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Paging type 1:
The message is transmitted in one LA or RA according to LAI or RAI.
After calculating the paging time, the paging message will be transmitted at that
time
If UE is in CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state, the UTRAN transmits the paging
information in PAGING TYPE 1 message to UE. After received paging message, UE
performs a cell update procedure to transit state to CELL_FACH.
As shown in the above figure, the CN initiates paging in a location area (LA), which is
covered by two RNCs. After receiving a paging message, the RNC searches all the cells
corresponding to the LAI, and then calculates the paging time, at which it will send the
PAGING TYPE 1 message to these cells through the PCCH.
Paging type 1 is applicable for both CN initiated paging and UTRAN initiated paging.
Paging type 2:
If UE is in CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state,the paging message will be transmitted
on DCCH with paging type 2
The message will be only transmitted in a cell
As shown in the above figure, if the UE is in the CELL_-DCH or CELL_FACH state, the
UTRAN will immediately transmit PAGING TYPE 2 message to the paged UE on DCCH
channel.
Paging type 2 is only applied for CN initiated paging.
CN_PAGE_IDLE_UE_SUCC_RATE indicates the page success rate from the aspect of CN,
while UTRAN_PAGE1_SUCC_RATE includes not only CN paging, but also UTRAN system
information update and UE state migration (the paging information of UE is cell updating).
The two indexes can be used to analyze the paging performance of an RNC area which
includes one or more location areas.
The measurement is triggered at point B as shown in the figure. When the RNC receives a
PAGING message from the CN, and if the paged UE is in idle mode, the RNC sends a
PAGING TYPE 1 message to the cell in the paged area. In this case, the RNC measures this
counter.
The measurement is triggered at point C as shown in in the figure. The RNC measures this
counter when it receives a RRC CONNECTION REQUEST message from an UE with one of
the following causes: "Terminating Conversational Call", "Terminating Streaming Call",
"Terminating Interactive Call", "Terminating Background Call", "Terminating High Priority
Signaling", "Terminating Low Priority Signaling, "Terminating cause unknown".
The measurement is triggered at point A as shown in the figure. The RNC measures this
counter when it initiates and sends a PAGING TYPE 1 message to an UE in CELL_PCH or
URA_PCH state.
The measurement is triggered at point B as shown in the figure. When the RNC receives a
CELL UPDATE message with the cause of "paging response", it measures this counter.
When the CPU occupation or the message packet occupation of a board sub-system
exceeds the threshold, the system will be switched into the flow control state, and the
flow control alarm will occur. When the system returns to normal operation state from the
flow control state, the flow control recovery alarm will occur. However, it is not absolute
that paging will be lost when “flow control alarm” occurs, because RNC owns different
flow control thresholds for different flow control objects (paging, serial port printing and
message tracing), as long as there is flow control, alarm will occur; but paging loss will
occur only when paging loss occurs.
There are several cases for the paging problems related to the above aspects in section 2.5.
Some background knowledge is introduced first in the following pages, e.g. DRX, NP, and
channel power allocation of PICH and PCH.
In idle mode, the UE can monitor the paging in two modes: one is to decode SCCPCH
directly every 10ms, the other is to decode the PICH periodically. The second one is the
DRX, which is Discontinuous Reception Mechanism.
The paging period formula:
DRX Cycle Length = MAX(2k, PBP) frames
K is the “CN domain specific DRX cycle length coefficient”, which is broadcasted in
SIB1. The typical value is 6.
PBP is Paging Block Periodicity , which is 1 for FDD mode
The paging period should be 640ms if K is 6
The Page Indicator Channel (PICH) is a fixed rate (30kbps, SF=256) physical channel
used by the NodeB to inform a UE (or a group of UEs) that a paging information will soon
be transmitted on the PCH. Thus, the mobile only decodes the S-CCPCH when it is
informed to do so by the PICH. This enables to do other processing and to save the
mobiles’ battery.
The PICH carries Paging Indicators (PI), which are user specific and calculated by higher
layers. It is always associated with the S-CCPCH to which the PCH is mapped.
