Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Road Transport
& Highways
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POCKET BOOK \
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FOR HIGHWAY
,. ENGINEERS
'·
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(Second Revision)
Published by the
Indian Roads Congress
on behalf of the Govt.
of India, Ministry of -----··---------~-----
«i
First Published December, 1982
First Revision May, 1985
Second Revision February, 2002
Reprinted November, 2002 FOREWORD
Reprinted May, 2003
Reprint_ed December, 2003 The first edition of this Pocket book was published in
Reprinted November, 2004 December, 1982. It was pririlarily -intended for use as a ready
reference for the .highway engineers including those at the grass root
level of management both in highway administration and construction
industry. The publication at that time fulfilled the long felt need of
the highway engineering profession in this country. It was first
revised in May, 1985. ·
.. .
(The Rights of Publication and Transl;tion are Reserved)
cement concrete pavements and environment. The section on
bituminous pavements has been entirely redrafted to ..l'll~ude the
revisions carried out rec~ntly to specifications for bituminous
pavements. 1The section on traffic and traffic control devices now
includes the latest developments in the area. The chapter on pavement
design is now based on the revised IRC Code for design of flexible
pavements.
Printed at Aravali Printers & Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi-110020 This pocket book has been prepared by the Indian Roads
( 1000 copies) Congress. The pocket book was further got reviewed by two Chief
Pocket Book for Highway Engineers
7. Materials 181
8. Structures 189
FIGURES
1.1. Definition of Urban Roads 5
3.1. Typical Cross-Section of Expressway 32
3.2. Road Land Boundary, Building Lines
and Control Lines 33
3.3. Typical Cross-Section of a 4-Lane
Divided Highway 35
.3.4. TypicaL Cross-Sections of Two-Lane Road in
Plain/Rolling Terrain with Paved Shoulder 36
3.5. Typical Cross-Sections for T>yo-Lane
Road in Plain/Rolling Terrain 37
3.6. Superelevation Rates for Various Design Speeds 42
3.7. Method of Attaining Superelevation 43
3.8. Elements of a Combined Circular and
Transition Curve 45
3.9. Length of Transition Curve for Roads
in Plain/Rolling Terrain 46
--.. ..•
3.10. Length of Transition Curve for Roads
in Mountainous and Steep Terrain
3.11. Minimum Set-back Distance at Horizontal
47
Pocket Book for Highway Engineers Pocket Book for Highway Engineers
9.22. Physical Requirements for Coarse Aggregate for 9.47. Minimum Recovered Binder Penetration of
Dense Graded Bituminous Macadam 251 Recycled Mixture 274
9.23. Grading Requirements for Mineral Filler. .. 251 9.48. Sand Grading and Physical Requirements 277
9.24. Composition of Bituminous Macadam 252 9.49. Aggregate Gradation for Dry Lean Concrete 281
9.25. Manufacturing and Rolling T-emperatures 252 9.50. Applications and Functic;ms of_ Geosynthetics 293
9.26. Composition of Dense Graded Bituminous 9.51. Physical Requirements - Paving Fabric ... 294
Macadam Pavement Layers 253 9.52. Quality Coqtrol Tests and Their Frequency for
9.27. Requirements for Dense Graded Embankment Construction 304
Bituminous Macadam 9.53. Control Tests and Their Minimum Frequency for Sub-
254
9.28. Minimum per cent Voids in Mineral bases and Bases (Excluding Bitumen Bound Bases) 305
Aggregate (VMA) 9.54. Control Tests and Their Minimum Frequency for
254
9.29. Physical Requirements for Coarse Aggregate for Bituminous W arks 306
Semi-dense Bituminous Concrete Pavement Layers ... 255 lO.l. Comparative Statement for Revised Estimates 314
9.30. Composition of Semi-dense Bituminous ll.l. Compaction of Embankment and Sub-Grade 319
Concrete Pavement Layers 11.2. Selection of Plant for Earth Moving Operations 319
256
9.31. Requirements for Semi-dense Bituminous 11.3. Selection of Plant for Compaction 322
Pavement Layers ... 11.4. Selection of Plant for Bituminous Pavement 323
257
9.32. Physical Requirements for Coarse Aggregate for 11.5. Selection of Plant for Sub-base[Base Course 324
Bituminous Concrete Pavement Layers 258 11.6. Selection of Plant/Machineries for Concrete Pavement 326
9.33. Composition of Bituminous Concrete 11.7. Tentative Output of Road Machinery 326
Pavement Layers ... 12.1. Important Information to be included in Road Regiiter 332
• .. 2ii9
9.34. Requirements for Bituminous Pavement Layers 260 12.2. Points to be Looked for During Inspec:;;tion and
9.35. Grading Requirements for Chips for Action to be Taken Prior to During/After Rains ... 333
·Surface Dressing 14.1. Suggested Minimum Frequency of Inspection for
260
9.36. Nominal Rates of Spread for Binder Condition Survey 351
and Chippings 14.2. Maintenance Criteria 356
261
9.37. Spraying Temperatures for Binders 14.3. Renewal Cycle 361
262
9.38. Quantities of Me1tcrials Required for lO m 2 of Road. i4.4. Symptoms, Causes and Treatment of Defects m
Surface for 20mm Thick Open-graded Premix Surfacing Bituminous Surfacing 362
Using Penetration Bitumen or Cutback ... ... 263 14.5. Annual Calendar of Road Maintenance Activities ... 368
9.39. Quantities of Aggregate for l 0 m 2 Area Spectrum of Maintenance Methods
264 14.6.
9.40. Quantities of Emulsion Binder 369
264 Appropriate for Use in India
9.41. Aggregate Gradation 371
265 14.7. Tools for Gangman
9.42. Requirements for Physical Properties of Binder 403
267 17.1. Script for Kilometre Stones
9.43. Grade and Thickness of Mastic Asphalt Paving, and 41 l
18.1. S.l. Units
Grading of Coarse Aggregate ... 268 18.2. Symbols for Units 412
9.44. Grading of Fine Aggregate (Inclusive of Filler) 268 18.3. Relative Designation of Test Sieves 413
9.45. Composition of Mastic Asphalt Blocks without 18.4. Conversion Factors 414
Coarse Aggregate • ... . .. 269 PLATE
9.46. Aggregate Grading, Binder Content and Approximate
Coverage Rate .. . . .. 2.1. Soil Classification (including Field
270 Identification and Description) 25
•
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1. GENERAL INFORMATION
~
past was getting the highest rainfall in the world (Cherrapunji-11,420
mm per year) is in India, but there are also arid zones getting an
annual rainfall of less than I 00 mm. A variety of soil types are
present, from sandy soils to heavy and expansive clays. Thus, in road
construction, the challenge of a large variety of physical and
environmental condition is met with.
· ·~....,-,.:"">"_""~<=··:·.
5
General Information " 4 General Infom1ation
long with
Parking, loading and unloading of goods and passengers 2) Ar·terial Streets : This system of streets, ha principal
and pedestrian traffic are not pe1·mitted on these expressways where they exist, serves as :fie ant intra-
network for through traffic flows. s 1
·gnl tC .
higbways. . s distrtct
• urban travel, such as, between centra
I bustnes
. r suburban
2) National Highways : These are .nain highw~ys running and outlying residential areas or between rnaJOtreets rnaY
through the length and breadth of the country connecting centres takes place on this system. These s . 0 highlY
1
major ports, highways of neighbouring countries, State generally be spaced at less than l .S krn r rnore in
developed central business areas and at 8 k~ ° treets are
capitals, large ~ndustrial and to.urist centres, etc. ·
.
sparsely developed urban fnnges. Th e a rtena
.
1.s 1 access.
3) State Highways : These are arterial routes of a state generally "divided highways with full or partta usuallY
linking district headquarters and important cities within Parking, loading and unloadin? activities::~ to ~ross
the State and connecting them with National Highways re~tricted and regulated. Pedestnans are allo d 5 is given
of the neighbouring States. only at intersections. Definition of urban roa ·
m Fig. l. ·
4) Major District Roads : These are important roads
·within a district serving areas of production and markets,
· and connecting these with each other or with the main
highways.
COCAC~~
market centres, taluka/tehsil headquarters, block
..,. Aevelopment headquarters or other main roads. .
The total length of National Highways as on 2nd Fig. 1.1. Definition of urban roads
November, 1999 is 52010 km.
1.2.2; Urban roads : Urban roads are classified into the 51·rnitar to
3) Sub-arterial Streets: These are functionallY f travel
lowing five categories.: arterial streets but with somewhat lower level
0
ktn in
0 5
mobility. Their spacing may vary from about · b-urban
l) Expressways : The function of expressways is the same the ce.ntral business district to 3 - 5 km in the su
whether they traverse through urban areas or non~urban
fringes.
areas.
--............--·
;_ .:-~ ~- ,_ _ ._iunu~~~r ·~
General Information 6
aerial reconnaissance
~--""·
11
Project Survey and Investigation !0 Project Survey and Investigation
runs close to sources of embankment a d 2.3.2. The surveys should start with a study of all available
materials. n pavement
information including soil and material maps, geological maps,
published information on quarries and material sources, etc.
Keep in view
2.3.3. In general, approaches to railway overbridges or high
obligatory and control points from . level bridges will be high enough to- warrant special time-consuming
administrative~ strategic
and other considerati~~~s teal, investigations. It is necessary that the investagation, design and
construction phases of such embankments are coordinated with the
the need for ado t• . construction of the bridge structure so that the bridge and the
grades and curv~tumg a um fonn design speed, and easy approaches are completed side by side without the need for one to
re.
wait for the other.
the needs of major river crossings.
2.3.4. Broad outline of the investigations required for the
various cases are as follows :
better aesthetics of the road.
-- -·~
15
Project Survey and Investigation 14 Project Survey and Investigation
Table 2.2. Typical table showing source of procuring earth for intervaL Undi<:turbed and disturbed samples collec~ed
embankment construct· from bore holes may be subjected to laboratory tests as
per Table 2.4. Representative samples of fill materials
Reach Estimated fill Source of Jrocurement intended to be used in the embankment should be
For· For . collected and subjected to laboratory tests as per Table
sub- body ·For subgrade/ For body of 2.5. It is advisable to use the services of specialists. For
grade of shoulder embankment
Em- From From ·From From more information, see IRC:75, "Guidelines for the Design
bank- borrow cutting borrow cutting of High Embankments", or detailed instructions issued
km-km ment Loc. Qty. Loc. Qty. Loc. Qty. Loc. Qty. by the Ministry vide No. NHVI-50(21 )179 dated the
(km) (km) (km) (km) 25th January, 1980.
81.0-81.2 1000 6000 - - 81.3 1000 @ 6000 - - Table 2.3. List of laboratory tests to be conducted ·on borehole
samples
81.2-81.4 400 1000 - 81.3 400 - 8l.3 1000
81.4-81.6 400 2000 - - 81.5 400 - - 81.5 2000
1. Tests on undisturbed samples
Notes I. The quantities are in cu.m. Undisturbed samples are those collected in 100 mm dia thin-
2. @ From adjoining borrow areas. walled tubes conforming to IS:2l32-1972. These should be tested in
3. This table should be worked out after locating the the laboratory for the determination of the following soil properties:
borrow areas and testing the material for properties.
i) • .Grain size analysis (as per IS:2720 (Part IV)-1975)
6-9 m heights in general cases and hetghls below 6 m ii) .. Natural moisture content (as per IS:2720 (Part 11)-
in specific cases, discretion may be applied to decide
1973)
whether detailed soil investigation is necessary and for iii) LL & PL (as per IS:2720 (Part V)-1970) (For soils
heights more than 9 m detailed soil investigation may be suspected to be organic in nature, by virtue of colour,
carried out in all cases. odour, texture, etc. LL on fresh as well as .on oven-dry
specimen may be separately found out.)
Minimum two bore holes for each approach at a distance iv) Cc, Cv and Pc (preconsolidation pressure) from
of approximately 50 m and 120m behind the abutment consolidation test (a~..-cording to IS:2720 (Part XV)-
position should be taken. The depth of bore holes below
1965).
the ground level should be 2 1/ 2 times the maximum v) C and 0 from unconsolidated undrained (UU) triaxial
height of the embankment, subject to minimum height test (according to IS: 2720 (Part XI)-1971). Bulk density,
of the embankment, subject to minimum depth of 20 m. void ratio and moisture cc;mtent before/after UU test
Bore hole can be terminated at shallower depth if should also be determined.
continuous hard strata giving N value (SPT test) in
excess of 50 is.encountered. One undisturbed sample 2. Tests on selected undisturbed samples
may be collected for each change of strata with the help
of 100 m dia and 450 thin-walled sampling tubes. No Where. the method of stage ~;:onstruction of embankment based
undisturbed sample may be collected from cohesionless on the effective stress method of design requires to b~ kept in view,
or hard strata. Standard Penetration Test sfiould be done selected and representative undisturbed samples should be further
immediately after the undisturbed samples have been tested in the laboratory for the determination of the following soil
collected. SPT shm1ld be done at 1.5 to 2 m depth properties :
Project Survey and Investigation
16 Project Survey and Investigation 17
. C'0 and A-factor from consolidated undrained triaxial tests (b) Strength tests on selcted samples :
With measurement of pore pressur~, i.e., CU tests (according to IS:
2720 (Part )):II)- 1981 ). Bulk density, void ratio and moisture content
On the basis of tests conducted as per (a) above, the
before/after CU test should also be determined.
samples may be categorised into types, each showing
the same _or clos.$!\Y similar soil characteristics. One or
3. Tests on disturbed samples
two samples out of each category may be judiciously
selected so as to be representative and subjected to the
. . Samples recove~:ed from the 8PT spoon should be retained in following tests :
glass Jars sealed air-tight. These samples may be treated as disturbed
samples and should be tested in the laboratory. for the determination
of following so_il properties ; i) For cohesive fill material (e.g., clay or day mix~d with
silt/sand.). C & 0 may be determined from
unconsolidated undrained (UU) triaxial test (according
i) Grain size analysis (according to IS: 2720 (Part IV)- to I8:2720 (Pt. Xl)-1972) on specimens remoulded to 95
1975)
per cent modified Proctor density at O.M.C. plus 2 per
ii) N cent.
atural moistu·re content (as per IS:2720 (Part II)-1973)
ii) Ifthe fill material is cohesionless, 0 may be determined
iii) LL & PL (as per I8:2720 (Part V)-1970) (For soils from direct shear test (according to IS:2720 (Pt. XIII)
suspected to be organic in nature by virtue of colour, 1972) on specimens remoulded to 95 per cent 0 modified
odo~r, texture, etc. LL .on fresh as well as on oven-dry Proctor density at OMC .
. specimens may be .separately found out.) ...
iii) ' For cohesive fill materials which~ rhay be used for
forming embankments likely to be subjected to
Table 2.4. List of laboratory tests to be conducted on fill submergence and drawdown effective str~ss parametres
materials C and 0 as also A,.factor, may be determined from
(a) . Test to be done on each sample:- consolidated undrained test with measurement of pore
pressure, i.e., CU tests (according to IS:2720 (Pt. _?(Ii-
1981) on specimens remoulded to 95 per cent 0 modtfied
i) Grain size analysis (as per I8:2720 (Pt. I'V) - 1975)
Proctor density at OMC plus 2 per cent. The test
ii) N specimens in the triaxial cell may be saturated by
atural moisture content (as per I8:2720 (Pt. II)-1973) applying back pressure before shearing. This test will be
in addition to that mentioned in (b) (i) ahove and may
iii) LL and PL (as per I8:2720 (Pt. V)-1970) (For soils be carried out for selected few representative samples
suspected to be organic in nature by virtue of colour only.
tex~re, odour, etc. LL on fresh as well as on oven-d;
specimens may be separately found out).
iv) For any of the types strength tests mentioned above, the
actual bulk density, void ratio and moisture content of
iv) Moisture-density relationship using light compaction
the specimens before/after the test should be found out
commonly known· as Proctor test (as per I8:2720 (Pt~
VIII)-1980). . alld recorded.
_..~Y::~~:~~:i:~ ;}·~~~:~;EL
- .:, :i~EliH:;~ ...........,_ ~.::
8 9 10
v) Pavement design :.The investigations should be on
materials, at or expected to be at subgrade level. Besides Deleterious
others, the tests should cover CBR values in case of constituents Remarks
.
~
. vi)
flexible pavements and 'k' values in case of rigid
pavement (See Tables 2.5 to 2. 7).
Note: For pavement design, the soil expected in the subgrade should
also be tested for FDD (for existing roads/new roads in
sources, testing representative samples for engineering cutting), and for CBR soaked and unsoaked. For rigid
properties and estimating the quantities available for pavements, 'k' value test "should be conducted.
extraction. At least 3 samples should be tested for each
type of material from each source (See Table 2.8). drainage measures (this might reduce HFL). Compare the HFLs so
determined with those for the adjoining sections of the road or nearby
vii) Manufactured items : Identification of source of supply, railway/irrigation embankments to correct any apparent mistakes.
distance of nearest rail-head from the work site, etc.
2.4.2. Depth of water table: This may be measured at open
viii) Water: Identification of source, suitability and quantities wells along the alignment or at holes specially bored for the purpose.
available season by season. Observations should be taken at 1 km intervals,; preferably soon after
withdrawal of monsoon. Any evidence of spring flow in the test holes
2.4. Drainage Studies should be recorded. In arid areas where depth of water. table is more
than 6 m below ground level, no measurements for water table need
2.4.1. High flood level (HFL) : Should be based on history of be made. ·
floods in the area dating back to some years. Collect information f
from inspection/local enquiry, as also from Irrigation Department. 2.4.3. Ponded water level : Where water stagnates for
Enquire from other Departments oftheir plans to put new embankments considerable periods, e.g., irrigated fields, information about level
in the area (this might cause increase HFL) or to provide certain and duration of standing water should also be collected.
Pmje:.::r and Investigation 20 Project Survey and Investtgation 21
Table 2. "'1, Proforma· for record of test values of moorumlsoil- Notes l. @For every source, tes£ min. 3 specimen~ for each type of
mater·ial materiaL
State 2. *Any one of the nvo tests may be conducted. Wet test in
District Date of testing
coL 6 is for softer aggregrate .
. .. ..Location Descripdon Specirqea Gradation :%by wt. passing
and of No. sieve
name 0f material 80 40 20 10 4.75 2.36
1nm n1m rnm mm mm mm 2.4.4. Regarding drainage srudies required for various perposes
are detailed in Table 2.9.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
600 425 75 L.L. P.L. P.L Density OMC 2.5. Culverts
Soaked
J.tm f..tOl J.tm CBR
2.5.1. Choice of structure by type : R.CC pipes or R.CC.
10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 slab type culverts are gen~rally used. Preference should be for the
Remarks regarding perfom1ance, pipe type which is generally more economical, convenient and
qty. available access quicker in construction and is hydraulically better.
Note: For each source, test min. 3 specimens for each type of i) Selection of site
material.
ii) Collection of data for design of the structure
·- _.......
·-·
. ~:.:
3. Drainage of cut Depth of water table, seepage 3. Longitudinal section : Should show bed levels, L.W.L. and
sections and design flow, soil profile, H.F.L.
of sub-surface permeability of strata,
drainage system seepage flow head 4. Maximum H.F.L. : Observation ofmarks left by flood, local
er.quiry and comparing with data for any nearby structure.
4. Design of surface Study of ground contours to
drainage system determine catchment 5. Velocity observations : Observed during actual flood.
contributing to side drains,
surface characteristics of .... 6. Trial pits : Dug upto firm ground. Engineering characteristics
catchment area, location of of soil and safe bearirrg eapacity at foundatioin level.
outfall points, rainfall
B. EXISTING CULVERTS
iv)
5. H.F.L., deck level, adequacy of waterway, etc.
The site should pem1it square crossing as far as possible.
2.5.4. Table 2.10 lists out the data to be collected for '- ...tlverts.
Sub-Division Typical Names dures (Excluding Panicles
Division Larger than 80 mm and Daslng
Fractions on Estimated Weights) Laboratory Classification Criteria
l 2 J 4 5 6 7
;;!
iii v GW
Q Red
'.Vdl graded grarels, gravel-sand Wide .range in gra!nsizes and subs-
of all intennedJate
C, Greater than 4 Detemline percentages of
gmvel and sand from grain-size
~ ~ ~ .~ Clean gravl!ls nuxtur..!s: lit!le or no fines particle sizes C~. Between I and J curve. Depending on percentage
~-y ~:11
u ~~w -1--~=~~--~-----------~K~~~~.~-~·~~~~~--------------------------~~~~(~~s~•~
illfJ• '""'"'"m'~''' r v..... Size or a range
~ ?:'> ~,;: ~~ :~·[ ~ no fines} GP Red Poorly graded gravels or gravel- ., ,·n··rmedr.ate 75-micrcn IS Sieve) coarse-grain{
5] ~ }1 ~ ~ :, sand mL-.:iurl!s: littl!!or no fines sizes missing """ Not meeling all gradation requirements forGW soils are classified as follows:
U1 .~ ~
:=! E, ;:-
S: t:' £
:~ g c:
.;; .g E uE -~
~ u"' ",;;
..g ..S ~
E m
·- "''
Gravels with
fine
GM
m
1-----1--+--+---J-------~----~=:_:::=:;.-~,,::-_.-,.,---:-c,.,,,:-,-:-
Yellow
1
",-.J-----------------;:-:--:---:--:---:----:-:-;-:---:-:-i
Silty gravels, poorly graded g~>ve1-
sand-silt mi.1:tures
~~:~~~~(~'fines"':·~
~l:';
__ .~ 1
1.,~.,~··~:~!;,J.,o•eve"-
Altoruerg limits below 'A; line or I, less than 4
Limits plotting above 'A'Iino with
1. be~ween 4 and 7 are border-line
less than 5%, GW, GP, SW, SP
More than 12·:o GM, GC, SM, SC
Q ~ B ,;:c. E:; (Appreciable , anu 1 '
• ' "'
cases requiring: use of dual symbol
>Ll-" " E CE 1--~
amount of rhcec ""vel< no. ""..A
_o,d.:"'.:•__ Pl><>l ·""~If< r id,nrification nm- 510/o to 12% Border-line cases
~ ~~ ';;"' ~~
fine:.sJ..sJ_ ___j__:G~C=--!1~
~~::..jI~Y~e.::ll:o':.:'-+-Jl.'2
~·-~,-I;;,,~
o· -~:--.~-··L,·~
,-,~""~'u·~,.
o""·-_-----~~
ced~ure=s·...f!!'""'Ct'-''
:Q ·~ndl$!_Cll b~elo~w:)-:-.
''"-1-A_u_er_b_er_:g:._l:_im_i__ts__a__b--ov~e·'-A_'_lir_••_w_it:_h...:'·~g....re....at_er_t_han-7-+il~p"'£plas~6d:!!.:tyi~nd::;e:_x
.:: _ _ _ _~ requiring use a:· dual symbols
(§ 1i ~ -5 :i Wide rnnge in grain size and subs-
··".~.~ .§ 1 SW ~ Red V:t
1t gradedfisaods, gravelly sands; tantial amounts .Jfall irnennediate Cc greate~ than 6 Unlfo rmity coefricic::nt.
·~~ [ ~; ~ ~; Clean sands ~ 1
l1neorno 1nes particlesiZes Ccbetween l andJ C =~0
~ - ~ .c ·- .~! ~~ (little or " o,,
~ aij
u .E .:;
: : ~
'o8 .£ ' a
no fines)
SP
U Red
Poorly graded sands or gravelly ..., "",....··,·--- ..~,·"atnege
CIUP.;U Nor meeting all gradation requirements for SW
~ Coeffici~nt of curvature
0 E ~:::::"iii~ ;; . sands·: little or no fines sizes miss.ing Cc = (D 1n}
1
v
60
Inorganic silts and very fine sands rock
ML IJII Blue flour. silty or clayey fine sands or
clayey silts wrth none lo low plasticity
Nouof
low Quick None
Silrs and clays with low com- Inorganic clays, gravelly clays. 50
Cl sandy days, silty clays, lean~ None1o M<!dium
pressibility and liquid limit Grc~n Medium
very slow
less thau)5 I clays of lo\\: pla~tici~ "' • CH
Cl
Ml
• Blue
Organic sillS and organic silty
clays of low plasticiry
Quicklo
slow
low
None
3. GEOMETRIC DESIGN
STANDARDS
....
- _J:;;;':\)JW~ !:'--
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s r 2300 SHOULDER (TREATED) \ o
t \ + nill~f-
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0 1 I
1000 -,H-. ~
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1000 SHOULDER GRASS C)
0 z
l 7500 4000 7500 ITOPJ r<
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Ll f .....
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OVERALL WIDTH BETWE(H CiON'TRO\. LINES 3(i>
..,..... fI
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Geometric Design Standards 34
Geometric Design Standards 35
Table 3.2. Terrain classification
If +
classification ='~
of the country >!
l
Road class Plain Rolling Mountainous Steep :a
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NOTATION
e •CROS9 FALL !CAMBER I OF PAVEMENT
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Notes: 1. (e+l)% crossfall shall not be less than 2.5 to 3% on granular shoulder and 3 to 4% on earth shoulder- steaper values
shall be used for rainfall exceeding 150 em per year
2. On superelevated sections the shoulder, should have same' crossfall as the pavement
.
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Geometric Design Standards 39
Geometric Design Standards 33
On horizontal curves in mountainousand steep terrain, increase
5.
roadway equal to extra widening of carriageway.
Plain and rolling For multi-lane highways, the roadway should provide for the
terrain steep terrain 6.
requisite numbc1· of traffic lanes plus shoulders and median;
Item Open Built-up Open .Built-up The shoulder width should in general be 2.5 m. Desirable
areas areas areas areas median width for rural highways is 5 m while the absolute
mi~imum is 1.2 m.
l. Land width (~etre)
Normal 45 30 24 20 Table 3.5. Width at highway structures and clearances
Range 30-60 30-60
I. Clear width of roadway between kerbs at bridges
2. Building lines 80 Distance betweery Single-lane bridge 4.25 m
(overall width, building line and Two-lane bridge 7.5 m
Multi-lane bridge 3.5 m per lane plu.s
metres) road boundary
0.5 m for each carriageway
(set-back) should be
3-6 metres Roadway width at culverts Same as. the roadway width at
2.
approaches (see Table 3.6)
Control lines (overall I 50
Minimum width of footpath 1.5 m
width, metres) 3.
4. Width of median
4. Roadway width Single-lane - 12.0* 6.25** Normal 5m
- 12.0 ----~-~· 80 * *
___(_n_1e_t_r_e_s_)_________T_\_v_o_-I_a_n_e___ Minimum 1.2 m
I
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Geometric Design StandardF
40 f Geometric Design Standards
3. On superelevated sections, the .shoulders should
Table 3.6. Width of .,.,.r ..;n~~---- normally have the same crossfall as the pavement;.
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Geometric Design Standards
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Notes : l. Generally, t:se ruling gradient for design. lf1 special II:
situations, such as, isolated overbridges in plai,n terrain b"'
or roads carrying substantial slow traffic; use a flatter "C
2.
gradient of 2 per cent.
Exceptional gradient should not exceed l 00 m at a
......=
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must be separated by~ minimum length of lOO m
....
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3. The rise in elevation over a lengQt of 2 km should not
exceed 100m in mountainous terrain and 120m in steep'"
terrain.
1...
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5.
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Maximum gradient at hari-pin bend is 2.5 per cent. !~
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6eometric Design Standards 50 Geometri~? Design Standards 51
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Fig. 3.14. Length of summit curve for.overtaking sight distance
Fig. 3.13. Length of summit curve for intermediate sight distance
.~,-- '
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Geometric Design Standarc!s Geometric Design Standards 53
52·
Notes : I. For summit curves, overtaking sight distance should be 3. Gr~dt and curvature should be in proper balance. Flat
the general criterion. Where not fesible. intermediate horizontal curves at the expense of steep or long grades.
sight distance should be adopted as the next best. Safe or sharp curvature with flat grades should be avoided.
stopping sight distance is th..: absolute minimum.
2. For valley curves, safe stopping sight distance should be 4. Broken-back curves (two curves in the same direction
adopted. with short tangent in-between) both in alignment and
profile should be replaced by a single curve.
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4. TRAFFIC AND TRAFFIC
CONTROL DEVICES
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(2)
SA. as given in Table 4.3. Instructions to fill-up 1he
proforma are given in Table 4.4.
I
,: (3) Traffic census should not generally encompass abnormal
r conditions of traffic like a fair or exthibition. In such
cases, the count in the area should be postponed by. a
few days till normalcy retun1.s.
i
_!,_
(
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. 59
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 58
Table 4.3. Traffic census data
Table 4.1. Equivalency factors for various types of vehicles on
l. Name of the State
rural roads
, 2. National Highway Number
S.No. Vehicle Type Equivalency
factor 3. Link Nurpber
4. Location of Count Station
Fast Vehicles
I. Motor-cycle or Scootet 0.50 (a) Kilometrage of Count Station:
2. Passenger car, Pick-up '·van or Auto-rickshaw LOO (b) Name of Nearest Town
3. Agricultural tractor, light commercial vehicle 1.50
4. Truck or Bus 3.00 (c) Distance of Count Station from
5. Truck-trailer, Agricultural tractor-trailer 4.50 the nearest town
Slow Vehicles 5. Count Station Number
6. Cycle 0.50 Stat~ code (see Annexure)
6.
7. Cycle-rickshaw 2.00
8. Hand cart 3.00 7. Month and Year of Census
9. Horse-drawn vehicle 4.00 8. Duration of Census in days
10. Bullock cart* 8.00
9. Average daily traffic in number
*For small bullock carts, a value of 6 will be appropriate. of vehicles (Sum of both the directions)
A - Power Driven Vehicles ..,. •
Table 4.2. Equivalency factors for various types of vehicles on a) Cars/Jeep/Taxies/Vans/Three-wheelers
urban roads
b) Buses, Mini Buses
S.No. Vehicle T)pe Equivalent PCU factors c) Two Axled Trucks, Mini Trucks
Percentage composition of vehicle
d) Multi-axled vehicles including
type in traffic stream
articulated vehicles and truck trailer
5% I 0% and above combinations with more t'lan two axles
Fast V ebicles e) Motor Cycles, Mopeds and other
I. Two-wheelers - Motor power driven two-wheelers
Cycle or Scooter, etc. 0.5 0.75
2. Passanger car, Pick-up Van 1.0 1.0 B - Slow Moving Vehicles
3. Auto-rickshaw 1.2 2.0 a) Bicycles, Cycle-rickshaws and other
f. Light commercial vehicle 1.4 2.0 manpowered passenger vehicles
). Truck or Bus 2.2 3.7
b) Animal Drawn Vehicles
i. Agricultural tractor - trailer 4.0 5.0
Slow Vehicles c - Other Vehicles not included in any
Cycle 0.4 0.5 of the categories mentioned above,
.. Cycle-rickshaw 0.5 2.0 e.g., Agricultute Tractors,
Horse-drawn vehicles 1.5 2.0 Combination, etc.
0. Hand cart 2.0 3.0
.. -- ·- -' .'i.~tll
Annexure to Table 4.3. Table 4.4. Instruction sheet for filling-up proforma
MIS/DS/SA of traffic census data
Details of State Code for Reporting Traffic Data
2 3 4
S. No. Name of States . . State Code I. Name of the State
fall, e.g., a 7 days' census (9) In each hourly column, the traffic should be recorded by
commencing on 30th making tally marks in five dash system (vertical strok~s
December, 1892 should for the first four vehicles followed by an oblique stroke
be taken as Census for for the fifth vehicle so as to depict a total of five).
January, 1993. Hourly totals should be made at the end of the shift.
8. Duration of Census: Single: di~it, e.g., ( 10) An index map indicating the location of the census site
Number of days for 7 days' census -7 should be attached to the traffic summary sheet.
which counts have (I 1) The highest peak hour traffic in a day for fast as well as
been taken. slow vehicles may be highlighted in summary. sheets by
drawing a firm line in red around the figures in
9. Traffic intensity Five digits, e.g.,
507 vehicles 1.-..,-o-.-l"""""o---,-1-=5....,1-=o~·T""l-:-7-.l appropriate columri.
Count not taken I 91 91 9 I 9T9J ( 12) The system of expressing traffic in terms of tonnes/day
Zew vehicles I 0 I0 I 0 I 0I 0 I has already been dispensed with.
(4) A road should be divided into convenient sections, each 4. 1.4. Traffic studies : Traffic surveys/studies are of different
c~rrying approximately similar traffic between points of types and the type survey required depends upo.t the purpose as given
substantial traffic change. Count stations should be set in Table 4.5.
up for each such section. The limits of the sections Table 4.5. Traffic surveys/studies
could generally be the important towns along the road
or major roads intersecting or taking off from the Purpose •• • Type of Survey
highway in queSticfn.
I. Improving existing roads Seven-day traffic counts. Past
(5) The census sites should be fixed well away from all records to be analysed for trends
urbanised developements and villages. In particular, in growth.
sites within zone of influence of towns where there may New network of extensive Traffic and transportation stu<'ies
2.
· be regular flow of commuter traffic must be avoided. If improvement of existing
need be, additional stations could be fixed for the.,;e netWork
zones.
3. Bypass construction Origin-destination (0-D)
(6) Every subsequent census should be taken at the same surveys: speed and delay studies.
locations. New stations could, of course, be added as 4. Replacing railway level Seven-day continuous count
and when needed. crossing and data on number and duration
ot gate closures.
(7) For the purpose of traffic counts, a day may be divided
into 3 shifts of 8 hours each and separate enumerators 5. Improvement of road Peak-hour counts on all arms
with a supervisor be assigned for each shift. junctions giving its compositional and
directional distribution.
(8) Recording should be done for each direction of travel Analysis of accident records.
6. All cases
separately. For this, the staff should be divided into.two
parties for every shift. Each type of vehicle, e.g., car, Note All traffic volumes/intensities should be expressed in numbers
truck, bus, etc., should be counted separately. by vehicle type and not in tonnes.
.:HJJ:~titl?; .: :
- ,.._........_. ......-·-
'J~'JJ
'Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 64 Traft1c and Traffic Control Devices 65
4.1.5. Origin and destination surveys : When p!anning a about ongm, destination, purpose of trip, number and purpose of
new road, carrying out extensive improvemen.s to an existing road or halts within the town and also the route followed inside the town.
when a bypass is contemplated, simple census cannot serve the
purpose and it may be necessary to collect information about the 4.1.5.4. Only a proportion of the drivers, sys!ematically sampled
origin and destination of tr;:tffic passing through the area in which the is interviwed. Generally, the survey should be for a peroid. of two/
road is located. The origin and destination data should cover all road three days and should cover about 20 per cent of vehicles. (For
likely to be affected by the proposed scheme. furthur details refer IRC: I 02).
Depending upon the size of the town, accuracy required, etc. 4.1.6. Traffic projection : Traffic counts and 0-D surveys
the survey can be carried out by one of the following methqds would provide information on present traffic (or possible diverted
traffic in case of new roads). For design purposes, the traffic should
i) Registration plate method be pt'ojected for the future horizon year which may be 10-20 years for .
major routes and 5-l 0 years fo:r less important roads. The growth
ii) Tag and disc method factor can be assessed on the basis of observed traffic trends in the
recent years and other economic indicators. In the absence of any
iii) Roadside interview method reliable data, a compound growth rate of7.5 per cent per annum may
be assumed.
4.1.5.1. Registration plate method : In this method recording
of registration number of vehicles and time of entry and exit of the 4.2. Capacity and Design Service Volumes for Different
inbound and outbound vehicles are noted .:!own by the observers
posted separately at each survey point. The method has the advantage
that it does not cause any inconvenience to the traffic and is suitable
.
Important befinitions
.
Categories of Roads
4.1.5.3. Roadside interview method: In this method inbound 3. Level-of-Service (LOS) is defined as a qulitative measure
describing operational conditions within a traffic stream
vehicles are stopped at the survey points and information on tirne of '· and their perception by drivers/passen~ers.
interview, t,.;pe of vehicle, registration number, etc. are noted down
by the ob,.erver. Then the observer puts questions in a polite manner
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 66. Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 67
Level-of-Service definition generally describes these service volume should be taken as 50 per cent of the given values in
conditions in terms of factors, such as, speed and travel Table 4.6. ··
tim~, freedom to manoeuvre, traffic interruptions,
comfort, convenience and safety. Six levels*-of-servi.ce Table 4.7. Recom~ended design service for intermediate-lane
are recognized commonly, designated from • A to F'
with Level-of-Service 'A' representing the best operating S.No. Terrain Curvature (Degrees Design Service
condition, i.e., free flow and Level-of-Service •p• the per kilometre) volume in· PCU/day
worst, i.e., foiced or break-down flow.
