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June 1, 2018
By Bob Diamond
This document can bedownloaded here
Cover Photo: BHRA's PCC Streetcars at the Beard Street Pier, June, 1998
F or w ar d
N ot e: I n 2 0 0 3, B H R A st aff w as "s e co n d e d" i nt o ot h er d uti es. A c c or di n gl y, a " pl a c e h ol d er
gr o u p" c all e d " B C S C" w as i nst all e d. T h e y w er e n' t t o o eff e cti v e. B y t h e ti m e B H R A's st aff
r et ur n e d fr o m ot h er s er vi c e, w e l e ar n e d t h e str e et c ar pr oj e ct h a d b e e n c o m pl et el y
dis b a n d e d, a n d t h at all e q ui p m e nt a n d m at eri al s h a d b e e n s ol d off. I n 2 0 1 0, a m aj or eff ort
w as m a d e b y B H R A, Br o o kl y n C o m m u nit y B o ar d 6, a n d t h e C o b bl e Hill Ass n., t o r e vi v e t h e
str e et c ar pr oj e ct. T his eff ort w as n't w ell r e c ei v e d b y t h e Cit y D O T, w hi c h pr e vi o usl y i n 2 0 0 0,
h a d q ui etl y c o m mitt e d its elf t o C N G f u el e d b us es, a n d n o el e ctri c all y p o w er e d tr a nsit
v e hi cl es w h ats o e v er. At t h at ti m e, l ar g el y d u e t o t h e pr o di gi o us l o b b yi n g eff orts of t h e n
C N G b us f u el m o g ul T. B o o n e Pi c k e ns, Cit y D O T f e lt t h at el e ctri c tr a nsit v e hi cl es w o ul d b e
" disr u pti v e" t o c ert ai n C N G b us f uel v e hi cl e f u n di n g m e c h a nis ms...
W e b sit e: w w w. br o o kl y nr ail. n et
Pr oj e ct Str e a mi n g Vi d e o s:
w w w. br o o kl y nr ail. n et / str e a mi n g _ vi d e o. ht ml
HOME PROJECTS THE TUNNEL RAIL FLEET MAPS GEN. INFO WHAT's NEW ABOUT US LINKS
Streetcars receive power (typically 600v DC) through an overhead wire. Rather than exclusively utilizing conventionally
generated power (from a power plant or line power), solar panels can be used. Solar panels, ("photo-voltaic arrays"), that
converts sunlight directly into electricity, can be utilized to power a streetcar system.
24hr power can be derived from the solar power system by utilizing a battery array. Such an array could be built at convenient
remote locations. The need for any "static power converters" changing "AC" power to "DC" power for the streetcars, would be
completely eliminated. (see end section of this webpage for another power storage solution).
About 100 years ago, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company devised a move-able storage battery array, to supply extra
streetcar power "on demand" to certain key areas, at certain times when streetcar traffic would peak. When streetcar power
demand was low, the battery array collected a "trickle charge" from the overhead trolley wire. When rail car power demand
was high, the battery array could supply 600 volt power to the rail cars at the following rates: 1,000 amps for one hour, 500
amps for three hours, or 250 amps for seven hours.
(Source: Street Railway Journal, June 1, 1901, pp 665- 666)
Circa 1890's, the Atlantic Avenue RR streetcar company built a power station for its new electric streetcars. This power station
produced 4,400 kW (4.4 MW). This was enough electric power to simultaneously operate 100 streetcars of 60 HP each.
However, those streetcars were probably only 2 axle vehicles. (Sources: The Power Stations and Distribution System of the
Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, Street Railway Journal, October 5, 1901, pp 471-480, and the The Brooklyn Daily Eagle,
November 11, 1892, pg 3.)