The frame structure of the PICH is illustrated above. It is 10 ms long, and always contains
300 bits (SF=256). 288 of these bits are used to carry paging indicators, while the
remaining 12 are not formally part of the PICH and shall not be transmitted. That part of
the frame (last 12 bits) is reserved for possible future use.
In order not to waste radio resources, several PIs are multiplexed in time on the PICH.
Depending on the configuration of the cell, 18, 36, 72 or 144 paging indicators can be
multiplexed on one PICH radio frame. Thus, the number of bits reserved for each PI
depends of the number of PIs per radio frame. For example, if there is 72 PIs in one radio
frame, there will be 4 (288/72) consecutive bits for each PI. These bits are all identical. If
the PI in a certain frame is “1”, it is an indication that the UE associated with that PI should
read the corresponding frame of the S-CCPCH.
The Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) is used to carry the
FACH and PCH transport channels. Unlike the P-CCPCH, it is not broadcasted
continuously. It is only transmitted when there is a PCH or FACH information to transmit.
At the mobile side, the mobile only decodes the S-CCPCH when it expects a useful
message on the PCH or FACH.
A UE will expect a message on the PCH after indication from the PICH (page indicator
channel), and it will expect a message on the FACH after it has transmitted something on
the RACH.
The FACH and the PCH can be mapped on the same or on separate S-CCPCHs. If they are
mapped on the same S-CCPCH, TFCI bits have to be sent to support multiple transport
formats
The figure above shows the frame structure of the S-CCPCH. There are 18 different slot
formats determining the exact number of data, pilot and TFCI bits. The data bits
correspond to the PCH and/or FACH bits coming from the transport sub-layer. Pilot bit are
typically used when beamforming techniques are used.
The SF ranges from 4 to 256. The channelization code is assigned by the RRC layer as is
the scrambling code, and they are fixed during the communication. They are sent on the
BCCH so that every UE can decode the channel.
As said before, FACH can be used to carry user data. The difference with the dedicated
channel is that it cannot use fast power control, nor soft handover. The advantage is that
it is a fast access channel.
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0 4095
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DRXCYCLELENCOEF
Parameter name: DRX cycle length coefficient
Value range: 6~9 .
Content: This parameter is broadcasted on SIB1. This parameter is used when a UE
is in idle mode.
Recommended value: 6.
Set this parameter through ADD CNDOMAIN, query it through LST CNDOMAIN,
and modify it through MOD CNDOMAIN.
PICHMODE
Parameter name: PICH mode
Value range: V18, V36, V72, V144 .
Physical value range: 18, 36, 72, 144 .
Content: Indicating the number of PIs contained in each frame on the PICH.
Recommended value: V36 .
Set this parameter through ADD PICH, query it through LST PICH.
MACCPAGEREPEAT
Parameter name: Number of page re-TX
Number of retransmissions of paging message
Value range: 0~2 .
Content: If the number of retransmissions of paging message exceeds this
parameter value, retransmissions stop.
Recommended value: 1.
Set this parameter through SET DPUCFGDATA, query it through LST DPUCFGDATA.
MAXTXPOWER
Parameter name: Max transmit power of cell
Value Range: 0 to 500
Physical Value Range: 0dBm to 50 dBm, step 0.1dB
The recommended value is 430, namely 43dBm
Content: The sum of the maximum transmit power of all DL channels in a cell.
Set this parameter through ADD CELLSETUP, query it through LST CELL and modify it through MOD
CELL
PCPICHPOWER
Parameter name: PCPICH transmit power
Value Range: -100 to 500
Physical Value Range: -10dBm to 50 dBm, step 0.1dB
The recommended value is 330, namely 33dBm
Content: This parameter should be set based on the actual environment and the downlink coverage
should be guaranteed firstly. If PCPICH transmit power is configured too great, the cell capacity will
be decreased, for power resources is occupied by common channel and the interference to traffic
channels is also increased.
Set this parameter through ADD PCPICH, query it through LST PCPICH and modify it through MOD
CELL
MAXFACHPOWER
Parameter name: Max transmit power of FACH
Value range : -350 to 150
Physical Value Range:-35 to 15 dB, step 0.1dB
The recommended value is 10, namely 1dB
Content: The offset between the FACH transmit power and PCPICH transmit
power.
