TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)

HOW’S??
RULE TO COMMUNICATE Media (Cable, Sharing File (FTP))
Protocol (IP Address)
Network Equipment (NIC, HUB)
Protocol between computers on
internet

What’s TCP/IP?

- TCP / IP is TCP and IP working together

- Table below shown what they do :-

TCP IP
- Takes care of the communication between
- Takes care communication with
application software (browser) and
other computers
network software
- Breaking data down into IP packets before
- Responsible for sending the
they are sent and for assembling the
packets to the correct destination
packets when they arrive

Type of Protocol:-

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - Simple communication between applications

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) - For errors and statistics

PROTOCOL DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - For dynamic addressing

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) communication between applications

IP (Internet Protocol) communication between computers

OSI 7 LAYER

Application Email, web browser, instant messaging. Ex: Outlook,Mozilla,YM

Presentation Present data to application layer. Ex : Database (SQL,Oracle)

Physical
Provides
Change toAddressing,
Reassembles
Access to
dialog
Media.
binary.
data Ex network
control
Ex:
into:Switch, topology,
aRJ45,Hub,NIC
between
data streams.
MACdevices error
Address notification, flow control
and nodes.
Data Link
Physical
Network
Transport
Session
Pengenalan Kepada PC

IP -> Satu set arahan untuk komunikasi ( berlainan protocol)

-> untuk communication -> internet

IP Address – Phone no @ alamat unik untuk tujuan komunikasi antara 1 sama lain (PC – PC)
Terbahagi kepada banyak segmen:
Cth:- 10.1.0.x
192.168.1.x bergantung kepada kelas subnetmask
128.17.x.x

Class IP Address
A 1 – 126
B 128 – 191
C 192 – 223
D 224 – 239 (Multicasting)
E 240 – 255 (Quality Of Services)

2 jenis ip:
 Statik – ditentukan oleh network admin sendiri.
 Dinamik – diberikan oleh modem (DHCP bg).

Maksud:

1. DNS (Domain Name Server) – berfungsi translate word ke bentuk IP (binary)

2. Network Traffic – terjadi apabila semua nak guna 1 line
– Macamne nak safe traffic:-
1. buat subnetting
2. segmenkan (tukar kelas)
3. block sesetengah aplikasi ( .exe, friendster @ lain2)
3. Gateway – Satu laluan yang digunakan untuk berhubung dengan dunia luar dari LAN
(WAN)
4. Switch – Komunikasi xdapat dijalankan apabila IP segment berbeza walaupun subnet
mask sama.
5. Router – menghubungkan 2 talian dalam segmen yang berbeza, network berbeza, line
berbeza tetapi subnetmask sama.

PUBLIC
- makes your equipment accessible to
everyone on the internet and is
needed for Voice Over IP (VoIP)
- Be careful to protect your equipment
from hackers and viruses and not to
allow your equipment to be hijacked
and used open email
Example :
PRIVATE
- For private use within the network
and allows many more PC’s to be
connected
- If a customer using a private IP and
later wants VoIP they would need to
change to Public Address
Example :
Class IP Address Class IP Address
A 1.0.0.0 – 9.255.255.255 A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
11.0.0.0 – 126.255.255.255 B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
B 128.0.0.0 – 172.15.255.255 C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
172.32.0.0 – 191.255.255.255
C 192.0.0.0 – 192.167.255.255
192.169.0.0 – 223.255.255.255

PING PC to PC

1. Prepared cross cable before configure like figure below

PC A PC B PC A  PC PC B  PC
B A

IP Address : 192.10.1.1 IP Address:192.10.1.2 Reply Reply

Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 Subnet Mask:255.255.255.0

IP Address : 192.10.1.1 IP Address:192.10.2.2 Destination Host Destination Host

Subnet Mask:255.255.255.0 Subnet Mask:255.255.255.0 Unreachable Unreachable

IP Address : 192.10.1.1 IP Address:192.10.2.2 Reply Reply

Subnet Mask:255.255.0.0 Subnet Mask:255.255.0.0
 IP Address : 192.10.1.1 IP Address:192.10.1.2 Request Timed Destination Host
Subnet Mask:255.255.0.0 Subnet Mask:255.255.255.0 Out Unreachable

Valid or Invalid IP Address/ Which class ??

1. 192.168.254.0 – Invalid, Class C – Why? Because it is Network Address

2. 10.0.255.253 – Invalid, Class A – Why? Because 2nd Octet use Broadcast

3. 0.1.1.0 – Invalid – Why? 1st & 4th Octet Cant be put 0.

4. 172.300.200.6 – Invalid, Class B – Why? 2nd octet more than 255

5. 10.6.9.9 – Valid, Class A

6. 1.2.3.4 – Valid, Class A

7. 192.168.2.90 – Valid, Class C

8. 172.19.78.10 – Valid, Class B

IP Subnetting

What is IP Subnetting?
- Subnet singkatan kepada ‘subnetwork’
- Boleh dikenalpasti sebagai network organisasi yang dibahagikan sub-sub network.
- Subnet – rangkaian organisasi dibahagikan kepada sub network yang mana
membenarkannya/membolehkannya berhubung/sambung kepada internet dengan 1 shared
network address.