Let's now assume a 4- axle streetcar, with a 30 HP motor on each axle. This gives us 120 HP, or by using the conversion
factor of 1 HP= 0.76 kW, gives us 91.2kW for maximum motoring power. Let's now add an additional 30 kW for Heating,
Ventilation and Air Conditioning, as well as interior lighting. This brings us to an estimated maximum power demand of 141.2
kW per streetcar, or 235.3 amps at 600 volts DC, on level track. Let's round this off to 150 kW per streetcar, or 250 amps at
600 volts DC, maximum power demand. Since streetcars are largely "free coasting" once set into motion, this peak power
demand will only occur when the streetcar is starting from a dead stop. Because the proposed streetcar line is relatively short
in length, we can probably assume that only one streetcar at a time will be starting from a dead stop, and thereby requiring the
full 250 amps at 600 volts, or 150 kW.
Taking streetcar "coasting" into account, this 150 kW power demand, represents the major portion of the Red Hook streetcar
line's total estimated power demand, which I put at 250 kW (416.6 amps at 600 volts DC). Its assumed that at any given time,
2 of the 3 streetcars will be drawing about 30 kW each while "coasting", the power being used by HVAC, lighting, etc., while
the 3rd streetcar will be simultaneously using 150kW, for starting from a dead stop.
Since streetcars spend most of their time "free coasting" on their rails, rather than wastefully, continuously, drawing motor
power when in motion, 250 kW should be enough to supply ALL of the power demand for all 3 streetcars (but NOT light rail
vehicles) simultaneously.
Now, lets consider where the 250 kW is coming from... This power source is Solar, using photo voltaic cells to convert sunlight
directly into electricity. Since photo voltaic cells are not very efficient (about 15%), a fairly large surface area directly exposed
to sunlight is required, together with a storage battery array, to produce usable quantities of electric power 24 hours a day, on
demand. Typically, the photo voltaic array is located on large surface area roof tops. Good examples, are Brooklyn's Nassau
Brewery on Bergen Street, and IKEA on Beard Street. Photo voltaic arrays have also been successfully located above parking
fields.
As a working example, the expansive flat roof of Red Hook's Beard Street Pier, could easily provide enough surface area for
a photo voltaic array producing 250kW- or rather much, much more...
If the rooftop of the Beard Street Pier were utilized, there is more than enough surface area to make the streetcar line 100%
Solar Powered. Together with "regenerative brakes" used on each streetcar (converts the streetcar's braking force to electric
power, which is sent back into the overhead power wire), ALL of the streetcar line's electrical power demand could be met with
"clean, renewable, solar energy".
The roof of the Beard Street Pier, is roughly 700 feet x 150 ft = 11,666.66 Square Yards. The quantity of "insolation" received
at the Earth's surface is typically 1 kW/ Square Meter. Since a Square Yard is 83.3% of a Square Meter, and photovoltaic cells
are roughly 15% efficient, we can use the conversion formula of 0.833 kW/SY x 0.15 = 0.12495 kW/ SY x 11,666.66 SY =
1,457.749 kW, or 1.457 MW. This is enough electric power to simultaneously start over 6 streetcars from a dead stop- this
translates to a medium sized streetcar system.
(Source: http://www.americanenergyindependence.com/solarenergy.aspx)
Let's now look at the energy requirements for the Red Hook streetcar. Assuming our "standard constant" power demand of
250 kW (3 streetcars: 1 car starting from a dead stop, and 2 cars coasting simultaneously), then 250 kW/ 0.12495 kW/SY =
2,001 Square Yards, or 18,009 ft ², or roughly 120 ft x 150 ft of photovoltaic array, converting sunlight directly into electricity.
The 250 kW Lithium- Ion Storage Battery Arrays could be easily located at convenient places along the streetcar route.
An alternative to utilizing batteries (remote power storage) is to use the power grid for power storage. You
could feed the suplus generated power (during times of most intense sun) into the municipal power grid.
Power could be converted to Ac and fed into the power grid. Feeding power into the grid would spin the meter
backwards. During hours of darkness, power would be drawn from the grid instead of added. As you use that
power that was previously fed into the grid, the supply meter spins forward (eventually back to where it was
before power was deposited into the system). Essentially you could use the power grid as your battery.
