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risks are deemed to be tolerable, appropriate action is taken and the operation
continues. The completed hazard identification and safety risk assessment and
mitigation process is documented and approved by the Accountable Manager or
the Safety Manager as appropriate and forms part of the safety information
management system.
After safety risks have been assessed, appropriate mitigation measures can be
implemented. Mitigation measures may include, modifications to existing
operating procedures, training programs or equipment. Additional alternatives
may include the introduction of new operating procedures, training programs,
technologies or supervisory controls. Almost invariably these alternatives will
involve deployment or re-deployment of the three traditional aviation safety
defenses — technology, training and regulation. A determination of any
unintended consequences, particularly the introduction of new hazards, should
be made prior to the implementation of any risk mitigation measures.
The three safety risk mitigation approaches include:
a) Avoidance. The activity is suspended either because the associated safety
risks are intolerable or deemed unacceptable compared to the benefits.
b) Reduction. Some safety risk exposure is accepted, although the severity or
probability associated with the risks are lessened, possibly by measures
that mitigate the related consequences.
c) Segregation of exposure. Action is taken to isolate the potential
consequences related to the hazard or to establish multiple layers of
defenses to protect against them.
A risk mitigation strategy may involve one of the approaches described above or
may include multiple approaches. It is important to consider the full range of
possible control measures to find an optimal solution. The effectiveness of each
alternative strategy must be evaluated before a decision can be taken. Each
proposed safety risk mitigation alternative should be examined from the
following perspectives:
a) Effectiveness. The extent to which the alternatives reduce or eliminate the
safety risks. Effectiveness can be determined in terms of the technical,
training and regulatory defenses that can reduce or eliminate safety risks.
b) Cost/benefit. The extent to which the perceived benefits of the mitigation
outweigh the costs.
c) Practicality. The extent to which mitigation can be implemented and how
appropriate it is in terms of available technology, financial and
administrative resources, legislation and regulations, political will, etc.
d) Acceptability. The extent to which the alternative is consistent with
stakeholder paradigms.
e) Enforceability. The extent to which compliance with new rules, regulations
or operating procedures can be monitored.
f) Durability. The extent to which the mitigation will be sustainable and
effective.
g) Residual safety risks. The degree of safety risk that remains subsequent to
the implementation of the initial mitigation and which may necessitate
additional risk control measures.
h) Unintended consequences. The introduction of new hazards and related
safety risks associated with the implementation of any mitigation
alternative.
Once the mitigation has been approved and implemented, any associated impact
on safety performance provides feedback to the safety assurance process. This is
necessary to ensure the integrity, efficiency and effectiveness of the defenses
under the new operational conditions.
APPENDIX 1
Hazard and Incident Reporting Form
The information supplied in this form will only be used to promote safety. You may
choose not to provide your name. If you do provide your name, your name and position
will be removed before dissemination. An email reply will follow. Under no
circumstances will your identity be disclosed to any Company personnel, any other
organization, agency, or person without your express permission. When you have
completed Part A of the form, submit it to the Safety Manager— paper copy or email.
Name: _________________________________________Email:__________________________________________
Position:______________________________ [Only Safety Manager has access to name/position]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Report Number:___________________________ Date Received:______________________________________
PART A:
Please fully describe the Hazard or Incident.
Date of occurrence:__________________________________ Time: ___________________________________
Location: __________________________________________________________________________________________
Description:_______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
The report has been de-identified, entered into the safety database, and a response
emailed if necessary.
Signature:__________________________________________Date:__________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Rate the probability of the hazard recurring.
Frequent Occasional Remote Improbable Exceptional
5 4 3 2 1
Signed:_____________________________________________Date:_____________________________________