I. Plain Low (0-50) 6,000
f-'or details refer IRC: I 06 - "Guidelines for Capacity of Urban 5,800
High (above 51)
Roads in Plain Areas" and IRC:64 - "Guidelines for Capacity
of Roads in Rural Areas". 5,700
2. Rolling ' Low (0-100)
High (above 101) 5,600
Roads in Rural Areas
3. Hilly Low (0-200) 5,200
4.2; I. Recommended design service volume for single-lane, 1
4,500
High (above 20 1)
intermediate-lane and two-lane roads in rural areas are given in
Tables 4.6, 4. 7 and 4.8 respectively.
Table 4.8. Recommended design service volumes
Table 4.6. Recommended design service volumes for single for two-lane roads
.. lane roads
S.No. Terrain Curvature (Degrees Design
S.No. Terrain Curvature (Degrees Suggested Design Volume in PCU/day
per kilometre) Service Volume in
PCU/day Low (0-50) 15,000
I. Plain
High (above 51) 12,500
Plain Low (0-50) 2000
High (above 51) 1900 2. Rolling Low (0-100) 11,000
~ Fligh (above 101) 10,000
2. Rolling Low (0-100) 1800
High (above 101) 1700 3. Hilly Low (0-200) 7,000
High (above 201) 5,000
3. Hilly Low (0-200) 1600
High (above 201) 1400 4.2.3. The values in Table 4.7 are applicable for 5.5 m wide
black-topped pavements with good usable shoUlders on either side;
4.2.2. The values in Table 4.6 are applicable for 3.75 m wide
black-topped pavements with good quality shoulders, such as, moorum 4.2.4. The values recommended above are based on the
shoulders of minimum 1.0 m width on either side. When the pavement assumptions that the road has 7 m wide carriageway and good
is not black-topped the design service volume will he lower by 20- earthen shoulders are available. The capacity figures relate to peak
30 per cent. In locations where low quality earthen shoulders are hour traffic in the range of 8-10 per cent and LOS 'B'.
available (such as, earthen shoulders made of plastic soil), th~ design
:~g}!·ffl~iH> ._,
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 68 Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 69 .
4.2.5. The capacity of two-lane roads can be increased by Roads in Urban Areas
providing paved and surfaced shoulders of at least 1.5 metre width on
either side. Provision of paved shoulder results in slow moving traffic 4.2.8. Design service volumes for urban roads in plain areas
being able to travel on the shoulder w.hich reduces the interferen-ce to for different pavement widths are given _in Table 4.10.
fast traffic on the main carriageway. Under these circumstan~b. l5
per cent increase in capacity can be expected .vis-a-vis ·values given Table 4.10. Recommended design service volume
in Table 4.8. · . (PCUs per hour)
Sr. Type of Carriageway Total design service volumes
4.2.6. Where shoulder width or carriageway. width on a two-
No. for different categories of
lane roads are restricted, there will be a certain reduction in capacity. . urban roads
Table 4.9 gives the recommended reduction faCtors on this account
Arterial * Sub- Co Hector**'*
over the capacity values given in Table 4.8.
Arterial**
Table 4.9. Capacity reduction factors suggested for substandard
lane and shoulder width on two-lane roads l. 2-Lane (one-way) . 2400 1900 1400
2. 2-Lane (two-way) 1500 1200 900
Usable* 3.50 m 3.25 m 3.00 m. 3. 3-Lane (one-way) 3600 2900 2200
shoulder width lane lane lane 4. 4-Lane Undivided (two-way) 3000 2400 1800
5. 4-Lane Divided (two-way) 3600 2900
6. 6-Lane Undivided (two-way) 4800 3800
..... :;::1.8
1.2
l.OO
0.92
0.92
0.85
0.84
0.77
.. 7.
~
8.
6-Lane
8-Lane
Divided (two-way)
Divided (two-way)
5400
7200
4300
I offence.
·.- ~ .~.: ':.. :. -:.::'."~"i-~::--:·.. :.«.:.::::·~-".·:~···:: .. ::_~·'>::-~3.?5~~=::::: ~:::.~. ·.,;""'"· -·~·~'f. d<.....~ ."\..~ ;>...i.......il"",-'!"~~
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 71
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 70
4.3.6. Colour : Colour of signs should be as shown on
Cautionary!Warning Warn road users· of the existence of detailed drawings, IRC:67. The reverse should be painted grey. The
; certain hazardous conditions. sign posts (except for level crossing signs) should be painted in 25
em wide bands alternately black and white.
Informatory For information and guidance of road
• users.
4.3.7. Urban locations: In urban locations, the warning signs
should be located at about 50 metre away from the points of hazard.
· 4.3.3. Sizes of sign~: The recommended sizes for the traffic
Distance may be increased or decreased to suit site conditions. The
signs are shown in Table A. i 1. Two sizes of mandatory and cautionary
siting of signs may be made as indicated in Table 4.12
signs have been prescribed. The normal size is to be used for main
roads in rural areas, and the smaller size for less important roads in
4.J.8'. Mandatory/regulatory signs : Some ofthe mandatory
rural areas and roads in urban areas. On expressways, bigger than signs are shown in Fig. 4.1.
·normal sizes may be used.
4.3.9. Cautionary/warning signs A few of the Cautionary/
Table 4.11. Sizes for traffic
Warning signs are shown in Fig. 4.2. (a, b and c).
Height/Diameter/Side
Sign Normal sized Small sized 4.3.10. Informatory signs : A few of the Informatory signs
em em are shown in Fig. 4.3.
·~
1\~ • ,_;~~'· A~-~
90!
··~A~·""· --
'
.'1
"!
_.
L_ , ,..., ~
A)y
1
' .-· ----.ol I<--- 000 ___, 900 -~
1--- 750--f 1--- 750--f 1 - - 750--f
1---- - ----{ 1--------f 1------ --------{ PEDESTRION
NARROW NARROW
RIGHT TURN U-TURN OVERTAKING -ROAD AHEAD ·BRIDGE ·CROSSING
PROHIBITED PROIDBITED PROHIBITED i
~
1100
l---'-----470------1 1 - - 750---i
l---600'---i --900-- GAP.IN MAJOR ROAD MEN AT
COMPULSORY SPEED .LIMIT HORN '
.~ MEDIAN AHEAD WORK
KEEP LEFT PROHIBITED ''
Fig. 4.2. (a) Some of the cautionary signs
Fig. 4.1. Some of the mandatory/regulatory signs
4.3.12. Colour scheme 4.3.12.3. Colour scheme for facility information signs and
parking. signs shall be as per IRC:67.
4;3.12.1. Colour scheme for manadatory/regulatory and > •
·cautionary warning signs shall be conform . to IRC:67 "Code of 4.3.13. Private participation in provision of retro-reflective
Practice for Road Signs". ro'ad signs. ·
DIRECTION SIGN
ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGN
....
4.4.3.2. The commonly used colour for road markings are 4.4.5. No overtaking zones: No overtaking zones on horizontal
. .
ow, y.rhite a11d black. The usage of these is summarised in Tabl~ and vertical curves are marked in Figs. 4,8 (a) and 4.8 (b) respective{y..
~- . .
Barrier distance on no overtaking zone is given in Table 4,14.
Upto 45 126 75
46-55 150 100
56-65 180 120
66-75 210 145
76-85 240 170
86-95 270 190 A. SINGLE BROKEN LINE
96-105 300 215
More than 105 330 240
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 80 Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 81
"
0
0 .0
Fig. 4.5~ .Centre line and lane line marking for urban areas
.82 '
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices Traffic and Traffic Control Device:s 83
17
AE
~
AW
.
(a) HORIZONTAL CURVE
.
=
I
AE CW AW
--=::::---::..-:.
MINIMUM
MINIMUM SIGHT DISTANCE
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 84 Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 85
DOUBLE
. STOP
~ L~~,~~!~L::~ ·I t:t~s«o
WORD MESSAGE
~ME u~s
J"' liHE SE"'E:NT
t.5 CAP
.
Fig. 4.10. Markings at signal controlled urban Intersections
.
Fig. 4~9. Stop line markings 'fot' use with stop sign
OUTER SEPARATOR ~i Om
r
6rn
==
1-------+--WARNING UNE
ATLEAST7
LINE SEGMENTS
...
Fig. 4.12. Markings for give way lines
4. 7. Road Intersedions
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t.£1(;'111~,£1SII'CC~
IAANIIC I.M
J OBSTRUCTIOC\I APPROACH
MARKING .
I
I
,. LANE LINE MARKING IN
FRONT OF~
lANE t,INE MARKING ~~ Til Be PROVIDED ONt.V
WIDTH IS 3 LINE'S OR MORE
---
. ..
~ IIARIONC
AS PER RG. U7
!lilt: Gl"lDDI. IIMDCllll[ • ~
IIIli Tl( 111( 11001 fUll ~
Nl.lSIO " IIIISfll'f' • tttt
II
LANE LINES SOUO FOR
MINI- LENGtH OF :JOn\
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Fig. 4.18. Protected right· turn lane
11 ll.l ::=:.(W_ ..
11:1::::~-=-~a
t.:.. ·.~:
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Fig. 4.19. Typical road markJngs at rotaries
=--
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a) FOUR ARMED INTERSECTION
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:;:) ...;
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Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 100 .·raffle and Traffic Control Devices 101
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"C::
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Notes : i) Obstruction shown as [81 z ..,~~;:;; ~
~ .._ E--~ u.....,t
:ie'i!:
o::li.5
ii)
iii)
For speeds more than 60 kph. L = 0.63><S><W
For speeds 60 kph or less; L
WS 2
150 =
·~~
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::> ....
0 "'="
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;;e
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Where S = 85m percentile speed in kph
W
Minimum length of
=
offset distance in m
·
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...... 0 --'-
I ~~~
;! 0~
"' .........
L =. 30m in Urban Area
= 60m in Rural Area
Length 'L' strould be extented as required by
sign distance considerations.
w
100
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~~ 0 r l
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f i
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~-<1----4.5<'<1 J lim---.........,.
_j
(a) PARALLEL PARKING
E_OGE OF CARRIAGEWAY
KERB-WITH PARKING
RESTRICTION MARKINGS
. ·~
1·•. MINIMUM· LENGTH OF. BOX
15M TO BE INCREA:SEC IN·
STAGES OF 2M UPTO
MAXIMUM OF 40M
~1570~
<'~
600~• •
... ~OJ]~
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(b) ANGLED PARKING j_
2C!>O. I
EDGE Of' CARRIAGEWAY
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Traffic and TrafficControl Devices '104
.
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LESS THAN~
100 WIDE - ~·
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Fig. 4.30. Typical markings on objects in and adjacent to the roadway
.;.L
SCAl£: 2cen- 1m
WHITE ROUND l
REFLECTOR ~ - - ·-
~
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ll
RECTANGUlAR
WHITE 1
7.5 em DIA. J REFLECTOR
.-+. :·
. . ~ 112x8Cm 0
. ...,g
fe 0
PAINTED BLACK
f~~
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BLACK
AHD
AND WHITE STRIPES YELLOW
15Cm WIDE 150 RED REFLECTORS STRIPS
lXI 1o-1scm DtA.
<
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'
... •• J
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{a) DELINEATOR WITHOUT (b) DELINEATOR WITH (c) DEUNEATOR WITH (SAME DESIGN TO BE USED (LEFT) (RIGHT)
REFLECTOR CIRCULAR REFLECTOR RECtANGULAR RELECTO BOTH ON LEFT AND RIGHT
SIDE OF THE ROAOJ
TYPE1 TYPE2
FIU.ED WITH .I:ARJ'fWPTo 5 Cm Fig. 4.34. Hazard markers
FROM TOP AND RI:MAJNING
FILLED WITH 1:4:8 CEMENT
·coNCRETE OR SAND CEMENT
MORTAR 1:4 TO PREVENT . RED BORDER
P.EROOLATION OF WATER WHITE BACKGROUND
R£0 REFLECTORS
. WHITE REFLECTORS 7.5Cm &Cmi)(A.
..
;;.
..
~
(a) (b)
, .. ReD BOROER
,.._~~~.
L:z!;;i~• RED REFLECTORS
r.semou... y
PAINTED WHITE § .
_]E--·
•
~GROUHO
7.5 Cat 0U...
REFLECToRs
MINTED WHITE
··~
(c)
' fen
Fig. 4.33. Roadway indicators Fig. 4.35. Typical designs of object markers
._·;·x~>~~-~-·~;-~ _· _---~~-~~:..: .;.:~ ntt~
< ::»
j
. .....
~
0
(2) At-grade intersections may be sub-divided
I .... .
::::. i5 ::r::: '"'
.... ~
0
staggered, staggered and
.nO .... >-
0: s
...
foiJ
0 · 1-.
c
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skewed, and multiway. ·
i! .., ;::.
1-
z. ~ < 0
....-
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0
1- N
.,
s:
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~ >• "".....
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0 0 0 travel paths .
z X w a:
.,<-., «...
1-
0 w
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tn 0
g~j
In
0""
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<
a: I < .5"" adjust their speeds rather
0 0 14 <
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0
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Ze ,...., ::» Cll ...x z <
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g¥ .... 0
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w
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theoretically no delay
occurring on the major
~
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.... . .... . road and vehicles on minor
road are cpntrolled by
"GIVE WAY" or "STOP"
lo ~ ~ .:1tul sign).
't:l
't:l
0
z ·o
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J.-· '~----~ 0 .
.s
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250 vehicles per hour in one direction only.
·a
~
i!. 4.7.4. L The safety of traffic can be ensured only if the
I r..: 'F, visibility is full and unimpeded along the intersecting roads. To avoid
<""l
J
.,;,
c::n
ei:
I
!
l
collisions, sufficient sight distance should be available along the
intersecting anns and their included comers. The minimum visibility
f
triangles should be clear of any obstruction upto a height of 1.2
J f
metres above the roadway. Minimum eligibility distance along major
I-.
-•
....
0:::
J
I
roads at priority intersections on rural roads is given in Table 4.15.
I" 113
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices ll2 ~
[!;
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices
~
road markings. Such intersections areo known as priority intersections. ~
Fig. 4.39, explains the visibility triangle at priority intersections. ~
II
4.7.5. Radii of curves
~ ~ s~~~'-'-~~€-- :.... -
4. 7.5.1. The design of intersection curves affects the speed and
the ease o·f vehicle _turning. Curve_ radii, th_e~efore, sh':'_Uld ensure f
~
~---------~----
-- -"-- - -
_, MA.iOR ROAD
~
SPEED OF THE MAJOR.ROAD
-~I
~-- --- ~--......
50
75
100
41
50
57
d:t 125 62
150 64
Str;:tight
Fig. 4.38. Minimum sight triangle at uncontrolled
intersections \
--
FAVOUR ROAD
---.-.- :;::_
OF HIGHER
CATEGORY
PROVIDE
ADEQUATE SIGHT
Fig. 4.40. Gap in median at juaction DISTANCE
I
(.71 0 (.71
'- '-
~
....:;,.. 1
r - gt.:\. 010~:~
..,- -- '/
-..."
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0 3no11so
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=
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0
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a m
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= lS-
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en
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Traffic and Traffic Control Devices Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 119
(3) Road intersections on low-volume roads, e.g. Village proforma, which is to be · used for the purpose of
Roads a~d ODRs can be designed without much data, by providing reporting the compositional and directional break up
left tunu9g curves of minimum radius 1 1 m. Suitable designs of the and computing the volume in PCUs for one leg of a four
type can be prepared for repetitive application on such roads. The legged intersection, is given in Table 4. J 8.
same principle can be applied even to the right angled (or near about . ....
For converting vehicles into PCUs, equivalency factors
right anlged) junctior. of a low-volume road with a major highway_
gi':en in ~able 4. 1 should be used. Separate report
(4) On m~re important roads, e.g., National Highways, sheets will be needed for the other legs of the intersection.
State Highways, and those having large tuming movements, however The volume of the above traffic in terms of number of
it will be necessary to design the intersections individually based 0 ~ vehicles and in PCU should ther be reflected in the
fac.tual data. Essentia! data req'!-lired for the purpose are detailed in diagrams sh~wn in the Fig. 4.44 and Fig. 4.45 .. If the
Table 4.17. numbers of legs in the intersection are 3 or more than
4, these figures should be suitably modified.
Table 4.17. Essential data required for design of road
intersections (iv) In the urban/sub-urban areas and intersection near villages
with substantial pedestrian movements, the peak hour
(i) An index/location plan in the scale of about I: I 0,000 to data on persons crossing the intersecting road arms
I :20,000 showing the intersection under consideration should be collected for the design of a well planned
and the road/rail/river network in the area to the extent pedestrian crossing facility at the intersection.
of about 5 km on each side of junction. .
Intersection design data .. 4 .... •
(ii) A base plan of the intersection site in the scale of I :500 Peak hour design traffic in no. of vehicles pea~ hours
where two or three intersections are located close Name a location of intersection
together, additional base plan to a scale of I: I ,000
should be prepared showing all the intersections affected. F: Fast
It is important to maintain this scale which is being
s: Slow
TF: Tobl Fost
adopted as a measure of unifonn!ty and also to ensure TS: Tciol Slow
that sufficient length of roads and fairly detailed account
of existing features are shown in a drawing sheet of
manageable size. The existing roads and salient features,
like, road land boundary, location of structures trees,
service lane, etc., should be shown for a length of about
200 m for each road merging at the intersections. If the
terrain is not plain and/or there is too much of variation
of ground level at the site, contours at 0.5 metre interval
should also be marked on the base plan and additional
longitudinal sections given along the centre line of
intersecting roads.
(iii) The peak hour design traffic data should give its
compositional and the directional break-up. A sample Fig. 4.44. Peak hour traffic flow diagram in number of vehicles
fraffic and Traffic Control Devices 120 Traffic and Tn1ffic Control Devices 121
TS TP'
-~\\
--- ..... _____ _
~
---·-
TP' TS
Ct.
t.
LCCHNO
MTH 011' MOVING MOTOIII
WMCLC -
....1111<1!:0 Vi!:HICU: -
,-IXCO OIIJCCT ---
151
D
71MC- A·-·
-Me:HT- O•O'IV, I-ICY, W•w.l"
fO•fOM
.
I'CD£STAIAH f'ATH ---- ...
f'ATAL 0 0Y£1n"VRHt:O - - WttATHP- C.CLCAII, ,-.,-OCI.Aot!IAIN
(v)
Fig. :1.45. Peak hour traffic flow diagram in PCUs
...,.,.~HO
N"f'~
A~H'"G
TYH:S
AT AICIHTJI.NOI.I
......... DIAIIC1'IOH
Of'P. DNII«CTION
FATAl
OA'I"LIOHT
~...~ 101';~
I 2
I
TOTAl
i
I
HIOHT
FATAl ~~~ ~OTA•
I I
I
1
z
I
I
FAT~
TOTAL
FAt-·~~
a :1-
2
I
-
•
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I
and also the present and future land use in the vicinity H:OI($TAIAN ACC::IOCNTS
I"IJCIID O.JCCT ACCIOIENTS
I I I
•
of intersection shall be given.
OTHI!:A i!.CCIOIU4TS
••::,-.:.·:;::;.•• -~-:•.":,·~--
·:.·~ ··~·.-:"· .• ·.··-:.:-:.c...-.·-.• -.~:..:~".:": -:.:-:-::-:::: ....... ·,: ~ .:..-. ·; -: : ,:._:;:::·.:...-:::';~:;::,":r_·.):.-,."':"··:;::::;.::;:.-;:;:-_____,____ ~_.~.~--':-·-~- ~-
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 122 Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 123
(7) The pavement in the intersection area is subject to large 3. Agricultural tractor, 1.50
horizontal forces (more so in the case of rotary intersections) because light commercial
of turning mvvement of vehicles. High stability mixes should be used vehicles
for pavintf these areas. On rotary intersections, it will atso be
advantageous to adopt cement concrete pavement. 4. Trucks, buses 3.00
Table 4.18·. Profo-rma for presenting peak hour traffic data for 5. Tractor-trailer, 4.50
design of Intersection truck trailer units
Total Fast
B
each approach for atleast two hours in the morning and I Warrant I - Minimum vehicular volume
two hours in the evening during peak periods; ~ Warrant 2 - Interruption of continuous traffic
Warrant 3 - l"vfinimum pedestrian volume
iii)
iv)
Pedestrian volume counts on each cross walk during the
same periods as vehicular counts in para (ii) above and
also during hours of highest pedestrian volumes.
f
"
. v) A condition diagram showing details of the physical 4.9. Interchanges
layout including such features as intersectional
geometries, channelisation, grades, sight distance 4.Q.l. An interchange is a grade separated intersection with
restriction, bus stops and routings, parking conditions, con(\ecting roadways (ramps) for turning tmffic between highway
pavement markings, street lighting, drive ways, location approaches.
of nearby rail-road crossings distance to nearest signals.
,I
utility poles and fixtures, and adjacent landuse, etc. An interchange will be necessary at all crossings of a highway
which is to be developed to completely access controlled standard.
vi) A collision diagram showing accident experienced by An interchange may also be justified when at grade intersection fails
type, location direction of movement, severity, time of to handle the volume of traffic or when h.igq rate of fatal and major .u
I
day, date and day of week for at least one year. accidents at an intersection do not T;espond.. to other traffic control or f
improvement measures'. Interchanges are expensive to construct and ~~
4.8.1.2. The following data are also desirable. for a more a major factor influencing the cost is the type of arrangements made 4
:)
precise understanding of the operation of the intersection and may be for various traffic movements. Generally, the interchange is considered
obtained during periods specified in para 4.8.1.1 (ii) above : · necessary when the total traffic of ail the arms of the intersection is
in excess of 10,000 PCUs per hour.
i) Delay in seconds per vehicle determined separately for
•'
each appro2.ch. _ 4.9.2. Types of Interchanges : Interchages are generally
described by the pattern of various turning roadways or ramps, which
ii) The 85th percentile speed of vehicles on the controlled determine their geometric configuraion. The various types of
approaches at a point near to the intersection but interchanges and their brief salient features are described below.
unaffected by the control.
a) Trumpet Interchange : This is the simplest interchange
iii) Pedestrian delay time for at least two 30 minute oeak form adaptable to 'T' or 'Y' intersections [Fig. 4.47 (a)J.
pedestrian delay periods of an average week-day or like
periods of a Sunday or Saturday. b) 'Diamond Interchange : This is the simplest of 4-leg
interchange designs and is particularly suit<"d for major-minor highway
4.8.2. Traffic control signals on an :ntersection should not be intersection: It is the least costly and will be found ideal f'or most of
installed unless one or more of the followi,ng signal warrants are met: tl:ie cases both in urban and rural areas ((Fig. 4.47 (b)].
~"..,....~.,.......,.---~-"-=.----~--~~-~:<;;,.'t"'!~-.,..C'"'t.,.<:::.-.oo • .-"".v•;...-::.-~-v-.-"~~.;;;,;;.ty;;;.:-,:::_~~::..;:.;;i:.~;;_~;:..s;~---.--.:.~-E<."-~-;s:;:;f•?:~f:;,:.;::~·?~'?ii"'?];f;:;:,#;:0;,":;;.."'-;;T::7_:;-~:::-.~~':/ -~-- ·•• ·:•;:-•;"; ·"'!·'f:;':~7 ~::..--:.:.::;~::.;·;-.;;_;;;..~:::;;:,-:;:;::;:::.:;:~:;:::::;~.~~":-"::~~>:-::'-"'-: -~.-:::-.:::.·..·..• >~--:: .. :-:;.:,.;. ",.·." '.::-;;<':/;'.;~t".,~~~"i'~~~~4":£
•• .::_'":::-:••
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 126 Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 127
I
DIAGONAL e) Rotary Interchange ' This type of design is particularly
CONNECTION · , ;c' g~~~JCTION suitable where a number of roads intersect at the interchange and
NOTE
THE DIRECT RAMP SHOWN DOTTED
IS FOR ILLUSTRATION AND DOES NOT
·r'
•I DIAGONAL
CONNECTION
where sufficient land is available [Fig. 4.47 (e)].
FORM A PART OF THE TRUMPET f) Directional Interchange : Directional interchanges have ·
INTERCHANGE
. . (a) Trumpet Interchange ramps for right turning traffic which follow the natural direction of
movement, this type of design requires more than one structure, or a
3-level structure. Though, operationally more efficient than other
designs, these generally tum out to a very expensive.
{d) Partial Cloverleaf 4.9.4. For further details refer IRC:92 "Guidelines for the
(c) Full Cloverleaf
MINOR ROAD
Design of Interchanges in Urban Areas''.
ELEVATED ROTARY
[MAJOR ROAD
4.10. Road-=Rail Level Crossings
l
(e) Rotary Interchange
safety. Road-rail level crossings are classified i~to five types (Special,
A, B, C & D Classes) depending upo_!l the importance of the road,
Fig. 4.47. Types of interchanges volume of road traffic and number of trains passing per day, etc. Of
these, first four types of Railway Level Crossings are for controlling
I
.' : ;
: ~ \
.::i:;H~~~~~{ .·
129
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices Traffic and Traffic Control Devices·
128
road vehicular traffic, whereas, fifth classification is for control 0 rJ"' 4.48. Types of longitudinal roadside safety barriers which could be
cattle movement and pedestrian traffic. In actual practice, the used are
classification is decided mutually by the Railway and Road Authorities.
The angle of crpssing between centre line of the road and that of rails • i) "W" beam type steel· barrier
shoutd not ordinarily be sharper than 45 degree for vehicular traffic, . ii) Thrie beam type steel barrier
whereas, for the cattle crossing and footpaths, the angle of crossing iii) Concrete barrier
should be 90 degrees.
TRAVELLED WAY SHOULDER FILL SECTION EMBANKMENT
iii) Flashing signals should be provided on both sides of the ~ o.sl r l / J / A ~:A,.It':.'S!L . . ..! ll / /1 2 =1
crossing, if required as per site considerations; ffi :;;:-
iv) Approaches to Railway level crossing should be made ~
z
~
-w-
1
0.4 2 1,.:1 g.
.
::NQ Overt~ing Zones" and necessary signs installed ~
~
accordingly on either approach, and Ul ~
~ 0
~ 3:1 ~
v) Grade separations should be provided to replace the
existing level crossings if the product of Average Daily (3 0.3 f-
0
~
zw
Traffic (fast vehicles only) and the number of gate 0... ~ ~
closures per day exceeds 50,000 in the design year. 0 ~
Ul z.:
However, for the new constructions, such as, ~u . ~c
BARRIER HOT WARRANTED FOR EMBANKMENT ! Ill!
realignments and bypasses grade separations should be HOWEVER CHECK BARRIER N'EEO FOR OTHER t 6:1 ~
ROAOSIOE HAZARDS. ~ I
provided if this figure exceeds 25,000 in the design
year.
1 I I
0.1
For more details, refer IRC:39 "Standards for Road-Rail Level
Crossings".
0.0 I
0 3 s 9 12 18
4.11. Roadside Safety Barriers
FILL SECTION HEIGHT (m)
Fig. 4.48. Warrants for roadside barriers on embankments
4.11.1. The longitudinal roadside barriers are basically meant
to shield two types of roadside hazards, i.e., embankment and f
roadside obstacles and also from preventing the vehicles veering off Typical details of these barriers and the guidelines for their
the sharp curves. The warrants for fill section in terms of its height provision are given in Ministry's Circular No. RW/NH-33022/l/94-
and slope needing protection with roadside barriers are shown in Fig. DO.III dated 24.6.94.
-··.-.·.•-;·<~--
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 130 Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 131
4. f2. Pedestrian Facilities locations on straight reaches near intersections, schools, hospitals,
railway stations, bus stops, overpasses sub-ways, central reserves,
4.12.1. l>edestrians are more vulnerable to traffic hazards than etc.
any other category of road user. Therefore, it is necessary to provide
for facilities for the pedestrian traffic as a measure of safety. The 4.12.4. At-grade pedestrian crossings : Pedestrian must be
various pedestrian facilities a;e listed oelow :- given their legitimate right to cross the road at suitable locations._ The
use of controlled or uncontrolled crossing would depend upon the
i) Footpaths ~ · volume of pedestrian traftic. The width of crossings are generally 2-
ii) Quard rails 4 metres wide with zebra marking and flashing signals. At signalised
iii) Pedestrian crossings intersection it is desirable to provide pedestrian crossings with a
iv) Grade separated crossings, i.e., subways/foot-over bridges separate signal for the pedestrian traffic. Fig. 4.49 shows t_Jte z~bra .
marking and other details for pedestrian crossing at an uns•gn·aftsed
4.12.2. Footpath (side-walk) intersection/locations other than intersections. Fig. 4.50 shows type
de">ign of four arm channeliscd intersection showing zebra crossing.
i) These are generally provided in urban/semi-urban
situations where sufficient pedestrian movement is 4.12.5. Grade separated pedestrian crossings : Where the
anitcipated. These should be provided on both sides of vo·lumes of pedestrians and the vehicular traffic;: are very large and
road and above the level of the carriageway separated grade c;-ossing is found inadequate, grade separated crossing, i.e.,
by non-mountable kerbs. foot over bridge or subways may be considered. The subways have
ii)
.
The width of footpaths depends upon peak hour.
. "
pedestrian flows expected to use the facilit}" and could
be fixed with the help of guidelines given in Table 4.19
been found more popular than the foot over bridges. At signalised
intersections, grade separated pedestrian facility may be warranted
where insertion of an exclusive pedestrian phase would increase the
cycle time for traffic signlas beyond 120 seconds.
subject to a minimum footpath width of 1.5 metre.
4. 12.6. For further details refer lRC: l 03 "Guidelines for
Pedestrian Faclities"
Width of side-walk Capacity in number of persons per hour 4.13. Maximum Permissible Weights and Dimensions. for
(metre) All in one [n both
Road Design Vehicles
direction directions
4.13.1. The Ministry vide its Notification dated 18.10.96 has
1.5 1200 800 specified t~1at in relation to the transport vehicles (other than motor
2.0 2400 1600 cabs) of various categories detailed in Table 4.20, the maximum
2.5 3600 2400 gross vehicle weight . (GVW) and the maximum safe axle weight
3.0 4800 3200 (SAW) of each axle of such vehicles shall, having regard to the size,
4.0 6000 4000 nature and number of tyres and maximum weight permitted to be
carried by the tyres as per Rule 95 of the Central Motor Vehicles
4.12.3. Pedestrian guard-rails : Pedestrians guard rails are Rules, 1989, be :
provided to restrict the movement of pedestrian traffic to footpaths
and to channelize their crossing the main carriageways at i) vehicle manufacturers rating of the gross vehicle weight
predetermined locations. These are generally provided at hazardous and axle weight repectively for each make and model as
_·{:Jrm::. --- ~jj}{~lli?f ~-: ;.Lj: ··>:~:~:2>. .::::::::jJ~: .. -:~~::;·:::::i -.;_ :j:~!tli:~;\:.,. '·:i_~g:;;::~~.fJ:::: ' ·.·. ~;::: ~Sl?~
133
Traffic and Traffic Control. Devices l32 "Jf _Traffic and Traffic Control Devices
..... r
Mlv<. 1.25m
PEDESTRIAN CROSSING SIGN
AS PER IRC 67
I
I
~
I
I
13.Sm
Ll
·_J
500 j!O
STUDS
Raijing __
:----"'1
1' •
!It""----1
,..--PL DESTRIAN CROS S SIGN
:r:
:=
ct
g
NOTE:
,,ltlllil'lil~~
;_ ~~ THE HIGHEST POINT OR 6mm AT THE
...: w ·•· EDGES.
2/; ~~_1
--
1
3. IN EXCEC'TIONAL CASES 9.0m
~ n n n In n ~ THF !:liS' -~NCE 'A' SHALL BE 2-3m
"'
()"
(j --c;================
-
~
w
C)
0
w
I ·.11N.2.5m -
(a) PEDESTRIAN CROSSING AT AN U~.,IGNALISED
J INTERSECTiON
~----- N'}J!IIIBI
'I PEDESTRIAN
lJioo .,i
0~~~ I
... .
CROSS SIGN
I
I
....,
8::a._
:r:
!:.;:
u•••ct. •
J
13.5mii
l--
I
I
1
5 5 0M 00 0 0 0 5
J.Sm
I
J
f2f2T~--~······f2
Fig. 4.50. Type design of four arm channelised intersection
MAX.1.25m •13.5m
showing arrangement of zebra crossings
~ .. 1 ...
• ~,
500
J_· • • • ••
!-1.25m ·n
ONE-WAY STREET TWO-WAY STREET
duly ~ertified by the testing agencies for compliance of Provided that the maximum gros~ vehicle weight in respect of
rule 126 of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, or all such transport vehicles, including multi-axle vehiclesfshall not be
. more. than the sum total of all the maximum safe axle weight put
ii) the maximum gross vehicle weight and the maximum together subject to the restrictions, if any, on the maximum gross
safe axle weight of each vehicle respectively as specified vehicle weight given in Table 4.20.
in Table 4.20 below for the relevant category. or
Transport Vehi::;!es Max. Max. SAW iii) Two Axle Tractor 40.2
Category GVW Three Axle Trailer
Ton!1es Tractor :
. 2 tyres on front axle 6 tonnes on front axle
l 2 3 4 4 tyres on rear axle I 0.2 tonne~ on rear
axle
I Rigid Vehicles
Trailer :
-i) Two Axle 9.00
12 tyre on 3 axle 24 tonnes on 3 axle
One tyre on front ax·te 3 ton,nes on frqnt axle
iv) Three Axle T:-actor 35.2
Two tyres on rear axle 6 tonnes- on rear axle
Single Axle Trailer
ii) Two Axle 12.0
Tractor :
· Tw0 tyres on each axle 6 tonnes on front axle .
2 tyres on front axle 6 tonnes on front axle
6 tonnes on rear axle
8 tyres on tan<iem axle 19 tonnes on rear axle
iii) Two Axle 16.2
· Trailer · ·
Two tyres on front axle 6 tonnes on front axle
8 tyre on single a>.Je 10.2 tonncs on sing)~
Four tyre:" on rear axle 10.2 tonnes on rear
axle axle
v) Three Axle Tractor 44.0
iv) Three Axle 25.0
Tandem Axle Trailer
Two tyres on frc..lt axk 6 tonnes on front axle
Tractor :
Eight tyres on rear l 9 tonnes on rear
tandem axle tandem axle 2 tyres on front axle 6 ':vnnes on front axle
8 ·tyres on tandem axle 19 tonnes -on rear
il Semi-Articulated Vehicles tandem axle
i) Two Axle Tractor 2'1.4 Trailer.:
Single Axle Trailer 8 tyre on tandem axle · 19 tonttes on tandem
Tractor : axle
2 tyres on front axle 6 tonnes on front axle III. · Truck-Trailer Combination
4 tyres on rear axle l 0.2 tonnes on rear i) Two Axle Truck 36.6
axle . Two Axle Trailer
Trailer : · Truck:
4 tyre on single axle l 0.2 tonnes on single· 2 tyres on fr..>nt axle 6 tonnes on front
trailer axle axle
ii) Two Axle Tractor 35.2 4 tyres on rear axle . l 0.2 tonnes on front
Tandem Axle Trailer axle
Tractor : Trailer :
2 tyres on front axle 6 tonnes on front axle 4 tyres on front axle 10.2 tonnes on front
4 tyres on rear axle I 0.2 tonnes on rear axle
axle 1- tyres on rear axle 10.2 tonoes on rear
Trailer : axle
8 tyres on tand~m axle 19 tonnes on Tandem I
I
axle
:;,:~::~~~r~:;:; :_ . .~~-~~~t:I~
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices Traffic a·,1d Traffic Control Devices 13!
