz)
• OFDM with TDMA
• 20-70 Mbps, variable range
– IEEE 802.11g (New Standard)
• Standard
St d d iin 2.4
2 4 GHz
GH and d 5 GHz
GH bbands
d
• OFDM
• Speeds up to 54 Mbps
• WiMAX: IEEE 802.16 and ETSI HiperMAN
1. Introduction
Data Rate vs. Range
27
From 2G to 3G and Beyond
45
Emerging Access Technologies
LTE-A
86
Wireless Technology
• Emerging mainstream wireless technologies provide powerful building blocks for
next-generation applications
– WLAN (IEEE 802.11 “WiFi”) hot-spots for broadband access, Bluetooth
• PDAs and laptops with integrated WLANs
– Broadband Wireless access technology- MAN (Alternative to DSL)
• IEEE 802.16 10-30 Km 40 Mbps WiMax
– Wide area wireless data also growing
• SMS, GPRS, CDMA2000, 1xEV-DO (2.4 Mbps data optimized)
• Networking of embedded devices
– Smart spaces, sensor networks
– web caching for information services
– Wireless sensor nets for monitoring and control
– VOIP for integrated voice services over wireless data networks

IrDA: P2P wireless Network
 Infra-red Data Association
 Based on Half Duplex Point-to-Point concept
 Frequency below the red end of spectrum making it invisible
 Clear line-of-sight
 Short-range (few meters)
 Simplest, most prevailing wireless standard
 No fixed speed 9.6 Kbps, 4Mbps
 Discovery Mode to find out data rate, size
 IrDA ports on PDA, Laptops USB sticks
 Remote Control in TV, VCR, Air-conditioner

Bluetooth: Wireless PAN
 Bluetooth (Named after Danish King Harold Bluetooth)
 Based on Master-Slave concept
 Short-range (10 meters)
 Operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band
 720 Kbps
 Interference due to multiple piconets and IEEE
802.15.1 home/person LAN
 To eliminate interference frequency hoping
technique used
 Ominidirectional with both voice & data
S t llit Systems
Satellite S t
• Cover very large areas

• Different orbit heights
– GEOs (39000 km) versus LEOs (2000
Km)
• Optimized for one-way transmission
– R
Radio
di (XM,
(XM DAB) and
d movie
i (SatTV)
(S tTV)
broadcasting
• Most two-way systems struggling or

bankrupt
– Expensive alternative to terrestrial
system
– A few ambitious systems on the horizon
1. Introduction
Sh t Range
Short R C
Connectivity
ti it
• Typically a low cost cable replacement for high rate

connections between low mobility or immobile
devices for up to few meters (< 100 m max).
• Bluetooth
– 2.4 GHz band (crowded)
– 1 data (700 kbps) and 3 voice channels
– telecomm, PC, and consumer electronics companies
• Ultrawideband ((UWB)) solutions emerging
g g as well
– Impulse radio technology
– UWB OFDM, WiMEDIA
1. Introduction
Ad Hoc
H Networks
N t k
• Peer-to-peer
p communications with no backbone infrastructure.
• Routing can be multihop, topology dynamic.
• Fully connected with different link SINRs.
• A flexible network infrastructure.
• The capacity is generally unknown.
• access and routing strategies for ad hoc
Transmission access,
Transmission,
networks are generally ad hoc.
• Crosslayer
y designg critical and veryy challenging.
g g
1. Introduction
S
Sensor N
Networks
t k (1)
• Nodes powered by nonrechargeable batteries.

Ö Energy is the driving constraint.
• Data flows
fl to centralized
l d location.
l
• Low per-node rates but up to 100 000 nodes.
• Data highly correlated in time and space.
space
• Nodes can co-operate in transmission, reception, compression,
and signal processing.
1. Introduction
Sensor Networks (2)
• Each node can only send a finite number of bits.

– Transmit energy minimized by maximizing bit time
– Circuit energy consumption increases with bit time
– Introduces a delay versus energy tradeoff for each bit
• Short-range networks must consider transmit, circuit, and processing
energy.
– Sophisticated techniques not necessarily energy
energy-efficient
efficient.
– Sleep modes save energy but complicate networking.
• Changes everything about the network design:
– Bit allocation must be optimized across all protocols.
– Delay vs. throughput vs. node/network lifetime tradeoffs.
– Optimization off node
d cooperation.
1. Introduction
Distributed Control over Wireless Links
Automated Vehicles
- Cars
- UAVs
- Insect flyers
• Packet loss and/or

/ delaysy impacts
p controller p
performance.
• Controller design should be robust to network faults.
• Joint application and communication network design.
1. Introduction
Cognitive Radio
• Cognitive radio (CR) is defined as an environment aware,
self reasoning and learning capable radio that can change
any of its parameters or protocols based on interaction
with the environment in which it operates.
79
Spectrum Regulation
• Radio spectrum is regulated by government offices.