Moreover, I believe that in NY, if you produce "clean" power (from renewable energy), the power company is
required to purchase it from you.
B ott o m of F o r m
Tr ai n b uff’ s dr e a m s str e et c ar
d e sir e will b e c o m e r e alit y
B Y N A T A LI E M U S U M E CI
T h e Br o o kl y n P a p er
P h ot o b y Eli z a b et h Gr a h a m
Si mil ar st ori es
C O L U M BI A ST W A T E R F R O N T : T u n n el vi si o n! R ail w a y l e g e n d, B o b Di a m o n d, s u e s cit y o v er tr o ll e y s
C O B BL E H I L L: Di a m o n d w o n ’t cr a c k! R ail w a y e x pl or er fi g h t s e vi c ti o n fr o m t u n n el h e di s c o v er e d
A tr a nsit b uff’s q ui x oti c t w o- d e c a d e-l o n g q u est t o c o n n e ct tr a n sit-str a p p e d R e d H o o k t o
D o w nt o w n b y tr oll e y is r e all y g oi n g t o h a p p e n t his ti m e, t h e r ail w a y-l o vi n g l e g e n d cl ai m e d this
w e e k.
A n d Q u a dr o z zi c a n’t w ait t o g et it d o n e.
“ T hi s w o ul d b e t h e b est w a y t o d o it, ” h e s ai d.
Di a m o n d h as tri e d t o cr e at e a tr oll e y s er vi c e n u m er o us ti m es si n c e 1 9 8 9, b ut e a c h ti m e h e cl ai ms
h e w as h a m p er e d b y t h e cit y, a n d b y a c c us ati o ns t h at h e is diffi c ult t o w or k wit h. H e s u c c essf ull y
l ai d tr a c ks i n 1 9 9 9 f or a li n e i n R e d H o o k t h e n, o nl y t o s e e his dr e a ms cr u m bl e aft er t h e cit y c ut off
f u n di n g f or a l ar g er n et w or k of r ails. T h e n, i n 2 0 1 1, t h e D e p art m e nt of Tr a ns p ort ati o n s ai d t h at
bri n gi n g b a c k t h e ol d str e et c ars w o ul d b e t o o e x p e nsi v e .
A m o c k- u p d e si g n of t h e n e w st r e et c a r pl a n n e d t o s p a n f r o m B r o o kl y n t o Q u e e n s. ( T O D D M AI S E L/ N E W Y O R K D AI L Y N E W S)
T h e m a y o r r oll e d o ut hi s pl a n s f o r t h e st r e et c a r i n F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6. T h e cit y h a s y et t o e v e n d e ci d e o n a n e x a ct r o ut e. ( A P)
Si g n u p f or B R E A KI N G N E W S E m ails
E nt e r y o u r e m ail Si g n U p
p ri v a c y p oli c y
© 2 0 1 6 N e w Y or k D ail y N e w s
T o R e c ei v e Pr e s. Tr u m p' s
Di s cr eti o n ar y
f e d er al " S e e d M o n e y"
( 2 0 % - 2 5 % of pr oj e ct c o st) t h e B Q X M u st b e
O v er s e e n b y t h e Cit y
R o b ert: T h e y all c o nti n u e t o
mi s s t h e p oi nt...
N o tr a n sit li n e, e x c e pt p o s si bl y t h e S a n Di e g o -
Tij u a n a li g ht r ail, c o v er s it s o p er ati n g c o st.
Li k e t h e e xt e n si o n of t h e # 7, t h e a d diti o n al r e al
e st at e t a x e s (t a k e n o v er 3 0 y e ar s) fr o m t h e
c urr e ntl y - u n u s e d all o w a bl e fl o or ar e a ( wit h o ut
r e z o ni n g) if b uilt i n t h e t errit or y s er v e d b y t h e B Q X
will m or e t h a n p a y f or d e bt s er vi c e o n t h e b o n d s
i s s u e d t o c o v er t h e c a pit al c o st of t h e li n e.