136
4 tyres on front axle l 0. 2 tonnes on front Overall Length Motor vehicle, other than a 9.5 m
axle transport vehicle having not
8 tyres on rear tandem 19.0 tonnes on rear more than two axles
axle tandem axle
iv) Three axle truck 54.2 Transport vehicles with rigid 11.25 m
Three axle trailer (restricted frame having two or ~.10re axles
to 44.0 tonnes)
Truck: Articulated vehicle having. 16.00 m
2 tyrcs on front axle 6 tonnes on front axle more than two axles
8 tyres on rear tandem I 9 tonnes on rear
axle tandem axle Truck traitor or tractor trailer 18.00 m
I
Trailer : combination
4 tyres on front axle 10.2 tonne:; on front
axle Notes
8 tyres on rear tandem 19.0 tonnes -:::>n rear 1. Overail width of a motor Yehide is measured at right
axle tandem aX:le angles to the axis of the motor vehicle bet\v<::en
I
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices !38 Traffic and Traffic Control Dt.viccs i39
perpendicular plans enclosing the extreme points. 4.14.2. Design of check bc:.rriers is a highly case specific
However, a rear~vi.ew n1irror, or guard rail or a direction exercise and each ;:ksign has to ta:<e into :account variou:; local
jncicator (when in operation) shall not be taken into considerations including traffil: requirements and physical constraints.
consideration in measuring overall width. Yet certain degr.ec of uniformity and consistency is imperative in
0
,der to ensure desired level of safety, efficiency and economy of
2. Overall height of a motor vehicle is measured from the traffic operation.
surface on which the vehicle rests.
4.l4.3. Types or check banier.s: Different situations requiring
3. Overall length means the length of the vehicle measured different types ~f check barriers are given below :
between parallel plans passing through the extreme
projection points of the vehicle exclusive of a starting i) Check barriers on one side : This type is applicable
handle, any hood when down, any fire-escape fixed, any where checking of vehicles is required for only one
post office letter-box but measuring not more than 30 direction of traffic. i.e., while ~ntering or exiting the
em, any loader used for loading/unloading from the roof jurisdiction of an authority.
of the vehicle or any tail or indicator lamp or number
plate fixed, any spare wheel or spare wheel bracket or ii) Check barriers on both sides : This is the most
bumper fitted, any towing hook or any other fitment not commol' type design required at all inter-State border
projecting beyond any fitment mentioned above. locations and on entry into major t:Jwns or cities. This
is required where checking of comercial traffic is required
4. For more details, refer "Overall dimensions of motor in both directions for the purposes of tax collections,
vehicles'· and "Maximum permissible axle weight" under etc.
Central Motor Vehicles Rule 1989.
iii) Check barriers in urban areas : These are usually
4.13.3. Reference to the Central Government would be necessary erected for security purposes by local police.
v.·hen relaxation is required in rcspecr of particular vehicle specially·
in favour of the operator, when that vehicle has to carry loads higher 4.14.4. The design of various components of check barrier
tha!l the prescribed loads on specific routes. Such request for relaxation depends largely on the purpose for which, it is to be put up, the
shouid be accompani«d by the recommendations of the concerned le>Jgth of time it 'ikely to remain in operation, traffic volumes,
8
State Government with detailed drawing/design of the vehicle an d a permissible delays and queue lengths.
certificate of the State P.W.D. regarding v:..orthiness of the concerned
roads/bridges, culverts, etc. 4.14.5. The barriers shaH be so located as to be visible from a
sufficient distance ahead when approached from either direction. The
4.14. Check l"arriers on High\vay visihility shall at least be equal to the stopping sight distance
corresponding to the design speed of the highway on which the
4.14.1. The Indian Roads Congress as a body is totall.:t against barrier is set up.
the erectio11 of any barriers on highway:-: as the barriers act as
impediments to the smooth flow of traffic. But in the interest of road 4.14.6. Traffic volumes surveys : Seven days continuous
use,"S, the designs have been evolved by IRC so that the barr·.ers are ca:egory-wise traffic volume counts, preferably during peak season,
as less objectionable as pos~ible. hi view of this, erection of barrier may be taken at the location. If this is not possible, at ieast three days'
may be considered only \.~hen it is unavoidahle. continuous traffic volume count must , be done to work out the
average number of commercial and other vehicles to be handled at
"-- ·~~~~;H~·~:·:, ._:_
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 140 Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 141
the banieL This shall be projected for design period of 15 years (after must h'<ve a more effective control on the passage of ve 11icles and as
commissioning of facility)" such vertical cleat·ance across lay-bye below the barriers shall be 1.5
m. The barrier should be painted in alternate black and white bands
4.14.7. Parking and accumul::.tion survey There are two of 25 ern width for proper visibility.
situations in respect of this type of survey
4.14. I l Fm more details refer ·IRC:4 ( "Type Designs for
i) Where the check banier already exists, both parking Check Barriers".
accumulation and parking duration surveys need to be
carried out and queue lengths recorded for each approach 4.15. Speed Breakers
direction separately. Time required for servicing the
queue must be studied and parking survey should be 4. 15. l. Speed breakers are not permitted on National Highways
carried out continuou.;;ly for a period of three days and as these defeat the basic objective of providing an obstruction- free
data so collected projected for the design period. high speed facility.
ii) In the alternative situation when .no check barrier exists, 4.15.2. Despite clear cut policy, provision of·speed breakers is
parking demand may be estimated based on continuous beil1g insisted upon by the public. Considering the circumstances it
survey within influence area of chosen location for 24 has been decided that : ._
hours and observations made under similar conditions c
elsewhere. However, if the parking is known to occur i) Speed breakers should not be allowed at new locations
on some patticular day of the week, survey should be on National Highways. Jj
4.14.9. Lay-bye : The length of the lay-bye(s) should be iv) The rumble strips consist of interm!ttant raised
adequate to cater to peak parking demand estimat( d on volume bituminous overlays across the roadway. Raised sections
vrojections and average delays expected. can be 15-25 mm high, 200-300 mm wide and spaced
about one metre centre co centre. A series of such strips
4. 14.1 0. Barrier gates : The barrier gate(s) on the main ~ roughly 15-20 in number at one location can caution the
carriageway should preferably be electrically operated and should motorist sufficiently through combination of vibrations
permit vertical clea.-ance of at least 2.5 metres so that light motor and rumbling nois.e. Since the coarsed textured oveilays
vehicles, government vehicles ..10d military vehicles should be able to are more effective, the raised sections should consist of
'TlO'\'C without interruption. However, the barrier gate(s) on lay-bye(s) premixed carpet or bituminous surface dressing. It may
MtJ.JIMUM
~IA1UM
l H
200 ToLso
~
'2,.6oTb1.S<>
')ntft lnfl'\
R 17m
'iiiiiil
--+ h ~ 10cm
=f.,
L= 3.7m -~
......
""'·-
"" .....
=
0
"" C'd
. {a) LONGITUDINAL SECTION .::.c::
.... ..=:
....
BREAKER TO BE
CONTINUED OVER ..£-o
.a .....
THE FULL SHOULDER
WIDTH WITH g
c: .,:, ~
APPROPRIATE
BASE COURSE 1ij
c:
.2'
·-
e =
..Q
·-c..="' -o·;;;
~ (/) 1:>1)
GJ
~ "0
m
~ ~
:r:
If: I ~ I k:.~
0..
E -
e:::1 =
..c: =
0. ....
~:
....
(b) TRANSVERSE SECTION L.-
"'
:r: <.>
<::; Stl
:::1 =
E ,..c:C..
~ ...... -o
0 ....
rig. 4.52. Recommtnded specification for rounded"'butnp type of speed ·~
breaker for general traffic at preferred crossing T I "-..,. I f ?' 8 ~ :0
speed 25 km/h
~
s"" :::1
g'
"" ..c:
;: .....
1
E -c..·-
1:
C>
-ot:>1l
J h::>IO em g """ ~~
\:20 :;:1
R"-l7m~
E~
r-o
::>
= ..
s. . s=
M~ s 0.
~~m + z.Jm
- L"5.0m
- .,1<1
I
:I
j
~
(I)
"'
...J
e.... :::1s
c:t::.=
~
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Fig. 4.53. Recommended specification for hump type of speed breaker ~c: ~
.,j)
for heavy truck and bus traffic at preferred crossing speed .Q> .§ fi:
25 km/h
..,
(/) "<I"
4lP!M J\eMa6efueo
Sl
~
4.16. Access Co.ntrol 0..
E
=
:r:
4. 16.1. Effective acc~ss control along a highway facility is a
pre-requisite for preventing ribbon development. Interference from
the abutting residential and commercial establishments resultR in
congestion and increased accident risk due to numerous conflicting
movt·ments. This also results in reduced travel speerls and iower
- -~ -- ·-~··o~--":"~---~---~- •.,;:..~~·"":;.;~·;:-:_·:"'.,.:.~:-.;~_
fri!tfic and Traffic Control Device<; 146 Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 147
I
180m ' 180m -i-+------...J. IRC: 12 "Recommended Practice for Location and Layout of Roadside
~ErLECTORS Motor-Fuel Filling and Motor-Fuel Filling-cum-Service Stations"
::.?.,Zll;;.,. :120m The basic consideration governing these requirements is to minimise,
as much as possible, interference to normal flow of traffic on the road
_ by vehicles using the amenity and also to ensure safety. This
publication also stipulates that the sanctioning authority should obtain
clearance from the appropriate Road Authority for the "site and layout
before according the sanction. ·
a) Locational aspects
b) Frontage
II
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.
5~
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•I 'Ill
. I~
0 C I
cw w, I
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. s~ ~·
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en
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The frontage should be as wide as possible, the minimum
~
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Q~ c'" •< being 30m.
~0
•
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:11
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0
c) Buffer strip
... l
E be provided .
... :~ : '• i! E ·5 ~
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~ ~~ ~ ii) The outer edge of buffer strip should be along the outer
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....
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I
...
it;'
~
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edge of road land boundary for rural sections and that of
footpath or service road, if any, for urban sections.
-~ -~ u
QJ•-
em~
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~
fl ·"' (';' ·- E
}12~..8 -g
~
.., ~~'-32 m
.Q ~ ~ 5 ~ iii) The distance from the outer edge of buffer strip the
iflO
-~iS: ~-5i
2~Ecn
c:::.
_g centre line of the carriageway should not be less than
...
~
f
;:
;e~g
- iii~~ ~
~
AJ
7m where no cycle tracks are required and not less than
~ .s£~'0 :§ 12 m where cycle tracks exist or may be required in
~ \lOcn,v .D.
~ :p,2 ~ UJ ~
~ ~ to!) - ..s_
Cfl
..c:. ~ ·s: future.
rn -o~~i;' 'l5Q)e
~ ~~~;o,...;;;!;a.
.E '":;;to~~~ e:;~
ei~~~·E&-a;t:a.2 d) Layout of entrance and exit
i
Q
8Ei;"'~~EE!:-1!!
Mr--
fi ~~ ns~ ~
~(t)-~O'lYJV
==·~,e::s~=g<-::
oij.:~~~~j_;1ii
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~zz::r:Cii:S.E.!!!:Ztt::u
~~-5
The entrance and exit should be at least 9 m wide, the
ruling radius of the curve being 30 m with the absolute
minimum as 13 m.
1 I
. . J~lj_I._<-
--------------
I.
·: .'
~)------------ ----------------
!Jox>- Net::B
e) Distance of the fuel pumps from the carriageway
1 r--r----------------------------- buffer strip to edge of the strip having fuel pump should
not be less than 7 m.
I ... .: f) Drainage
•=
There should be adequate drainage arrangements in fuel
Fig. 4.56. Location and layout of motor-fuel filling and motor-fuel filling stations so that surface water .does not flow over
filling-cum-service stations
.-
=~·- ···='-~:C!~~;..:;;;.:.,.--~~--:-;;,;-:_:;:;::;::::_ ;:,.:~.;,?:..J.:-":7.~.--:.:-:. ;:.~·-~·~".
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices ISO Traffic and Traffic Cont1·ol Devices 15 l
the highway, but is collected in suitable drains and led simultaneously make a reference to the concerned State
; away to natural course. Culverts should be provided at PWD/Road Authorities and obtain approval to the
the approaches to facilitate drainage. location and layout and permission for construction of
approach road from the NH to the petrol pump. For
4.16.2.4. Types/extent of violations and iJ!fringe_ments in fadlitating proper interaction and control on installation
petrol/diesel outlet installation ofpetrol/diesel pumps, copies ofsuch references should
.
' . be endorsed to the remaining concerned Authorities.
A perusal of case studies of some of the petrol/diesel pumps
located along National Highways has revealed the following ii) As a matter of abundant precaution, the issue of 'No
deficiencies and infringements in locations, lay out, etc.: Objection (;:er1:ificate' by the District Magistrate/Licensing
·Authority should be made conditional subject to the Oil
i) Retail oulet owners having done the development work Company having obtained necessary approval/pennission
for the petrol pump and the Oil Companies having from the concemed Road Authority and signed the
energised the pump without the pump owne1·s having Licence Deed before going ahead with actual installation
obtained the prior approval of the Road Authority and of the pufl)p, and a copy of the same endorsed to the
signing of the Licence Deed with Govt. of India; Road Authority. Stipulations to this effect should be
clearly made in the N.O.C. A similar reciprocal procedure
ii) Close proximity of petrol pumps to each other; should be followed by the Road Authority while
iii) Inadequate distance of pump installation from centre according its approval.
..•
"
iv)
line of National Highway;
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 153
152
I
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 155
154''··"<f!o.'
':}'
4.18.2. Suitable sites for setting up of such wayside facilitie ·~: case the facility must be located on a sharp curve. Also,
are at first required to be identified as per broad guidelines fi ~ '
8
it should be possible to widen the carriageway of the
selection of;sites given below. Thereafter, action would require to ~r" ·• · National Highway near the selected site to 4-lanes if so
initiated for acquiring the necessary land. This land thereafter woul~·l · warranted from traffic considerations.
be offered on lease to the entrepreneurs who agree to p1·ovide the.~ ·
stipul~te_d wayside amenities as per the drawings to be approved by';: · viti) The road alignment should preferably have easy gradients
. the Mm1stry. The entrepreneurs would be required to enter into an (i in the vicinity of the complex.
agreement with the Qovemment and sign the lease on agreed terms:·
and cqnditions. The entrepreneur offering to pay highest amount of : · ix) Availability 6f infrastnictural facilities, like, drinking
lease to the Government per an~mm subject to a minimum of I 0 per :: water, electricity and drainage, etc. near the site should
cent of the land cost, could be given the land to develop wayside ' · be duly considered .
. amenities.
x) From environmental considerations, the facility should
Broad Guidelines for Selection of Sites for Passenger Oriented create minimum disturbance to the surroundings.
Wayside Amenities
xi) A~ailability of any existing petrol/repair/spare parts
i) Such facilities are to be provided along high traffic facilities near the proposed location should also be kept
density corridors of National Highways where these do in view.
not exist at present or are lacking.
xii) The type of facility should be commensurated with the
ii) Easy availability ofthe required land for infrastructure expected passenger category, e.g., at locations frequented
development should be kepi: in view. Approximate area by general· cat{Ag6ry travellers, a self-service snack bar/
required may be in the neighbourhood of 15,000 to fast food stall may be better suited, while restaurant
20,000 m 2 • type facility might be preferable for passengers of
personalised cars/deluxe buses.
iii) Site should be away from urban influence and any other
similar wayside complexes. xiii) The wayside amenity should be so planned as to allow
phased development, subject to the minimum stipulated
iv) Feasibility oflocating the facility close to scenic/historic/ scale of facilities being provided in the first instance.
tourist spots should be kept in view.
4.19. Greening of National Highway Land
v) The intended location should have good potential for
usage by road travellers/tourists. 4.19.1. As per Ministry's letter No.RW/NH-ll052/5/95-DO I
dated 26.11.96, public sector corporations/reputed private companies/
vi) Desirably, the site should be 200 to 250 metres away voluntary orgnisations-~re permitted to develop and maintain gardens/
from a road junction. tree plantations/landscaping in vacant National Highway land on
either side of the road/central verge/rotaries for beautification and
vii) Preferably, the location should be along a straight reach prevention of encroachments. For this purpose, a strip of National
of the National Highway or on a gentle horizontal curve Highway land can be allotted to reputed organisations under a
with adequate sight distance and good visibility. In no Memorandum of Understanding.
~. ;}~Williif;~ ~ -·-·-.__
~;~:;~~!~:~. ·.~.
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_ ;:.;
Traffic and Traffic Control Devices 158
I
5. PAVEMENT DESIGN
5 .1. General
....
5.2.1. Roads in embankment : As per the present policy.
construction of embanlanent of new road is done using soil from the
designated areas and/or roadway cutting rather from the roadside
borrow areas. Good engineering practice req1,1ires that the best
available material is eannarked for use in the top 500 nun portion of
the embankment constituting the subgrade. Based on the detailed ;_:
investigations for soils expected to be placed in the embankment the
;u
road should be divided into sections as dictated by soil changes. For
each section, the design should be based on the lowest CBR value
of the soil expected to be used in the subgrade. Length of each
section to be considered should not generally be less than 500 m.
Extensive studies carried out in other countries have shown A Initial traffic (commercial vehicles per day) in
that performance of flexible pavements, conditioned by the traffic, is the year of completion of construction
closely related to the elastic deflections of the pavement under the
wheel loads. Benkelman Beam Deflection technique which employs r Annual growth rate of commercial traffic
this principle is commoi.J.!y used for working out the overlay
·-
·requirements for the existing· roads in western countries. This method n Design life in years
is now adopted for design of overlay on the exi~ting highway
pavements in Indi~. F Vehicles damage factor (number of standard axles
.per commercial vehicle)
5.4: Design Traffic
D Lane distribution factor (as explained in para
5.4.1. General : The recommended method considers traffic 5.4.2.2)
in terms of the cumulative number of standard axles (8160 kg) to be
carried by the pavement dm·ing the design life. For the purpose of
structural design, only the number of commercial vehicles of gross
vehicle weight of 3 tonnes or more and their axle-loading is
5.4.2.2. Distribution of commercial traffic over the
carriageway:
It is,..l"e~ommended that National Highways and State Highways The design should be based on the •tort~. I number of
should .be designed for a period of 15 years. A shorter period of 10- commercial vehicles per day in both directions
15 years may be adopted for less important roads. Expressways and multiplied by two.
. urban roads may be des-igned for a longer life of 20 years. The traffic
growth rate should be estimated by establishing econometric models (ii) Two-lane single carriageway roads
(Ref. IRC: 108) and by studying the past trends in traffic growth
from the historical traffic data. If the same is not available the annual The design should be based on 75 per cent of the total
gro\\rth rate of traffic may be adopted as 7.5 per cent .. number on commercial vehicles in both directions.
5.4.2.1. The design traffic is considered in terms of the The design should be based on 40 per cent of the total
cumulative number of standard axles (in the lane canying maximum number of commercial vehicles in both directions.
traffic) to be carried during the design life of the road. The following
equation may be used to make the required circulation: (iv) Dual carriageway roads
:fj~
5.4.2.3. Vehicle damage factor : The vehicle damage factor to 10 msa, the Pavement Thickness chart given in Fig. 5.1 and for
(standard axles per commercial vehicles) is arrived at from axle-load traffic in the range of 10-150 msa, the pavement thickness chart
surveys on typical road sections. given in Fig. 5.2 are to be used. The design curves relate to pavement
thickness to the cumulative number of standard axles to he carried
Where sufficient information on axle .loads is not available over the design life for CBR values of sub-grade ranging from 2 per
and the project size does not warrant conducting an axle load survey, c:;ent to lO per cent. The thickness deduced from Fig. 5.1 or Fig. S.2
indicative values of vehicle damage factor as given in T_able 5.1 for the given CBR value and design traffic is the total thickness to
may be used. be provided and consists of granular subbase, granular base, and.
bituminous surfacing. The requirements for the component layers
Table 5.1. Indicative VDF values are given in paragraph 5.5.2. Based ori these, the recomineoded
designs gi-ving minimur.n thickness and compositions of pavement
Initial traffic volume· in Terrain layers for new constructions are given it1 the Pavement Design
terms of number of commercial Rolling/Plain Hilly Catalogue given in IRC:37.
vehicles pe~ day
0-150 1.5 0.5
, ~o
.
150-1500 3.5 l.5 0
"""21!.
-
..•· .
More than 1500 4.5 2.5
---
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vehicles per day in both directions expected to ply during the design
...
:1(
~ !--
year. :5
::: s
/ ~~ c:eRK ~
lO )~
5.5. Pavement Thickness and Composition I
Once the design traffic and the subgrade CBR are known, the
total thickness of pavement can be obtained directly using the
20
'
, • ... ..
DESIGN Tf.IAFFIC. msa
, • -,. .
appropriate design curve. The thickness deduced from the design Fig. 5.1. Pavement thickness design chaJ1 for traffic 1-:-18 -
curves is the physical thickness to be provided and consists of
. granular sub-base, granular base and bituminous surfacing. The 5.5.2. Pavement composition ·: The requirement of. diffi:::tcat
recommended minimum thickness and positions of component layers pavem~t courses shall conform to the provisions contained in
for new constructions is given .in Thi~kness Combination Block. Sections 400 and 500 of Ministry's Specifications. Some im.poallllllt
p·oints f_2.t guidance are as follows. ~
5.5.1. Pavement thickness design charts
;----
000
CdR2% 5.5.2.2. Base course The recommended minimum thickness
of granular road base is 225 mm for traffic upto 2 msa and 250 mm
llOO '- for traffic exceeding 2 msa.
~
aoo ·-----
- L.----- CSR,.C'W.
5.5.2.3~ Bituminous surfacing : The surfacing consists of a
v L-- l-----
~
wearing course or; binder course plus a wearing course depending
--
Ca.R S%
> cr-:--
GOO
road, the traffic rainfall, availability of ~uiprrient, etc. Generally,
~ asphaltic concrete is indicated where heavy traffic is combined with
high rainfall. Semi-dense carpet can serve well against heavy traffic
but under medium/low rainfall conditions. Open-graded premix carpet
... 00 or mix seal surfacing will do !:1 most other cases.
%0 30 so 100 •so
DESiGN·TRAFFIC, msa
Open-graded thin surfacings (upto 25 mm) are disregarded in
Fig. 5.2. Pavement thickness design chart for traffic 10-150 rnsa
computing the total thickness.
i) The sub-base material should have minimum CBR of Details of the method of evaluating the strengthening
20 per cent for cumulative traffic upto 2 ·msa and 30 requirements of flexible pavements are given in IRC:8L The revised
per cent for traffic exceeding 2 msa. procedure involves the following main operations:
ii) The thickness of the sub-base should not be less than (i) Pavement condition survey for collecting the basic
150 mm for design traffic less than 10 msa and 200 information about the road structure and based on this,
mm for design traffic of 10 msa and above. demarcation of the road into sections of more or less
equal performance. The length of each section shall not
iii) Preferably, the sub-grade soil should have a CBR of at generally be iess than 500 metres.
least 2 per cent. Where the CBR value of sub-grade is
less than 2 per cent, the design should be based on (ii) Marking I 0 equidistant points along the outer wheel
sub-grade CBR value of 2 per cent and a capping layer path (i.e. 60 ems. from the pavement edge) for single-
of 150 mm thickness of material with a minimum CBR lane road, 90 ems for two-lane road and 1.5 metre for
of 10 per cent shall be provided in addition to the sub- four-lane divided carriageway.
base.
• (iii) Conducting deflection measurements at the marked
iv) Where stage construction is adopted for pavements, the points as per CGRA procedure by placing probe of the
thickness of sub-base shall be provided to ultimate Benkelman Beam between dual wheels of a loaded truck
pavement section for the full design life. with rear axle weighing 8 170 kg and load equally
'':TtJ1
p~vement Design
169
. Pavement Design 168
D.C. Characteristic deflection
distributed over two wheels each provided with dual
tyres inflated to a pressure of 5.60 kg/em. Standard deviation
a
(iv) Ascertain annual .rainfall in the area. Also, pavement Number of deflection -measurements
n
temperature, moisture content of the subgrade,
classification of the subgrade soil at the time of taking
(vii) Calculate cumulative traffic in terms of million standard
axles for the design standard axles for the design ~
deflection measurements may be determined.
as per the following formulae
(v) Correct the d~flection values to standard temperature of
35°C and account for seasonal variation which is
Ns= 365 x A [(I +r)"-1]
dependent on annual rainfall in the area, classification X F
of subgrade soil and its moisture content at the time of
r
testing. Correction for temperature variation _is not
applicable in case of roads with thin bituminous
where
surfacings or where the road is subjected to severe
cracking or the bitumim:-us layer is substantially stripped.
Ns= Cumulative number of
standard axles for design life
(vi) For the set of 10 corrected values of deflections find
out the mean deflection ( x ), standard deviation (a) and
A= Initial traffic in the year of
tne-~ the characteristic deflection (D.C.) by the following
completion of construction in
fo-rmul<>.e: terms of..eofnmercial vehicles
Characteristic deflection (D.C.) (viii) From the graph in Fig. 5.3. find out the overlay required
for the characteristic deflection and cumuiative standard
(i) De = x + 2 (for major arterial roads, like, axles worked out as per above paras_ (vi) and (vii)
NH & S.H.) respectively. .
X Mean deflection, mm
Pavement Design l70
400
,
R=R+ I I l
k- 100
L-f- ~f-
L-v :--k- 20
_...v I- .- J,...-!- !- 10
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I II I I v 6. PROJECT PREPARATION
0
0
I I I
2
v v
.l
...
"Chtlracteristic Deflection, mm
L
Project Preperation 173
6. PROJECT PREPARATION
i) Report·
In the Report main features of the project are brought out and
different options investigated are discussed in detail together with I '
Economic Feasibility of the project and justification· of the final
. ,...,
proposal given. ~:"'
Table 6.2. Check-list of items for a highway project report 1.7. Construction Programming
1. Projed Report i) Working season
ii) Schedule of completion of work
l.l. Preliminary
i) Name of work and its scope · 1.8. Miscellaneol!S
ii) Authority and plan provisions i) Rest houses, temporary quarters and other site amenities
iii) Histroy, geography, climate, etc. . ii) Diversions and haul roads. Traffic control devices
iv) Necessity Temporary diversion of traffic during construction
v) Details of previous improvement work carried out iii) Wayside amenities
iv) Roadside plantations, turfing, landscapping
1.2 .. Road'Features v) Road safety measures : Comprehensive improvement of
i) Route selection accident prone sections. Safety in construction zones
ii) Alignment
iii) Environm~ntal factors 2. Estimate
iv) Cross-sectional elements
v) Traffic 2.1. General Abstract of Cost
2.2. Detailed Estimates for each Major Head
1.3. Road Design and Specification
i) Road design i) Abstract of cost 1';;
ii) Pavement design
iii) Masonry works
iv) Specifications
... ii)
iii)
.
iv)
Estimates of quantities
Analysis
.
of rates
.
Quarry/material ·source charts·
.• . ,;:
1.4. Drainage Faclities including Cross-Drainage StrUctures 3. Project Drawings
i) Locality map-cum-site plan ·::.:
i} General drainage conditions, HFL, ·water-table, seepage
flows ii) Strip plan showing the location of utilities, right-of-way,
ii) Surface drainage, catchwater drains, longitudinal side.drains trees and junctions, etc.
iii} Sub-surface drainage-blanket courses, sub-drains iii) Land acquisition plans
.J'
iv} Cross-drainage structures iv) Plan and longitudinal section
v) Typical cross-section sheet
1.5. Material, Labour and Equipment vi) Detailed cross-sections·
i) Sources of construction materials, transport arrangements vii) Drawings for cross-drainage structures
ii) Labour availability, amenities viii) Road junction drawings
iii) Equipment ix) Drawings for retaining walls and other structures.
1.6. Rates Note: All the important field investigation data on the basis of
i) Schdule of rates. Mention year and district to which SOR which the project proposal have been framed should fonn
is applicable • a part of the project document (see para 6.3.~.)
ii) Rate justification
· ·' ... , .c.,·.•.· ·•. ~ -.~.•. ··'· ··· .. ,., · .··.. •.c.•c.:•e<·O•;"C,<· ;•;:;:;.•:--:•Ci·'•'·'·'>• : .•.> .·...-••...• ·• .
• • • ·~.-.·~-::..~::.:_,_·~.--·.:~ -_-._;,;;....".7:~-<:...~~s~-s~- :;-=-:?F.."':-!r'~':'~~~::::::~~~s
Project Preperatio_n 178 Project Preperation 179
6.3.5. Proposals in respect of C-D structures should be based 6.4. ~conomic Analysis
on detailed iJ1Vestigations for -.dection of the most suitable sites,
hydraulic and' hydrological information, soil and boring data at the Economic Analysis of a proje~t is carried out to ascertai.O its
finally selected sites, etc. The following points are particularly viability in terms of returns of the proposed investment on the project.
relevant : The study can also help to· make the most economic alternative among
the various options available and to priortise the same. EconomiC
i) While sele..cting the site, .the economic aspect.<> of the analysis is obligatory iri respect of a project costing Rs. 5.00 cro~
proposal a1 .a whole, i.e., the C-D structure including or more.
its approaches should be kept in view.
Economic analysis of projects for construction· of two-lane
ii) The project and estimate for both the C-D structure and pavements, widening to two-lanes and four-lanes. contructwn of
the approaches should be prepared and processed for bypasses and e_xpressways can be done with the help of cor.nputer
sanction concurrently so that the structure and the programme developed by the Ministry and the same can be obtained
approaches are completed at the same time. from Indian Roads Congress.
1. Contingencies 3 3
2. Quality control 1
3. Work charge establishment
4. Agency Charges 9 9
•...
---
7. MATERIALS
I
7.1. General
Materials 185
Materials 184
IS: 13620
square steel bars for
structural and general
engineering purposes
.... .:~:;1
7.3 Other Materials . 7.4.5. Cement : Cement should be stored in petfectly dry and
water tight sheds. Wooden platforms about 15 or 20 ems above the
7.3.1. Liine for soil stabilisation : The lime should be floor should preferably be provided and cement bags stacked 30 ems
commercial dry lime slaked at site or pre-slaked lime delivered to away from the walls and not more than 8 bags high. However, the
the site in suitable packing. The lime should be· designated by its bags sh<5uld be placed close together to reduce circulation of air.
purity. i.e. CaO + MgO content. As lime deteriorates with time its The stacks should be covered with tarpaulin. Bulk storage containers,
purity should be checked~ prior to incorporation in work. if used, should be cleaned atleast once in 3 to 4 months. Cement
more than 3-4 months old should invariably be tested for acceptability
7.3.2. Aggregates : These should conform to IS: 383 for requirements.
cement concrete. Tests for confonuity are listed in IS:2586.
7 .4.6. Mild steel for reinforcement : This should be stored
. 7.3.3. Bricks : These should conform to IS: 1077 ·except that in such a way as to avoid distortion and to· prevent deterioration by
minimum compressive strength when tested flat shall not be less corrosion.
than 84 kg/cm2 for individual bricks and I 05 kg/cm2 for average of
5 specimens. Size tolerance± 5 per cent. 7.4.7. High tensile steel for prestressing : This should be
stored about 30 em above the ground in a suitably covered and closed
7.3.4. Timber : For strUctural purposes should conform tg space to protect it from dampness. ·It shall also be invariably wrapped
IS: 88~ in gunny cloth, tar paper or any other suitable material.
..... '
8. STRUCTURES
.. .
before the concrete has set .
..• 8.1.3.
Laying : Start laying from the outlet and proceed
towards inlet ensuring the specified lines and grade. The minimum
longitudinal slope should be 1 in 1 ,000. Where two or more lines of
pipes are to be laid adjacent to each other, they shall be separated
by a distance equal to at least half the diametre of the pipe subject
to a minimum of 450 mm. Ensure that the pipe has a cushion of at
least 0.6 m excluding crust thickness at the top as shown in Fig. 8.1
(c).
;-;
--- ---
I.S.I. CLASS NP3 8.2.2. Bed flooring where provided should consist of stone
/ { PIPE _ pitching set in cement mortar l :3 or two layers of brick on edge set
* 1600
(b) Concrete cradle bedding * ~
h4
Bl 1.5
0.2
....2.'o
0.5
2.4 1.5
0.2
2.0
0.6
2.5 .....
B2 2.7 3.6 4.6 2.7 3.6 4.9
·~··~-~ ·--~ -~~-~~" "~-~-~~. ~,;, "~.~~ ... <.-.~'- ·.~·-.c. ..•;,.;;..:;;--,.,.._~'<,-.,_'-•,-•.~·..-c~."'·~-~-~·--·---.,-~~-~-~--·
195
Structures 194 StrUctures
....... • ("<')
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SECHION OF ABUT.M £NT , WI.NG WALL SEC..TION
....... N r- r-
C"-1 C"-1 \0 ~
.......
--: ... NOT£.: FOI'I_ ~ALUES OF SY ... BOLS S~E TABLE. 7• 1
ci d N
Fig. 8~2. Abutment arid wing w:all sections for culverts_
v :; 0
........ ;g v
00
ci ........
\
t:"i t:"i
8.2.6. A construction. joint between abutment and wing wall
e v V'l 0\ 0\
v s~wuld be provided .to avoid over-stressing at the junction, due to
v
("") ("")
d
00
d -
\.C!
t:"i
differential settleme<nt. ..• •
0 v :::!: . . ' . I
e
v v
d
- t:"i horizo~tal layers not exceeding 200 mm compacted thickness and
compacted to not less than 95 per cent of density determined as per
-
C"-1 ("") N V'l V')
("") ("") 00 \.C! v . IS:2720, (Pt.VIII).
0
d d ....... t:"i
:3' 8.2.10. Filling upto 300 mm above the top. ,of .the pipe shall
- -
r-
be carefully done and the soil thoroughly rammed, ~ped<or vibrated
("") 0 0
C"-1 N ....... ~
ci d t:"i
-N in layers not exceeding 150 mm. particular care being taken to
thoroughly consolidate the materials under the haunches of the pipe.
·;; Approved pneumatic or light mechanical tamping equipment can be
'A.
en ::I: .0- ..0 .... Ill- IXf'
used.
197
StrUctures
·Structures. )( ---f
r- )( --::!"' . . /' t--
%.
0
in
Zt-
c - ~~- · Type a bar --<Y :::::>
if~
kIt~~
1.1
.J
-~, ...
~
a::
CIQ G.
:r0
........
MO
I---
Type b bar
-% ....;...-t
. =:>
..
•a:: "'Jl ~
"'
-- '~--- -------
-
. ·- -1
bP ....
,........""· . ;Pw
ti!" z::
n.
Q..
:>
en
c:.
-~
a:!Af]
..
"" llll !:) ti Type c bar
0:: ID
.,.........
.
....
*'
....u a.. ...,.
z
0
;:;
u
..... ... ~
!
~ [, . --------
J
T
me
_ _. i.
~~
c(
0 ..... 4(
...=
z
.. m ---· .. --
0 ...
c a::
... .g &..------ .. ·- --·· c
~·'~
G.
·c:s
... £ ""'
.c
z: ..,
£
....01 Type·d bar . :.r.c
0 Z!' •--::> ,,
I-
s.,..
~ <;
;:: u
u c....----- ---·------ ·-·----Y -----------"--· ~
of""
..
00 .
.,,- ~= •
.....,..u li
~Q.
0.
0
a:
u. -·
4
..c:
=
e
bll
______ j
Type ebar
------
.::::>
~-
=... a::~
.cC
0
z:
....c:;:::» -.=..
..c: c:
.---
~
0
;::
.ca. ·.z (.j
0 DETAILS OF HOOK
-~ ..... V1""'
«' ,....) t:
"" .
we
•·:. ~·
oO
eil
~
.,..
.. ~ Fig. 8.4. Details' of reinforcing steel for eulYerts
Jolt
u
:
.... e
.
. :E.
5
~ « Notes on Laps : Bar -dia. x tensile stress in bar
...
.n
I-
.e (i) · Bar in tension 4 x permissible average bond stress
ffie) or 30 times bar dia.• whichever is greater
A.z:
) ·~;; ~0: (ii) Bar in Bar dia. x compressive stress in bar
_j G. compression 5 x permissible average bond tstress
-=~
""
.:
~
t!• or 24 times bar dia., whichever is greater.
In the case of two bars in close contact along lap length, the lap
length shall be increased by 25%
.,...-~~.~::1"':'<-~...-::-'~~':;,;:_; -~··"'
1
."''!i
.
.:.•
.
Cl'.l
g
~
[l
.~.:-:.:
·. Table 8.3. Details
... of reinforcing* bars for cement (using M20 cement concrete) · "'\
0
Vl
Clear Overall· ;Overall .. Type of bars •'
-
1.0
co
r.tl
2.....
(')
~
"'\
~
Ill
. Table 8.3. (Contd.)
Type 'b' bars Type 'c' bars
Clear
span
Dia Spacing
(mm) (mm)
No.
of
r
(m)
Total
length
Dia
(lpiil)
Spacing
(mm)
No.
of
m
(m)
ml
(m)
m+
2m 1
I length
Total
1.50
2.0
I 12
12
180
!50
67
80 .
