Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
• Fecal-oral
• Diarrhoeal disease
• 2 million deaths/year from diarrhoea, mostly under 5
• Jumbo jet crash every hour and a half…
• One billion cases/year
• 1/3 of developing world population carry intestinal worms
• 200 million infected by schistosomiasis (bilharzia)
• 6-9 million blind from trachoma (1/4 reduced by
adequate water supply)
Natural chemical hazards
• Arsenic
• Skin lesions, various cancers
• “20 to 60” million exposed in Bangladesh
• Major problem other parts of S. Asia, also Argentina, Chile, China, Hungary,
Mexico, Peru
• Fluorosis
• Dental damage, crippling bone damage
• “affects millions” (WHO) but often of mild form
Pollution
• Pollution is killing more people every year than wars, disasters and
hunger [US EPA]
• More than smoking, hunger or natural disasters…
• More than AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria combined…
• 92% of these deaths occur in developing countries.
• Nine million premature deaths in 2015.
• Costs $4.6 trillion in annual losses.
9
10
Air pollution in Pakistan
• 22,600 adult deaths in 2005 were caused in some way by urban air
pollution.
• Outdoor air pollution alone causes more than 80,000 hospital
admissions per year;
• nearly 8,000 cases of chronic bronchitis, and
• almost 5 million cases of lower respiratory cases in children under the
age of five
• The number of vehicles in Pakistan has increased from around 2
million to 10.6 million over the last 20 years
11
Water pollution in Pakistan
• around 62 percent of Pakistan’s urban and 84 percent of its rural
population do not treat their water,
• resulting in 100 million cases of diarrheal diseases registered in
hospitals,
• with 40 percent of deaths attributed to drinking polluted water.
• 250,000 child deaths occur each year in Pakistan due to water-borne
diseases
• 20-40 percent of the hospital beds in Pakistan are occupied by
patients suffering from water-related diseases [UNICEF]
12
• 3.5 million children more at risk after 2010 floods
• Financial loss: Rs 112 billion per year as water, sanitation and hygiene-
related diseases cost more than Rs. 300 million per day to treat
• SUGARCANE AND TANNERIES INDUSTRIES ARE THE WORST
POLLUTERS
13
Noise pollution in Pakistan
• Noise levels in Pakistan have reached critical levels with
• average noise values
• 76.5db being recorded in Karachi,
• 72.5 in Islamabad and
• 86 in Peshawar.
• in our major cities, the value is at least 10-20db above WHO criteria.
14
The F-diagram
Water supply
Fluids Hygiene
Sanitation
Fingers
Flies
Fields/Floor
s
How people see their city
River &
Environs
City
Peri- Ward
domestic
Home
(street,
school,
work-
place)
An environmental view
Home
Peri-
domestic (street,school,
workplace)
Ward
City
Central Treatment
Works
Collectors
Street
Sewers
House
Connections
A public health view
Street Sewer River &
Sewer Mains Environs
City
Peri- Ward
Interceptor/ domestic
Collector Home
House
Connection
Treatment
Plant/Outfall
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
• The process of calculating environmental impacts of a project is called
EIA.
• Every project is bound to have some impact on environmental quality.
• EIA is now legal requirement for most medium and large scale
projects in Pakistan and all over the world.
• Checklists are a tool to evaluate potential project impacts in a
simplistic way. Other tools include matrix, multiattribute analysis etc.
Environmental Assessment Checklist
0 = no impact
1 = minimal impact
2 = small impact
3 = moderate impact
4 = significant impact
5 = severe impact
Potential Impact = Importance x Magnitude
A landfill is to be built on a river floodplain.
Estimate potential impacts of the project.
• Potential Impacts Potential Impact =
• Groundwater contamination Importance x Magnitude
• Surface contamination
• Odor 0 = no impact
• Noise
• Jobs provided
1 = minimal impact
2 = small impact
3 = moderate impact
4 = significant impact
5 = severe impact
Risk Analysis
• One of the tasks of environmental engineers is to reduce risks from
hazardous environmental pollutants.
• Risk assessment process includes four main tasks:
• Identification of toxicant
• Scenarios for exposure to toxicant
• Characterization of health effects; and
• Estimation of risk probability
• Best available control techniques will still entail residual risk.