AL E X
N Y C T B us S pee ds
W e e k d a y s 4 p. m. - 6 p. m.
S p e e d ( m p h)
0 - 2. 0 0
2. 0 1 - 4. 0 0
4. 0 1 - 6. 0 0
6. 0 1 - 8. 0 0
8. 0 1 - 1 0. 0 0
1 0. 0 1 +
11 77
T R A N SI T L A N E S & T R A N SI T W A Y S
C e n t e r Tr a n si t L a n e
2
1
4
C e n t e r t r a n si t l a n e s m a y b e wi d e r t o r e d u c e f ri c ti o n a n d ri s k o f si d e s wi p e c r a s h e s
C e n t e r t r a n si t l a n e s a r e t y pi c all y
u s e d o n m aj o r r o u t e s wi t h f r e q u e n t A P P LI C A TI O N B E N E FI T S
h e a d w a y s, a n d w h e r e t r a ffi c
c o n g e s ti o n m a y si g ni fi c a n tl y a ff e c t
D e di c at e d c e n t er tr a n si t l a n e s ar e hi g hl y C e n t er -r u n ni n g l a n e s s er v e b u s e s
r eli a bili t y. T h e y al s o r e d u c e t h e
a p pli c a bl e t o c e n t er -r u n ni n g s tr e e t c ar s a n d s tr e e t c ar s at p o t e n ti all y v er y hi g h
c h a n c e o f c o n fli c t s wi t h p a r k e d
a n d li g h t r ail li n e s, i n cl u di n g b o t h n e w c a p a ci t y a n d v ol u m e, w hil e i m pr o vi n g
v e hi cl e s. C e n t e r t r a n si t l a n e s c a n
a n d e xi s ti n g r ail li n e s. t h e p e d e s tri a n a n d p a s s e n g er
pl a y a k e y r ol e i n c r e a ti n g hi g h - q u ali t y
e x p eri e n c e of t h e s tr e e t.
t r a n si t s e r vi c e. W hil e t r a di ti o n all y
f o u n d o n s t r e e t c a r s t r e e t s, c e n t e r C e n t er tr a n si t l a n e s c a n b e a p pli e d a s
t r a n si t l a n e s c a n b e u s e d wi t h b u s e s p ar t of t h e i m pl e m e n t ati o n of a B R T li n e C e n t er tr a n si t l a n e s eli mi n at e c o n fli c t s
a s w ell. or o t h er b u s i m pr o v e m e n t s, o n a n y b u s wi t h dr o p - of f s, d eli v eri e s, or ill e g al
r o u t e s wi t h s ui t a bl e s t ati o n s. p ar ki n g al o n g t h e r o a d w a y e d g e, a s
Wi t h l e f t t u r n r e s t ri c ti o n s a n d mi ni m al w ell a s wi t h bi c y cli s t s a n d s o m e t ur ni n g
s e p a r a ti o n, c e n t e r t r a n si t l a n e s c a n b e C e n t er tr a n si t l a n e s c a n b e a p pli e d t o m o v e m e n t s. C o m bi n e d wi t h l ef t t ur n
e ff e c ti v el y c o n v e r t e d t o t r a n si t w a y s. b o t h b u s a n d r ail li n e s w h er e tr af fi c r e s tri c ti o n s or l e a di n g tr a n si t i n t er v al s,
c o n g e s ti o n af f e c t s r eli a bili t y, a n d ar e a n d all - d o or b o ar di n g, c e n t er tr a n si t
of t e n m or e ef f e c ti v e t h a n ri g h t - si d e l a n e s a d dr e s s a wi d e v ari e t y of s o ur c e s
l a n e s. of tr a n si t d el a y.
C e n t er tr a n si t l a n e s c a n h a v e a n i m p a c t
si mil ar t o t h at of a tr a n si t w a y, b u t d o e s
n o t r e q uir e a s m u c h i n v e s t m e n t, ti m e, or
s p a c e t o i m pl e m e n t.