2.03
2.53
01
202.4
10
10
300
300
40
40
2.03
2.53
0.128 2.2361 91.44
0.168 2.866 1
·;
3.0 16 150 80 3.53 282.4 10 300 40 3.53 0:217 3.964,158.56 '
:.
:\ . 4.0 16 150 80 4.53 362.4 10 300 40 4:53 . 0.297 5.124 204.96
:·~
::~
5.0 16 150 80 5.73 458.4 10 300 40 ~.73 0.347 '6.4241 256.98
!~
~ 6.0 20 150 80 6.656 532.48 10 300 40 6.'73 0.405 . 7.540 301.60
~~
·~
:f:
'!i (Contd.)
·~
~l
~~I
<!i
~·
-
IC
IC
hi
.I \ (~ ;-,~r·,·,
=·· j
Structures 201
tructures ·200
Table 8.4. Quantities of high yield strength deformed bars,
reinforcement and cement concrete
-Stih.-.....:: 0 trl 0 0
8 trl
Clear span of slab (M) Cement Concrete M-20
- = - --"" -.::t:; ~
(XJ
t-: ~ ""
r-.:: ..,;
~]g o\
<"')
r-
<"')
00 "<:~"" 0\ <"') r-
N N
Total quant~ty of Total quantity of
reinforcement per concrete per span
-:5 on trl on
""
-- -""- -- ""-- ""
in cubic metr-es
--
M..-.. ~ ~ ~ 0: 0\ 0: 0: span in tonne
55
....l
including 5% for
laps and. wastages
t;
.0
. "" '-0 0 1.0 0.372 3.26
~
("")
:co £'o] '-0 r- 0\ N
5.04
1 0.610
- N
d.> 1.5
~ 2.0 0.764 7.49
0
(.) 3.0 1.257 12.96
M
t:: ..-...
·-~ Ee ("")
0
8 ·8 ......
0
0
=
<"') <"')
0
0
<"')
=
=
("'")
=
=
("") =
~
r-
-o
t::
«$ u
"'
. 4.0
5.0
1.564
2.321
20.98
29.93
a;--- Ul
-J::l
I!) 0
2.900 40.00
~ ~ e 6.0 ::;~:;;
"":' 0 '- N
E .s s - =- -= -= =-
0 0 '- ,._
0-
(
=
0
~I I
o e '--'
I
.-<
I
0
Q.)
tii
I!)
:-e.......
t:l"Q
0
...c
8.2.11. To provide drainage, a layer of 600 mm thick filter
medium should be interposed between,.. the back of the.
abutment and . ;:
:"l
:10
<!;
:c:
B bh..-... ("")
-..c::
oc:E....;
E-o"'--'""
-
I"'- ~
0
""
N
0
r-
-
0
......
0
N
0
<"')
~
V;
~
0
r-
<"')
'-0
0
...0
'-0
~
=
r-
o\
:}::,
Q.).
§
s
§
cro
-o $::
t:: $"'
«
co 0'
-
-~ backfilL The filter material should consist of well-graded gravel,
crushed stone or brick bats which will not become powdery under
. loads. Weep holes should be 150 mm dia and be normally placed at
·t:
::-;
.C4
:-< < U) "3 ~ I m centre-to-centre both vertically and horizontally. The lowest row
. g} ~ ~ of weep l)oles should be located above the low water level.
... s "" "" ""
- - -- "" "" on
- -- -- -- - -- ~ ""
~ ~ ~ ~ 0: ~
0
t::
-~
-.::t::[)e:j-§<2
oo
bb~u
·-
E CJ')
"" ..c::
.u .9 ~ 8.2.12. Use of high yield strength deformed bars conforming
ta
>: ...:
~ N._."Q to IS: 1139 or IS: 1786. and M-20 cement concrete is recommended l.,.'
......
:.0 ~ 'o J5 .E ~
.~,_
.0
for R.C.C. slabs of culverts.
~'o!a
5=' ,e.- <"')
-
-
N
'-0
N "'
<"')
-
<"')
0\
......
'-0
~
~
.,""' Q.) :g
ME
= ·-
~ tii :;:::1 •t:: u;
. .0 ,...
Q.)
> ~..8- _g ~
~ 8.3. Box Culverts
0
M
·§s
~ -.::t: E o
(XJ:>-. ~ .....
+v..f-<~
cn 8:;:!:!
«$ "'
. A box culvert can be used as underground S!Jbway or as cross-
«$
~-
E
V\
N
-
0
= 8
- - -
0
"" ""
0 0
on
]
en
'-
,...;O._,ojgOO
cxi§~!;i<+-<-2
• 0 ~ ""':
drainage work The work on development of softWare for design of
~
,.;. ·-
-~........
~ ~ ~
--
-(.)
(I.). 0
Ia .E-<
..t:::J
~
Box Culverts for low bearing capacity· soils is. in progress under
Ministry's Research Scheme, R-59. .
.~s
0 ..........
E
N N
-·
N N
---
N N N .0
I!)
o'd
~·..£:!;..::::
E- o.
s ~ .~.§ 5 ~
..,.._cnt::Eo
E .<n
o!::
:;:::1·-
·sA. Location, Alignment and Profile of Cluverts
}
-o '--' 0 Q.) · - · - .s=
..... CJ')~o::Eo"' Generally, the flanking road sections should govern the
u
<::::; 0= ·= =
= B
~tii- 0 0 0
·~
- o. E
Ucn.........- --
<::::; "! =
N ..,; =
<"')
0
.....; v;) f-
0
z...:N,...;.._,:
location, alignment and profile of culverts. The objective should be
I
Structures 204 Structures 205
Table 8.5. (a) Minimum cement content aitd maximum water Table 8.7. Current margin for various grades of concrete
cement ratio
Concrete ·Current Margin (MP a) Target mean
Structural l'vijn. cement content Max. water cement grade ·strength (MP.)
Member (km/cu.m) ratio
Exposure conditions Exposure conditions M 15 10 25
Normal Severe Normal Severe
M 20 lO 30
a) PCC members 250 310 0.50 0.45 M 25 11 36
b) RCC members 310 400 0.45 0.40
Table 8.8. Slump for" different types of works
Table 8.5. (b) Minimum strength of co"crete
Type Slump (mm)
Member Conditions of Exposure
Moderate Severe l) Plain cement concrete 25
2) RCC structures with widely spaced 40-50
a) PCC members M 15 M 20
reinforcement, e.g., abutments, footings.
b) RCC members M 20 M 25 ~ f;::;
3) RCC structures with fair degree 75-125
congestion of reinforcement, e.g., (
Table 8.6. Proportions for nominal mix concrete box culverts, abutment caps, walls
~.. • with thickness greater than 300 mm :: :i:
Grade of Total quantity Proportion of Quantity •C
::·:
concrete of dry aggregate fine aggregate to of water
by mass per 50 kg coarse aggregate per 50 kg A few precautions to be taken for proper placement and
of cement to be (by mass) of cement compaction of concrete are given in Table 8.9.
taken as the sum of Max~
individual masses of Litres Tai:Jle 8.9. Points of guidance on placing and compaction of
fine and coarse concrete
aggregates (kg) L The formwork must be examined carefully for safety before _......
<; ....
--- ·---- ~-·~•· "• ·~- c• ·•· -'-·-·~·,•:... ~--- ~' -~- -.·-•-'
Structures 206
9. CONSTRUCTION
9 .1. Preliminaries
_;:1:·
Look into the stipulated contract time for completion vis-a-vis :::)
!•:
the working seasons and calendar months to ensure that the tasks f~;
v)
QualitY control record book;
--~- ......- ...... -~. ··------· ·~, ....... ~··-,---- ~" -< ....._,•.-.·.~.- .•• -.- • ...- •• ~·- ..... ·~·-.. ·.-.- ~ . ·."·'·"""":·.'-'?-: -'-~Y:-~:"'-.._""'-~--_:.;:.;:._-:.._:,:;?.;?~~::.r-._-:.,;.~-~~:::.-."'.1:-.-
I
Construction .210 I .Construction 211
Check the bench marks for levels, and tally these with those I
given on the drawings. Missing or disturbed bench marks should be
restored and the actual bench rnark levels marked on the plans. Ensure
that all the benc.h marks levels are with reference to the same datl,lm.
9.1.4. Materials 7 labour and equipment : ·List out the 15-Cu WIDE UNES TO
materials and their quantities to be provided by the Department. BE PAINTED WHITE
Ascertain from the contractor the sources from where he wilt RED l.MafT to Be KEP1' U1' FOAM SI.JNSfiT
TO.--.;: _ _;__,, .•
bring !he materi~l f~f tP.e project, number of labour to b~ employed
and facilities for housing, sanjtation, transport, fuel wood and first-
aid. to be provided for them. Details of site laboratory should· also be
obtained.
·-- ----·-
PDI/IIOF TAR DRUioos ~ BU.C1<
AHIDtM«TeOR~~ .
POIImOH Of'A.A-.i..H - - - -
•
, . ·-'
Construction 213
Construction 212
The second method of temporary diversion may be adopted
where the duration of work is expected to be long and traffic is
ARRA.IHGEMENTS FOR TRAFF.IC heavy so as to cause undue delay with the first method. The diversion
ON THIS SIDE TO BE ON THE
·SAME l.lNESAS ON THE should join smoothly with the main route. The gradient should not
OTHER SIDE exceed l in 15.
e ow
SIGH-1.
15-Cm WlDE UNE TO
BE PAINTED W'HITE
"I'•·.
:i
.:~·
.NOTE:~~~ ;:·:
be based on Critical Path Method (see IRC:SP-14 for details) for
major works and in the form of bar chartS for other cases.
--~ 9.2. Environment Protection
'
All precautions should be taken for safeguarding the
SIGN~ environment during the course of construction. The following points ......
SIGN-2
need special _attention: ·
Fig. 9.2~ A-rrangements for traffic during construction i) Borrowpits should not be dug in the right-to-way of the
road.
carriageway and the treated shoulder ·should· be maintained properly
during construction and should join smoothly With the main road. i ii) During. construction, soil erosion should be fully
. · · T~e-.oontinuous .length for such an arrangement should not ~ controlled and sedimentation and pollution of natural
"Water courses, ponds, tanks and reservoirs should be
aormally exc~ed 50? _m. If stretche~ are longer, passing places .atleast avoided.
20 m l~ng wtth apd1ttonal paved wtdth of 2.5 m sh~ll be provided at ·.
every 500 m interval.
F~agmen
·
mis~r,-,;.;:':" the levels of noise, vibration, dust and possible to stretch a thr-ead across to verify the finished levels of
emissi9Hs from these plants. vanous courses.
iv) No material shall be used or generated, during All sur:vey monuments, bench marks, beacons, etc. should be
construction, which is hazardc>"!.'- o th<? healt4 of human maintained accurately during the construction process. A survey file
beings, animals or vegetation. containing the setting out data for traverse points and levels shall be
' . prepared and maintained during the construction process.
v) Nuclear gauges shall be used only after ensuring their
safe use· in accordance with the regulations in force. Precision automatic levels, having a standard deviation or + 2
mm per km and fitted with micormeter- attachment shall be used for
vi) AI~ reasonable steps shall be taken to minimise dust all double run levelling work. Setting out otthe road alignment and
nuisance during the construction. measurement of angles shall be done by using theodolite with
traversing target, having a accuracy of one second. Measurement of
··vii) All existing highways and roads used by vehicles distances shall be done preferably using precision instruments, like,
supplying material or plant should be k~pt clean and dis tomat.
clear of dust, mud or other extraneous materials.
9.4. Clearing and Grubbing
9.3. Setting Out
Demarcate the limits of clearing and grubbing as shown on
All. construction should be with reference to the final centre
line of the main location survey. .... .
the drawings.
....
Mat:k the t:oadside trees, shrubs, buildings, utility lines, etc.
The:qentre line should b~ accurately referenced, every 50 m which are not to be disturbed and ensure tha.t the contractor provides
interval _in plain and rolling terrains, 20 m intervals in hilly terrains suitable safeguards to protect these from injury or damage.
.and at all. curvC:? points, by maiker pegs and chainage boards set in
or near the fence line. The schedule of reference dimensions should Before start of work, exa:·tnine the contractor's work plan
be prepAred and marker pegs shall be. maintained till the end of the including the procedures to be followed for disposal of waste
work.· . materials and the precautions proposed against soil erosion, air
pollution and water pollution_
Working bem;:h marks tied with the reference bench mark,
should be established at the rate of four .numbers per km and also at All trees, stumps, etc. falling within excavation and fill lines
or near all drainage structures, other bridge and underpasses. An up- should be cut to such depth below ground level that in no case these
to-date record of all bench marks should be maintained and the fall within 500 mm of the subgrade.. Also, all vegetation (roots, under-
working bench marks should be checked frequently. growth grass, etc.) and other deleterious matters should be removed
between fill Jines.
On construction reaching the formation level'sta,ge, the centre
. line shoUld a:gain be set out and accurately referenced by marker From embankment/cut areas, remove and store top soil for re-
pegs at the outer limits of the formation .• Posts of timber or steel application later.
should be kept one m from .the· formation edges showing the finished
formation/finished base course/finished road levels. It should be Have the. removed materials of value suitably stacked for reuse
or auctioning.
;.: ;·-~-/UJ~~~i;~~~~;·~ -~ -L~:~~-· ~Jt:wt;_· :-. . :-,~11
217
Construction
Construction 216
Recommended minimum bed slope of drain is 11200 if lined and 11
In w~odden areas, burning should not be permitted. l 00 otherwise.
Ensure that no hazard to the public is created by the Invariably provide catchwater drains on hill roads to intercept
contractor's operations. the flow down the steep slopes. These drains wi_ll need to l::?e stepped
out with check dams and energy dissipation. devices at eacli fall in
Periodically observe the operations to ensure that damage to level. The drains should be lined in previous/erodible strata..
adjacent property is being prevented and that trees, utilities and
structures which are to remain are being preserved. 9.5.3. Sub-surface drainage : This is to keep the subgrad~
and the pavement structural section free of surplus w:ater resulting-
9.5. Drainage from seepage, capillary action, etc_.
9.5.1. General : T~e · site engineer should have a clear With box-type of construction (pavement layers not extended
understanding that performance of a road is closely related to to full width of roadway), the situation becomes critical if the
drainage, both surface and subsurface. The sources of water involved subgrade soil is relatively impermeable when water seeping into the ·
may be the surface runoff, seepage flow tJuough subterranean pavement t}:trough craoks, etc. will find no path to drain out. For -
channels, ground water movement and moisture transfer within the such cases, it is preferable to extend the . sub-base granular· layer
soil masses, etc. and the effort should be to have the surplus water (moorum, gravel, etc.) to the full width of formation, or to provide ......
removed away from the roadway area quickly and effectively. rr,:::
lateral drains at intervals. ' ·
.:1
9.5.2. Surface drainage : Ensure that the specified crossfall Sub-surface drains will generally be required in cut sections·-
for both the pavement and shoulders is provided eight from subgrade of hilly/rolling terrain where seepage flow or spring ex.i!t.
•.. lt:vel and maintained during the earthwork. Investigations at the time of field suveys, particularly if conducted
during the dry season may not generally give any indication .to -.~:.
Ensure that scheduie of work is so arranged that the drains necessary information for counter measures. Experience with road ·
are completed in proper sequence with road works so as to ensure construction on similar formations can help. Presence of soft, sjx>ngy
that no excavation of completed roadwork is necessary subsequently. ground, very damp soil, etc. may also indicate the presence of ground
water movement. In any case it is preferable to study the drainage
Ensure that the subgrade is sufficiently above the HFUground features in the rainy season after the hill-side has been cut down to
water table, or the natural ground level, the minimum height being: the formation level and then work out the size, location and invert·
levels of the drains.
For main roads, like, NH/SH LOrn
For lower category roads 0.6m Cut-fill- transition will require the provision of a lateral sub-
. \,
·-· S\Jb-,surface drains are intended to intercept and drain off sub- Discuss with the contractor his schedule of earthwork
surface Water and not surface water. Ensure that the surface water is operations, sources of materials, the equipment_ he proposes to use,
. drained off sepadtely through open side drains without overloading etc. Ensure that the plan of operations is in accordance with the
the sub-surface drainage system. Upgrade opening sho\lld be tightly requirement of the contract.
closed with concrete plugs or plugs fabricated from the same material
as the pipe and securely held in place to prevent entry of soil material. 9.6.2. Roadway and drainage excavation : The area for the
roadway and drainage excavation should be cleared and gta~bed.
Criteria for choosing: filter material surrounding the pipe are :
Set out the lim~ts ofexca~ation true to lines and levels. Control
i) 015 of filter pegs for alignment fixation and embankment construction are shown
5 to 40 in Fig. 9.3. Have a periodical check on the benoh marks and on the
015 of soil construction lines for accuracy.
PEG
CLEARING
PEG
BATTER PEGS FOR DEANING
9.6. Earthwork THE UMITS OF EMBANKMENT
Review soil survey report and borrow area charts. Where soil
has to be borrowed from outside the road land boundaries, take action Keep the objective in view that soil from excavation should
·to. obtain the necessary permits or for temporary acquisition of land. be put to best possible use in fill areas unless the material is declared
unfit. Where different grades of materials are mc::t with, arrange the
Obtai.n detailed plans showing the design of shoring, bracing, operations in such a way that .the best material is reserved fo"T _use in
sloping pr other provisions made for safety of workers. Ensure that the top 0.5 m height of the embankment. Avoid double handling of
~e'Se satisfy the safety requirements. the materials .
. _,
I
.: ~': ::~ftWf!~~~N-~~ :~ ::>i"i::tt:_):~r -!?~:~nw::_· _ ___Jl:~::·:;~:-ntL.-. .
}:_r~~lJY~
--- .........
· ~H}~l~ill~:: ~--
nstruction 220
Construction 221
Excavated materials usable in pavement construction should .\ of the ;explosive department. The magazine should have
stacked at convenient locations and proper records kept.
an effective lightening conductor. All necessary
precautions as required by explosive Act _should be
Unsuitable material or surplus soil should not be pushed down
taken.
valley but used to fill up low areas or dumped at suitable places
ere it cannot get easily washed away by rain.
Vi} !he type of explosives and the plan drilling and firing pf
should be carefully examined for suitability.
Ensure that necessary measures are taken to prevent soil
•sian, blockage of streams and water pollution.
vii) The over-burden should be removed and measurements
taken before blasting operation is started.
Have a close watch on the cut slopes and excavated areas to
:· whether these rl!quire ·any prote~tion/drainage measures for
viii) Specified procedures should be strictly followed in case
bility/perforrnance.
of misfire.
Be doubly sure about the classification of the excavated
ix) Maintenance of day-to-day account of explosives.
Lterials. Where additional paymenr is involved, ensure proper
:asurements, records and evidence, etc.
9.6.4. Pre-splitting technique : This blasting technique is
defined as the establishment of a specified excavation slope in rock
Check the finished cut surfaces for levels and slopes regularly.
by controlled use .of explosives and blasting in properly aligned and
spaced drill holes. This technique is recommended for harder rock
Have the top soil (removed earlier and conserved) applied on
cut slopes, berms and other disturbed areas. Have these areas
ided or seeded to protect against erosion.
types.
v)
blasting schedule! well in advance.
9.6.5. Preparation of cut formation : Cut formation requires: assumptions, or the material is unsuitable to be left in
very close;: inspectiqn for the reason that it is for the first time that place.
the material gets exposed.
9.6.7. Borrow excavation : When earth available from the
Check for suitability of the natural material. Some shales may excavation for the roadway formation and ·drainage exc3;vation .falls
look hard when dry but get slushy in presence of water. If such short of the n=quirement of embankment construction in the remaining
unsuitable materials are met ~th. have these removed to a depth of reaches, this should be obtained from approved area(s) outside the
at least 0.5 m or as otherwise speci(led and replaced with suitable land width id(!!tltified for the purpose..
materiaL
Check for the location, siZe and dep.th of bon:owpits, w:here
If density of sub-grade. is lower than 97 pet cent of the payment is on the basis of borrow mea.suretnents, have crnss-sections
laboratory density determined as per IS:2720 (P~ut VIII), it shall be taken of the area and leave deadmen or aoss ridges.
loosened ·to a depth of 500 mm, watered and recompacted in 250
mm thick loose layers to a density not less than 97 pee cent of the The volume of borrow excavation and 9f" compacted
maximum laboratory dry density. embankment will be different if there is variation in the respective
dry densities. For example, if the in--sitU DBD of bOrrow soH is 1.6
In rock formation all dish shaped cavities left out by blasting gm/cc, and that of embankment 1.8 gm/cc, the quantity of borrow
should be cut out at edges to facilitate drainage. Low areas should excavation will be larger by_ 1.8/1.6 times. ·
be filled up with sub-base material and properly compacted.
On completion of all measurments for payment,· have the
Any seepage should be intercepted and properly drained borrowpits opened out p3.rtly at either ends to facilitate easy drainag6:,. 4
9.6.6. Excavation for structures : The points which require 9.6.8. Emb~nkment construction : The stability of an
specific attention are : . embankment depends upon the . foundation, the use of suita11te
materials, proper placing and compacting of the materiais and strict ~
i) Setting out true to specified lines and levels. adherence to quality control measures. The suitabilitY of embankment
material is shown in Table 9. L Table 9.2. indicates the compaction
ii) Strength and safety of all temporary shoring, bracing requirements. Table 9.3. lays down a general guide to the selection
and other earth. stlpporting devices. of soils. Guide to the selection of compaction plant is listed in Table
9.4.
iii) Normally, open foundation should be laid dry. De-
watering by boiling, pumping, diversion channels and Materials, from swamps, marshes and bogs, peats, logs, stump,
other necessary work should be carried out when perishable material, OL, 01, OH, material susceptible to spontaneous
seepage flow is met with. combustion, material in frozen condition, clay with liquid limit
exceeding. 80 and plasticity index exceeding 55 and materials with
iv) The discharged water should not cause damage to the salts likely to result in leaching of the embankment should be
works. crops or .
property. considered unsuitable material for construction of embankment.
v) Detailed examination of the stratum at the foundation Haye a close inspection of the original ground. Look for
· level to see whether the soil fits in with the design seepage and wet patches; lush growth of vegetation indicating high
.,'·''·
·--· - '~!:$:~:;::h:'
;.;:·.·:~Z:.::·i:.···
.
. ·~
Construction / ..
224 Construction 225
Table 9.1. Suitability of embankment materials Table 9.3. General guide to the selection of soils
S. Type of Work Maximum laboratory dry unit P.R.A. Comparable IS Visual Proctor O.M.C. Anticipa-
No. weight when tested as per Class classification descrip- density per cent ted perfor-
IS:2720 (Part VIII) probable possible tion gmlcc mance
L Embankment upto 3 mts. Not less than 15.2 k:N/cu.m· . GW, GP Granular 1.~- 7-15 .Good to
A-1
height, not subjected to GB, SW, 2.3 excellent
extensive flooding SP, SB,
2: Embankment exceeding Not less than 16.0 k:N/cu.m SM
3 mts. height or embank-
A-2 GM, GC, Granular 1.7- 9-18 Fair to
ment of any height subject
SM, SC 2.2 excellent
to long periods of
inundations
A-3 SP Sand 1.7- 9-15 Fair to
3. · Subgrade and earthen · Not less than 17.5 kn/cu.m 1.8 good
shoulder:s/verges/back:fill
A..:4 ML,.MH, CL, SM Sandy 1.5- l0-20 Poor to
silts 2.1 good
Table 9.2. Compaction requirement for embankment and
• .. • subgrade OL,OH SB,•$c&:: silts
~neumatic tyred Suitable Suitable, if Suitable, if towed, v) Reserve better at th~ available fill material for the top
load is> 2 and load < 1.5 tOnne! 500 mm of the embankment and shoulders. If h_eavy
tonnes/wheel wheel clays have to be used, have these deposited in the bottom
layers.
· Suitable, if Suitable Suitable; but should
static load be towed if static vi) Clods or hard lumps of earth should be broken down.
> 7 kg/em load > 12 kg/em Size of clods should not exceed 7.5 em when placed in
wi<bh width body of embankment and 5 em when placed in subgrade
portion.
llieepsf'oot Suitable Unsuitable Unsuitable
vii) The embankment and su)>grade material shall be spread
Plan foe proper .sequence 'Of delivering materials to ~t
in layers of unifonn thickness not exceeding 200 mm
:ite so that double hat'l<lling is avoided. compacted thickness over the entire width of
embankment by mechanical means, finished by motor
Peni:lit delivery.of embankment· material to_ site only if the grader and compacted to the required desity. In case of
tecessary rollers_ in W?tking condition are present at site. vibratory rollers or other compaction equipment ~apable
of higher degree of compaction, the loose thickness on
__ Have a special check on the following points during the each layer of soil for ·the sub-grade and embankment
:onstnletion operations _: cou~d be tkpto 400 mm loose or 250 mm compacted,
subjected to the trial demonstration about efficacy of
i) Before starting the constructirm operation, the site should the_ equipment. Successive layers shall not be placed
be cleared and grubbed. The limits of the embankment/ unttll the layer under construction has been thoroughly
su~grade should be marked by fixing banks at regular compacted to the specified requirements. Compacted
intervals. The embankment should be built sufficiently . layer shall be finished parallel to the final cross-section
wider than the designed dimension so that surpluS of the embankment.
material may be tri~med. ·
viii) Moisture content of the soil shall be checked and
ii) Ifthe foundation of embankment is in a.n:;:a with stagnant corrected at the_ site of placement prior to
water, the same- should be removed by boiling .out or commencement of co~tion. If required, additional
pumping ap.d should be kept dry. The drained water water should be sprinkled from a sprinkler capable of
discharge should ·not cause damage to the works, crops applying water with controlable rate of the flow, without
or any other property. any flooding. The water shall be added uniformaly and
thoroughly mixed in soil by blades, discs and harrows
>~~Lill~
untill a uniform moisture content is obtained. If the xvi) The beds and sloping sides of diverted channels for
material at site is too wet, it shall be dried by aeration water courses should be protected against action of water
and exposure to the sun till the moisture content is by rubble paving. This should consist of dressed stones
acceptable. of thickness not less than 255 mm and volume not less
thari .02 cu.m. No rounded boulders should be used.
<'A
ix) The moisture content at the time of compaction should
be in range of -2 per cent to +I per. ce'nt of the OMC. !)"
Expansive clay should be compacted at moisture content· ~ xvii) Where the ·embankment width is insufficient to permit
the use of conventional toilers, compaction should be
corresponding to the specified dry density but on the
wet side of the optimum moisture content obtained from
I I'
carried out with the help of small vibratory rollers, plate
compactors, power rammers or other such equipment.
-!·
the laborato·ry compaction curve. l
i!
ii) If existing side slopes are steeper than 4: l, cut horizontal
full width. Movement of construction plant and other benches 0.3 m wide to ensure bond. If the slopes are
vehicles on ~mJ:>ankment should be avoided. ,,, 4:1 or flatter, the surface may be roughened by
ploughing or scarifying. •., •
xii) Embankment should not be constructed with steeper side 't
;~
~~(' ···~ -·- --,~-~ ·-~- -·-. '~ ~ :". ~-"-'" •-,~-~-~ ~-"--' .. ,. ~ ~-
Construction 230 Construction 231
ii) The material used ror backfill should not be an organic Construction work should be started only after the erosion/
soil or highly plastic clay, plasticity index and liquid sedimentation control operations have been completed.
limit should not be greater than 20 and 40 respectively.
. The_ surface area _of erodible earth _material exposed by clearing
9.6.9.3. Embankment construction under water : Only and grubbmg, excavation, etc. should be limited. to the.minimum
acceptable granular material or rook should be used for filling under practicable.
water. The material should consist of graded hard durable particles
of size not exceeding 75 mrh. This material should be non-plastic If required the area of excavation, borrow and embankment
having uniformity co-efficient of not less than l 0. operation may be limited so as to commensurate with the progress
of erosionlsediment<\tion control measures.
9.6.9.4. Earthwork high embankment :
Temporary erosion/sedimentation/pollution control ·measures
i) Earthwork for high embankment should be carried out may a~so be applicable on construction work outside the-right-of-
by stage construction of fills at controlled rates of filling. way, hke, borrowpits, service roads and equipment storage sites.
The embankment should be surcharged for the specified
period. · 9.6.1 L Slope protection: Protection of slopes may consist of
either turfing with sods of grass or seeding and mulching operations
ii) At the stage of formation level, surcharge where used followed by application of jute netting.
material should be removed. High embankment should
This work may .involve construction of temporary berms, dikes, The bituminous emulsion used as tie down for mulch should
sediment basins, slope drain& and use of temporary mulches, fabrics, be of the specified grade.
matS or other oontrol devices.
Jute netting should be undyed jute yam with approximate 25
All pennanent erosion and sedimentation control features
rnm square woven openings. Geo-netting should be made of
should be constructed at the earliest practicable time to minimise the
rectangular mesh having opening of 20x20 rnm. The weight of goo-
need for temporary erosion and sedimentation control measures.
netting should be less than 3.8 kg per I 000 sq.m.
Temporary measures will be used· to control only the phenomenon
of erosion/sedimentation/pollution that may develop during normal \
9.6.12. Construction of rockfill embankment : In normal
construction operation. If erosion or sedimentation is likely to be a
circumstances embankment should not be constructed with rockfill
problem, clearing and grubbing operations should be immediately
materiaL Rock fill should not be used at least for a depth of 500 mm
followed by grading operations and permanent erosion/sedimentation
below the formation level. This should be made up of earthen cushion.
control.
::. ;~~ ;J~}J~.t:·
.~~:~~:.:u-n~;:· WP
t..-onstructton
232
i'
The rockfill should be hard durable and inert material capable . Construction 233
of being deposited in layers.
Table 9.5~ Grading for coarse-graded granular sub-base
Argillaceous rocks (clay, shales, etc.), unbumt colliery stock materials
and chalk should not be used in rockfill.
IS sieve Per cent by weight passing the IS seive
designatio·n
The material for rockfill should not exceed 300 mru in size
and percentage finer than 125 rum should not exceed 10. t:Trading I Grading II Grading III
-·-
75.0 lli'm 100
The material shall be spread and levelled in layers. Each layr 53.0 mm 80-100 100
should be compacted by five passes of vibratory roller (8-10 tonnes). 26.5 mm 55-90 70-100 100
The compacted thickness of each layer should not exceed 500 mm.
Before laying the next layer~ the surface voids should be filled with '
I
9.50
4.75
mm
mm
35-65
25-55
50-80
40-65
65-95
50-80
II
broken fragments. The top layer of rockfill should be thoroughly 2.36 mm 20-40 30-50 40-65
blinded with suitable granular material to seal its surface. 0.425 mm 10-25 15-25 20-35
0.075 mm 3-10 3-10 3-10
9.7. Sub-bases and Bases (Non-Bituminous)
CBR Value 30 25 20
9. 7. I. Granular sub-base : The material for granular sub- (Minimum)
base should generally conform to the gradings indicated in Tables
9.5. and 9.6. or combination thereof
Table 9.6. Grading for coarse-graded granular sub-base
materials
9.7.2. Stabilised soil 'Sud-base : Mechanical Stabilisation
IS sieve.
.
Per cent by weight passing the IS seive
consists of b'iending the missing fraction (clay with sand and sand
with clayey soils) for improving gradation and bringing the plasticity designation
within permissible limits. Gradation, plasticity and density are Grading I Grading II Grading III
important controls.
75.0 mm 100
53.0 rum 100
Lime-soil stabilisation is a process of stabilisation of eJayey
26.5 mm 55-75 50-80 100
soils by the chemical action of lime on the clay minerals. Generally,
9.50 mm
soils containing at least 15 per cent of materials finer than 425 J.tm
4.75 mm 10-30 15-35 25-45
and having a PI of at least lO are suitable. However, presence of :u 2.36 mm
harmful salts or organic matter may inhibit the stabilisation and it is
0.425 mm
better to test for lime reactivity of the soil before choosing this
0.075 mm < 10 <10 <10
I
technique. A soil whose 7-day unconfined compression strength
increases by at least 3 kglcm2 with lime treatment can be considered
lime reactive. CBR Value 30 2! 20
(Minimum)
.
The lime used for lime soil stabilisation shall be commercial ~;
)
Note: The material passing 425 micron (0.425 mm) seive for
dry lime having a purity of not less than 70 per cent by weight of all the three gradings when tested according to 18:2720
.;~,
.
(Part V) shan haye liquid limit and plasticity. index not
,!'
more than 25 and 6 per cent respectively.
:)
~:
I'
[i
- ~'
---~------ ~-.-~ -~-~-~··v~~-,~c..,;~,,,~,,,,,
234 Construction 235
Construction
the_ help _of a motor ~ader with blades having hydraulic control for
quick lime. It should be properly. stored to avoid prolonged exposure mamtammg the requtred slope and grade during construction.
to the atmosphere~
I . ~anual mixing shall be. permitted only where the width of
The soil for lime soil stabilisation shall be pulverised so that laytng ts not adequate for mechanical operations.
it passes 100 per cent through ~6.5 mm IS Sieve and passes 80 per
_ !"fix .in _vlace construction shall be cai-Tied out by a rotavator
cent by weight through I.S. Sieve 5.6 mnr. or stmtlar equtpment. ·
Lime-flyash-soil stabilisation is suitable for soils of medium . The moisture content of loose material shall be checked and
plasticity (PI 5.;.20) and clayey soils. :Lime chemically t:eacts with ?rought to 1 per cent above or 2 per· cent below the CMC. If water
the silica and alumina in the flyash to form cementitious .compounds ts added, the material shall- be processed by mechanical or other
which binds the soil particles. · appro~ed ~eans, like, disc harrows or rotavators, etc., so that the
layer ts umformly wet.
Cement stabilisation is preferable for granular soils free of
high concentrations of organic matter (:=!" 2 per cent) or deleterious The choice of roller should be as per Table 9.4.
salts (sulphate or carbonate content ::t 0.2 per cent) are suitable. The 9.7.4. Water bound macadam : Material for water bound
plasticity modulus (product of PI and fraction passing 425 p.m sieve) mac~dam. should con_form t~ relevant clause of Ministry's
should be less than 250 and the uniformity co-efficient should be Spectficatao~. _!he physacal requtrements, grading requirements and
greater than 5. Cement for cement stabilisation should conform to the ap~roxt~ate quantities of aggregate required have ·been
the requirements to IS:269, 455 or 1489. summansed m Table Nos. 9.7, 9.8, 9.9 and 9.10. ·
The mix design for cement stabilization should be done on Table 9.7. Physical requirements of coarse aggregates for water
the basi:; of 7-day unconfined compresive strength (UCS) and/o.r bound macadam for sub-base/base courses
durability test under 12 cycles of wet dry conditions. The laboratory•
Test Test Method Requirements
strength values should be at least 1.5 times the minimum field UCS
taken for the pavement design. · l. * Los Angeles 18:2386 (Part IV) 40 per cent (MID() ·
Abrasion Value
Lime soil stabi.lisation or cement stabilisation should not be or
done when the air temperature in shade is less 1 00°C. ·Compaction *Aggregate IS:2386 (Part IV) 30 per cent (Max)
of lime stabilised soils should be completed within 3 hours of mixing. Impact Value or IS:5640* *
The corresponding period for cement stabilisation is 2 hours.
2. Combined Flakiness 18:2386 (Part I) 30 per cent (Max)
and Elongation Indices
Bitumen stabilisation is suitable for sands and granular S?ils.
(Total)***
Two-stage stabilisation is pt:eferable to stabilise certain soils Aggregate may satisfY requirements of either of the two tests
in two stages to achieve better strength and other engineering
*
** Aggregat~s, like, brick _..etal, kankar. laterite, etc. which get
properties. A typical example is to treat clayey soils with lime in the. softened m presence of water shall be tested for impact value
first stage to reduce plasticity and to facilitate pulverisation, and in under wet conditions in accordance with IS:5640.
the second stage to stabilise with cement or bitq.men. *** The requirement of flakiness index and elongation index shall
be enforced only in the case of crushed broken stone and
9.7.3. Construction of ·granular and stabilised soil crushed slag.
sub-bases: The sub-base material should be spread on prepared with
:nEillli:: jf{~:~J.!~~-:~
.fl.
onstruction 236 }' Construction
237
Table 9.8. Grading requirements of coarse aggregates }·
Table 9.10. Approximate quantities of coarse aggregates and
~
frading Size range IS sieve Per cent by weight
screenings required for 100/75 mm compacted
0. de;signation passing
thickness of Water Bound Macadam (W·BM) Sub-
base/base course for lOm:z area
90 mm to 45 rom ~25 mm 100 {t Classifi- Size Compacted Loose Screenings
90mm 90-100
63 mm 25-60 '!I[.
