Digital Communications - ELEC 444

Key Solution Quiz 2

Name: ID:
Date: 21/03/2018 Time: 20 minutes

Q 1: (50 Marks)
1) What benefits are there in using complex notation for presenting sinusoids?
2) What is the difference between coherent and non-coherent demodulation? Which one provides
better bit error rate in general?

Answer:
1) Complex notation facilitates our description of how real world modulators and demodulators
are implemented. In 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 the two quadrature components of any sinusoidal carrier wave are
contained namely the In-phase (real) and quadrature (imaginary) components that are
orthogonal to each other.
2) Check Lecture 4 notes

Q.1. (50 Marks)

A binary symmetric channel (BSC) error probability is 𝑃𝑒 . The probability of transmitting 1 is Q and
the probability of transmitting 0 is (1-Q). Determine the probability of receiving 1 and 0 at the
receiver.
1  pe
Transmitter x =0 y =0
Channel Input: Pe Channel output: Receiver
Binary Source X Binary Source Y
Pe
x =1 y =1
1  pe
Figure: Binary symmetric channel (BSC).
Answer:
We know that: 𝑃𝑥𝑦 (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗 ) = 𝑃(𝑦𝑗 /𝑥𝑖 )𝑃𝑥 (𝑥𝑖 )
If x and y are the transmitted digit and the received digit, respectively, then the BSC,
𝑃𝑦/𝑥 (𝑦 = 0/𝑥 = 1) = 𝑃𝑦/𝑥 (𝑦 = 1/𝑥 = 0) = 𝑝𝑒
{
𝑃𝑦/𝑥 (𝑦 = 0/𝑥 = 0) = 𝑃𝑦/𝑥 (𝑦 = 1/𝑥 = 1) = 1 − 𝑝𝑒

Also, 𝑃𝑥 (𝑥 = 1) = 𝑃𝑥 (1) = 𝑄 and 𝑃𝑥 (𝑥 = 0) = 𝑃𝑥 (0) = 1 − 𝑄

We need to find 𝑃𝑦 (𝑦 = 1) = 𝑃𝑦 (1) and 𝑃𝑦 (𝑦 = 0) = 𝑃𝑦 (0), from the total probability

theorem:
𝑃𝑦 (𝑦𝑗 ) = ∑ 𝑃𝑥 (𝑥𝑖 )𝑃𝑦/𝑥 (𝑦𝑗 /𝑥𝑖 )
𝑖
We can easily find
𝑃𝑦 (1) = 𝑃𝑥 (0)𝑃𝑦/𝑥 (1/0) + 𝑃𝑥 (1)𝑃𝑦/𝑥 (1/1)
𝑃𝑦 (1) = (1 − 𝑄)𝑃𝑒 + 𝑄(1 − 𝑃𝑒 )
Similarly

𝑃𝑦 (0) = 𝑃𝑥 (0)𝑃𝑦/𝑥 (0/0) + 𝑃𝑥 (1)𝑃𝑦/𝑥 (0/1)

𝑃𝑦 (0) = (1 − 𝑄)(1 − 𝑃𝑒 ) + 𝑄𝑃𝑒