10. 0. 0. 1

Why we need to do subnetting?

a) Sebelum subnetting
2. Broadcasting tinggi
3. Data collision tinggi
4. Network Performance rendah

b) Selepas subnetting
1. Broadcasting rendah
2. Data collision rendah
3. Network performance tinggi
How to calculate Wildcard:

Class A - N. H. H. H
255. 0. 0. 0

- How’s to calculate?
 Find Network
 Find Host
 This IP in which Network

IP Address : 99.10.70.3 / 10
Subnet Mask : 255.192.0.0
Wild Card : 0.63.255.255

Cari Bilangan Network : Cari Bilangan Host :

2 2 = 4 Network 2 6 = 64 Host - 2
= 62 Host

First Method :

Network Valid IP (Range) Broadcast

0 1-62 63
64 65-126 127
128 129-190 191
192 193-254 255
 Second Method : (Anding)

99.10.70.3/10
0--0=0 255.192.0.0
1--1=1
0--1=0 0110 0011. 0000 1010. 0010 0110. 0000 0011
1--0=0 1111 1111. 1100 0000. 0000 0000. 0000 0000
0110 0011. 0000 0000. 0000 0000. 0000 0000
99 . 0 . 0 . 0

Network Address : 99 . 0 . 0 . 0
WildCard : 0 . 63 . 255 . 255
Broadcast Address : 99 . 63. 255 . 255

So, the answer is:

a) 4 Network
b) 60 Host
c) Network Address : 99.0.0.0/10
Valid IP Range : 99.0.0.1/10 – 99.63.255.254/10
Broadcast Address : 99.63.255.255/10

Class B - N. N. H. H
255. 255. 0. 0

- How’s to calculate?
 Find Network
 Find Host
 This IP in which Network

IP Address : 132.2.2.10 / 20
Subnet Mask : 255.255.240.0
Wildcard : 0.0.15.255

Cari Bilangan Network : Cari Bilangan Host :

2 4 = 16 Network 2 4 = 16 Host-2
= 14 Host

First Method :
 Network Valid IP (Range) Broadcast
0 1-14 15
16 17-30 31
32 33-46 47
48 49-62 63
64 65-78 79
80 81-94 95
96 97-110 111
112 113-126 127
128 129-142 143
144 145-158 159
160 161-174 175
176 177-190 191
192 193-206 207
208 209-222 223
224 225-238 239
240 241-254 255

Second Method : (Anding)

132.2.2.10 / 20
0--0=0
255.255.240.0
1--1=1
0--1=0
1000 0100. 0000 0011. 0000 0011. 0000 1010
1--0=0
1111 1111. 1111 1111. 1111 0000. 0000 0000
1000 0100. 0000 0011. 0000 0000. 0000 0000
132 . 2 . 0 . 0

Network Address : 132 . 2 . 0 . 0

WildCard : 0 . 0 . 15 . 255
Broadcast Address : 132 . 2 . 15 . 255

So, the answer is:

a)16 Network
b)16 Host
c) Network Address : 132.2.0.0/20
Valid IP Range : 132.2.0.1/20 – 132.2.15.254/20
Broadcast Address : 132.2.15.255/20
Class C - N. N. N. H
255. 255. 255. 0

- How’s to calculate?
 Find Network
 Find Host
 This IP in which Network

212.89.34.18 / 30
255.255.255.252

Cari Bilangan Network : Cari Bilangan Host :

2 6 = 64 Network 2 2 = 4 Host - 2
= 2 Host

First Method :

Network Valid IP Broadcast

(Range)
0 1-2 3
4 5-6 7
8 9-10 11
12 13-14 15
16 17-18 19
20 21-22 23
24 25-26 27
And so on.. too long right?
So, maybe this method can
help you to solve this
problem.
Second method :

212.89.34.18 / 30
255.255.255.252
Take this number and
divide with host.

26 = 64 Network 22 = 4 Host – 2
= 2 Host

How’s to find this IP in which network??

Octet 4 – Host = 18 / 4
= 4 Balance 2

Then, the number at octet 4 (18) must be minus with the balance (2) that we
had divided just now.

Octet 4 – Balance divided = 18 – 2

= 16

The answer after minus is a Network Address for this IP. From that we can
find the broadcast and available IP.

The result must be like this,

a) Network = 64
b) Host =4
c) Network Address = 212.89.34.16 / 30
Broadcast Address = 212.89.34.19 / 30
 Valid IP (Range) = 212.89.34.17 / 30 – 212.89.34.18 /30

Third Method : (Anding)

212.89.34.18 / 30
0--0=0
255.255.255.252
1--1=1
0--1=0
1101 0100. 0101 1001. 0010 0010. 0001 0010
1--0=0
1111 1111. 1111 1111. 1111 1111. 1111 1100
1101 0100. 0101 1001. 0010 0010. 0001 0000
212 . 89 . 34 . 16

Network Address: 212 . 89 . 34 . 16

+ 2 Host
212 . 89 . 34 . 18 Last IPAddress
+ 1
Broadcast Address: 212 . 89 . 34 . 19

The answer should be same with other method. Below, I put one more method that also quite easy to
be practice.

Network Address : Bil Host x (Bil Segmen – 1)

Broadcast Address : Network Address + (Bil.Host -1)

 192.168.10.0/24

Penan
?
192.168.11.0/24 g

Kuala
Lump Sabah
192.168.12.0/24 ur

?
192.168.13.0/24 Johor

192.168.14.0/24
192.168.15.0/24

IP Summary = 192.168.10.0/21

IP Address Binary Format

192.168.10.0/24 1111 1111.1111 1111.0000 1010.0000 0000
192.168.11.0/24 1111 1111.1111 1111.0000 1011.0000 0000
192.168.12.0/24 1111 1111.1111 1111.0000 1100.0000 0000
1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 1000.0000 0000

8 8 5 0 21