I•·
cation Range
. thickness qty. 1 ::!tone screenmg 1Crushable type such
45 mm 0-15 t·
:I
as Moorum or gravel
22.4 mm 0-5 '1· Grading ForWBM Grading Loose
Classi- sub-basel classifi- qty.
L 63 mm to 4~ rom 90 mm 100
Jr fication base course cation
63 mm 90-100 1f &.size (Loose & size
i•~,(
53 mm 25-75 quantity)
45mm 0-15
22.4 mm 0-5 Grading I 90 mm to 100 mm 121 to Type A 0.27 to f-!ot 0.30 to
.•: . 45 mm 1.43 m1 13.2 mm 0.30 m3 unifoll11 0.32 m3
.'
3. 53 mm to 22.4 mm 63 mm 100
53 mm 95-100
)I Grading 2 63 mm to 75 mm 0.91 to Type A O.l2 to -do- 0.22 to
45 mm 65-90 45 mm 1.07 m3 13.2 mm 0.15 m 3 024 m3
22.4 mm 0-10 .1'A
Note
11.2 nim• 0-5
Grading 3 53 mm to 75 mm
-do- -do- Type B 0.20 to
11.2 mm 0.22 m 3 .
-do-
. -do-
~
11.2 mm 95-100 rounded river borne material) having liquid, limit and plasticity index
5.6 mm 15-35 below 20 and 6 respectively may be used provided fraction passing
180 micron 0-10 ~
k
75 micron sieve does not exceed 10 per cent.
B 11.2 mm 11.2 mm
5.6 mm
180 micron
100
90-100
15-35
'r-~. Binding material need not be used if the layer is to serve as
base (or is to receive black topping), or where qushable type of
screenings, like, moorum is used. ·
1
1i
It is a good practice to lay a sub-base of granular/l>tabilised
~
~
~fi
Construction 238
Construction 239
material before laying WBM. This ts particularly important where
the subgrade is of clayey type. Three wheeled power rollers at 80 to I 00 kN or tandem or
;
vibratory rollers at 80 to lQO kN static weight should be used fo,r
Where the WBM is to be laid directly over subgrade, a 25 rolling. Except on supperelevated portions, where the rolling should
mrn thick layer of stone screenings (Grading B) - .. inverted choke" proceed from inner edge to outer edge, rolling should begin from
- should be spread on the prepared subgrade before the" application the edge gradually progressing towards centre. Successive passes
of aggregate is taken up. !n case of fine sand or :Silty or clayey should uniformly overlap the proceeding by at least on~ half width.
subgrade it is advisable to' lay 100 mm thick insulating layer of
screening or coarse sand on the top of fine grained soil. A preferred In case screening are to be applied, rolling should be
alternative to inverted choke is the use of appropriate geosynthetics discontinued when the aggregate ar~ part;ially compacted with
mesh. sufficient void space to permit application of screening. During rolling
slight sprinkling of water may be allowed. Complete rolling is
Arrangements for water, 'rollers in working order and templates/ indicated by a loose stone piece getting crushed under the roller
other tools and equipment for checking the quality of the materials without sinking.
and work must be available at site before the work of laying is
started. After the coarse aggregate has been ro lied, screening to
completely fill the interstices should be applied gradually over the
The quantities of coarse aggregtes and screenings will vary surface. Screening should not be ·damp or wet at the time of
depending on the actual gradings. application. These should not be dumpe-d in piles but applied at a
uniform rate, in three or more applications, so as ensure filling of all
Arrangements for lateral confinement of aggregates must be voids. Dry rolling should be done while the screenings are being
provided. This can conveniently be done by raising the shoulders in .... • spread so that vibrations of the roller cause screenings to settle into
stages equal in thickness to each layer of WBM. the voids of coarse aggregate. Dry rolling should accompanied by
brooming. These operations should continue until no more screenings
can be forced into the voids of coarse aggregate.
The coarse aggregate should be spread uniformly and evenly
on the prepared sub-grade/sub-base by using templates placed across Spreading, rolling and btooming of sc;reens shall be carried
the road about 6 m apart. The thickness of each compacted layer out in only such lengths which are likely to be completed within one
should· not be more than 100 mm in grading 1 and 75 mm for day's qperation.
gradings 2 and 3. Wherever possible, mechanical devices should be
used to spread the aggregates uniformly so as to minimise the need After screenings have been applied, the surface should be
for manual rectification afterwards. copiously sprinkled with water, swept with hand brooms and rolled.
This operation should be continued with additional screenings~ applied
The spreading should be done from stockpiles or directly from
as necessary, untill the coarse aggregates has be(m thoroughly keyed,
ve~icles. No segregation of large or fine aggregates should be
well broomed, firmly set in its fqll depth and a grout has been formed
allowed.
of screenings.
The surface should be checked frequently while spreading and
rollirtg so as to ensure the specified regularity of slopes and camber. The base or subgrade should not get damaged due to use of
excessive quantities of water. In case lime treated soil· sub-base,
The coarse aggregate should not normally be spread more than construction of water bound macadam should be taken up only after
three days in advance of the subsequent construction operations. sub-base has picked up enough strength.
J~tHlEt;:~. . ....
Apply binding material, wherever required, in a similar fashion spraying bitumen at specified rates and temperatut:es to provide a
as screening. Continue rolling till full compaction is achieved. uniform, unbroken spread.
After the. final compaction of WBM course, the pavement Immediately after the application of the binder, key aggregates
should be allowed to dry overnight. Next morning hungry spots in a clean and dry state should be spread uniforrnally on the surface
should be filled with screenings or binding material, lightly sprinkled @ 0.13 m 3 per 10 m 2 preferably by means of mechanic ·gritter.
with water, .if necessary and rolled.
9.7.6. Wet mix macadam: Wet mix macadam construction
No traffic should be allowed on the road untill the macadam is an improvement over the conventional water bound macadam
has set. The compacted WBM · Course should be allowed to providing speedy and' more durable construction. It .differs from the
completely dry and set befo.re the next pavement course is laid over water bound macadam in that graded aggregates (confornlling to
it. requirements indicated in Table 9.11) and gtanular materials are
mixed with predetermined quantity of water in accordance with the
WBM work should not be carried out .when the atmospheric specifications to form dense rpass which is spread and ro'Ued to
temperature i~ less than 0°C in the shade. approved lines, grades and cross~section to serve as pavement
course(s).
9.7.5. Crushed cement concrete sub-base : This work
consists of breaking and crushing the damaged cement concrete slabs Table 9.11. Physical requirements of coarse aggregates for wet
and recompacting the same as sub-base in one or more layers. It mix macadam for sub-base/base courses ·
may also include treating the surface .of the top layer with a
Test Test method Requiren:rs;mts
penetration coat of bitumen. .. •
~
Coarse aggregate should conform to one of the gradings for 1. * Los Angeles lS:2386 (Part IV) 40 per cent (Max)
WBM work.
.
Abrasion Value
Thickness of each layer should not exceed 100 mm in case of 2. Combined IS:7386 (Part I) 30 per cent (Max)
sub-base and 75 mm in case of base .course. Flakiness and
Elongation Indices
The course should be constructed as WBM except that no (Total)
screening or binding rnaterilll need be applied.
* Aggregate may satisfy reql,iirernents of either of the two test.
Before the application of penetration coat, the surface should The specified gr.ading for the aggregates (Table 9.12). and
be cleaned using mechanical broom. granular materials should be used for mixing. Quantity of vvater
should not vary from OMC determined as per IS:2720 (P.t. VIII), by
The binder shall be heated and sprayed on the dry surface @ more than agreed limit .
. 25 kgs per 10 m 2 by pressure sprayer capable of self heating and
_Construction - 243
(:onstruction 242
Table 9.14. Physical requirements of coarse aggregates for thickness up to I 00 mm. If vibratory roller of minimum 80 to I 00
crusher-run macadam base kN is used single layer upto 200 mm can be compacted. The speed
Test Test Method Requirements of roller should not exceed 5 kmlhour. Each layer shall be compacted
to not less than 98 per cent of maximum density as per IS:2720 (Pt:
l. *Los Angeles I8:2386 (Part IV) 40 Maximum VIII).
Abrasion Value
9.7.8 .. Mineral aggregates for pavement : Mineral aggregates
or should satisfy the requirements laid in Table 9.15. Each size ·of
aggregate should be stacked separately. Similarly, material obtained
*Aggregate 18:2386 (Part IV) 30 Maximum
from different sources should also be stacked separately.
Impact Value · or 18:5640
Table 9.15. Size requirements for mineral aggregates
2. **Combined 18:2386 (Part I) 30 Maximum
Flakiness and Coarse Aggregate
Elongation Indices Standard size Designation of sieve Designation of
8.No.
(Total) of aggregates through which the sieve on which
aggregates shall the aggregates ·
3. ***Water I8:2386 (Part III) 2 per cent Maximurn wholly pass shall wholly be
absorption retained
4. Liquid limit of
material passing
18:2720 (Part-V) 1 Not more than 25 (i) 75 mm
63 mm
106 mm
90 mm
·~ . 63 mm
53 mm
.....
(ii)
425 micron
(iii) 45 mm 53 mm 26.5 mm
5. Plasticity Index 18:2720 (Part-V) Not more than 6 (iv) 26.5 mm 45 mm 22.4 mm
of material passing (v) 22.4 mm 26.5 mm 13.2 mm
425 micron
(vi) 13.2 mm 22.4 mm 11.2 mm
* Aggregate may satisfy requirements of either of the two tests (vii) 11.2 mm 13.2 mm 6.7 mm
** First determine flakiness index, then from remaining non flaky 6.7 mm 2.8 mm
(viii) 11.2 mm
pieces determine elongation index and add up.
*** If the water absorption is more than 2 per cent, soundness test
shall be carried out as per IS:2386 (Part-V). 9.8 Bitumen Bound Bases and Surfacings
After the aggregates are uniformly deposited by hauling 9.8.1. General requirements on materials, mixing, transporting,
vehicles on the approved sub-grade and distributed over. the surface, laying, compaction, joints and cons.truction of bituminous pavement
these are blade mixed to full depth alternately from edges to centre layers, are laid down in Clause 50 l of this Ministry's Specifications.
and back using water to moisten the materials sufficiently to prevent
their segregation. Alternatively, crushed materials may be mixed using 9.8.2. Prime coat : Prime coat. consists of application a single.
water in mixing plant of Wet Mix Macadam. If compaction is done coat of low viscosity liquid bituminous material to a porus granular
using 80 to 100 kN weight, smooth wheel roller for single compacted surface preparatory to the superimposition of bituminous treatment
.
primer
Type of surface kinematic Viscosity Quantity per The succeeding construction should be made only after. curing
~
Table 9.18. Physical requirements of aggregates for bituminous Table 9.19. Grading requirements of coarse aggregates and key
bases aggregates for bituminous penetration macadam
Property Test Specification IS sieve Per cent by weight passing the sieve
Cleanliness designation
Grain size analysis' Max 5% passing
For 50 mm compacted For 75 mm compacted
0.075 mm sieve thickness thickness
Particle shape Flakiness and Elongation Max 30%
Index (Combined) 2 Coarse Key Coarse Key
Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate
Strength* Los Angeles Abrasion Max 40%
Value 3 63 mm 100
* Aggregates may satisfy requirements of either of these 50 mm 50 kg 0.60 cupl. 0.15 cum.
two tests. 75 mm 68 kg 0.90 cum. 0.18 cum.
Table 9.21. Grading requirements of coarse and key Table 9.22. Physical requirements for coarse aggregate for
aggregates for built-up spray grout dense graded bituminous macadam
IS Sieve Per cent by weight passing the sieve Property Test Specification
Designation
. Cleanliness (dust) Grain size analysis' Max 5% passing
Coarse Aggregate Key Aggregate
0.075mm sieve
53.0 mm '· lOO : Particle shape Flakiness and Elongation Max 30%
26.5mm 40-75 Index (Combined) 2 .
22.4 mm lOO Strength* Los Angeles Abrasion Max 35%
13.2 mm 0-20 40-75 . Value 3
0~20
A,ggregate Impact Value 4 Max 27%
5.6 mri1
5
2.8 mm 0-5 0-5 Durability Soundness:
Sodium Sulphate Max 12%
Magnesium Sulphate Max 18%
Bituminous binder shall be applied at specified temperature
by a pressure distributor at the specified rate, uniformaly over the Water Absorption Water absorption 6 Max2%
surface. · Stripping Coating and Stripping Minimum retained
of Bitumen Aggregate coating 95%
Immediately, after the penetration of bitumen, key aggregates Mixtures 7
in a clean and dry state shall be spread uniformly over the surface Water Retained Tensile Min 80%
preferably by means of a mechanical spreader. ..If 'necessary, the Sensitivity** .... ~trength 8
surface shall be broomed to obtain uniform application. The entire
Notes : I. IS:2386 Part I 5. IS:2386 Part 5
surface shall then be rolled until the key aggregates are firmly in
2. IS:2386 Part I 6. IS:2386 Part 3
position.
(the elongation test to be done only on non-flaky
aggregates in the sample)
9.8.5. Bituminous macadam and dense graded bituminous .
3. IS:2386 Part 4* 7. IS:6241
macadam : The work consists of construction of a single layer of
4. IS:2386 Part 4* 8. AASHTO T283**
compacted crushed aggregates premixed with bituminous binder.
· Bituminous Macadam is more open graded than the Dense Graded * Aggregate may satisfy requirements of either of these
two tests.·
Bituminous Macadam.
** The water sensitivity test is only required if the
minimum retained coating in the stripping test is less
Physical requirement~ of aggregate for BM are given in Table
than 95%.
9. 18. Physical requirements for Dense Graded Bituminous Macadam
are given in Table 9:22. Table 9.23. Grading requirements for mineral fiUer
IS Sieve (mm) Cumulative per cent passing by
The filler shall be graded within the limits indicated in Table weight of total aggregate
9.23.
.0.6 100
For bituminous macadam, the bitumen ·content for· premix 0.3 95 - 100
should be 3 to 3.5 per cent by weight of total mix except otherwise 0.075 85 - 100.
.-
JtHIHut __ . ----~---·-_,:_~ -~~::l[.i~:<
directed. The cOI'nposition of Bituminous Macadam should conform Table 9.26. Composition of dense graded bituminous macadam
to Table 9.24. The manufacturing and rolling temperature are given pavement layers
in Table 9.25. For dense graded bituminous macadam aggregrate Grading 1 2
gradation and requirement of mix are indicated iri Table Nos. 9.26 Nominal aggregate size 40 mm 25 mm
and 9.27. Layer thickness 80-100 mm 50-75 mm
.
. IS Sieve (mm) Cumulative % by weight
Table 9.24. Composition of bituminous macadam of total aggregate passing
~- ___ l3itumen grade 35 to 90 35 to 90 Notes : l. The combined aggregate grading shall not vary from
Note Appropriate bitumen contents for conditions in cooler areas the low limit on one sieve to the high· limit on the
of ~ndia may be up to 0.5% higher subject to the approval adjacent sieve.
of the Engineer. · 2. Determined by the Marshall method.
Nominal Maximum Minimum VMA, per cent Sodium Sulphate Max 12%
Particle Size 1 Related to Magnesium Sulphate Max 18%
(mm} Design Air Voids, per cent 2 Water Absorption Water absorption 7 Max 2%
3.0 4.0 5.0 Stripping Coating and Stripping Minimum retained
9.5 14.0 15.0 16.0 of Bitumen Aggregate coating 95%
.....
• 12.5 13.0 14.0 15.0 Mixtures9
19.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 Water Retained Tensile Min 80%
25.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 Sensitivity** Strength 8
37.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 Notes : 1. IS:2386 Part l 5. IS:2386 Part 5
2. IS:2386 Part l 6. IS:2386 Part 3
Notes l. The nominal maximum particle size is one size larger
than the first sieve to retain more than lO per cent. (the elongation test to be done only on non-flaky
aggregates in the sample)
2. Interpolate minimum voids in the mineral aggregate
3. IS:2386 Part 4* 8. AASHTO T283**
(VMA} for design air voids values between those listed.
4. IS:2386 Part 4* 9. IS:624l
5. BS:812 Part 114
9.8.6. Bituminous concrete and semi-dense bituminous
concrete : The work consists of construction, in a single or multiple * Aggregate may satisfy requirements of either of these
layers of bituminous concrete prepared as per specified job mix two tests.
formula, on previously prepared bituminous base. A sinlge layer shall ** The water sensitivity test is only required if the
be 25 mm to 100 mm in thickness. minimum retained 'coating in the stripping test is less
than 95%.
The coarse aggregate for semi-dense bitumen concrete should The coarse aggregate for bituminous concrete mix should
satisfY the criteria laid in Table 9.29. Aggregate gradation is indicated satisfy the requirements mentioned in Table. 9.32. Composition of
in Table. 9.30. SDBC should satisfY the requirement indicated in Bituminous Concrete Pavement layers and requirements for
Table 9.31. ·
Bituminous Pavement layers are indicated in Tables 9.33 and 9.34
respectively.
Construction 256 Construction ·257
Table 9.30. Composition of semi-dense bituminous concrete Table 9.31. Requirements for semi-dense bituminous pavement
pavement layers layers
Table 9.32. Physical requirements for coarse aggregate for Table 9.33. Composition of bituminous concrete pavement
layers
tlituminous concrete pavement layers
Property Test Specification Grading I 2
Nominal aggregate size 19 mm 13 mm
Cleanliness (dust) Grain- size analysis 1 • Max 5% passing Laver thickness 50-65 mm 30-45 mm
0.075mm sieve IS Sieve 1 (mm) Cumulative % by weight
Particle shape Fla~iness and Elongation Max 30% · of total aggregate passing
Index (Combinedf 45
Strength* Los Angeles Abrasion Max 30% 37.5
Value3 26.5 100
Aggregate Impact Value4 Max 24%
19 79-100 100
Polishing Polished Stone Value 5 Min 55 13.2 59-79 79-100
Durability Soundness: 6 9.5 52-72 70-88
Sodium Sulphate Max 12% 4.75 35-55 53-71
Magnesium Sulph,ate Max 18% 2.36 28-44 42-58
Water Absorption Water absorption
7 Max2% 1.18 20-34 34-48
Coating and Stripping Minimum retained 0.6 15-27 26-38
Stripping
of Bitumen Aggregate coating 95% 0.3 I.J)-~0 18-28
Mixtures9 0.15
.
5-13 12-20
Water Retained Tensile Min 80% 0.075 2-8 4-10
Sensitivity** Strength8 Bitumen content, %by 5.0-6.0 5.0-7.0
Nc;tes :. L IS:2386 P<trt 1 5. IS:2386 Part 5 mass of total. mix 2
2. IS:2386 Part 1 6. IS:2386 Part 3 Bitumen grade (pen) 65 65
(the elongation test to be done only on non-flaky Notes l. The combined aggregate grading shall not vary from
aggregates in the sample) the low limit on one sieve to the high limit on the
adjacent sieve.
3. IS:2386 Part 4* 8. AASHTO T283**
2. Detennined by the Marshall method.
4. IS:2386 Part 4* 9. IS:6241
5. BS:8l2Paitll4
Aggregates : The chips shall conform to the requirements of
* Aggre~ate may satisfy requirements of either. of these Clause except that their water absorption shall be restricted to a
two tests, maximum of I pet· cent and they shall have a Polished Stone value
**The water sensitivity test is only required if the as measured by th'~ method given in BS812 (Part 114), if not les~
minimum retained poating iri-fhe stripping test is less than 60. The chips shall be single sized, clean, hard,. durable, of
than 95%. c_ubical shape free from dust and soft or. friable matre.-. organic or
other deleterious matter and conforming to one of the gndings given
in Table 9.35.
___:.__..
_j ::~-~llii:~t:
Table 9.34. Requirements for bituminous pavement layers Table 9.36. Nominal rates of spread for binder and chippings
Minimum stability (kN at 60°C) 9.0 Nominal Chipping Size Binder (penetration grade Chips
Minimum flow (mm) 2 mm bitumen) Cum/m2
kgfm 2
Maximum flow (mm) 4
Compaction level (Number of blows) 7 5 blows on each of the 19 1.2 0.015
two faces of the specimen 13 1.0 0.010
Per cent air voids . 3·-6 10 0.9 0.008
·· Per cent vQids in mineral See Table 9.28 6 0.75 0.004
aggregate (VMA) Note : (1) These rates of spread are for pncmg purposes - see
Per cent voids filled with 65-75 Clause 510.2.3 and Clasue 510.8 of Ministry's
bitumen (VFB) Specifications.
(2) For emulsion, these rates of spread are for the residual
Loss of stability on immersion in Min. 75 per cent
bitumen and appropriate adjustment must be made to
water at 60°C (ASTM D 1075) retained strength
determine the total quantity.
(3) Refer to Manual for Construction and supervision of
Table 9.35. Grading requirements- for chips for surface dressing Bituminous Works for the procedure of determining the
IS Sieve Cumulative per cent by weight of total rates of spread of binder and chips.
Designation aggregate passing for the following
rnm nominal sizes (mm) Anti.:.stripping agent : Where the. proposed aggregAte tfai1s to
19 13 10 6 pass the stripping test then an approved adhesioni agent (Appendix
5 for details) may be added to the binder in accordance with the
26.5 100 - - - manufacturer's instructions. The effectiveness of the proposed anti-
19.0 85-100 100 - - stripping agent must be demonstrated by the Contractor, before
approval by the Engineer. ·
13.2 0-40 85-100 100 -
9.5 0-7 0-40 85-100 100
6.3 - 0-7 0-35 85-100 Pre-Coated .chips : As an alternative to the use of an adhesion
4.75 - - 0-10 - agent the chips may be pre-coated before they are spread except
3.35 - - - 0-35 when the sprayed binder film is a bitumen emulsion. Pre-coating the
2.36 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-10 chips may be carried out in any one of the two methods:
0.60 - - - 0-2-
0.01? 0-1.5 0-1.5 O-L5 0-1.5 a) Mixing them with 0.75 to 1.0 per cent of paving bitumen
Minimum 65% Passing Passing 1 Passing Passing by weight'of chips in a suitable tnixer, the chips being
by weight of 19mm, 13.2 mm, 9.5 mm, 6.3 (Ilffi, heated to 1600C and the bitumen to its application
aggregate retained retained retained retained temperature. The pre~coated chips shall be allowed to
13.2 mm 9.5 mm 6.3 mm 3.35 mm cure for at least one week or untill they bec.ome non
sticky and can be spre~d easily .
. Rates of spread of binder and chips : For the purpose of
b) Spraying the chips with a light application of creosote,
pricing the Bill of Quantities the rates of spread given in Table 9.36 ·
'diesel oil or kerosene at ambient temperature. This
shall be priced. ·
~~
Construction 262 J.
Construction 263
spraying can be done in a concrete mixer or on a belt
ronveying the chips from stockpile to gritting lorries. .,
J Table 9 •38 • Q, uar.titites of m-aterials required for 10 m or road
2
-""_""; __ '"'--;-~- ~
·-·:
. ~:'
jflftJ~~t?:
-\~11
I
E
ConstructiGn 264 ! Construction 265
I
2
Table '9.39. ·Quantities -of aggregate fur 10 m ar-ea I Fine aggregates : The fine aggregates shall consist of crushed
(A) For P·remix: Carpet ~ rock quarry sands, natural gravel/sand or a mixture of both. These
shall be clean, hard, durable, un-coated, mineral particles, dry and
(a) Coarse aggregate nominal 1.32 mm .size;
passing IS 22.4 mm -sieve a.n:cl retained on
I
~
free from injurious, soft or flaky particles and organic or deleterious
substances.
IS 11.2 mm sieve 0.18 m 3 •~
(b) Coarse aggregate nominal 11.2 mm size; i Aggregate gradation : The coarse· and fine aggregates shall
~ be so graded or combined as to. conform to one or the other gradings
pasing IS 13.2 mm siev.e and !17etained :on
IS 5.6 mm sieve 0.09 m 3
j shown in "fable 9.41 as specified in the contract.
~
(B) For Seal Coat : "
~
Table 9.41. Aggregate Gradati9n
Refer to Clause 513. ~~
IS Sieve Cumulative per cent by weight of total
~
~:
Designation aggregate passing
Table 9.40. "Quantities of 'emu1sion. binder ~
;;-:
(mm) Type A Type B
2
?,
For 10m area ~
13.2 mm 100
(A) For Premix 'Carpet 20 to 30 kg
t
~ ll.2 mm 100 88-100
5.6 mm 52-88 31-52
2.8 mm 14-38 5-25
(B} For Seal Coat : .... ..
0.090 mm 0-5 0-5
~
(B) Premixed seal coat comprising of a thin application of Binder : The binder for I'Il:astic asphalt shall meet the
; fine aggregate premixed with bituminous binder. requirements as laid in Table 9.42.
Binder : The requirements of Para _9.8.8 shall apply. Table 9.42. Requirements for physical properties of binder
I
Construc~ion 268 t Constrllction 269
Table 9.43. Grade and thickness of mastic asphalt paving, and Table 9.45. Composition of mastic asphalt blocks without
grading of coarse aggregate coarse agg-regate
Application Thickness Nominal size of Coarse aggregate Percentage by weight
IS Sieve
range (mm) coarse aggregate content, % by mass
of f!lasti<? ~halt
(mm) of total mix
Minimum Maximum
Roads and 25'-50 13 40 ± 10
carriageways P.a:ssing 2.36 mm but r.etafned Gn 0:6{)0 mm 0 22
Heavily stressed 40-50 13 45 ± 10 Passing 0.600 nun but retained on 0.212 mm 4 30
areas, i.e., junctions PBSsing 0.212 mm but retained 'CL075 mm 8 18
and toll plazas Pas-Sing 0;075 mm 25 45
Bitumen Content 14 17
Nominal size of coarse 13 mm
aggregate IS Sieve (mm) Cumulative %passing by weight
Composition with1n the limits as given in T.able 9.45. The
19 100 mixture shall be transported to the laying site in a towed mixer
13.2 88-96 transporter having arrangement ,fOr stirring and keeping the mixture
2.36 0-5 hot .during transportation.
I
of 1.5-5 mm. They may be used to seal cracks, arrest fretting and
Passing 2.36 mm but retained on 0.600 mm 0-25 fill voids and minor depressions, to provide a more even riding surface
or a base for further treatment; they may also be used on top of a
Passing 0.600 mm but retained on 0.212 mm 10-30
single -.coat surface -dressing.
Passing 0.212 mm but retained on 0.075 mm 10-30
Passing 0.075 mm 30-55
I
271
Construction 270
Aggregate : The aggregate shall be crushed rock, or slag and Construction Operations shall conform to Clause 516 of the
may be blended, if required, with clean, sharp, naturally occurring i Ministry's Specifications.
sand free from soft pieces and organic and other deleterious !
Mixing and transportation of mixture : Mixing (and laying)
substances to produce a grading as given in Table 9.46. The. ~
techniques vary according to the type of emulsion used. For class
aggregates shall meet the requirements of the film stripping test ~
A4 rapid setting and K3 emulsions, only special mobile mixing
~\:l machines should be used. These carry supplies of aggregate, emulsion,
Table 9.46. Aggregate grading, binder content and '~"' water and filler (e.g., ordinary portland cement or hydrated lime)
approxh:J!aSe coverage rate '·t and are fitted with metering devices to feed the ingredients in their
~ correct proportions to a mixer fitted to the rear of the machine. From
Sieve Size (mm) Percentage by mass· passing ~ the mixer the slurry is fed into the scre.ed box towed by the machine.
Finished thickness of' sealing I
~
5 mm 3 mm 1.5 mm ~ For all other emulsions, mixing may be by hand, concrete
~ mixer or other which effectively coats the aggregate uniformly and
~
'!•
9.5 100 produces a slurry seal of suitable consistency for satisfactory laying.
4.75 90-100 100 ' For large areas, a bulk transit concrete mixer may be used into "\1r-bich
.
3.35 80-100 100.
I the ingredients (including water) are measured and mixed as the mixer
2.36 65-90 75-100 95-100 travels to the area to be treated. A screed box fitted with an adjustable
1.18 45-70 55-90 70-95 rubber screed should be towed by the mixer which feeds it during
0.600 30-50 35-70 55-75 laying.
0.300 18-30 20-45 30-50·
0.150 10-21 10-25 10-30 The special mobile mixtng machine, when used, shall be
0.075 5-15 5-15 5-15 capable of uniform application to provide a continuous surface without
ridges or segregation. Before laying begins, the Contractor shall
Quantity of residual binder, 7.5-13.5 10-16· 12-20 provide the Engineer with a test certificate sho.wing test results for
percentage by mass of rate of application carried out under the supervision of a competent
aggrega~
authority, demonstrating that the machine has been tested, using the
Approximately covergae 8...:15 4-6 2-4 system to be used in the Contract, not more than six weeks before
and (kg/m2 ) the commencement of the work.
}i;:·
Construction 272
Ii
r: Construction 273
~c
I
amount of not greater than 30 per cent reclaimed bituminous. material
consistency throughout the container immediately prior to use.
. . should be assumed. ·
9.8.14. Recy<:ling of bituminous pavement t 4. Mater-ials for recycled pavement : The recycled materials
f
l. Scope : This covers the recycling of existing bituminous
pavement materials to upgrade an existing bituminous pavement
iI shall be a blend of reclaimed and new materials proportioned to
achieve a paving mixture with the specified engineering properties.
The reclaimed materials shall be tested and evaluated to find the
which has served its first-intended purpose. Recycling process can optimum blend meeting the mixture requirem~nts. Such testing and
I
be categorised into in-situ recycling (where processing takes place evaluation shall be carried_ ·out on representative samples, either cores
on site), and central plant recycling (where reclaimed material is sampled from the carriageway or samples taken from stockpiles in
processed off site). The process can be further sub-divided into hot accordance with current practice. The sampling frequency should be
and· cold process. This Specification covers the hot' process only. sufficient to determine how consistent the reclaimed material is and
However, reclaimed aggreagate from cold in-situ recycling can be t,,' to provide representative samples for composition analysis and
used in the Bituminous Cold Mix process specified in Clause 51.9 of measurement of properties of recovered binder. As an absolute
the Ministry's Specifications subject to the resultant mixes achieving ii
i minimum, one sample to represent 500 m of lane carriageway shall
the specified standards. <
e be taken.
~
2. Proportion of reclaimed materials less than 10 R.er .cent: ~, 5. Bitumen extraction : The procedure described in ASTM
If not more than 10 per cent of reclaimed bituminous matedal is to @ D-2172 shall be used to quantitatively separate aggregate and bitumen
be used in the production of bituminous macadam or dense graded l from any representative sample of reclaimed bituminous pavement.
1
I
bituminous base or binder course material, then paras 3 to 10 do not
apply. However; • 6. Aggregate evaluation : Mechanical sieve analysis (IS:2386,
(Part I), wet ·sieving method) shall be performed on the . aggregate
a) all reclaimed bituminous material s):lall be pre-treated portion of the reclaimed bituminous pavement sample to determine
b~fore. use such tha~ the mate:ial is. homogene~usly ·. the grading. It is essential that the reclaimed materials to be recycled
mtxed and the maxtmum parttcle stze of reclatmed are consistent, as variable materials will cause problems with the
material does not exceed 40 mm. f control of quality and impede the efficiency of the recycling operation.
Suitable sources of consistent material of sufficient quantity for the
b) the mixed material shall comply with requirements of i, scheme being considered need to be identified either in existing
Clauses 504 or 507 of the Ministry's Specifications as ~ pavement, from stockpiled plannings of known origin or from another
appropriate. ~ suitable source, before a decision can· bei made pn the optimum
~ percentage of reclaimed material.
3. Proportions of reclaimed materials greater then 10 per
cent: Reclaimed bituminous material of an apJ.ount greater than 10
l After selecting the proportion of reclaimed material to be
per cent, may be used in tbe production of bituminous macadam and ·recycled, the grading of the mixture may need adjustment, to meet
dense graded bituminous base and binder course material, subject to specification requirements, by the addition of selected ,aggregate sizes.
the requirements of paras 4 to tO-below and subject to the satisfactory
completion of full trial investigations in respect of all related 7. Evaluation of bitumen : When the amount of reclaimed
materials, layer thickness, machine o_perations and finished works on bituminous materials to be used in the mixture exceeds l 0 per cent,
45
of Binder after Mixing
27
to
13. Mixture design and construction operations should conform
Clause 517 of tho-..Ministry's Specifications.
9. Untreated aggregate : If necessary, fresh untreated The bitumen emulsion shall be as specified in the Contract ur
as instructed by the Engineer. The emulsion sh:lll be
aggregate shall be added to the reclai~cd bituminous pavement to
produce a mix with the desired grading.. The aggregate shall be SS-1 h* (SS-1 can be used if the former is not available)
checked for quality requirements in accordance with Table 9.18 or complying with the-.requirements of ASTM D-977, or;
Table 9.22 as appropriate. Reclaimed aggregate, if any, or any ~
aggregate normally used for the desired bituminous mixture, or both, 1 CSS-1 h* (CSS-1 can be used if the fonner is not available)
may be used for this purpose. · 1
complying with the requirements of ASTM D-2397.
Before use these e~ulsions shall ·be diluted, 1 part emulsion
10. Combined aggregate grading : The blend of reclaimed
and new aggregate shall meet the grading criteria specified in the
relevant parts of Clause 504 or 507 of the Minitry's Specifications
I to 1 part water. AlternatiVely, Class A l-40* ·or Kl-40* emulsions
complying with the requirements of. BS 434(Part 1) 1984 may be
. '
as appropriate and as approved by the Engineer. The blend of'
I
I
* The grades if' IS:888? are_ onl;. broadly classified as RS, MS and·
SS further sub-classtficatlon ts not available at present .
'
I
Construction 276 I ConstnJction 277
used. These emulsions have a lower viscosity than the above ASTM, Table 9.48. Sand Gra~ing .and Physical Requirements
grades, they are rapid setting and they do not require to be diluted. ; Sieve Size Cumulative percentage by weight of
Because of their low viscosity they ;;hould be used as soon as possible (mm) total aggregate passing
after delivery. If this is not possible, the drums should be very
thoroughly rolled before use. 9.5 100
4.75 .. 85-100
Construction operation shall conform to Clause 518 of the 80-100
2.36
Ministry's Specifications.
1.18 70-98
. 0.60 55-95
9.8.16. Bituminous cold mix (including gravel emulsion): . 0.30 30-75
Bituminous Cold Mix consists of a mixture of unheated mineral 0.15 10-40
aggregate <.>nd emulsified or cutback bitumen. This Specification deals 0.075 4:.10
only with plant mix. (as opposed to mixed-in-place). Two types of
mix are considered, namely, Designed Cold Mix and Recipe Cold ·Plasticity Index (%) 6 max.
Mix. The Design Mix procedure shall be used unless the Recipe Sand equivalent (IS:2720, Part 37) 30 min.
Mix procedure is specifically approved by the Engineer. For details Los Angeles Abrasion Value 40 max.
Clause 519 of Ministry's Specifications may be referred. (IS:2386, Part IV)
9.8.17. Sand asphalt base course: This work shall consist Note : Maximum thickness for sand asphalt is. 80. mm.
'
of a base course composed of a sand, mineral filler where required
and bitu'tpiRous binder, placed and compacted upon a prepared and approved by the Engineer. The filler shall conform to Clause 507.2.4.
accepted subgrade iJ:i accordance with these Specifications and the of the Minsttj's Specifications. ·
lines, levels, grades dimensions and cross-section shown on the
drawings or as directed by the Engineer. Mix design and construction operation shall conform to Clause
520 of the Ministry's Specifications.
Note : Sand aSphalt base course is used in special situations like
quality aggregates not being available within economical 9.8~ 18. Modified binder : Modified binders comprise a base
leads and/or water needed for conventional base course not binder, to which is added either natural rubber, cr1nnb or a polymer,
being readily available, as in desert areas. . such as, Styiene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS), Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate
(EVA) or Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE). The puipose is to
Bitumen : The bitumen shall be paving bitumen of Penetration achieve a high performance bin~er with improved properties,
Grade S65 (60nO) or S90 (80/100), as specified in the Contract, particularly at extremes of temperature. ·
both as per Indian Standard Specifications for "Taving Bitumen" f
IS:73. I Base Binder : The base binder into whlch the modifier is
incorporated shall conform to IS:73. The choice of grade shall be ·
Sand : The sand shall be clean, naturally occurring or blended J such that it is compatible with the mOdifier and, when mixed shall
f
material free from any deleterious substances, dry and well graded have the properties described in Caluse 521.3 of the Ministry's
within the limits given in Table 9.48 and with other physical,. Specifications. •
properties conforming to ~he requirements of this Tahle.
