Horizontal Curve

and Superelevation
Horizontal Curve

R=Radius

PI=Point of intersection

PC=Begining of H.C

PT=Ending of H.C

D=Degree of curve (angle
subtended at center by an arc
length of meter)

T=Tangent length

E=External distance

M=Middle ordinate

K=Long chord

L=Curve Length

∆=Central Angle (deflection
angle)
 ∆
T=R*tan
2
π *R * ∆
L=
180
∆
K = 2 * R * sin
2
 1 
E =R * − 1
 cos ∆ 
 2 
(
M = R * 1 − cos ∆ 2 )
180
D=
π *R
Example: True Station Kilometers

For the given
polygonal station
kilometers and
intersection angles
∆1=45º and ∆2=30º,
calculate the true
station kilometers.
Solution:

T1=R1*tan ∆1 2 = 250 * tan 45 2 = 103.55m T1+T2=103.55+53.59=157.14 m

T 2 = 200 * tan 30 2 = 53.59m Distance PT1-PC2=306.20-157.14=149.06 m
π * R 1 * ∆1 π * 250 * 45 St. Km. PC2= (0+290.80)+149.06=0+439.86
L1 = = = 196.35m
180 180 St. Km. PI2= (0+439.86)+53.59=0+493.45 ≠ 0+504.20 (given at qstn.)
π * 200 * 30 St. Km. PT2= (0+439.86)+104.72=0+544.58
L2 = = 104.72m
180
Distance PI2-B=676.20-504.20=172 m
True Station Kilometers
Distance PT2-B=172-53.59=118.41 m
St. Km. A=0+000.00
St. Km. PI=0+198.00
St. Km. B= (0+544.58)+(118.41)= 0+662.99 ≠ 0+676.20 (given at qstn.)

St . Km. PC1= (0+198.00)-(103.55)=0+094.45

St. Km. PT1= (0+094.45)+196.35=0+290.80
Distance PI1-PI2=504.20-198.00=306.20 m
Setting Out Horizontal Curve

Deflection angle method

Coordinate method
Deflection Angle Method
B1 D
d 1 = α1 = = ℓ1 *
2 2
B1 + B2 D
d 2 = α1 + α2 = = (ℓ1 + ℓ2) *
2 2
B1 + B2 + B3 D
d 3 = α1 + α2 + α3 = = (ℓ1 + ℓ2 + ℓ3) *
2 2
n
D  ℓi*D 
di = ∑ℓi * and ki=2*R*sin  
i 2  2 

Calculate di and ki from the selected li

Set theodolite on PC,sight with 0.00 reading

Layout angle d1 measure k1 along line of sight set out the
first point (P1)

Complete the angle to d2, measure k2 from P1,intersection of
line sight and distance k2 is P2

Repeat for all

In Turkey, the following lenghts are used for
R<1000 m, li = 20 m
1000≤R≤1500 m, li=30 m
R>1500 m, li=40 m
If li≤ R/10 , then ki≈li otherwise calculate ki
Example: Deflection Angle Method

R=150 m < 1000 m → ℓi = 20 m

π *R*∆ π *150*38
L= = = 99.48m
180 180
St . Km. PT= (10 + 210.10) + 99.48 = 10 + 309.58
180 180
D= = = 0.190986
2*π *R 2*π *150
 n
D  ℓ i* D 
from di = ∑i ℓ i *
2
a n d k i= 2 * R * s in 
 2 

Superelevation
Wh + Ff = Fch
Ff = fs (Wn + Fcn )
 WV 2  WV 2
W sin α + fs W cosα + sin α  = cos α
 gR  gR
dividing both sides by (Wcosα )
V2
tanα +fs= (1 − fs tan α ) ⇒ tan α = e (superelevation )
gR
V
fs tanα ≈ 0 for pratical purpose and g=9.81 m/s2 and V= (m/s instead of km/h)
3.6
V2 V2
e+fs= =e = − fs take V=0.75V
127.14R 127.14R
0.00443V 2
emax = in Turkey emax = 8%
R
Application of Superelevation

It is required that
original crow of road
way must be rotated to
the maximum
superelevation along
the tangent (2/3 Ls)
and the curve (1/3 Ls).

0.0354 *V 3
Ls =
R
⇒ for Turkey Lsmin =45 m
3 ways for application of superelevation

Rotation around center line

Rotation around Inner Edge

Rotation araound Outer Edge
When any method is selected that point
remains constant in elevation throughout
the superelevation application.
Rotation around Center Line

Start with normal cross-
section

Keep CL and IE elevations

and start to raise OE until
a uniform single slope is
obtained.

Keep CL constant in
elevation and rotate the
whole section using the
CL as a pivot point.
Example:Superelevation

The plan and x-section of a 2
lane highway given below.
The road rises at a uniform
grade 2.5% from A to B. The
design speed is V=90 km/h
with R=500 m. Prepare a table
to show the superelevation
percents of the lanes and
elevations of CL, OE and IE at
10 m even kms along the firts
transition length. Calculate the
kms of start and finish of 2nd
transition length.
Superelevation will applied by
rotation around CL.
Solution:
0.00443 *V 2 0.00443 * 902
emax = = = 7.18% < 8% OK!
R 500
0.0354*V 3 0.0354 * 903
Ls= = = 51.61 m > 45 m OK!
R 500
2
Start of first Ls= (2+290.60)- * 51.61 = 2 + 256.19
3
End of first Ls= (2+256.19)+51.61=2+307.80
1
Start of second Ls= (2+520.11)- * 51.61 = 2 + 502.91
3
End of second Ls= (2+502.91)+51.61=2+554.52
Total change along Ls= 2+7.18=9.18%
Change 9.18
m = 51.61 = 0.1779% / m
Km where outer lane cross-slope will be 0%
2
⇒ = 11.2 m ⇒ St .Km = (2 + 256.19) + 11.24 = 2 + 267.43
0.1779
Km where outer lane cross-slope will be 2%
4
⇒ = 22.48 m ⇒ St.Km= (2+256.19)+22.48=2+278.67
0.1779
1 ) -2 + (0 .1 7 7 9 * 3 .8 1 )= -1 .3 2 2 ) -2 + (0 .1 7 7 9 * 1 3 .8 1 )= 0 .4 6
2 .2 4 * 4
3) = 0 .0 9 4 ) 3 6 4 .2 6 + (2 2 5 6 .1 9 -1 8 0 5 )* 0 .0 2 5 = 3 7 5 .5 4
100
5 ) 3 6 4 .2 6 + (2 2 6 0 -1 8 0 5 )* 0 .0 2 5 = 3 7 5 .6 4 6 ) 3 7 5 .5 4 -0 .0 8 = 3 7 5 .4 6
7 ) 3 7 5 .6 4 -0 .0 5 = 3 7 5 . 5 9 8 ) 3 7 5 .5 4 -0 .0 8 = 3 7 5 .4 6

4 6 8
1 5 7 9