Set this parameter through ADD FACH, query it through LST FACH, and modify it
through MOD SCCPCH
PCHPOWER
Parameter name: PCH transmit power
Value Range:-350 to 150
Physical Value Range:-35 to 15 dB, step 0.1dB
The recommended value is -20, namely -2dB
Content: The offset between the PCH transmit power and PCPICH transmit power.
Set this parameter through ADD PCH, query it through LST PCH, and modify it
through MOD SCCPCH
PICHPOWEROFFSET
Parameter name: PICH power offset
Value Range:-10 to 5
Physical Value Range:-10 to 5 dB , step 1dB
The default value of this parameter is -7, namely -7dB
Content: The offset between the PICH transmit power and PCPICH transmit power.
Set this parameter through ADD CHPWROFFSET, query it through LST
CHPWROFFSET, and modify it through MOD PICHPWROFFSET
If paging message is not delivered at the air interface at all, it is most likely that paging is
lost. Paging loss is a frequently-seen problem during paging process and it is the emphasis
of analysis in this document. We’ll detail the solution in the following pages. The reason
why paging has not been sent out is probably the transmission faults of IUB interface or
faults of other equipments, which can be seen through viewing the alarm information.
Paging message has been delivered, but UE does not receive the message or receives the
wrong message. According to the specific subscriber complaints, if problems exist on
called UE only (prompt tone “the subscriber you dialed is out of service”), because the
reason is probably that the power allocation of PICH and PCH is too low or there are
problems with UE performance; if problems exist in calling and called UE, the reason is
probably that signal coverage dead zones exist in the area.
UE fails in responding after receiving paging messages. The problem is related to access
failure, for solutions, please refer to “access problem optimization”.
In general, CN pages target UE in one paging area (location area or RA), which is called
intra-office paging. For CS domain service, CN identifies and pages UE with location area.
In protocols, location area is defined as the area where mobile terminals can move freely
without updating VLR. A location area may contain one or more cells. For PS domain
service, CN identifies and pages UE with routing area. RA is defined as the area where
mobile terminals can move freely without updating SGSN in a specified operation mode. A
RA may contain one or more cells. The relationship between location area and RA is
specified in GSM, namely, RA can be equal to location area in size, or only the subset of a
certain location area.
CN paging retransmission is the retransmission paging in case that UE has not responded
at the first time, which can increase paging success rate and connection rate. But from
data in GSM network, paging retransmission success rate is low, especially at the second
time or even more, which contributes a little to paging success rate and connection rate.
Experience data indicates that: Generally, the success rate of the first paging is
approaching to 86%, and the retransmission paging rate is 1.8%. Herein, retransmission
paging success is mainly the second paging success, while success rate of the third paging
is estimated less than 0.2% calculated by the decreasing pattern, and the third paging (the
second repeat) has little influence on paging success rate. The paging mode of WCDMA is
similar with that of GSM, from online statistics, frequent CN paging contributes little to the
paging success rate; contrarily, it increases the system load.
In order to guarantee the paging success rate, CN will retransmission paging message at
the IU interface. CN paging retransmission times and interval can be configured. Because
paging is initiated specific to location area, paging retransmission will increase paging
traffic. Especially in case of public downlink channel congestion at the air interface, paging
traffic will double due to paging repeat, which will waste downlink channel resources
seriously. CN paging retransmission configuration should be in accordance with UTRAN.
CN paging retransmission is the retransmission paging in case that UE has not responded
at the first time, which can increase paging success rate and connection rate. But from
data in GSM network, paging retransmission success rate is low, especially at the second
time or even more, which contributes a little to paging success rate and connection rate.
Experience data indicates that: Generally, the success rate of the first paging is
approaching to 86%, and the retransmission paging rate is 1.8%. Herein, retransmission
paging success is mainly the second paging success, while success rate of the third paging
is estimated less than 0.2% calculated by the decreasing pattern, and the third paging (the
second repeat) has little influence on paging success rate. The paging mode of WCDMA is
similar with that of GSM, from online statistics, frequent CN paging contributes little to the
paging success rate; contrarily, it increases the system load.