"
~
.j Modifier : The modifier shall be a natural rubber, crumb
Filler : When required, filler shall consist of finally divided rubber or any other p;}tymer which is C'ompatible _with the base binder
mineral matter, such as, rock dust, hydrated ..
lime or cement as it
and whiph allows the. properties given in Clause 52 L3 of the where necessary.
Ministry's Specifications to be achieved. For further detail~
IRC:S~:53 may be referred to. The modifier, in the required ql):anti~ · 9.9.2. The type of material for the profile corrective course
shall be blended .at the .refinery or at the site plant capable of depends upon the site situation and has to be decided depending
producing modified binder. · upon whether it will be laid as part of the overlay or that it will be
. laid separately intervening between underlaying and overlaying layers .
Modifier Properties : The quantity of modifier to be added When the maximum thickness of profile correc~ive course does not
shall be deten:riined by tests on the base binder and the modified exceed 40 mm, it is advisable to provide PCC as integral part of
binder and the properties desired. A reference may 'be made to the overlay course. ln other cas.es separate layers with specifications same
Manual for Construction and Supervision of Bituminous Works for as that of the underlying layer or intermediate between underlyihg
indicative dosage of different types of modifiers. The properties of layer and overl~y ·may be provided. In specific cases of short sags or
the modified binder and mixing operations shall be as per depressions in the pavement, it may be necessary to provide corrective
requirements of Clause 521 of the Ministry's Specifications. course in the form of flat "·edges of 100 mm thickness maximum.
Whenever isolated high spots proj~cting o~er the pavement surface.
9.8.19. Crack prevention courses : This covers the provision· exist the same should be cvt by milling machine or some other
of Stress Absorbing Membrane (SAM) and Stress Absorbing suitable method, to minimise the requirement of PCC.
Membrane lnterlayer (SAMI).as measures to inhibit the propagation
of cracks. A SAM is an elastomeric bitumen rubb~r membrane, which 9.9.3. In placing multiple lifts, the lift of the shortest length
is laid over a cracked road surface, together wi:th a covering of . should be provided first. The successive lifts extending over and
aggregate chips, in order to extend the life ..of the pavement before · fully covering underneath layer and proceeding till the finished level
inajor treatment is carried out. SAM can be ,afd ·as a single coat or · matches with levels of the pavement on either side. Thi~ method
a double coat. A SAMI is layer which is appli~d to a cracked obviates development of a series of joints as shown in Fig. 9.4.
pavement surface but which is followed (within 12 months) by the Camber correction and correction of super-elevation are shown in
application of an overlay course. A SAMI may be a material similar Fig. 9.5.
to that used for a SAM. It may alternatively consist of a bitumen
impregnated geotextile. For details Clause 522 of the Ministry's
Specifications may be referred. ·
9.8.20. Quality control tests : Quality Control Tests for EXISTINGI LAYER
existing pavement profile which has lost its shape or has to be given
a new shape to meet the requirement of modified cross-section and/ (b) Incorrect Method
or impro~ement of longitudinal profile. P.C.C. differs· from
strengthening course in that it does not contribute to the .structural Fig. 9.4. Depression Filling
improvement of the pavement as it provides material in varying
,-·
Construction Construction 281
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Maximum size of aggregate shall be 26.5. The blended
aggregate should co!"'form to the grading indicated in Table 9.49.
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0 Table 9.49. Aggregate gradation for dry lean concrete
~ :.
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Sieve Designation
z ·Percentage passing the
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CD c:: 1" sieve by weight
t!
:::s :::s t! -~ "1:1c. 26.50 nun 100
0
u ....
0 5
(.) .....
"i I
I Oil
..,. .. 9.00 nun ...80-100
>- (.) c >- c:
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c:
!! >-CDC:
CD
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CDt1Cb
Q)
·- E
<0~(1)
-.::=E
~ (.) Q)
CD>Q)
-c=E
~ 0 CD· (
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till
QJ
9.50 mm
4.75 mm
55-75
35-60
0~~ . O «l>
t:: ro O~i;
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E 600.00 micron 10-35
"200.. -goa. "ioa..
ex (.) en
..m .5 (/) -~ C) en o en '• tJ 75.00 micron 0-8
c..e w
0
0
&;;;.
a..
0
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0.. q:
o ,_
,_ o--
X
(/)
o .I! .E
c.-..= 0
o o--
._ ·'- X
.n
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Water used for mixing and curing of concrete shall be free
Q.. Q..Q..W a.. a.. w ~
from injurious amounts of oil, salt. acid, vegetable matter or other
&:
The sub-grade should bf:" finished to proper lines grades and fo .' /
cross-sections. It should not be softened by 'rain after preparation. (b) Second Layer of Heaps
For areas with plastic soils, like, BC soil, the soil should be pre-
treated with about 2 per cent of lime. The sub-grade should be given on the levelled 1st Layer
a fine spray of water and rolled one day before laying the lean
concrete.
compressive strength of the lean concrete should not be less than 10 '1
MPa at seven days. In addition, the minimum compressive stre&,,;th
of any individual cube should not be less than 7.5 MPa at seven
days.
i) The maximum size of the aggregates should be restricted v) If a paver is employed, it should be operated at moderate
to 25 mm. speed. At higher speeds, coarser fraction tend to move
towards edges.
ii) While stockpiling aggregates the height of layer should
be restricted to 1-2 metres and each layer should be
Concrete should be spread over the full width preferably with
sprea~ horizontally. This is shown in Fig. 9.6.
a paver with electronic sensors. The minimum dry density shall be
iii) Dumpers should be moved back and forth as shown in 97 per cent of that achieved during the trial length construction as
Fig. 9.7. to stagger heaps. described below.. The density achieved at 0.5 m from the edge should
not be less than 95 per cent of that achieved durino ,..;,.1 .-.onstruction.
iv) Use of down-pipe from conveyor belt to dumper in
reducing segregation may be considered, where The time between mixing 0f the first batch of concrete and
applicable. This is shown in Fig. 9.8. final finishing time should nvt exceed 90 minutes when the concrete
temperature is bctv.-, t:n 1<if)C and 30°C and 120 minutes when the
Construction 284 Construction 285
.....
.
·~.:~:...
-~ ~k.
c<)ncrete temperature is less thari 25°C. This period may be reviewed
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·P.
in the light of results of the trial run.
.•.
l ., 2.'..;. ~
80 to l 00 kN static weight are suitable for rollinp dry lean
ooncrete. In addition, to the number of passes required tor compaction,
there should be a preliminary pass without vibration for bedding and
.a final pass without vibration to remov~ roller marks. Special care
should ·be exercised during compaction near joints, kerbs, channels,
Fig. 9. 7. Correct method or discharging concrete from mixing side forms. around guilies and inanholes. If necessary plate vibrators
plant onto the dumper for reducing segregation maY be used at these locations.
0~
... As far as possible transverse joints should be at right angles
to the pavement edge. Also. the transverse joints should be provided
.
·o
• A·
p..•• A typical down-pipe
(The diameter and length of sueh
in line with the joints in the slab of the adjoinipg lane.
·.o:·...
.....··-
devices should be decided in Sufficient forms should be available to atleast 200 metres
O.p
the plant site)
~.· length at all times. This should be set to the required alignment in
'advance of paving operation for 200 metres length or anticipated
. ..... __ _
: ...
.... ...
.: •• Dumper A separation membrane should be provided between concrete
slab and sub-base to obviate stresses developing at the interface as a
.. .a "'1
d4..,. . . . . . result of temperature changes in the concrete slab. This should be
... • .:it.
~ ~ '•
c. <::. 11)1..--". ~ 4" .. p..O. 125-microns thick impermeable plastic Sheet laid flat without creases
and nailed to the lower layer with concrete nails. The overlap in
plastic sheet, where necessary. should be at least 300 mm.
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Construction 286
2~7
Construction
separation layer. Prior to laying of concrete it should be ensured. that
separation membrane is in position and is clean of dirt or other such placing. are not possible, construction should be taken up by
extraneous mate/rial ..and free from any damage. hand guided methods.
Ordinary portland cement of grades 33, 43 or 53 conforming After the placing of the slab and before the application of the •J
re.spectiv.,ely to IS:269, IS:81l2 and IS: I :!269 should be used. If the cUring membrane, the surface shall be brush textured in accordance
soil has soluble salts, like, sulphate in excess of 0.5 per cent, the with the prescribed specifications.
cement used shall be sulphite resistant and shall conform to IS: 12330.
In cases where side forms are used as soon as side forms are
Guidance regarding matching the strength of cemePt with the removed, edges of the slab shall be corrected wherever irregularities
designed strength of concrete may be obtained from IS:SP:23, have occurred by using fine aggregate cQmposition of one part of
..Handbok for Concrete Mixes". Cement content should be between cement and three parts of chi~s- . .
350 and 425 kg/cum of concrete.
9.10.3. Joints : Provisions of joints ar.e necessitated due te-~:
Admixtures conforming to IS:6925 and IS:9l03 may be used .
to improve workability of concrete or extension of setting time. If
air entrained admixture is used, the total quantity of air-in-air
entrained concrete.. as a percentage of the volume of the mix should
be 5±1.5 per cent. The aggregate should comply with provisions of
IS:383 and iri addition, should have a Los Angeles Abrasion test
I i)
ii)
expansion, contraction and warping <>f concrete slabs
resulting from temperature and moisture changes;
Fine aggregate and water should conform to the requirements Transverse joints are of the following types ;
already mentioned in para 9.10.1.
a) Expansion ..Joints
Mild steel dowels and tie bars should conform to the relevant
requirements of IS:432, IS: 1139 and IS: 1786. The dowel bars should These provide for space in concrete to allow for
conform to grade S 240 11nd tie bars to grade S 415 of IS. expansion of slab. The practice with regard to spacing
of expansion joints vary from 20 metres to a few
The concrett? should be prepared after proper mix design using hundred metres. Recent practice is to omit expansion
methods mentioned in IS: 10262 "Recommended Guidelines for Mix joints and provide the same at junction- of roads with
Design... Workability of the concrete should. be established by slump structure, like, bridges, etc.
test." A slump of 30+ 15 mm is considered reasonable.
b) Contraction Joints
Placing of concrete may be taken up in weather conditions
already described in para 9.1 f1.1. The concrete base may be These joints are provided in concrete pavements to
constructed by fixed form paver,. or a slip form paver. Only where prevent stresses induced as a result of .ambient
temperature falling below the laying temperature. These
·:;···
are normally 3 to 5 mm width and provided upto l/3rd iii) assist in the event of loss of subgrade support at the
to l/4th the slab thickness. Spacing of contraction joints location of joint
is generally 5 metres. For reinforced concrete pavements . .
the maxim:tm spacing varies from 7.5 m to 17.0 m Dowel bars are generally mild steel round bars embedded and
depending upon thickness of slabs. bonded into concrete on one side of the joint and ftte other halt
length deliberately· prevented from bonding with concrete on that
c) Construction .Joints side. A recess is provided at the sliding end for free movement· of
s)ab when used in the expansion joil!ts.
These joints are provided at the end of a day's work or
when the. work is stopped unexpectedly. due to The dowel bar should be supported on cradles/dowel chairs in
interruption for tnoie than 30 minutes. These are either pre-fabricated joint assemblies positioned prior to the construction
contraction joints or expansion joints. of the slabs or mechanically inserted with vibration into the plastic
concrete by method ·which ensures correct placement of the bars
d) Longitudinal .Joints besides full re-compaction of the concrete around the dowel bars.
These are required when the width of concrete pavement Dowel bars should b~,positioned at.mid depth of the slab, and
is more than 4 metres wide. These are intended to centered equally about intended lines of the joint. They should be
provide for warping and even uneven settlement of aligned parallel to the finished surface of the slah and to the centre
subgrade. Generally, the joints are butt type but dummy line of the carriageway and to each
.
other. .. • ~
type joints are also used. These are saw cut joints for
atleast I /3rd of the depth of slab. Dowel bars should be covered by a thin plasfjc sheath for
atleast two-thirds of the length from one end for dowel bars · in
All foreign material in the joints should be removed first. The contraction joints or half the length plus 50 mm for expansion joints.
manual cleaning of the joints is done with a raker followed by coir The sheath si.aall be tough, durable and of and average thickness not
brushit~g. The fine particles are remov~ with the help of air greater than 1.25 mm. The sheathed bar shall comply with the
compressor. After the joints have been cleaned, primer is used. The specified pullout tests. ·
primer has very low viscosity and penetrates in the pores of the
concrete. This is followed by joint filler and finally sealing compound
. .
For expansion joints, a closely fitting ·cap I 00 mm long
is used. ·The primer used earlier helps to improve bond between consisting of waterproofed cardboard or an approved synthetic
sealing compound and concrete. material, like, PVC or GI pipe should be placed over the sheathed
end of each dowel bar. An expansion space at least eqUal in length
The joints should be ·sealed flush with the adjacent pavement ~ to the .thickness of the joint filler board should b~ formed between
I
I
surface on eit_her side in summer and should b.e filled to a depth of . the end of the cap and the end of the d-owel bar by using compressible
3-4 mm below the surface in winter so that they may become flush f sponge to block the entry or cement slurry between dowel and cap.
on expanding during hot weather. It may be taped,
Dowel bars are required for the transverse joints to Tie bars are provided to prevent' adjacent slabs from separating,
L particularly on curves or at fiBs. The tie bars are not meant to add
i) transfer part ioad across the adjacent slab structliral capacity of the slabs and are designed to withsta"d only.
tensile stresses.
ii) stresses becom.ing critical
Tie bars ih longitudinal joints should be defom1ed steel bars automatically lock the discharge lever when the drum has been
of strength 415 · MPa complying with IS: l 786. charged and release it at the end of the mixing period.
Tie bars projecting across the longitudinal JOmt shaH be The ,mixers shoul? be cleaned at suitable intervals. The pickup
protected from corrosion for 75. mm on each side of the joint by a and throw-over blades tn the drums should be repaired or replaced
protective coating of bituininous paint. when they are worn down 20 mm or more.
Tie bars in· longitudinal joints shall be made up into rigid Batching Plant should be. calibrated in the beginning an<i
assemblies with adequate supports and fixings to remairr firmly in thereafter at suitable interval not exceeding one month.
position during the construction of the·slab. Alternatively •. tie bars at
longitudinal joints may be mechanically or manually inserted into Mixers should be. of pan type. reversible type or anv other
the plastic concrete from above by vibration using a methOd which mixer capable of combining the aggregates, cement and wate~ into a
ensures correct placement of .the bars -and recompaction of the thoro~ghly ~ixed and. uniform mass within specific mixing period
concrete .around the tie •bars_ · am~ dtschargmg the mixture without segregation.
. Tie bars shall be positioned to remam within the middle third The accuracy of weighing devices should be ± 2 per cent in
of the slab depth, approximately parallel to the surface and case of aggregates and ±l per cent for water and cement.
prependicular to the line of the joint. with a minimum cover of 30
9.l0.4.
.
mm below the joint groove.
.....
Equipment of proportioning and layiug : The
The capacity of hatching and mixing plant should be atleast
25 _per cent higher than the proposed capacity of laying/paving
eqmpment. ·
hatching and mixing plant should inClude minimum four bins,
weighing hoppers with automatic weighing devices using load cetls The design features of hatching plant should be such that
·and scales [or the fine aggregate and for each size of coarse aggregate. shifting operations should not take very long time.
lf cement is used in bulk. a separate scale for cement should be
included. The concrete should be placea with an approved fixed fonn
or slip. fornl. paver with independent units designed to (i) spread (H)
The weighing :1opper should be prop~rly sealed and vented to consohdate, screed and float-finish and (iii) texture and cure the
precluce dust during operation. Approved safety devices shall be freshly placed concrete in one co·mplete pass of the machine in such
provided and maintained for the prote~tion of all personal engaged a manner t~at a minimum of hand finishing will be necessary and so
in plant operation, inspection and testing. as_ to provtd: a ~ense and homogeneous pavement in confonnity
wtth the spectficat10ns. The paver should be equipped with electronic
Bins with minimum number of. four adequate separate controls to controUsensor line and grade from either or both sides of
compartments should be provided in the hatching plant. the ~chine. Vibrato_rs should operate at a frequency of 8300 tO
9600 Impulses per mmute under load at a maximum spacing of 60
Batching plant should be equipped to proportion aggregates em.
and bulk cement by means of automatic weighing devices using load
cells. Saw machine shall be either electric or petroVdiesel driven
typ:. A water tank with flexible hoses and pump shall be made
Each stationary mixer should be equipped with an ::.pproved available in this_activity on priority basis. The concreting work should
timing device, capable of making audible warning signal, which will not commence tf the saws are not in woking condition.
- --- -
~.
Freshly mixed concrete from the central hatching and mtxtng Geomembrane should be made from PVC or polyethylene of
plant shall be transported to the paver site by means of truck/tippers. at least 0.8 mm thickness, duly protected from ultra-voilet exposure
Covers shall be used for protection of concrete against the weather. with 2.5 per cent carbon black, in black colour, supplied in roll form
The trueks/tippers should be capable of maintaining the mixed with 3 m or above width. The joints of these sheets shall be heat
concrete in a homogeneous state and discharging the same without bonded or seamed for effective permeation cut off, at site using
segregation and loss of cement slurry. The feeding to the paver is to standard equipment as part of the laying process. While fixing on to
be regulated in such a way that the paving is cione in an uniterrupted a slope, they shall not be punctured or stappled to impair their use.
manner with a uniform speed throughout the day's work.
Geocomposites should be made using heat bonded, seamed
9.11. Geosynthetics ~
stitched or wrap techniques. Their principal use shall.be to regulate
~~
drainage in cross-plane or in-plane direction~ ..
9.1 L 1. Materials : Geotextile should be made off Some of the application areas for geotextiles and related
polyethylene or polypropylene or polyester or similar fibres, either~ materials and their functions are _grven in Table 9.50.
woven or non-woven in variety, through machne made process od
heat bonding or needle punching or weaving techniques. These fabrics ~ Table 9.50. Applications and functions of geosynthetics
are required to pass water through but retain the soil particles, as for f
sub surface drains which required specific cross-plane permcabilicy ~ S.No. Application Area Geosynthetic Functions
or permitivity. t involved performance
f.
!. Embankments on soft soil GT,GG R, S
Geogrid should be made fr.oi:I\ integrally jointed, mono or bi- J~
2 ...~ , Retaining Walls GG,GT R
directionally oriented or stretched meshes made from polythylene or~
3. Drainage and Filtration GT F, S
polypropylene or polyester or similar polymer, with high scant~
modulus, in square, rectangular, hexagonal or oval. mesh fonn. Their I 4.
5.
Drainage-prefab, composite
Erosion Control rip rap
GC,GN
GT
· D,F,S,B
F, S
junction strength shall be high with high creep resistance, and~
6. Sediment Control-silt fence GT B, R, S
dimensional stability. Their open structure shall permit effectivej
7. Asphalt Overlay GT,GC B,R, S
interlocking with soil, aggregates, rock, etc., they shall be used as a~
tensile member or reinforcement. Characteristics strength of such Note: GT geotextile R = reinforcement
geogrids varies from 40 kN/m to 200 kN/m peak strength at a ' GG geogrid F = filtration
maximum elongation of 15 per cent in the direction of the length off
li
GC = geoc6mposite D =drainage
.~:
~~ ,- GN geonet B =barrier
s = separation
Geonet should be made from a single extruded unoriented
process from polyethylene or polypropylene or similar polymer. It~ 9.11.2. Geosynthetics for bighw~y pavements : Paving
should have square or rectangular net shape aperture when used fori fabric beneath a pavement overlay or between pavement layers to
protective works, like, gabions and mattresses. While in rolygonal} provide a water resistant membrane and crack retarding layer sbou1d
aperture it should be used as a separator. It should not be used asli be a non-woven heat set material consisting of at least 85 per cent
soil reinforcement due to it$ high creep characteristics, neither as al by weight polyethene, polyesters or polyamides. The paving fabric
·slop reinforecement or soil. retaining waif or asphaltic &einforcement . shall be resistant to chemical attack, rot and mildew ·and sha11 have.
Geonets used in protective works for highway structures should be no tears or defects which will adversely alter its physical properties.
at least 650 gm/sq.m. in unit weight. It should be black in colour.~ The fabric should be specifically designed for pavement applications
. I
Consiruction
294 .
Construction 295
and be· h~at b~nded only on one side to reduce bleed-through of tack
coat_ dunng mstallatwn. The fabric should meet the physical, Paving fabric should be kept dry and wrapped such that it is
requ\.rements of Table 9.51. Heavy duty paving fabrics should b _ pro te cted from the elements during shipping and
. storage.
. At no time
.
used in areas ex?eriencing unusually high impact foro"-" or hea~ · shall the paving fabric be exposed to ultraviOlet light for a penod
loads, such as, a1rport runways ·and taxiway~ ex:ceeding fourteen days.
Table 9.51. Physical Requirements - paving Fabric Minimum air and pavement temperature should be at least
Property -... .. 10oc and rising for placement of bitumen and shall be at least l5°C
U1~its Standard Test and rising for placement of bitumen emulsion. · · ·
Requirements Method
Tensile Strength Kg 36.3 The pavement :;urface shall be thoroughly cleaned of all dirt,
ASTM 0
water and oil. Cracks 3 mm wide or greater should be cleaned and
4632
Elongation % 50 filled with suitable bituminous material. Crack filling material shall
ASTM D
be allowed to cure prior to paving fabric placement. Potholes and
4632
Asphalt Retention Kg/10 sq.m. 10 other pavement distress should be repaired.
Texas
DOT 3099
:i:;
Melting Point oc 150 ASTM D
Paving fabric should b¢ placed on tack coat using mechanical
or manual Iaydown equipment capable of providing a smooth
276
Surface Texture Heat bonded on installation with a minimum amount of ·wrinkling or folding. The
Visual
one side only paving fabric should be placed prior to the tack coat cooling and
Inspection
Notes loosing tackiness. Paving fabric should r;ot be installed in areas where
lfle G>verlay a<>phalt tapers to a thicknes~ ot less than 40 mm. Excess
l. Certification of conformance from paving fabric paving fabric which extends beyond the edge of existing :"avement
manufactur~r may be required.
or areas of tack coat application shall be trimmed and removed.
2. All numerical values represent minimum average roll . Wrinkles or folds in excess of 25 mm should be silt and laid flat.
values (average of test results from any sampled roll in
a lot shall meet or exceed the minimum ~alues) in
All transverse joints and silt folds or wrinkles should be single-lapped
in the direction of the paving operation. f
weaker principal direction. Lot shall be sampled ~
according to_ ASTM D ~354 "Practice for Sampling of
Geosynthect1cs for Testmg".
Turning of the paver and other vehicles should be done
§ gradually and kept to minimum to avoid movement and damage to
r
3. Conformance of p..tving fabrics to specification property ~ the paving fabric. Abrupt starts and stops shall also be avoided.
requirements shall be determined as per ASTM D 4759 Damaged fabric shall be removed and replaced with the same type t
"Practice for Determining the Specification Conformance [ of fabric.
of Geosynthetics". '
9.12.3. Geosynthetics for protection works : Mattresses
constructed with. geogrids or geonets should be used for thickness of
Tack coat -used to impregnate the fabric and bond the fabric
300 mm or above. The mesh opening should have aperture between
to the pavement shall be a paving grade bitumen of 80-l 00
35 mm and lOO mm. The mesh should have following characteristics:
penetration_. A cationic or anionic emulsion may be used as approved
by the Engmeer. Cutbacks or emulsions '¥hich contain solvents should
not be used. i) Aperture Rectangular, square or oval
shaped (and not in diamond,
round or polygonal shape)
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Construction Construction 297 '
.
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ii) Colour : opposite panels of the boxes should be firmly secured with lateral ~r
Black
ties to withstand the design forces. The bottom of the gabion mesh
iii) Mechanical Properties Peak strength not less than 10 ~ shall be secured in a key type excavation for preventing slide. The
kN/rn at maximum elongation space between the gabion and earthen sides shall be filled with sand
of 15 per cent. Not more than and the filling compacted. In most of the cases design should be
5 per cent elong;Ition at half i supplemented with a layer of geotextile under the gabion/mattress io
peak load. prevent migration of fines.
iv) Stands/Fabric Form Integral joints with junction Mattresses of minimum height 300 mm should be used for
strength of I 00 per cent of boulder apron in crates. The typical size of a single continuous unit
plain strands as measured by shbuld be l m x 5 m with baffles at l m centres. The size of boulders
TR1-GG3 stancards. Material·· shall be at least l 00 m or double the size of the aperture whichever.
shall have ISO 9002 is larger. The specific gravity of stones not less than 2.65. Gabions
certification. if placed in the apron should be of size l m x 5 m in plan with
height at least 600 mm, with baffles in l m centres.
v) Life: At least 8 years in case of
Groynes or spurs of gravity retaining variety should be
continuous exposure and 5 ~
years for hurried applications · constructed using geogrid/geonet gabions palced in a stable
(defined as capable of configuration one over the other to form a well.
retaining at least 75 per cent)_
of its original strength after I 9.11.4. Reinforced earthwork with geotextiles : The
reinforcing element shall be of geosynthetic (fabric, grid or strip)~ •
the life span stated.
aluminium alloy strip, copper strip, or galvanised carbon steel strip a
Gabion and mattress boxes should be assembled in-situ, on a mats of metal.
level surface.
Aluminium alloy strip should comply with BS: 1470 quality
The bottom sides, and end panels should be erected after 5454 in the H 24 condition. ·
removal of all kinks, kept in an upright position to form rectangular
boxes by joining the sides with connectors of 40 mm x 6 mm size, Copper strip should comply with BS:2870 quality C 101 or C
or by ring staples. The top comers shall be tie tensioned from sides 102 in the 112 H condition and should have 0.2 per cent proof stress
or keep it erect for filling. For gabions -of 600 mm or more height, of not less than l80N/mm2 •
suitable cross internal ties shall be placed in layers of 300 mrne Carbon steel strip which should be galvanized and comply
connecting opposite sides in lateral braces tier! with polymer braids m
of ultra-violet stabilised variety so as to ensure protectior. against with BS:l449 (Part l), either quality KHR 34/20 P or qualitY 50/35
bulging of the gabions during filling with stones. ~ 1 P, each having a silicon· content of not l~ss than 0.25 per cent and
not more than 0.40 per cent. The fabricated element shall be
t galvanized in accordance with BS:729, and the average zinc coating
The filling of the gabion/mattress should be done by hand inl
layers so as to minimise voids and achieve specified density. The[ weight for any individual test area shall not be tess than l 000 gml
stones in contact with the surface of the geogrids./geonets should be~· sq.m.
placed in such a way that their sharp edges are kept turned inside so .
that they do not damage the material of the geogrids/geonets. The
.I
I
Construction Construction 299
Stainless steel strip shall comply with BS: 1449 (Part 2) quality The compacted layer shall not be more than 200 mm, to
316 S 31 o¥ 3 16 S 33 except that the material shall be cold rolled to achieve compactiof'. of 95 per cent of maximum laboratory density
provide a 0.2 per cent proof stress of not less than 400 N/sq.mm and where measured as per IS:2720 (Part 8). Temporary formwork should
the tensile strength shall not be less than 540 N/sq.m. be used to support the construction.
All metallic components buried in soil shall be of , 9.1 1.5. Geotextile in sub-surface drains : The geotextile
electrolytically eompiitible materials. fabric should be woven or non-woven fabric consisting of long-chain
polymeric filaments or y~ms, such as, polyPropylene, polyester or
Geogrid should carry a certification· of BIS or ISO 9002 for any combination thereof, formed into a stable network such that the
all works. While the reinforcing element for wall or slope portion filaments or yams retain their relative position to each other.
shall be with mono-oriented geogrid, the reinforcement for the.
foundation of a reinforced earth wall or slope with bi-directional1y The goesynthetic material of which the drain is made should
oriented geo£?id. The geogrid should be inert to all naturally occurring be treated with carbon black so that they are protected from the
chemicals, minerals and salts found in soil. deleterious effects of short term exposure to ultraviolet light, and be
resistant to degradation by acid, alkalis, common chemicals, bacteria;
The fill material for reinforced earth structures should have fungi and moulds occurring in soils and highway construction
an angle of interface friction between the compacted fill and the materials.
reinforcing element of not less than 25°C, measured in accordance
with IS: 13326 (Part I). The soil should be predominantly coarse The geotextile should
grained; not more than I 0 per cent of the particles shall pass 75
micron sieve. The soil shpu~d have properties such that the salts in a) sustain a load of not less than 10 kN/m at break and
the soil should not react chemically or electrically with the reinforcing have a minimum failure strain of lO per cent when
elements in an adverse manner. determined in accordance with BS:6906 (Part l) or shall
have a grab tensile strength more than 0.4 kN/m and
The facing should be sufficiently flexible to withstand any grab elongation corresponding to this limit in accordance
deformation of the fill. It should comprise of one of the following . with ASTM D 4632.·
i) Reinforced concrete (cast in-situ or precast) slabs b) the apparent opening size, shall satisfy the following :
ii) Plain cement concrete form fill hollow block (Precast) i) Soil with 50 per cent or less particles by weight
passing IS sieve 75 microns, apparent opening size
iii) Masonry construction, rubble facia less than o:6 mm.
iv) Other proprietary and patented proven system ii) Soil more th;m 50 per cent particles by weight
passing IS sieve 7 5 microns, apparent opening size
Connection between the facia ·and the reinforcing element s less than 0.927 mm.
should be by using polyethylene strips/rods, fibre glass dowel.
c) allow water to flow through it at right angles to its
The reinforcing elements should be placed at right angles to principal plane, in either direction at a rate of not less
tht: face of the wall, with greater cross sectional dimensions in the than 10 litres/m2/sec. under a constant head of water of
horizontal plane. 100 mm. determined in accordance with BS:6906 (Part
Construction JOo Construction 301
3) or AS TM D 4491 or as stated in the design drawing. slopes will be directly discharging into the roadway
The flow rate determined in the test shall be corrected unless intercepted. Another problem is safe disposal of
to that applicable to temperature of 15°C using published concentrated flows from cross drainage structures on
dai:a on variati?n in v~scosity of water with temperature. the valley side.
d) pave a minimum puncture resistance of 200 N when iv) The cut formation will be exposed for the. first time,
determined in accordance with BS:6906 ("!'art 4) or and may bringforth several features, such as, seepage,
ASTM D 4833. flow, presence of poor unsuitable soils and shales, etc.
e) have a minimum tear resistance of 150 N when v) The cut portions will be in the heaving cycle while the·
determined in accordance with ASTM D 4533. adjoining fillings will be in the consolidation cycle.
Unless special care is taken,. this can cause serious
The installation of drains shall be as per the design drawings. unequal settlements.
Where fin drains are assembled on site, the assembly area shall be
clean and dry and free of any wind-borne pollutants. No geotextile 9.12.2. Remedial measures : For combating these problems
or core material should be exposed to daylight (or any source of squarely, several measures are warranted right from the stage of
ultraviolet radiation) for a period exceeding a cumulative total of 50 planning. Some of the important measures in this regard are :
hours. Where fin drains are laid in trench, the bottom of the trench
shall be free of irregularities and should be brought to the required i) Roads should be located through geologically stable
kvel. Rock and other hard protrusions should be removed and any strata.
excess cut in the trench bottom filled and compaete(j back to the"
required grade with suitable excavated or imported materiaL Fine
.....
ii) Avoid large-scale cutting and filling, and follow the lie
drains should be capable of being jointed longitudinally or laterally of the land as far as possible. When in cutting, adopt
into pipe systems or chambers for inflow and outflow purposes. Joints half-cut and half-fill type of cross-section which involves
parallel to the direction of flow and ·any exposed edged shall be least disturbance to the natural ground.
protected from a ingress of soii by a geotextile wrapping with a
minimum overlap of 150 mm. iii) Align the roads away from streams and torrents and
potential landslide/erosion prone areas.
9.12. Spec:ial Measures to Hilly Areas r.,
' -" . ·-
~-~ ~--~···- ~- ... ~-"'"_._ ...,._._._ """ -,~~ ~ ~-~
construction 303
Constructior, 302
Table 9.52. Quality control tests and their frequency for 'fable 9.53, Control tests and their minimum frequency for sub-
embankment construction bases and ba:;es (excluding bitumen bound bases)
Particulars Frequency Test Frequ~ncy
s. Type of
(minimum)
No. Construction
1. Borrow Material
a) Sand content Two test per 3,000 m 3 of soil Granular. i) Grauation One test per 200 m 3
I.
[IS:2720 (Pt. IV)] ii) Atterberg .limits One test per 200 m 3
b) Plasticity test · Each type to be tested, 2 tests iii) Moisture cont- One test ·per 250 m 3
[IS:2720 (Pt. V)] per 3,000 m 3 ent prior to
c) Density test Each type to be "tested, 2 tests cqmpaction
[15:2720 (Pt. VII)] per 3,000 'm 3 iv) Density of com- One test per 500 m 3
d) Deleterious content As required pacted layer
[15:2720 (Pt. XXVII)] v) Deleterious As required
e) Moisture content test
[15:2720 (Pt. II)]
One test per 250 m 3 constituents
vi) C.B.R.
. As required
f) CBR (for material to be As required i) Quality ')f lime/ One test for each
2. Lime/Cement
placed in subgrade) ceinent consignment subject to
Stabilised Soil
[15:2720 (Pt. XVI)] a minimum of one
Sub-base
2. ~ .
Compaction Control**
(density test)
2
ii) Lime/Cement
content
test per 5 tonnes
Regularly, through
procedural checks
a) Body of embankment At least one test per 1,000 m Periodically as con-
iii) Degree. ~f
for each layer sidered necessary
pulverisation
b) Subgrade and shoulders At least one test per 500 m 2 for As required
iv) CBR or Uncon-
each layer
fined-Compressive
Control should be based on the mean value of a set of 5-10 density Strength test on a
**
measurements in case of embankment body and 10 measurements for set of 3 specimens
subgrade and shoulders. Acceptance shall be subject to the conditions v) Moisture content One test per 250 m 2
that the mean dry density equals or exceeds the specified density and pt ior to compac-
the standard deviation is below 0.08 gm/cc. tion
vi) Density of co- One test per 500 m 2
mpacted layer
vii) Deleterious 'As required
constituents
3. Water Bound i) Aggregate One test per 200 m3
Macadarr Impact Value of aggregate .
ii) Grading One test ~per 100 m 3
iii) Flakiness One test per 200 m 3
and Elongation of aggregate
Index
"~-- .. -.......-·~~-~.-.~
•.~
.• ,.--.~""''"''"""-··~·'"==;-.;_t;.;;;;-::;,;:"L>-,!;.•,.
.Construction 306 Construction 307.
iv) Atterberg limits One test per 25 ml ii) Aggregate One tests per 50 m 3
of binding of binding material Impact Value of aggregate
material iii) Flakiness and -do-
v) Atterberg limits One test per l 00 Elongation
of portion of cubic metre of Index
aggregate passing aggregate iv) Stripping value InitiaHy one set of 3
425 micron sieve of aggregate representative speci-
mens for each source
4. Wet Mix i) Aggregate Imp- One test per 200 ml of supply. Subse-
Macadam act Value of aggregate quently when war-
ii) Grading One test per l 00 m 3 ranted by c~anges· in
of aggregate the quality of
One test per200 ml aggregates
iii) Flakiness and
v) Water absorption do
Elongation Index of aggregate
One test perl 00 ml
of aggregates
iv) Atterberg limits
vi) Grading of One test per 25 m 3
of portion of of aggregate
aggregate of aggregate
aggregate passing
vii)Stone polishing As required
425 micron sieve
value
v) Density of com- One test per 500 m 3 At regular close
viii)Temperature
pacted layer intervals
of binder at
. .. application
Table 9.54. Control tests and their minimum frequency for ix) Rate of spread One test per 500 m 3
bituminous works of materials of work
SL Type of Test Frequency Two samples per lot
3. Open-graded i) Quality of binder
No. Construction (minimum) to be subjected to all
Premix Carpet/
Mix-Seal or some tests as
l. Prime Coat/ · i) Quality of binder Two samples per lot
Surfacing directed by the Engineer
Tack Coat to be subjected to all
ii) Aggregate One test per 50 m 3
or some test<.> as
Impact Value of aggregate
directed by the · do
Engineer iii) FlakineSs and
ii) Binder temperature At regular close Elongation Index
for application intervals of aggregates
iv) Stripping value Same as mentioned
iii) Rate of spread Two tests per day
under S.No. 2
of Binder
v) Water absorption Same as mentioned
of aggregates under S.No. 2
2. Seal Coat/ i) Quality of Two samples per lot
vi) Grading of One test per 25 m 3 of
Surface Dressing binder Dressing to be subje-
aggregates aggregates
cted to all or some
tests as directed by vii)Stone polishing As required
the Engineer value
·----
~~
_i,:.