E xi s ti n g c e n t er -r u n ni n g s tr e e t c ar r o u t e s
c a n a c hi e v e s af e t y a n d tr a v el ti m e
b e n e fi t s fr o m d e di c at e d i nfr a s tr u c t ur e.
C o m pl e m e n t ar y tr e at m e n t s i n cl u d e
s t o p c o n s oli d ati o n, all - d o or b o ar di n g,
a n d tr a n si t si g n al pri ori t y.
11 8
T R A N SI T L A N E S
If a d di ti o n al s p a c e i s a v ail a bl e, a
C O N SI D E R A TI O N S RE C O M ME N DE D
b uf f er s h o ul d b e m ar k e d or v er ti c al
d eli n e ati o n pl a c e d b e t w e e n t h e b u s
I n t er s e c ti o n s r e q uir e t ur ni n g pr o vi si o n s C e n t er -r u n ni n g l a n e s s h o ul d b e
2 l a n e a n d t h e a dj a c e n t mi x e d -tr af fi c l a n e
t o a v oi d c o n fli c t s wi t h t h e t hr o u g h d e si g n at e d u si n g r e d / t err a c o t t a
t o pr o vi d e a d di ti o n al cl e ar a n c e a n d
m o v e m e n t s of tr a n si t v e hi cl e s. A c ol or t o e m p h a si z e t h e l a n e a n d d e t er
p er mi t e v e n t u al c o n s tr u c ti o n of v er ti c al
c o m bi n ati o n of s elf - e nf or ci n g d e si g n dri v er s fr o m e n t eri n g i t.
el e m e n t s.
a n d e nf or c e m e n t, i d e all y a u t o m at e d, i s
n e c e s s ar y t o e n s ur e t h e ef f e c ti v e n e s s of A c e n t er b u s or s tr e e t c ar l a n e s h o ul d b e
d e di c at e d c e n t er b u s l a n e s. 11 –1 2 f e e t wi d e w h e n pl a c e d a dj a c e n t t o O P TI O N A L
a n o p p o si n g tr a n si t l a n e.
St o p s f or c e n t er l a n e s m a y n e e d m or e S e p ar ati o n wi t h s of t ( e. g. r u m bl e s tri p s )
s tr e e t s p a c e t h a n c ur b si d e l a n e s, si n c e T o a v oi d c o n fli c t s wi t h c e n t er - or h ar d ( e. g. c o n cr e t e c ur b s ) b arri er s m a y
b o ar di n g i sl a n d s m u s t b e pl a c e d i n t h e 3
r u n ni n g tr a n si t v e hi cl e s, l ef t t ur n s b e u s e d t o r e d u c e e n cr o a c h m e n t fr o m
s tr e e t. G e n er all y a mi ni m u m wi d t h of s h o ul d b e pr o hi bi t e d, or a c c o m m o d at e d g e n er al tr af fi c. I n s t all r e fl e c ti v e v er ti c al
2 8 f e e t i s n e e d e d f or tr a n si t l a n e s a n d u si n g l ef t -t ur n l a n e s a n d d e di c at e d el e m e n t s t o e n h a n c e vi si bili t y at ni g h t.
s t ati o n s at s t o p l o c ati o n s, a n d 2 2 – 2 4 si g n al p h a s e s. L ef t t ur n s fr o m t h e c e n t er
f e e t i n o t h er s e c ti o n s. b u s l a n e a d d si g ni fi c a n t s af e t y a n d T h e mi x e d -tr af fi c l a n e m a y tr a n si ti o n
o p er ati o n al i s s u e s f or hi g h -fr e q u e n c y t o t h e ri g h t b ef or e a s t o p a n d t o t h e l ef t
Pl at f or m c o n fi g ur ati o n m u s t b e b u s s er vi c e, b u t l ef t t ur n s m a y b e af t er a s t o p, cr e ati n g r o o m f or p ar ki n g
c o m p ati bl e wi t h tr a n si t v e hi cl e p er mi t t e d at ti m e s of d a y wi t h l o n g er a n d a t ur n l a n e.