In order to reduce paging message flow at the Iu interface and increase the probability
that UE receives paging message, UTRAN can retransmit paging messages. UTRAN paging
retransmission configuration should be in accordance with CN paging retransmission.
Paging is delivered at the fixed time (a paging cycle), and UTRAN paging interval is the
integer multiple of a paging cycle, one paging cycle in general. Therefore, we can adjust
the UTRAN paging repeat interval by adjusting DRC paging cycle coefficient k.
UTRAN paging repeat times should not be too many; otherwise, adding paging repeats at
Iu interface, the paging channel load at UU interface will increase rapidly. In addition,
UTRAN is realized on MACC layer, and MACC does not identify the specific PRC message,
MACC will go on repeating paging even if UE replies paging response message. Too many
UTRAN paging repeat times will cause the unnecessary system overhead and message flow
at UU interface.
It is reasonable for paging retransmission times to keep the current default configuration.
It is also reasonable to adjust paging retransmission times on RNC maintenance console
using MML command SET UDPUCFGDATA.
Global paging should be avoided in CN. From experiences on GSM network, the whole-
network paging of CN is the important cause of overload of location area with smaller
capacity; meanwhile, CN global paging contributes little to the improvement of connection
rate of long-distance incoming call.
CN global paging is useful only when UE location area is recorded as failure by NLR, which
hardly occurs, however, once it occurs, it means serious fault occurs; even more CN global
paging does not work.
When UE is in IDLE and PCH state, UE will utilize the discontinuous reception technology
“Discontinuous Reception (DRX)” to reduce power overhead. According to Protocol
TS25.304, paging cycle length (DRX cycle length) = MAX (2K,PBP). where, K refers to
DRX cycle length coefficient, PBP refers to Paging Block Periodicity which is applied only in
TDD mode, for FDD, PBP=1, so, DRX cycle length = 2K.
By default setting of Huawei, K is 6 in both CN-specific DRX cycle length coefficient and
UTRAN-specific DRX cycle length coefficient.
Settings of DRX paging cycle coefficient K should be considered with the following factors:
DRX paging cycle coefficient K determines the DRX cycle length, the larger the
value of K is, the longer the DRX cycle is. Meanwhile, UE power consumption will
be lower, however, the value of K makes UE paging cycle longer. Namely, UE
paging response time becomes longer. If K is set too small, paging cycle will
become smaller, and UE processing paging overhead and power consumption will
increase. In the protocol, the value is within the range of 2 ~12, the current value
of our company is 8, and the paging cycle is 2.56 seconds.
According to the current coding mode of PCH, a TTI can transmit only 240 bits, if
IMSI paging is utilized, only 3 UEs can be paged at the same paging moment; if
TMSI paging is utilized, only 5 can be paged at the same paging moment. And if
the number of UE paging at the same paging moment exceeds the processing
capacity of system, it will cause paging loss and call loss. If K is set too small, the
paging cycle will become shorter, the probability of the same calculated UE paging
moment will increase, consequently, the probability of paging loss will increase.
Because UTRAN paging retransmission interval is a paging cycle, when setting DRX
paging cycle coefficient K, we should consider the retransmission interval of
UTRAN paging, and the K value should be set in coordination with CN paging
retransmission.
Number of PI in SIB5
IMSI ( International Mobile Subscriber Identity ) : A unique number associated with all GSM
and UMTS network mobile phone users. It is stored in the SIM inside the phone and is sent
by the phone to the network.
P-TMSI ( Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity ) : Used as a shorter, more private,
mobile identifier. Identifies the system that assigned it, and not directly the MS. Packet-
TMSI is allocated by the SGSN and used for GPRS access only.
Paging channels include PICH and PCH. Too low PICH power will lead to UE resolution PI
indication error. Resolution of PI value from “0” to “1” will cause false alarm and UE
power waste; resolution of P1 value from “1” to “0” will cause paging miss and loss. If
PCH power is too low, UE will fail in decoding the paging messages.
Traffic statistics
Check mainly whether “location area paging success rate” and “RA paging
success rate” achieve the optimization goal 86% specified in advance
Alarm