Construction 3osl
'
viii)Temperature At regular close
of binder at intervals
application
ix) Biilder content T"Yo tests per day
x) Rate of spread Regular control
qf mixed through checks
materials on materials and
layer thickness
....
10. DATA FOR REVISED ESTIMATE
.. .. .
lL~
Data for Revised Estimate 312J Data for Revised Estimate 313
L As per origi-
nal estimate
,:;-.·
..• • ...
t) Details of Measurements
details of measurements for all items figuring in
abstract of cost.
g) Contract Document
enclose a copy of the contract document where
there are excesses due to any contract clause, e.g.,
escalation clause.
h) Analysis of Rates
analysis of rates not <::overed by ten~rs or by
schedule of rates.
quarry/borrow area chart in support of 'leads
provided. Reasons for changes in quarry/material
source. .
full details regarding extra amount spent for steel/
cement, etc., including sources, rates of
procurement and justification for paying higher
rates. \
rate analysis of items executed departmentally. 11. ROAD MACHINERY
i) Designs
..... ... . . !"
j) Drawings
enclose all necessary drawings to draw reference ·
to any standard drawing if used.
the drawings should clearly show both the original
and revised proposals in case there may be any
difference.
k) Audit Paras
brief report on pending audit paras.
I) Pending Claims
brief report on claims pending settlement
·• ;;::<.~ "::·~~-~::,::: : -::..,.:::,,..·, :~~::.:;••~ ":: ~~-:: .;:".-: :::;:.·..:~---~·~- • .,-~-..-...':·'-"''S-··-- --~-..:-.--.~ ~-~ ~-~-- -~ ~ ~-~- ~- - ~--·- ~ ~~ - ~ ,.. ._ • • • • ---· • --- .
11. ROAD MACHINERY
;
Mechanisation of road construction is not only necessary for
speedy compfetion but a)so for_: overall economy and for achieving
the desired quality of the finished job. Starting from grubbing or site
~learance, t.he road construction machinery can be deployed at all
stages of construction till completion of the project. The requirement .
of appropriate machinery for excavation of different operations of
road construction is given in Tables 11.1 to 11.6. The expected output ·
. of machines is given in Table 11.7.
.
iii) Pneumatic Tyred Load per
Roller wheel 20
.... kN
2. Uniformly graded i) 8-10 Ton three smooth
soil wheeled roller
.j
·'i ii) Pneumatic tyred roller Load per
,:J. wheel 15
J
.rl kN
I
:I iii) 8-10 '"(on vibratory
;!
:> roller
3. Cohesive Soil Sheep foot roller
4. Cohesion less soil roller
1 2 :3· 4
l. Cleari11g ~nd a) Dozer
grubbing dearing
lightoscrub grass, b) Motor Grader Can easily be used
etc. if scrub is very light.
.M,
l]
Road Machinery 320 Road Machinery • 321 .,
1
2 3 4 2 3 4
2. Clearing debris a) Dozer Spreading:
and rubble b) Front End Loader Distributing fill a) Scraper, tractor Best machine fOr
smaller size . in layers of towed or . hauling and
c) Tractor with For clearance of uniform thickness motorised spreading thin layers
heavy duty large objects. of materiaL ·
b) Motor Grader Used for spq:ading
3. Excavation, earth ·and withdrawing
movement and · materials of wodcable
embanlcrnent nature.
Light and medium a) Dozer Best unit for hauls of c) Tipping Trucks Can spread their
A)
under 90 m. Also, for loads to a fimiteid
soils requiring
hill cuts and cuts extant.
preliminary
. d) Crawler Dozer Best machine Co.-
loosening . down vertical faces
initial spreading of
for roads.
workable material
b) Scrap~r Tractor towed
Tractor scraper for hauls for Cambering a) Motor Grader Best machine for
towed 60 m to 300m providing final
~~"~-"' .;-:_-.;...,.~?:.:-::-..;;_::·~·~r',::;;.;:;;;;;.~~~"':.";--·-:~~--
Road Machinery 322 Road Machinery 323
Table 11.3. Selection of plant for compaction Table 11.4. Selection oC plant Cor bituminous pavement
i Remarks
S.No. Operation Choice of Plant s.No. Operation Choice of Plant Remarks
I. ·Soil stabiliastion · (i) '8-lO ton three 1. • Surface dressing i) Bitumen For uniform applica-
smooth wheeled Pressure tion of binder
roller Distributor, if
(ii) Vibrating roller bulk bitumen
supply is
3. Granular base, i) 8-l 0 Ton three
available
sub-base smooth wheeled
ii) Chip Spreader . For even spreading
roller
of chips to correct
ii) Vibratory Roller ,thickness.
3. Macadam and i) 8-10 Tpn three
other course smooth wheeled 2. Bituminous. grou- i) Bitumen boilers
·aggregate roller ting (Penetration with sprayers.
base courses ii) Steel wheeled machine)
vibratOry roller a) Semi grout ii) Bitumen pressure
lj. b) Full grout distributor if
4. Mix-in-place i) 8-10 Ton three \
bitumen is
.. asphalt base course SQlO'lth. wheeled supplied, in bulk
rotler
ii) Vibratory compactor 3. Seal coat Mini hot mix plant For laying manually
Tandom 8-10 Ton 6-10 Ton/hr.
capacity
iii) Pneumatic tyre
roller · ..
4. Premix carpet i) 20-30 and 40-60 If there is sufficient
5. Plant-mix base i) 8-10 Ton three For break-down Tons/hr. hot work load.
·'levelling or surface smooth ~eeled rolling mix plant
roller· ii) Paver finisher Paver finisher for
iii) Tipping truck mechanical spreading
ii) Steel wheeled For break-down
iv) 8/l 0 Ton three and tipping truck for .
tandom roller rolling
smooth wheeled haulage would be a
iii) Pneumati:c ·For intermediate roller good combination.
tyred roller rolling v) Rubber tyred
(self propelled) roller
iv) Tandom roller For intermediate
rolling 5. Hot mix BM/AC i) Mechanical
broom
v) Rubber tyr:ed For final rolling ii) BitUmen boilers For tack coat
roller · with sprayers
Road Machinery 324 Road Machinery 325
.
smooth wheeled iv) Paver finisher It has better control
roller
x) Vibratory Tandom .. of thickness and . ·
profile .
roller
xi) Rubber:fyred v) Tipping trucks
Roller vi) 8-10 Tori three
wheeled smooth
Table 11.5. Selection of plant for sub-base/base course roa-d roller
Operation Choice of Plant Remarks vii)Vibratory road
roller
l. Soil Stabilisation i) Soil Stabiliser
4. Granular Sub-base i) Motor grader
ii) Rotavator (GSB) · ii) Tipping trucks
iii) Vibratory road. iii) 10 Ton smooth;
roller three wheeled road
iv) 8-10 Ton thr~ roller
wheeled smooth iv) Vibratory road
road roller roller
f •
v) Water sprinkler v) Water sprinkler ·
~-~---_..,...-~-~~-"'"'-"'."··----~ .... -.
Road Machinery 327
326. Road Machinery
S.No. Operation
pavement
Choice of Plant Remarks - i) First Coat
ii) Second Coat
2500 sqrnlday
3500 sqrnlday
savoH 33IAHas-NI ~o
. ..
"
.. .
. ' .
j
I
l
f1
:
\
l
;
Ir 12. GUIDELINES FOR INSPECTION OF IN-
I SERVICE ROADS
! J
!
I 12, l, General
'·
' Roads are continuously subject to ·wear: and tear by the tra(fic
i plying on them, B~sides this, damages are also caused by fOrces of
t
I.
nature and climatic conditions. Periodical inspection of the roads .by
qualified engineers are warranted on several counts. So!!ls of these
are :
12.3. Inspection
1:
"i
1!
~
~:-
1'
"' ••• ;,_c.; ~.-.--.~-;,..·.r:::;:;."-:; ;,_-_;_<'·-· "-'.---- -:_·_·-;~-;:-;;~__;':;":;-...::-.;-::.-.-.~":.,""'~~~v .._~._:::&i(, ..."C~<
;
...
"' ., constant. "' .. .
not more than 24 hours) till the dry weight of the soil becomes
~ ......,.·,. .
.,;~ .:-·~~.
Common Tesi:s on Materials and Works 338 Common Tests on ~aterials and Works 339
(3) Moisture-Density Relationship (IS:2720, Parts VII & greatest dimension (length) is greater than one and four-fifths times
VIII) their mean dimension. The flakiness index is first determined and
the elongation index is then carried out on the remaining non-flaky
Two degrees of compaction, light Compaction (IS:2720, Part stone particles.
Vll) and heavy compaction (IS:2720, Part VIII) are usually specified.
The former compaction also goes by the term Proctor compaction The representative sample of aggregates to be tested is washed,
and latter by the ten_n ino.aified Proctor. dried and weighed in accordance with the prescribed method .. Each·
particle is gauged in tum for thickness 11n a metal gauge of specified
In light compaction, the wet soil is compacted in three equal pattern. The cumulative total of particles passing through slots width-
layers by the rammer of weight 2.6 kg and free· fall 31 em with 25 wise for each fraction is deterrnin~d and flakiness index calculated
evenly distributed blows on each layer. In heavy compaction, rammer as sum total expressed as percentage of total- weight. The reinaining
weights 4.89 kg and the free fall is 45 em. Compaction is done in 5 non-flaky stone aggregates are then checked length-wise and
equal layers, each being .given 25 blows. elongated particles separated. The elongation index is the sum total
weight of particles retained on -slots length-wise in each fraction
The procedure is to compact the soil with different moisture divided by the total weight of non-flaky stone aggregates.
contents and drawing a moisture density curve to find out the
maximum dry density and the correspo~ding moisture content (CMC). (6) Field CBR (18:2720, Pt. XXXI)
(4) Laboratory CBR (18:2720, Part XVI) · The method consists of preparing the surface on ·which the
.• test is to be carried out, applying the load gradually and noting down .•
The apparatus consists of a mould 15 em diametre with a the penetration values. To reproduce the actual surface conditions, it
base plate and collar, .a loading frame with cylindrical plunger. of 5 may be necessary to soak the surface to be tested to the desired
em collar and diametre gauges for measuring the· expansion on degree.
soaking and the penetration values. Briefly, the test consists of causing
the plunger to penetrate the compacted specimen with specified Truck, tractor, truss vr any other suitable equipment is used
surcharge in the mould at 1.25 rnrnlminute under 4 day~ soaked or for providing reaction for loading. A mechanical screw loading jack
unsoaked condition. A load penetration graph is plotted correction is with swivel head is used for applying the load to the penetration
applied and the load corresponding to 2.5 and 5 mm penetration piston. For loading, the procedure is more or less same as for
values are found. This load is expressed as a percentage of the Laboratory CBR determination.
standard .load at the respective deformation level to obtain the CBR
value. The standard loads for 2.5 mm and 5 mm penetrations are (7) In-situ Density by Sand Replacement Method
1,370 kg and 2,055 kg respectively. The CBR usually selected is at (IS:2720, Pt. XXVIII)
2.5 mm penetration. For this test, only the material passing 20 mm
sieve is used. The principle of the method is to find the volume of a hole
cut in the layer to be tested by filling it up with sand of known
(S) Flakiness and Elongation Indices (IS:2386, Part I) density. Moisture content of the soil sample is determined to work
out the dry density.
· The flakiness of an aggregate is defined as percentage by
weight of particles in it whose least dimension (thickness) is less A hole roughly 10 em dia and 15 em deep is made and the
than three-fifths of their mean dimension. The elongation index of excavated soil is carefully collected and weighed. Sand pouring
an aggregate is defined as the percentage by weight of particles whose
\~~;~i~8fM~.
...?HHliD:;
-
Common Tests on Materials and \Vorks 340 Common Tests on Materials and Works 341
cylinder is placed on the hole and the sand allowed to run to fill up (11) Stripping Value (IS:6241)
the hole.
200 grams of aggr(:gate passing 20 mm sieve and retained on
(8) Aggregate Impact Value (IS:2386, Part IV) 12.5 mm sieve is mixed with 5 per cent binder by weight heated to
1 60°C. The aggregates are also heated to 150°C prior to mixing.
Th~ apparatus consists of a metal base and a cylindrical steel After complete coating., the mixture is transferred to 500 ml beaker
cup of internal dia. 10.2 em and d~pth· 5 em in which the aggregate and allowed tQ cool, at room temperature. Distilled water is added to
specimen is placed. Metal hammer 13.5 - 14 kg weight having a immerse the coated aggregates. The beaker is covered and kept at
free fall from a height of 38 em is arranged to drop through vertical 40°C. After expiry of 24 hours, it is coo led to room temperature and
guides. Aggregate sample passing 12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10 the extant of stripping is estimated visually while the specimen is
mm sieve is filled in the steel cup in three layers by tamping each still under water.
layer with 25 blows. After subjecting the test specimen to 15 blows,
the crushed aggregate is sieved through 2.36 mm sieve. The aggregate (12) Tray Test for Control of Rate of Spread of Binder
impact value is expressed as the percentage of fines formed in terms (IRC:SP:ll)
of th<" total weight of the sample.
Light metal trays of about 20 em x 20 em and 3 em deep,
(9) Bitumen Penetration Test (IS:1203) previously weighed and numbered are placed at intervals along the
road in the path of the binder distributor. After passing of the
Test determines the hardness or softness of bitumen by distributor, the trays are removed to find out the rate of spread of
measuring the <lepth r~ t~nths of millimetre to which a standard loaded binder. Tests with such trays at a number of locations can also
needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds. The sample is maintained indicate the uniformity of distribution. "'.. •
at 25°C. The penetrometer consists of a needle assembly with a total
weight of l 00 grams and a device of releasing and locking it in any (13) Tray Test Rate of Spread of Grit in Surface Dressing
position. (IRC:SP:ll)
(10) Marshall Stability Test (ASTM:D 1559) The principle is similar to that of finding the rate of spread of
binder mentioned at (12) above.
This test is generally applicable for dense-graded hotmix
asphalt mixes. The apparatus consists of a cylindrical mould of 10.16 (14) Binder Content of Paving Mixtures by Centrifuge
em dia. and 6.35 em height with a base plate and collar. The specimen (IRC:SP:ll)
is compacted by a hammer of 4.54 kg weight and having a free fall
of 45.7 em. Seventy five blows of the hammer are given on each A representative sample of about 500 grams is exactly weighed
lace of the specimen for compaction. and placed in the bowl of the extraction a~paratus and covered with
commercial grade benzene. The mixture is allowed to stand for about
The specimen is tested by applying a load on its peripherry one hour before starting the centrifuge. The machine is revolved at
perpendicular to its axis in a loading machine of 5 tonne capacity at speeds upto a maximum of 3,600 rj>m. The speed is maintained till
the rate of 5 em per minute. The flow value is measured as the solvent ceases to flow from the drain. The machine is allowed to
deformation in units of 0.25 mm. The test is carried out when the stop and another 200 ml of the benzene is added add the procedure
specimen is at a temperature of 60°C. The stability value is the is repeated. The filter ring from the bowl is removed, dried in air
maximum load taken by specimen, 'and the flow value is the and then in oven to constant weight at 1 l5°C anti weighed.
dcfom1ation at this load.
Common Tests on Materials and Works 343
Common Tests on Materials and Works 342
Where
(15}' Checking Surface Regularity Using a Straight-Edge S =Compressive strength of immersed specimen (Group 2)
I .
(IRC:SP:ll) S2 Compresstve strength of dry specimen (Group I)
The test is made with 3-metre straight-edge made of steel or (17) Sand Equivalent Test (18:2720, Part XXXVII)
seasoned hard wood. If n:tade of wood, the test face should be shod
with a metallic plat<;~:. The wedge should preferably be metallic but Sand equivalent may be defined as a measure of silt or clay
may be of seasoned hard wood. It should be graduated to read contamination in fine aggregate as determined by test. The· test
undulations upto 2? mm with a least count of 3 mm. provides a rapid field method for determining qualitative changes in
· For recording undulations in the longitudinal profile, the the aggregates during production or placement..
straight-edge is placed parallel to the centre line of the road and the
wedge inserted where the gap is maximum and the reading taken. A measured quantity of clean fine aggregate passing 4.75 ~ ·
The straight-edge is then slided forward by about half the length and IS sieve is poured in a graduated acrylic plastic cylinder of 32 mm
the wedge reading repeated. inside diametre and 430 rnm height. A siphon assembly fitted in 4
litres bottle ofworking sodium chloride solution is placed 915 ± 25
(16) Water Sensitivity of Bituminous Mixes (ASTM mm above the work surface. A quantity of 100 ± 2 mm of working
01075-88) calcium chloride solution is siphoned into the graduated cylinder
followed by tapping of the cylinder on palm of the hand for expulsion
At least six test specimen of 4 inches in diametre by 4 inches of air bubbles. The specimen is then irrigated with irrigatortube for
in height (or 101.6 mm x 101.6 mm) are made as per the standard flushing fines upwards untill the final level in the cylinder stands at
procedure. Each set of six test specimens are sorted into two• groups 380 rnm. Stabbing and twisting with irrigator tube is continuously
of three specimens each so that the average bulk specific gravity of done to ensure that the clay-like-material is forced into suspension
the specimen in Group l is essentially the same as per Group 2. above the sand. After the prescribed sedimentation period of 20
minutes the height of flocculated clay is read and height of sand in
Group 1 - The test specimens ate brought to the test the cylinder is determined. Sand equivalent is calculated as follow:
ten:perature of 77 ± L8°F (or 25 ± 1°C) by storing them in air bath Sr
maintained at the test temperature for not less than 4 hours and the SE - - X 100
compressive strengths are determined as per standard procedure. Cr
Group 2 - The test specimen are immersed into water for
four days at 120 ± 1.8°F (or 49 ± l°C). After four days these are Where
transferred to the second water bath maintained at 77 ± l.8°F (or 25 SE = Sand Equivalent
± l°C) and stored there for 2 hours. Thereafter, the compressive Sr = Sand reading
strengths of the specimen are determined as per the standard Cr = Clay reading
procedure.
Note :Certain precautions are necessary for the test which may
The numerical index of resistance of bituminous mixtures to be followed to arrive: at reliable results.
the deterimental effect of water is then calcul<ited as percentage of
original strength that is .cetained after immersion period as below (18) Soundness Test (18:2386, Part-V)
Index of retained strength % = s2 X l 00 Clean, dry aggregates are sieved through a set of sieve and
separated into different sizes. Each fraction is weighed and immersed
··: ~·::12:: ·:. ;::f;;;.-u~::
"- -' ..... -"
Common Tests on Materials and Works 344 Common Tests on Materials and Works 345
in the saturated solution of sodium sulphate or magnesium sulphate addition of 500 ml of water on the top of the specimen and the
for 16 to 18 hours, and thereafter dried in an oven at 105-ll0°C to distance from the top of mould to the surface of water is measured.
a constant weight, thus making one cycle of immersion and drying. After twenty-four hours the dual gauge is again read nearest to 0.025
The test is repeated on each fraction for specified number of cycles. mm and the change in the reading is recorded as welL Also, the
After completing ttre last cycle, the sample is dried and each fraction distance from top of the moqld to SJ.lrface of water is measured with
of the aggregate is examined visually to see if there is any evidence the graduated scale and the change recorded as permeability or
of eX:cessive splitting, crumbling or disintegration of the grains. Each amount of water in millilitres that percolates into the test specimen.
·fraction is sieved through specified sieve size and percentage of
sample passing through the sieve is recorded as a loss. The weighted (21) Water Absorption Test (18:2386, Part III)
average loss is then calculated as prescribed.
A sample of stone aggregate of weight not less than 2000 •gm
(19) · Los Angeles Abrasion Test (IS:2386, Part-IV) is placed in wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a
temperature between 22°C and 32°C with a cover of at least 5 em
This test is for measuring abrasion resistance of aggregates. above the top of the basket. Immediately, after immersion the
Apparatus consists of a circutar drum of internal diametre of 700 entrapped air is removed and the sample is kept immersed in water
mm and length 500 mm mounted on horizontal axis. An abrasive for 24 + Y2 hours. The basket containing the sample is weighed in
charge consisting of cast iron spherical balls of 48 mm dia (weight water (Weight A 1). Thereafter, the basket is emptied and weighed in
390-445 gm) which is placed in the drum along with th,e aggregates water (Weight A 2). The aggregate are then surface dried and weighed
(weight 5-10 kg). The drum is rotated with a speed of30-33 R.:--'.M. in air (Weight B). Now the aggregates are oven dried and cooled,
for 500-1000 revolutions, depending upon the gradation of the
material. After specified revolutions, the mat~rial passing through
L 7 mm sieve (fines) is separated. The weight of fines expressed as
and weighed (Weight C) in air.
14. M;AINTENANCE
14. L General
"'-'"~<'-"':."}"""'"-";>C.~;"-... ~......_,,..-...,....r_r---;-.,_-~~~--~---~ ~ ~
Maintenance 35( . 351
Maintenance
14.3.1. - Ordinary repairs/routine maintenance The
14.4.2. Condition survey : When all the inventory data of
ordinal{' repairs include the following nature of work :
, the road are available, condition survey can be carried out :
i) Upkeep of road pavements and si.de shoulders;
a) By visual inspection; and
ii) Upkeep of roadside drain system;
b) By mechanical evaluation
iii) UpkJep of culverts and bridges, and earth retaining
The minimum frequency of inspection for condition surveys
structures and parapets;
1s suggested in Table 14.1.
iv) Keeping the sign boards, km stones and other traffic
aids and fumiture in good shape and condition; Table 14.1. Suggest~::d minimum frequency of inspection for
condition survey
v) Maintenance of roadside arboriculture; and A.E./A.E.E. Section UC
Type E.E.
of road - - - - - - - ' - - Routine Special
vi) Upkeep and maintenance of rest houses, inspection Routine Special Routine Special
bungalows and gang huts.
Once in Before Once a Every
NH & Twice Before
14.3.2. Periodic maintenance : It covers periodic renewals two mon- and month week
SH in a year and after
to the carriageway whether it LS gravelled road, metalled road or after
.
mon- ths Jan.,
bla~kt~pped road to ensure the adequate level of serviceability is ... • (April &
mon-
... mamtamed .
October) soons March,
May, soons
July, Sept., Twice
14.3.3. Special repairs and flood damage repairs : This Nov. & during
include the details of urgent repairs not covered under ordinary Dec. rains
repairs/periodic maintenance.
The inspection should be carried out not only to check the
14.4. Planning of Maintenance Activities
condition of works but also for planning future strategies. While
carrying out inspection, the check list of items given in para 14.4.2.1.
. 14.4.1. In~ent?ry of road : The first step to planning of
mat_ntenance operation ts. the evaluation of the existing road in terms should be kept in mind.
of tts physical condit~on, structural capacity and surface profile 14.4.2.1. Check list of items required to be inspected during
(rough~es), etc. Fo_r ~hts ~ttrpose, basic broad inventory containing
inspection for maintenance of roads : Assistant Engineers and "Junio[!
all detatls of ~he ex1stmg htghway should be available. The following
Sub-Engineer while going ori inspection on roads in their jurisdiction
data are reqUired to have a complete inventory :
should examine the points mentioned below :
i) District map on the scale of I :50,000;
a) Safety aspects :
ii) Strip maps of particular section of the road; and Safety precautions for blockade and breaches taken
i)
iii) Surface history of the road.
ii) Deep cuts on roads
..
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Maintenance
35: Maintenance 353
iii) Damaged culvert/bridge ;
d) Road drainage :
iv) Branche_s of trees at less height ; i) Cross-sectional area of drains adequate or not;
v) Power line crossings provided with guard cradles as pe1 ii) To check if the drains are ·blocked or damaged; and
IRC:32;
iii) Whether proper disposal is provided to the drains.
vi) 'vertical clearances for power lines should be as PC!
IRC:32 ; Road fixture :
e)
vii) Horizontal' clearances for poles carrying power and i) Km stone, 5th km stone, 200 m stones and boundary
telecommunication lines as per IRC:32 ; stones exist in proper condition;
viii) Benns not lower than 25 mm for caniageway; and ii) Traffic signs correctly located and maintained;
ix) For new plantation only, the horizontal clearances to be iii) Location and condition of berms on curves and high
kept as minimum 5 m wherever possible. embankments;
b) Carriageway and crust conditions : iv) Painting and numbering of culverts required; and
i) Location magnitude of potholes and patches;
. ~ v) History of the road mentioned on krn stones.
• ~ •
ii) Condition of
t) Road protection works :
iii) Magnitude and location of undulations; and i) Retaining walls and pitchings on slopes properly
maintained or not;
iv) Location of crust failure, along with their causes.
ii) Condition of drains, spouts and weep holes in retaining
c) Berms (shoulders) : walls and in pitching on slopes; and
i) Width of berms is adequate or not as per PWD iii) Condition of parapet walls on culverts, etc.
specifications;
g) Roadside trees :
ii) Cross slope kept as 3 to 5 per cent;
i) Check in numbering of trees done or nots
iii) Side slopes;
ii) Disposal of dead frees; and
iv) Berms properly dressed; and
iii) Register of trees maintained
v) If turning exists, whether it is properly cut or not.
..
inspected immediately before and after rains in addition to routine . 14.4.3.2. Methods of assessment
inspections.
.
Visual assessments : Most of the assessments should be don6
The extent of defects should be marked in bar lines extending~. with careful observations. How~ver, insttuments are to be used for
over lengths which they occur and the severity of the defect may be ~purposes of accuracy.
ptarked in colours as detai.Jed below in accordance with the •·
maintenance criteria as given in para 14.5. · Side drains and turit outs : Side drains should be maintained
Lrrteast orfe metre below the formation leveL The depth and cross-
l. Severe Requiring urgent action-in red t section should be checked and measured at least 200 m intervals.
2. Less severes '
Requiring special attention-in
dotted red Corrugations : They can be measured with a straight edge
3. Defect Requiring recurrent action-in blue and measuring wedge at 200 m intervals along the roads. The mean
4. Ordinary In dotted blue of the reading at each 200 ril is to be recorded. The readings are to
be at closer intervals, say 50 m, whereby visual inpection, it is noted·
Recording must be both accumte and legible. Reaches in 30 that the surface is highly corrugated.
metre length should be measured correct to the nearest metre and
width to the nearest 0.1 metre. Rutting : The depth of rut is to be measured by keeping the
straight edge placing transversely across the wheel tracks and using
graduated measuring wedge. The mean value for the wheel tracks to
The numerical figures indicating numbers, length, area, etc.
be worked out.
of the defects should be indicated over the bar lines in the ink. The
recording is to be done in the inspection card. Potholes : The area covering majority of potholes should be
qteasured along with number in every 200 met.Tea~e. The percentage
area is to be worked out.
.." •'
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m
~
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~ 357
Maintenance 3traintenance
.·i~!
I~ 359
Maintenance 3taintenance
~B=-3~~B~Ie=e~d~in~g~------~)~~--~--------------------------l€--------------~------------------------------------------
a fn local areas not Spread and ~out- f b) Closely spaced
Apply sur- Special
1 face dress- atten-
exceeding 25 per roll over hne ~, ing use of tion
cent of the total 6 mm size [ geotextiles
area ·aggregate, ~~
heated to f Any extent Patch road Recu-
600C ~ B-7. Edge subsidence
edge and rrent
and rutting
repair
b) In local areas Apply sur- Specialt; shoulder
exceeding 25 per face dress- atten-
cent of total area ing tion Any extent Check and Special
iB.;8 Defective atten-
correct by
camber tion
B-4 Rutting a) Less than 50 mm Apply tack Routine:' reconstru-
accompanied by coat@ 0.5 ctoning to
cracking kg/m2 and proper
fill bituminou; camber
mix using a ~-
profile
rake and
leaving an Any extent Investigate Special
.
B-9 Undulations atten-
excess thickness the cause
of about one- ..... and rectify tion
•. third the depth
of rut. Compact Do Special
B-10 Loss of material Any extent
till surface is regravelling , atten-
from unpaved road tion
levelled and
. local sealing Shoulde.rs-side-drains
of cracks.
c.
Ai:ty extent Fill and Routine
C-1 Deformation or
b) More than 50 mm With surface Work compact and
scour of shoulders
·. accompanied dressing of of ori- bring its
by cracking over cracks gina! surface to
overlay nature desired camber
required
Clean out Routine
C-2 Silting of Any extent
B-5 Potholes Potholes, as s~on as Local r~tor- Spec~al side-drains
the drains
they occur ation by pat- atten..i
ching prefer- tion Reconstruct Special
C-3 Damage or Any extent
able to adeq- atten-
scouri'ng of drain tion
quate shape
B-6 Reflection a) Widely spaced Slurry for Recu- size
cracks cracks fog seal nent
.iH.
:ifurmn.~: <"
361
Maintenance 36fjl Maintenance
I
year
inlet/outlet attentioll!l
11
c) Guide posts/ Any Repairs/ i) Less SD SD- SD
Spociru National Single
flood guage Replace attention Highways than
missing 450 4 4 4 \_
D-2 Culverts
I
K:
ii) 450-
1500
so SD SD
. r
.
1l
b) Erosionat Any extent Repairs Special than
inlet/outlet ..... attention~ ..... 1500 "6 5 4
.,li
F.
c) Settlement Any Repairs Special ~ or
cracks attention~
~
MS MS MS
"'
E. Other Works i
if.
8 7 6
E-1 Road furniture Any extent Clean and . 'g\'"
Routme
and warning dirty repair/replace Double i) Less SD so SD
or corroded or than 450
damaged missing 5 4 4
ii) 450- SD so SD
E-2 Missing road Any Fix new Special 1500 ,. -
sings one attention 4 3 3
tt~:f-r-~--- ---
tfl
3. Logitud- Crack on a Poor drainag~ binder or a -2. Rutting Logitudinal dep- Heavy chann- Filling the
ina I straight line along shoulder slurry seal ressional in the ali sed traffic depressions with
cracks the road settlement, or fog seal wheel tracks inadequate premix material
weak joint depending. compaction
between upor the of pavement
adjoining width of layers, poor
spreads of cracks. stability of
pavement Unsourid pavement
layers or cracked material, or
·differential pavements heavy bullock-
frost heave will n.)ed cart traffic
4. Edge Crack ncar and Lack of strengthening
3. Corruga- Formation of Lack of . Scarification and
crack parallel to pave- support from or
tions regular undulations stability in mix, relaying of surfa-
ment edge shoulder, rehab ilitiation
oscillations cings, of cutting
poor drainage, treatment
set up by of high spots and
frost heave, vehicles, filling of low
or inadeqaute
spots
pavement width
springs, or
faulty laying of
5. Shrink-
age
Cracks in transverse
direction or inter-
Shrinkage of
bituminous surface course .....
cracks connected cracks layer with 4. Shoving Localised bulging Unstable mix, Removing the
forming a series of age of pavement lack of bond material to firm
large blocks surface along the between layers, · base and relay-
crescent-shaped or stop type ing a stable mix
6. Reflect- Sympethetic cracks Due to joints cracks movements
ion cr- over Joints and cr- and cracks in and those
acks acks in the .pavem- the pavement involving
ent underneath layer negotiation of
underneath curves and
c. Deformation· gradients
L Slippage -Formation of Usual thrust Removal of the
surface layer in
s. I Shallow
depress-
Localised shall-
ow depressions
Presence of Filling with
premix materials
crescent-shaped
cracks pointing
in the direction ·
of wheel in
a direction,
lack or failure
the affected area
and replacement J
! ions
inadequately
compacted
pockets
•·
of the thrust of of bond with fresh material ( 6_ Settle- Large deformation · Poor compa- Where fill is
wheels between surface ment and of pavement •
~
ction of fills, weaks the
and lower ! upheaval poor drainage, defehive fill
l'avement t
;: inadequate should be
courses ~
,,,_......
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"T!
Maintenance 368 Maintenance 3.69
I. Repairs X X X X ·x X 8. Painting X X .X
of road of km all
berms round the
including year stone
jungle and road
clearance markings
2. Repairs X X X X X 9. Maintenance
to side ofT&P
drains ..... 10. Removal ..... -do-
3. Collec~ X X X X of encroachment
tion of XThis shows the recommended period for activity in North India
patch re~
pairs mate- Table 14.6. Spectrum of maintenance methods appropriate for
rial for use in India
WBM
.roads Activity/ Labour Inter- Equipment
task Based mediate Based
4. Collec- X X X X X X Methods Methods
tion of
patch re- I. Excavation Soft soil Phowrah* Dozer for
pairs mat- of soils and Firm soil " short leads
rial for rock Hard soil. Pick axe*** slips
WBM Soft soil Crowbar Dozer
roads
f Medium " tipper**
5. Patch X X - X
I
~
rock
I
Maintenance 370 Maintenance 371
* Excellent ** Good *** Average **** Poor p6. Measuring wooden boxes
( 15 em x 25 em x 40 em) 2 Nos.
14.6.4. Recommended norms for tasks for road gangs :
.. Jn.
t 18.
G.F. bucket
Straight edge
l No.
1 No.·
l. Earthwo.rk such as, in berms, desilting of drains, etc. h9. Caution board 2 Nos.
a) Ordinary soil 2.5 c"!m/person/day ho. Goggles for dust protection
b) Hard soil 1.75 cum/person/day [ (for desert areas) 10 Nos.
2. .Dressing of berms 75 sqrn!person/day -------------------------------------------------
;::. · 3~ Jungle clearance 100 sqrn!person/day
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Maintenance 372! Maintenance 373
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Maintenance 374 3T5
14.7.2.1. Action to be taken by the mate The following v) Steps. to stop further damages to the road are
actions wfll be taken by the mate : taken as per site requirements.
vi) Possiblities of construction of diversion to be
a) lmJ11ediat~ report of the road breach/blockade will be explored. If possible, the diversion should be
made to Sub/Junior Engineer and Assistant Engineer. constructed with available resources.
The fo.Howing points will be included in the reports :
i) Name of the road b) He will immediately report to the Assistant Engineer,
ii) Location of the breach/blockade :Ex.ecutive Engineer and Superintending Engineer
iii) Length and na~re of the breach/blockade telegraphically regarding the road breach, duration of
iv) Date and time of occurrence blockade of the traffic followed by a detailed ~eport
v) Assessment of the assistance in.the form of men containing :
and material required. i). Name of the road
b) "Road closed" boards and ''Diversion" boards shall be ii) Location of the breach/blockade
fixed on both sides at 120 m distance in advance of the iii) Length and average depth of the breach
hazard in case of N.H. & S.H. (In case of MDRs and· iv) Duration of suspension of the traffic
ODRs this distance will be 90 m and 60 m respectively). v) Date and time of occurrence
vi) Requirement of men and material for restoration
c) Arrangements for red lights to be done in case of of traffic and road and the approximate cost
darkness.
c) All-out arrangements and efforts shall be made for
• d) Beldars will be deployed to gui'de the traffic to prevent restoration of traffic.
any accident.
d) He will intimate the details of any looser and injuries
e) Construction of diversion, if possible. to the public, if any including the extent of oompensation
if payable.
14.7.2.2. Action to be taken by engineering subordinate:
The engineering subordinate in-charge of the road will take the 14.7 .2.3. Action to be taken by the Assistant· Engineer :
following actions at once : The Assistant Engineer will take the following actions in ease of an
emergency of' road breach,. etc.:
a) He will at once visit the site of the hazard and shall .
ensure that : a) He. will at once inspect the site of the hazard.
i) Road has been closed by means of barricading
with empty drums or kachha wall or by any other b) He will inspect all safety measures taken. by the
means available at the site. engineering sub.ordinate.
ii) That caution and diversion boards have been fixed!
on both the sides. t c) He will ensure that the restoration of traffic is done at
iii) Arrangements made to guide the traffic by posting~ the earliest.
gangmen having red flags. ~
iv) Arrangements made for red light and chowkidars, [ d) He will send a detailed report regarding the breach/
etc. t blockade enumerating all the points given under para
14.7.2.2.
i
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Maintenance 376. Maintenance 377 rl
:!:'r
0
e) In addition to these he will also include the following Resealing of .Joints and Cracks i!
points : ~~
i) The causes of the breach/blockade Joint sealing compounds deteriorate with the age and are likely !