– Finland: Ministry of Transportation and Communications
– USA: Federal Communications Commission (FCC) or OSM.
• Regulation utilizes system (international) standards:

– International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
– European Telecommunications Standadization Institute
(ETSI)
– FCC
– Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) in
Japan.
• De facto standards by companies
companies.
1. Introduction
Trends for Future Systems
y and
Networks
Con e gence of heterogeneous
Convergence hete ogeneo s net
networks
o ks to enable
ubiquitous communication among people and devices
Wireless internet access
Nth generation cellular
Wireless ad hoc networks
Sensor networks
Wireless entertainment
Smart homes/spaces
A t
Automatedt d hi
highways
h
All this and more…
•Hard
Hard Delay Constraints
•Hard Energy Constraints
1. Introduction
Transmission Technologies Summary
• Fixed wireless access (WMAN)
– Heavily dominated by OFDM techniques
– Also DSL based on ”OFDM”
• Cellular systems (WWAN)
– Older mainly TDMA based, some CDMA based
– Modern systems all based on CDMA
– Future systems will be OFDM based
• WLANS
– The first ones based on DS-SS
– Modern and future systems based on OFDM
• Short range systems (WPANs)
– Have been using spread spectrum techniques
– Commercial UWB will be based on OFDM
• Military communication systems
– Were based on FH and FSK modulation
– Current use CDMA techniques
– Future seem to go towards multicarrier (CDMA)
88
OFDM with MIMO techniques will be the solution for the future
Why Wireless Broadband?
• People expect to get similar services compared to wireline
DSL despite of their location.
⇒ Wireless broadband multimedia services will be needed
• Wireless systems are developed in an evolutionary way
⇒ In the future the networks will consist of several standards for
wireless access
• User is not expected to be aware of the available networks
=> different networks need to co-operate
• The future is a mixture of different broadband wireless
access networks complemented by various short range
connectivity schemes most of which can be termed as
broadband systems.
WPAN WLAN Cellular WMAN

WWAN
89
Mobile internet is on the way
New Key
Requirements Solutions
Flexible
Increased Capacity spectrum
Adaptive system
and usage
Low latency
Advanced
Traditional Increased high TX & RX
Wireless data rate schemes
coverage
Advanced
Low deployment
Antennas
cost (many
scenarios)
Relaying
90
Consumers Have New
WINNER application Needs
scenario’s
Enable people to communicate anywhere, anytime to anybody on demand
Talking & Technologies

Messaging hidden to the
Doing (person-to-person)
(alone) user
Open new Sharing

market areas (one-to-some, push-to-talk)
Automating
(machine-to-machine[s])
Publishing
(one-to-many)
Improve today’s user experience in order to get seamless access to

wireless/mobile systems
91
The Future
Mobile broadband services will be greatly developed to enable seamless,

92
technology independent services for the benefit of the user.
Terminology and reference
• 3G = Third generation mobile network. (Old analog networks are
referred as 1G, digital TDMA networks as 2G)
• IMT-2000 (International mobile telephony)
– Project of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
– Family of standards for (3G) mobile telecommunications
• UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX,…
• 3GPP = 3rd Generation Partnership Project
– collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations, to
make 3G specifications within the scope of the IMT-2000
• UMTS = Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services
• HSPA=High Speed Packet Access
– HSDPA Downlink
– HSUPA Uplink
E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, J. Sköld and P. Beming: 3G EVOLUTION : HSPA AND LTE FOR MOBILE
BROADBAND, Elsevier.
Towards 4G
Towards 4G
Towards 4G
The Future
Mobile broadband services will be greatly developed to enable seamless,

92
technology independent services for the benefit of the user.

Lecture 1 Introduction To Wireless and Mobile Communications

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Outline of the Lecture

• Why wireless communications?

10/19/2014 Wireless and Mobile Communications 2

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

• Audio broadcasting over radio

Why Digital signals?

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

 A digital radio can transmit

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

 By far the most successful application of wireless networking

• Voice transmission between New York and San

 Many technical challenges must be addressed to

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

 As wireless terminals add more features, these small

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

 The finite bandwidth and random variations of wireless channels also

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

 At frequencies around several gigahertz, wireless

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

High Frequency High Lf

L f --- free-space loss

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

 The other challenge is random channel fluctuation due to

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

– Moving objects, weather 16

• Wireless or radio communications pose a number of

• Wireless channel distorts the signal in several

Radio channel realisation is different at every possible point

Voice Data Live video

LOCAL AREA PACKET SWITCHING WIDE AREA CIRCUIT SWITCHING

100 M ATM 100,000 ATM

• Locating the users and routing the signal is not

• Application layer: user program that generates data.

Adapt across design layers

Cellular Telephone System

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

 All base stations in a given geographical area are

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

• Geographic region divided

• Cordless telephone systems are full duplex communication systems.

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

• Conventional paging system send brief messages to a subscriber

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

• Broad coverage for

 Wireless LANs support high-speed data transmissions within a small region.

 All wireless LAN standards in the United States operate in unlicensed

 Wireless LANs can

Ashenafi Kiros Medhin 09.07.2012

10/19/2014 Wireless and Mobile Communications 7

• WLANs connect “local” computers (100m range).

01011011 0101 1011

• Wide area broadband wireless access solutions or

 Mid-range (30 Kmeters)

10/19/2014 Wireless and Mobile Communications 8

10/19/2014 Wireless and Mobile Communications 4

10/19/2014 Wireless and Mobile Communications 5

• Cover very large areas

• Most two-way systems struggling or

• Typically a low cost cable replacement for high rate