MECH4301 2006

Materials Selection in Mechanical Design

Lecture 2
Understanding Material
Selection Charts (1/2)
1
Two basic types of charts:

„ Single property (bar) charts

„ Two-property (bubble) charts

MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 2/22

Single property (bar) charts (CES)
1000

100

10
Young's modulus (GPa)

0.1

0.01

1e-3

1e-4
ceramics Composites metals polymers
/hybrids
1e-5

MaterialUniverse:\Ceramics
MaterialUniverse:\Hybrids:
and glasses composites, foams, natural materials
MaterialUniverse:\Metals MaterialUniverse:\Polymers
Materials Class

MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 3/22

Two-property (bubble) charts (pdf file)

MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 4/22

Bubble charts (CES)

100

10
Young's modulus (GPa)

0.1

0.01

1e-3

100 1000 10000

Density (kg/m^3)

MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 5/22

 Young’s modulus vs density: chart for deflection limited design, and when
weight is also important (transportation)
Heavy and stiff
Light and stiff
Questions:

Why are metals here

and polymers here?
ic s
am
Bonding, packing.
r
ce tals
> e
= > m
r s s=
E = So/ro e i te
ym os
So= atomic bond ol p
ro = atomic spacing p om
> c
s= = >
am
Light and Fo
Heavy and
compliant
compliant
MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 6/22
 Young’s modulus vs density: chart for deflection limited design, and when
weight is also important (transportation)

Materials on
the line have
equal vsound
E= 100x109Pa
ρ=103 kgm-3
Contour v=(108)1/2=104ms-1
lines equal
(E/ρ)1/2

E= 1GP
Lower limit
for true solids

Selection lines
for tie rods,
beams and
panels
MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 7/22
The true meaning of contour lines
in bubble charts

„ Contour lines of slope 1

„ Selection lines of any gradient (= 1, >1, <1)
„ Meaning of y-intercept

MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 8/22

Contour lines in bubble charts (CES)

100

10
Young's modulus (GPa)

0.1

0.01

contour
1e-3
lines of
slope 1,
increasing
0.1 1 10

intercept? Density (Mg/m^3)

MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 9/22

Contour lines, linear relationship
„ Index M= E/ρ
„ Solve for E = Mρ
„ equation of a straight line, slope M, through origin.
„ Taking logs:
„ log(E) = log(ρ) + log (M)
„ Equation of a straight line, slope 1, intercept M

MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 10/22

Index M=E/ρ log(E) = log(ρ) + log (M)
=> E = Mρ
M = E/ρ
500 contour lines
10000 increases this EvsDLog

of slope 1 way
E = 100 ρ
400 1000
E = 100 ρ
M = E/ρ
increases this
300
way 100

E (GPa)
E (GPa)

E = 10 ρ
200 E = 10 ρ 10

E=ρ
100 1

E= ρ Intercept = M
0 0.1

4 8 12 16 20 0.1 1 10
density (Mg m-3)
density (Mg m-3)

MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 11/22

 Contour lines, non linear relationships?

„ Index M =E1/2/ρ => E1/2 = Mρ => E = M2ρ2

„ Taking logs:
„ log(E) = 2 log(ρ) + 2 log (M)
„ Equation of a straight line, slope 2, intercept 2 log(M)
„ Software actually reads M at the bottom of the screen

MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 12/22

 Index M =E1/2/ρ
=> E = M2ρ2 log(E) = 2 log(ρ) + 2 log (M)

Contour M = E1/2/ρ
M=E1/2/ρ lines1000000
slope 2 increases this way
25000
increases this way E = (100 ρ)2
100000
E = (100 ρ)2
20000
10000
E = (10 ρ)2
1000
15000 E = (10 ρ)2

E (GPa)
E (GPa)

100
E = (ρ)2
E= ρ
10000 10

1
5000
0.1

E = (ρ)2 0.01
0
0.1 1 10
4 8 12 16 20 density (Mg m-3)
density (Mg m-3) Intercept h
= 2 log(10) = (100) Software reads
M = 10
MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 13/22
Selection using charts
E1 / 3 E1 / 2 E
=C
Index =C =C ρ
ρ ρ

1000
Ceramics

Young’s modulus E, (GPa)

100 Composites

Selection Woods
line slope 1 10

1 Metals
1 2 3
Polymers
Selection
line slope 2 0.1

Elastomers
Selection 0.01 Foams
line slope 3 0.1 1 10 100
3
Density (Mg/m )
MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 14/22
 Strength vs density: chart for yield limited design, when weight and
inertia forces are important, as in transportation.
Light Heavy
and and
strong strong

Compressive strength
tals
for ceramics, tensile
me
strength for the rest
=>
i cs
ram
c e
=>
ers
l ym
p o
=>
ms
a Heavy
Light Fo and
and soft
soft MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 15/22
Strength vs density: chart for yield limited design, when weight and
inertia forces are important, as in transportation.

Strength of metals:
Pierls Nabarro
friction; Solute;
Grainsize;
precipitation
hardening; other
dislocations…

Selection
lines for
tie rods,
Bubbles
beams and
narrow in
panels
density
direction
MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 16/22
Young’s modulus vs Strength: the most useful of all charts.
Stiff and strong
Yield before
buckling

Bubbles
narrow in
E-direction

a ls
et
> m
s rs=
ic me
r a m ly
ce po
=> r =>
be
u b
>R Buckling
s = before yield
a m
Fo
MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 17/22
 Young’s modulus vs Strength: the most useful of all charts.

Small elastic
strain to failure:
softer

Contours of
equal elastic
strain to
failure σy/E

Selection
Large strain lines for tie
to failure: rods, beams
harder and panels
Hooke’s law at
yield
σy = E ε y or
εy = σy/E
MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 18/22
Meaning of Elastic strain to failure?
Hooke’s law at yield
σy = E εy or εy = σy/E
εy large for ceramics and polymers (strong), small for
metals (weak) ??? Sr
F* = o o
Atomic springs can be stretched 10% 10
„ The failure stress is F *
So ro E
σ = 2 =
*
2
=
„ For metals σy =E/103~4 ro 10ro 10

„ For polymers and ceramics σy =E/10

MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 19/22
Specific stiffness vs specific strength: the chart of things that move.
When density is a factor, ceramics and composites outperform metals
Stiff,
Yield strong,
before light
buckling

cs tes
i si
ra m o
e m p
c
> co
=
s =>
a l
et tals
> m e
= >m
s= => Buckling
a m rs before
Fo bbe yield
Ru 2 Charts
MECH4301 2006 Lecture 20/22
 Specific stiffness vs. specific strength: the chart of things that move.

Contours of
equal strain to
failure σy/E

Selection
lines for tie
rods, beams
Hooke’s law at and panels
yield
σy = E ε y or
εy = σy/E
MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 21/22
E - σ chart vs. E/ρ - σ/ρ Chart
Better
this way

the high density

pushes metals
backwards re the
E-σ chart

MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 22/22

End of Lecture 2

MECH4301 2006 Lecture 2 Charts 23/22