~~? Foreca~t estimate for_ rest~ration traffic and road~- to. be plucked out of the joint. Foreign matter may also be forced
m) Remedtal m~ures to av01d any future occurrence ; into the jointS. To allow movement at the joint and also to prevent
with forecast estimates ~ ingress of moisture it is necessary that the joint should be cleaned
iv) Any other information- which he wants to include. · periodically to a depth of atleast 25 mm and refilled with fresh sealent.
The procedure given below may be followed:
Maintenance
Ij Removal of existing sealant by ploughing with a
14.7.2.4. Action to be taken by the Executive Engineer :~ rectangular shaped tooth.
The Executive Engineer will take the following actions in case of-an :
emergency of a road breach of similar blockade: 2) Reconstructing the defective joint where spalling is
serious.
a) He will at once visit the site of breach. In case of more~
than one occurrences, he will inspect them in order of~ 3) Resurfacing the joint or crack side walls with diamond
priority and importance. saw blades to provide adequate width.
b) He will ensure speedy restoration of traffic.
c) He will send a detailed report about the road damage~ Cleaning the newly sawed walls with water followed
..
• 4)
indicating: ~ , by drying and sand blasting, etc.
i) Nature and cause of damage with locations ~
ii) Proposals for remedial measures with financial f 5) Placing high quality sealant.
implication.
iii) -Nature and course of consequential damages to Filling Voids and ~estoring Slab Support
public properties, etc.
iv) Action taken for restoration of traffic and The technique is required to fill small voids that develope
restoration of damages with financial implications.~ beneath the slab due to pumping. This is achieved by drilling slab of
grout injection holes and applying pumping pressure. The following
d) He will be fully responsible for all the actions taken I sequence of operations is followed :
for the protection and safety of traffic and road. r
1. Select only those joints and cracks that exhibit loss
Cement Concrete Pavements ' of support (void)
Cement Concrete Pavements, if constructed properly, require!:.- Locations of loss of support are identifi~d with visual surveys,
very limited maintenance during their service period. Necessity for : deflection measurements using Falling Weight Deflectometre.
repairs to concrete ·pavements .arise construction or as a result of • Bankelman Beam and Road Rate ground penetrating radar, etc.
subsequent damage or d~terioration. If concrete pavements are(:
constructed with necessary quality controls they will require only ! 2. Select proper uader sealing material
maintenance at joints where oxidised joint fillers and sealants have r
to be periodically replaced_ by new materials. ~ The material must be capable of penetrating very thick voids
i
Maintenance 378 Maintenance 379
and must have sufficient strength and durability to resist loading, and become intergral part of the concrete slab. When overlay is
moisture fnd temperature effects, e.g., asphalt cements, pozzolanic required to be laid on cement concrete pavement, it is essential to
cem.ent grouts and lime stone dust cement grouts, etc. complete such repairs first or otherwise reflection cracking may result
causing premature failm·e of the overlay.
3. Careful and Controlled Resealing
Repair l\1aterials
a) Slab li~ must be closely controlled to avoid ~vergrouting
which may result in premature slab break. Different materials used for repairs of cement concrete
pavements are briefly discussed below: .
b) Down force exerted during the drilling of grout injection
. holes must be control~ed to avoid causing deterioration Portland Cement Mixes
or spalling ..
Repairs with ordinary cement are possible but long curing
c) Pumping pressure must be limited to avoid damage to period is inhibiting factor as in most projects the road is required to
the pavement from excessive slab lift. · be opened to traffic within a few hours.
d) All joints must be properly sealed and sub-drains placed Bituminous Mixes
to get rid of moisture.
Sometimes bituminous mixes are used for repair of distress in
Spall Repairs concrete pavements. This provides quicker process of repairs. But
this can only serve as .a ~mporary measure as such repairs cannot
Timely intervention for repairs of any structure is always be satisfactory. •
beneficial. This is also true to cement concrete pavement which, if
repaired early, are not only economical in respect of remedial Resin Mixes
measures but also affect speedy operation, i.e., time available for
closing the road to traffic is reduced. Based on extensive studies carried out by CRRI, IRC brought
out IRC:77 "Tentative Guidelines for Repair of Concrete Pavements
Partial depth repairs are und.ertaken to extend life of concrete. Using Synthetic Resins".
i:
.:.,I
If properly done with durable materials these repairs can perform
':';!
satisfactorily for some years. When slab deterioration is located Many resin systems of varying properties are available in each
primarily in the upper third of the slab and where load transfer devices of the two broad resin groups, viz., epoxy and polyester. Therefore,
are still functional they can be more cost effective than full depth for a particular application the resin system should be selected with
repairs. due consideration of the factors affecting the choice. The factors are
location, climate ambient temperature, type of repair, bond and its
Partial depth repairs consist of removal of small and shallow durability.
areas of deteriorated concrete, dressing manually with a chisel and
hammer to form regular geometrical shape with sides parallel and Synthetic resin are multiple component systems, comprising
I
perpendicular to the joints in the concrete pavement and ther$!after main resin compound and its curing agents, which are required to be
... : filling the recess with suitable material of comparable strength and f kept tightly closed separately and retain their properties for certain
finishing the same smoothly with the existing pavement slab. The l period. This period which represents the useful storage life of the
repai< material should be bonded with the existing sound concrete resin known as "Shelf Life". Tne resin is used after mixing the
··-
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Maintenance 380
Sulphur sand mix can also be used for quick repair of concrete
slabs. For this purpose, sulphur is used in molten form. The surface
to be repaired requires to be heated to l 00-200°C as «pot-life" of
molten sulphur is only 15 minutes. Also, adequate safety.precautions
need to be taken as sulphur dioxide fumes formed due to the reaction
of sulphur with oxygen of the atmosphere, are harynful.
15.2. Materials
.... . ...
~
the Engineer:
I Test result not more than 35 per cent. The limits of deleterious
materials shall not exceed the requirements set out in IS:383.
l
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Cement Cons:;.rete Pavements ~=1
384 Cement Concrete Pavements 385
15.2.5. Coarse aggregate shall consist of clean, hard, strong, between 350 and 425 kg per cum. Batc.hing and mixing should be
dense, non-porous and durable pieces of crushed stone or crushed done at a Central hatching and mixing plant with automatic controls.
gravel and shall be devoid of pieces of disintegrated stone, soft,
flaky elongated very angular or splintery pieces. The maximum size 15.3.2. .The workability of ~he concrete at the poi~t of
of the coarse aggregate shall not exceed 25 mm for pavement placing shall be adequate for the concrete to be f\Jlly cotnpacted and
concrete. Continuously, graded or gap graded aggregates may be used, finished without undue flow. The control of workability in the field
depending on the grading of the fine aggregate. No aggregate which shall be exercised by the slump test as per IS: I 199. A slump value
has water absorption more than 2 per cent shall be used in the in the range of 30+ 15 mm is reasonable for paving works but this
concrete mix. The aggregates shalt be tested for soundness in may be modified depending upon the site conditions.
accordance with 18:2386 (Part 5).
15.3. 3. If the sub-base on which concrete is to be laid is
15.2.6. The fine aggregate ·shall consist of clean natural sand found damaged at some places or it has cracks wider than 10 mm, it
or crushed stone sand or a combination of the two and shall conform shall be repaired with fine cement concrete or bituminous concrete
to IS:383. Fine aggregate shall be free from soft particles, clay, shale, before laying separation layer. Prior to laying of concrete it shall be
loam, cemented particles, mic~ and organic and other foreign matter. ensured that the separation membrane made of impermeable plastic
The fine aggregate shall not contain deleterious substances more than sheeting of 125 microns thick laid flat without creases is placed in
the following : position and the same is clean of dirt or other extraneous materials
and free from any damage. Wherever overlap of plastic sheets· is
Clay 4.0 per cent necessary, the same shall be atleast 300 mm.
Coal and Lignite 1.0 per cent
Material passing IS sieve 4.0 per cent l5.3.4.
....
The locations and type of joints shall be as shown .•
No. 75 micron in the drawing.
15.2. 7. Dumping and stacking of aggregates shall be done, 15.3.5. The location of the joints should be transfered
in an approved manner. accurately at the site and .mechanical saw cutting of joi11ts done as
per stipulated dimensions. It should be ensured that the full required
15.2.8- Water used for mixing and curing of concrete shall depth of cut is made from edge to edge of the pavement. Transverse
be clean and free from injurious amount of oil, salt, acid, vegetable and longitudinal joints in the pavement and sub-base shall be
matter or other substances harmful to the finished concrete. It shall staggered so that they are not coincident vertically and are atleast
meet the requirements stipulated in IS:456. lm and 0.3 m apart respectively. Sawing of joints shall be carried
out with diamond studded blades soon after the concrete has hardened
15.2.9. Mild steel bars for dowels and tie bars shall conform to take the load of the sawing .machine and personnel without
to the requirements of IS:432, IS: I 139 and IS: 1786 as relevant. The damaging the texture of the pavement.
dowel bars shall conform to Grade S 240 and tie bars to Grade S
415 of I.S. 15.3.6. The contraction joints shall be cut as soon as 'the
concrete has undergone initial hardening and is hard enough to take
15.3. Construction the load of joint sawing machine without causing damage to the
slab.
15.3.1. Cement concrete shall be proportioned as per the
mix design approved by the Engineer, cement content shall vary 15.3.7. The expansion joints shall consist of a JOint filler
board and dowel bars duly approved by the Engineer and as detailed
Cement Con.::::·;~te Pavements 386 Cement Concrete Pavements
in the dra\vings. The filler board shall be positioned vertically with 15.3.12. Tie b~us in longitudinal joints should be deformed
the prefabricated joints assembled along the line of the joint with teeel bars of strength 415 MPa complying with IS: 1786 and in
.the prescribed tolerances and .at such depth below the surface as will :ccordance with the specified requirements.
not impede the passage of the finishing straight edges or oscillating
:beams .of the paving machines. The adjacent slabs shall be completely 15.3.13. All concrete work should be carried out within the
sPp:arated from each pther by pro·.riding joint filler board. Space prescribed weather and seasonal limitations.
al'OWld. the dowel bars, between the sub-base and the filler board
shal1 be pa~ked with a suit tble compressible material to biock the 15.3.14. Freshly mixed concrete from the central hatching ahd
flo"v -of cement slurry. -mixing plant should be transported to the paver site by mean_s of
trucks/tippers capable of maintaining the mixed concre~e m a
15.3.8.. Transverse construction joints ·shall be placed · homogenous state and dischargingthe same without segregatton and
whenever concretin,g is completed after a day• s work ·or is suspended loss of cement slurry to ensure a constant supP.lY of concrete.
for more than 3D minutes. These joints shall be provided at the regular
location of ·contraction joints uSing 'dowel bars. The joint shall be 15.3.15. .The total time from the addition of the water to the
made butt type. At all the constr.uotion joints. ·steel hulk heads shall mix, untill the completion of the surface finishing a~d texturingsh:ll
be used to retain the concrete -while the sur-face iis finished. The ot exceed 120 minutes when concrete temperature IS less than 25 C
surface of the concrete laid subsequently shall confel.'Ill to the grade :nd 90 minutes when the concrete temperature. is 'between 25°C to
and cross-sections of the previously laid pavement. 30°C.
15.3.16. Addition of water to the surface of the concrete to
• 15.3.9. The longitudinal jOints shai.l be saw Cillt as per details
facilitate the finishing operations will not be permitted.
of the joints shown in the draWing. The groove may be cut after the
final set of the concrete. Joints should be sa:wn to a.1ieast 113 the
depth of the slab + 5 nun as indicated in the drawing. ·15.3.17. While the concrete is still plastic, its surface shall
be brush textured and the surface and edges of the slab cured by the
15.3. 10. The dowel bar shall be supported on cradles/dowel application of a sprayed liquid curing membrane.; ~fter the surface.
chairs in pre-fabricated joint assemblies positioned prior to tlie texturing. but before· the curing compound is apphed. t~e concrete
construction of the slabs or mechanically inserted with vibration into slab shall be marked with the chainage at every l 00 m IntervaL
the plastic concrete by a method Which ensures coCFect placement of
the bars besides full re-compaction of the concrete around the dowel 15.3. 18 _ As soon as the side forms are removed, edges of the
bars. Dowel bars should be positioned at mid depth of the slab within slabs shall be corrected wherever irregularities have occurred by using
a toerance of± 20 mrn. and centred equallv about intended lines of fine concrete composed of one part. of cement to 3 parts of fine
the joint within a tolerance of ± 25 mm. They should be aligned chips and fine aggregate.
parallel to the finished surface of the slab and to the centre line of
15.4. Curing
the carriageway and to each other within specfied tolerance.
15 .4.1. Immediately after the surface texturing, the surface
15.3.1 L Dowel bars should be covered by a thin plastic and sides of the slab shall be cured by the application of approved
sheath for at least two-thirds of the length from one end for dowel resin-based aluminised reflective curing compound which hardens
bars in contraction joints or half the length plus 50 mm for expansion into an impervious film or membrane with the help o~ a mec_hanical
joints. The sheath shall be tough. durable and of an average thickness sprayer. The compound shall become stable and Impe~Io~s to
not greater than 1.25 mm. The sheathed bar shall comply with the evaporation of water from the surface of the conc~ete withtn 60
prescribed pull-out tests.. minutes of application. In addition to spraying of cunng compound.
----:r;
:.'..
15.6. Joints
15.7. Maintenance
Cement concrete pavement, if constructed properly, will require
only maintenance at joints where oxidised joint filler and sealants
h~lVe to be periodically replaced by new materials. The details are
given in para 14.7 .2.4.
iii) Alignment of the road can be made pleasing by QUESTIONNAIRE FORENVIRONMEN'TAL APPRAISAL OF-·
providing horizontal curves of larger radii with suitable RAIL/ROAD/HIGHWAY PROJECTS
transitions and proper co-ordination of horizontal and
vertical curves. This together with appropriate contouring t. General
arid plantation along the road enhances the aesth.etics.
l.l. Name of the project :
iv) Speed of ~ravel is a recognised factor in landscape a) Objective of the proposal
design. On 'fast speed highways, the overall composition b) Brief description of the project proposal
of landscape· is of significanc.e, whereas, on slow speed c) Project justification/need
roads, minor· wayside details are noticed by the d) Present status of the project
travellers. · .
e) Operational Plan (time schedule of major
activities of project steps) -
v) Climate factors, like, rainfall, humidity and temperature
influence road landscape design because only specific
1.2. . Location of the project :
varieties of vegetation thrive in a particular climate.
Therefore, plantation should be restricted to local a) Place ·
species. b). District
c) State/Union Territory
vi) In Gase of divided highway, the two carriageways need
not always be sited adjacent to each other or at the 1.3. Approximate area/population to be served
same leveL If the natural ground has steep slope across
4
... the road it may be advisable to have the second 1.4. Overall project cost
carriageway at differen~ level or slightly away. However,
the space between the two carriageways should be 1.5. Number of tracks-broad gauge/metre gauge
properly utilized for plantation.
1.6. Type of traction-electric/diesel/steam, etc.
16.7. Arboricultur~
16.7.1. Arboriculture is an important component of 1.7. Size and magnitude of the project
landscaping. This may be funCtional as protection of slope against a) Length of Rail/Road/Highway
erosion, screening unsightly views, reducing headlight glare, providing b) Width of the Rail/Road/Highway
shade in sununer or. only for aesthetic purposes: In either case, the c) Total land required
objective sho.uld be to help to restore the on-going lanscape.
1.8. Altemative alignments/sites examined
16.8. Environmental Appraisal
2. Environmental Setting/Project Location
16.8.1. A questionnaire for environmental appraisal should
be prepared as per the following format. This should be submitted
2.1. Environmental characteristics of the areas traversed
alongwith the project proposal atthe time of obtaining technical and
along the alignment for a strip of l 0 km each on both
financial approvaL
Environment 396 Environment 397
sides for a Rail/Road/Highway project to be delineated Significance of critical land use/environmental items
and mapped on a base map l :50,000 Impacts of rail/road/highway const(Uction operation on
critical land use or items (pollution, visual disturbance,
i) National Park etc.)
ii) Recreation areas
iii) Non-hunting areas xiv) as above
iv) ·Wildlife sanctuary
v) Natural reserves Brief description to ethnic community
vi) Mangrove forests Impacts qf rail/road/highway projects on ethnic minority
vii) Biosphere forests Reaction within the community on the project
viii) Primary (virgin) rain forest
ix) Declared watersned areas to be used for 2.2. Details of forest land involved :
Community potable water supply
x) Swamp lands/wetlands i) Legal status of forests (namely, reserved, unclassed, etcJ
xi) Agricultural lands · ii) Details of flora existing in the area including the density
xii) Land occupied by ethnic minorities of vegetation
xiii) Industrial iii) Topography of the areas indicating gradient aspect,
xiv) Residential altitude, etc.
xv) Commercial iv) Its vulnerability to erosion, whether it forms a part of a
xvi) Irrigated areas
xvii) Non-irrigated croplands
xviii) Tree-crop lands
... .. . v)
seriously eroded area or not.
Whether it forms a part of national park, wildlife
sanctuary,. nature reserve, biosphere reserve, etc. If so,
xix) Grazing land details of the area involved.
xx) Historical and cultural sites and monments vi) Rare/endangered species of flora and fauna found .in
xxi) Religious sites, temples, churches, etc. ·-....._ the area.
xxii) Government and Public Institutions vii) Whether it is a habitat for migrating fauna or a breeding
xxiii) Others (SpecifY) ground for them.
viii) Any other feature of the area relevant to the proposal.
Description of these identified critical areas should focus
on the following : 2.3. If' the project for which forest land is required involves
Ecosystems {i), (iii ·- x) as above dispacement of people or requires raw material from
Total·size of the ecosystem any fqrest area, the details ofproposafs for rehabilitation
Major ecological functions (e.g., habitat, breeding area, and procurement of raw mat~~~ be fumished.
soil stabilisation, hydrologic r~gulation)
Major social functions (recreation, etc.) 2.4. Proposed steps to be take~ to compenstate for the loss
Number of people depending on ·functions of the eco- of forest area, the vegetation and wildlife.
system (visitors, serving potable water, etc.)
Impact of raiVroadlhighway construction/operation on 2.5. Stripping and site clearing
the functions of critical ecosystem (pollution,
destruction, etc.) size of the area to be-stripped
Land-use (ii); (xiii-xv), (xx-xxii) as above location (to be shoWI~;on map)
-~···----~----~------~----
Environment 398 Environment 399
2. 10. Likely modifications of hydrology in the area leading 3.5. What type of mitigative measures have been
to canalisation, alteration of water flow, alteration of incorporated -for abatement of noise, e.g., noise
surface and underground drainage, etc. or plantation, etc.?
2.11. Likely hazards to safety of workers and nearby residents 3.6. Details of green belts and corridor plantation along the
due to quarrying including use of explosives. alignment incorporated in the project proposal <~:nd funds
allocated for the same. Give area of green belts proposed
2.12 a) Has an air quality impact assessment been carried to be created on both sides of the alignment in addition
out as per guidelines and report enclosed? to number of trees proposed to be planted ..
b) Has a noise impact assessment been carried out 3. 7. Measures proposed for off-setting adverse impact on
as per guidelines and report enclosed? fragile eco-systems.
2.13. Hazards to aquatic ecology/flooding due to runoff
3.8_. Measures to ensure that uncontrolled development will
contamination.
not occur.
2.14. Likely health hazards to passengers and nearby residents
due to escape of sanitary wastes, spill of hazardous 3.9. Measures undertaken to ensure
materials, etc. a) Prevention of pollution of irrigation waters;
- :11,
Environment 400
17. MISCELLANEOUS
0 ·Roman Terminal/starting
station and next
important town
5 Roman Terminal/starting
station and next
important town
17.2.3. The need for cutting of trees for National Highway iii) Criminal proceedings may be initiated against the
works is normally felt while considering proposals for fixing new wrong-door under the.various provisions of Indian Penal
alignment or for improvement of the existing alignment or for Code, Criminal Procedure Code and such of the Police
improvement by way of widening the carri~geway,_ i::otc. Among other Acts are applicable to Central subjects, like, National
factors influencing the final decision, the need for consiaering · Highways which are a Union subject under the
change(s) in the 11.lignment woposal to avoid cutting of trees, should Constitution.
be examined in detail. ·
iv) Section 291 of the Indian Penal Code punishes a person
17 .2.4. If after comidering various possibilities, cutting of continuing a nuisance after he is enjoined .by a .public·
trees cannot be avoided, the proposal involving cutting minimum servant not to repeat or· continue it. Sections 142 · and
number of trees may be finalised. Simultaneously, the proposal for 143 of the Code of Criminal Procedure empower a
cutting tree supported with necessary details may be submitted to Magistrate to forbid an act causing a public nuisance.
the concerned State Forest Department for their concurrence. As per The Civil Procedure Code also empowers a court to
the present policy, permission fot cutting of trees is given on issue temporary injunction. To be able to expedite
. furnishing an undertaking that ten times the number of trees to be removal of encroachments, each PWD Division must
cut, will be planted. prepare accurate land maps with documentary evidence
for the ·ownership rights and keep them handy for
17.2.5. Receipts and revenue from avenue trees should be checking and for producing in evidence.
credited to the appropriate Central Government head.
v) •
Action
4
under the relevant clauses of the Highway Act/
17.3. Preventing and Removal of Encroachments on NR 4 Land Control Act of the respective State Govts.
Land
17.3.2. A few other aspects which should also be kept in
17.3.1. It is essential that urgent action is taken to remove · . view with regard to prevention of encroachments are :
all the existing encroachments expeditiously so as to eliminate i
nuisance and ensure safe and free flow of traffic. Any or all of the j i) Continuous plantation in rows on the road land
following methods may be used to remove encroachments on ~ boundaries alongwith plantation on the roadside will
highways: leave no space for encroachment.
etc. along the highways in a planned mann!::r will reduce 17 .4.4. The casing pipe canying the utility line shall be of
tha temptation for encroachment (see also para 17.4.). steel, cast iron or R.C.C. and shall have adequate strength and be
17 .4. Accommodation of Underground Utility Services, like, l large enough to permit ready withdrawal of the utility line. Ends of
the casing pipe shall be sealed from the outside. The top of the
II casing )lipe sh-~11 atleast be 1.2 lJl below the road surface subject to
Electric cables and Pipelines for Water Gas Petroleum Products along
and across National Highway. being atleast 0.3 m below the drain invert.
17 .4. 1. Detailed guidelines in. the matter are contained in 17.4.5. The casing pipe may be installed under the road.
Ministry's Circular No. N.H. III/P/66/76 dated the 19th November, embankment either by boring or digging a trench, though the former
l976 and the subsequent reiterating circular of even number dated
the 11th May, ~ 982. ·
Miscellaneous 408
17 .5.4. Where the above methods are not possible, the carrier
pipe should be clamped to the outside parapet wall of the culvetj:/
bridge. If even this is not possible, the pipe may be fixed. on top of
the road curb close to the inside face of the parapet wall by means
of suitable clamps. ·
Length metre rn
Mass . kilogram kg
Force newton N
Stress/pressure pascal Pa
Angle radian rad
Temperature kelvin K
Energy joules J
gega G lOg
mega M IO(j
•. • •.. kilo k 103
milli m I0·3
micro u I0-6
nano n I0-9
Table 18.2. Symbols for units . Table 18.3. Relative designation of test sieves
Quantity Name ofUnit Symbol Equivalent designation conforming to
IS designation
length metre m . . (IS:4~0-l962)
millimetre mm BS:410-l962 ASTM Fll-61
kilometre km
micron ~tm
' 100mm 4 in .. 4 in.
area square metre m2 3 in. 3 in.
80 mm
square millimetre mm 2 63 mm 2 1/2 in. 2 l/2 in.
volume cubic metre m3 2 in. 2 in.
:)Omm
mass kilogram kg 40mm 1 1/ 2 in. I 1/ 2 in.
gram gm 25 mm I in. I in.
tonne t 20 rom 3/4 in. 3/4 in.
density . kilogram/cubic metre kg/m3 12.5 mm 1/2 in. 1/2 in.
time second s IOmm 3/8 in. 3/8 in.
minute min 6.3 mm l/4 in .. 1/4 in.
hour h i
4.75 mm 3/16 in. No.4
temperature degree Celsius oc \
2.36 mm No.7 No. 8
velocity
force
metre per second
kilometre per hour
newton
rn/s
krn!h
N /
l.l8 mm
600 miqon
500 nticron
...... . No. 14
No. 25
No. 30
No. 16
No. 30
No. 35
kilonewton kN l 425 micron No. 36 No. 40
moment newton metre N.m. 300 micron No. 52 No. 50
kilonewton metre kN.m. 150 micron No. 100 No. 100
pressure/stress pascal Pa i 75 micron No. 200 No. 200
megapascal MPa
~-
l. Length
Inches 2.54 Centin1etres
Feet 0.3048 Metres
Miles I.6093 Kilometres
2. Area:
Sq. iU.ches 6.4516 Sq.cm.
Acref3 .0.4041 Hectares
3. Volume
Cu. inches 16.3871 Cu.cm.
Cu. feet 0.0283 Cu.metres
Gallons 4.546 Litres
(Imp. Gallon)
4. 1v1ass :
Pounds
Tons
0.4536
L0161
Kilograms
M. Tonnes
REFERENCES
..... . .....
5. Density
Pounds/eft 16.0184 Kg/cu.m.
6. Stress/pressure
Pounds/sq. inch 0.0703 Kg/cm 2
Pouns/sq. foot 4.8838 Kg/m2
Tons/sq. foot 10.9366 Tonnes/m 2 ·
7. Bending n10ment :
Ft. pounds 0.1383 Kg.m
8. Flow :
Cusec 0.0283
-------- ---·--· - - - -
-
REFERENCES
(A) List of IRC PubUcatioiu Referred to in this Pocket Book
Number Designation Title
... .
IRC:37-2001 Guide lines for the Design· of Flexible Pavements
(Second Revision)
IRC:38-1988 Guidelines for Design of Horizontal Curves for
Highways and Design Tables (First Revision)
IRC:39-1986 Standards for Road-Rail Level Crossings (First
Revision)
IRC:41-1997 Type Desig!IS for Check Barriers (first Revision)
IRC:52-200 1 Recommendations About the Alignment Survey
and Geometric Design of Hill Roads (Second
Revision)
lf IRC:53-1982 Road Accident Forms A-I and 4 (First Revision)
I
I IRC:62-1976 Guidelines for Control of Access on Highways
IRC:64-1990 Guidelines for Capacity ofRoads in Rural Areas
(First Revision}
IRC:65-1976 Recommended Practice for Traffic Rotaries
IRC:66-t976 Recommended Practice for Sight Distance on
l
Rural Highways
IRC:67-200l Code of Practice for Road Signs (Hirst Revision)
IRC:73-l980 Geometric Design Standards for Rural (Non-
I
1
Urban) Highways
References 419
References 418
Te-ntative Guidelines for Repair of Concrete (B) List of Indian and Foreign Standards Referred to in· this
IRC:77-1979
Pocket Book
Pavements Using Synthetic Resins
Standard Specifications and C :>de of Practice for (a) Indian Standards
IRC:78-2000
Road. Bridges, Section VII - Foundations & IS:73-1992 Pavin-g--Bit:IJ.!:!len Specification (Second Revision)
Substructure '"(Second Revision) IS:2I0-1993 Grey Iron Castings (Fourth Revision)
IRC:81-l997 Ten:ta;tive Guidelines for Strengthening of Flexible IS:217-1988 Cutback Bitumen-Specification (Second Revision)
Road Pavements Using Benkelman Beam.
Deflectic n Technique (First Revision) IS:226-197 5 Superseded by IS: 2062
IRC92-.J985 Guidelines for the Design -of Interchanges in IS:269-1989 33 Grade Ordjnary Portland <;=ernerit (Fourth
Urban A~-:eas Revision)
IRC:99-1988 Tentative Guidelines on the Provisian of Speed · IS:383-1970 Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources
Breakers for Control of Vehicular Sp.eeds on for Concrete (Second Revision)
Minor Roads IS:432-1982 Mild Steel and Medium Tensile Steel Bars and
IRC: 102-1988 Traffic Studies for Piann.ing Bypassfs Around Hard-drawn Steel Wire for Concrete
To~ · Reinforcement
IRC:l03-l988 Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities (Part-1) Mild Steel and Medium Tensile Steel Bars (:Third
Revision)
.
;
IRC: 108-1996
Aieas ... .
•· •
Guidelines for Traffic Prediction on Rural
IS:455-1989
IS:456-2000
Portland Stag Cement (Fourth Revision)
Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced
Highways Concrete (Fourth Revision)
IRC:SP:l1-1988 Handbook of Quality Control for Construction of IS:458-l98 8 Precast Concrete Pipes (with and without
I
Roads and Runways (Second Revision) '• Reinforcement) (Third Revision)
IRC:SP: 14-1973 A Manual for the Applications of the Critical Path IS:460-1985 Test Sieves
Method to Highway Projects in India IS:702-1988 Industrial Bitumen (Second Revision)
IRC:SP: 19-200 1 Manual for Sutvey, Investigation and Preparation IS:808-1989 Dimensions for Hot Rolled Steel Beam, Column
of Road Projects (Second Revision) Channel and Angle Sections (Third Revision)
IRC:SP:2l-1979 Manual on Lands:.-aping of Roads IS:961-1975 Superseded by IS: 8500
IRC:SP:4l-l994 Guidelines on Design of At-Grade Intersections IS: 1030-1998 Carbon Steel Castings for General Engineering
in Rural & Urban Areas Purposes (Fifth Revision)
IRC:SP:48:-l998 Hill Road _Manual IS:I077-1992 Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks (Fifth
IRC:SP:53-2002 Guidelines on Use of Polymer and Rubber I Revision)
Modified Bitumen in Road Construction (First
Revision)
l IS: I 139-1966
IS: 1148-1982
Superseded by IS: 1786
Hot Rolled Rivet Bars (upto 40 mrn dia) for
StJ:uctural Purposes (Third Revision)
',~::::~n
l
References 420 tl
-~
References
421
lS:ll49-1982 High Tensile Rivet Bars for Structural Purposes IS: 1786-1985 High Strength Deformed Steel Bars and Wires
(Third Revision) for Concrete Reinforcement (J'hird Revision)
IS:ll6l-l979 Steel Tubes for Structural Purposes (Third IS: 1852-1985 Rolling and Cutting Tolt:tances for Hot Rolled
Revision) - . Steel Products (Fourth Hnision)
IS:l199-l959 Method of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete IS:l875-l992 Carbon Steel Billets, Blooms, Slabs and Bars for
IS: 1203-1978 Determination of Penetration (First Revision) - Forgings (Fifth Revision)
IS:l205-1978 Determination of Softening Point (First Revision) IS:l938-l990 Cotton Cambs for Use in Jute Looms (SecOnd
Revision)
IS:l212-1978 Determination of Loss of Heating (First Revision)
IS: 1978-1982 Line Pipe (Second Revision)
IS: 1216-.1978 Determination of Solubility in Carbon Disulphide
or Carbon Tetrachlorate or Trichoroethylene (First IS:2004-l99l Carbon Steel Forging for General Engineering
Revision) Purposes (Third Revision)
IS: 12-17-1978 Determination of Mineral Matter (Ash) (First IS:2062-l999 Steel to General Structural Purpose (Fifth
Revision) Revision)
IS: 1239-1990 Mild Steel Tubes (Fifth Revision) IS:2090-l983 High Tensile Steel Bars Used in Prestressed
(Part I) Concrete (First Revision)
IS:l239-1990 Mild Steel Tubular and other Wrought Steel Pipe IS:2132-l986 Code of Practice for Thin Walled Tube Sampling
(Part 2). Fittings (Third Revision) of Soils (Second Re-vi.'!iion)
• • •
IS: 1489-1991 Portland-Pozzolana Cemerit IS:2386-1963 M~thods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete
(Part l) Fly Ash based (Third Revision) (Part l) Particle Size and Shape
IS:l498-1970 Classification and Identification of Soils for (Part 3) Specific Gravity, Density, Voids, Absorption and
General Engineering Purposes (First Revision) Bulking
IS: 1514-1990 Methods of Sampling and Test for Quick Lime (Part 4) Mechanical Properties
and Hydrated Lime (First Revision) (Part 5) Soundness
IS:1730-1989 Dimensions for Steel Plates, Sheets Strips and IS:2586-l986 Bench Vices (Second Revision)
Flats for General Engg. Purposes (Second
IS:2720 Methods of Test for Soils
Revision)
(Part 2)-1973 Determination of Water Content (Second
IS:l731-l971 Dimensions for Steel Flats for Structural and
·Revision)
General Purposes
(Part 4)-1985 Grain Size Analysis (Second Revision)
IS: 1732-1989 Dimensions ·for Round and Square Steel Bars for
Structural and General Engineering Purposes (Part 5)-1985 Determination of Liquid and Plastic. Limits
(Second Revision) (Second Revision)
IS: I 785-1983 Plain Hard-drawn Steel Wire for Prestressed (Part ?J-1980 Determination of Moisture Content/Dry Density
Concrete Relation Using Light Compaction • (Second
'
..I Revision)
(Part II) As Drawn Wire (First Revision)
References 422 Refocences 423
!
(Part 8)-1983 Determination of Water Content-Dry Density IS:6911-l992
i
Relation Using Heavy Compaction (Second Revision)
Revision) IS:6925-l973 Methods of Test for Determination of Water
l
(Part 11):..1993 Determination of the Shear Strength Parameters Soluble Chlorides in. Concrete Admixtures
of a Specimen Tested in Unconsolidated IS:804l-l990 Rapid Hardening Portland Cement' (Second
Undrained Triaxial Compression without the ' R:evision)
Measurement of Pore Water Pressure (First
IS:8ll2~1989 43 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement (First
Revision)
Revision)
(Part 12)-1981 Deterrninatien of Shear Strength Parameters of Structural Steel - Microalloyed (Medium and
IS:8500-199l
Soil 'from Consolidated Undrained Triaxial High Strength Qualities)_ (First Revision)
Compression Test with Measurement of Pore
Water Pressure (First Revision) IS:8887-l995 Bitumen Emulsion for Roads (Cationic Type)-
Specification (First Revision)
(Part 13)-1986 Direct Shear Test (Second Revision)
IS:9103-1999 Admixtures for Concrete (First Revision)
(Part 15)-1986 Determination of Consolidation Properties (First
IS: 10262-1982 Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design
Revision)
IS: 12269-1987 Specification for 53 Grade Ordinary Portland
(Part 16)-198 7 Laboratory Determination of CBR (Second
Cement
Revision) ·
(Part 27)-1977 Deterinination of Total Soluble Sulphates (First
IS: 12330-1988
Cement
......
Specification for Sulphate Resisting Portland
Revision)
IS:l3326 (Part I)- Evaluation. of Interface Friction between
(Part 31 )-1990 Field Determination of California Bearing Ratio 1992 Geosynthetics and Soil-Method of Test, Part I:
(First Revision) Modified Direct Shear Technique
(Part 37}-1976 Determination of Sand Equivalent Values of Soils IS: 13620-1993 Fusion Bohded Epoxy Coated Reinforcing Bars
and Fine Aggregates
IS:SP:23-1982 Handbook on Concrete Mixes (Based on Indian
(Part 38)-1976
18:4923-1985
IS:5640-1970
Compaction Control Test (Hilp Method)
Hollow Steel Sections for Structural Use (First
Revision)
Method for Determining the Aggregate Impact
l t
ASTM: D977 -9 1
ASTM: D-1075
Standards)
(b) Foreign Standards
Standard Specification for Emulsified Asphalt
Effect of Water on Cohesion of Compacted
Value of Soft Coarse Aggregate Bituminous Mixtures
IS:6006-1983 Uncoated Stress Relieved Strands for Prestressed ASTM: D-1559 Test for Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous
Concrete (First Revision) J Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus
I
IS:6241-1971 Methods of Test for Determination of Stripping ASTM:D-2172-95 Standard Test Methods for Quantitative Extraction
Value of Road Aggregates of Bitumen from Bituminous Paving Mixtures.
IS:6603-1972 Stainless Steel Bars and Flats ASTM:D2397-94 Standard Specification of Cationic Emulsified
Asphalt
I
IS:6909-1990 . Supersulphated Cement
!.:.
References 424