c h ar a c t eri s ti c s —l ef t - si d e b o ar di n g h e a d w a y s.
b u s e s m a y b e m or e e x p e n si v e t o
C o m pl e m e n t c e n t er tr a n si t l a n e s wi t h
pr o c ur e. D e si g n s s h o ul d a n ti ci p at e tr a n si t all - d o or b o ar di n g a n d r el at e d f ar e
v e hi cl e s o p er ati n g at 2 5 m p h, wi t h c oll e c ti o n s tr at e gi e s, a s w ell a s tr a n si t
C e n t er pl at f or m s m a y r e d u c e o v er all hi g h er d e si g n s p e e d s o nl y if l o c al si g n al s tr at e gi e s.
s p a c e o c c u pi e d b y s t ati o n s, t h o u g h s p e e d li mi t s p er mi t t h e m. C ur v e s m a y
si d e - b o ar di n g i sl a n d s c a n h a v e s p a c e b e r e g ul at e d f or m u c h l o w er s p e e d s,
b e n e fi t s w h e n s t ati o n s ar e s pli t a cr o s s t y pi c all y 1 0 –1 5 m p h, p er mi t ti n g v e hi cl e s
a n i n t er s e c ti o n. t o pr o c e e d s af el y wi t hi n t h e s a m e l a n e
wi d t h a s pr o vi d e d o n s tr ai g h t s e c ti o n s of
Ri g h t - b o ar di n g B R T s t ati o n s all o w t h e t h e b u s l a n e. H o w e v er, i t i s d e sir a bl e f or
u s e of t y pi c al r olli n g s t o c k, w hi c h of t e n h ori z o n t al tr a n si ti o n s of t h e tr a n si t l a n e
r u n o n s tr e e t s wi t h o u t d e di c at e d l a n e s t o b e d e si g n e d wi t h gr a d u al tr a n si ti o n s,
at t h e b e gi n ni n g or e n d s of t h eir r o u t e s. c o n si s t e n t wi t h g e n er al o p er ati n g
s p e e d s o n t h e c orri d or.
C RI TI C A L
S oli d w hi t e li n e s or d o u bl e w hi t e
1
li n e s m u s t b e s tri p e d al o n g t h e
ri g h t si d e of t h e tr a n si t l a n e, al o n g wi t h
B U S O N L Y or L R T O N L Y p a v e m e n t
m ar ki n g s ( M U T C D 3 D - 01 ).
B o ar di n g i sl a n d s m u s t b e u s e d f or m o s t
tr a n si t v e hi cl e t y p e s t o cr e at e a c c e s si bl e
b o ar di n g c o n di ti o n s.
C h u r c h S t., S A N F R A N C I S C O, C A
11 9
S T O P C O N FI G U R A TI O N S
A n a c c e s si bl e b o ar di n g ar e a, t y pi c all y
C RI TI C A L RE C O M ME N DE D
8 f e e t wi d e b y 5 f e e t l o n g, m u s t b e
pr o vi d e d t o p er mi t b o ar di n g m a n e u v er s
Pl at f or m m u s t b e ali g n e d t o s tr e e t c ar R aili n g s s h all b e i n s t all e d al o n g t h e
b y a p er s o n u si n g a w h e el c h air ( A D A
tr a c k s wi t h a p pr o pri at e l at er al cl e ar a n c e t hr o u g h l a n e t o t h e ri g h t of t h e i sl a n d
St d. 81 0. 2. 2 ) ( s e e p a g e 6 7 ), g e n er all y
f or l e v el b o ar di n g. St o p s f or r ail v e hi cl e s t o c o n tr ol p e d e s tri a n a c c e s s a n d
r e q uiri n g i sl a n d s t o b e at mi ni m u m 8
m a y r e q uir e a 9 -f o o t m o vi n g l a n e n e x t di s c o ur a g e d a n g er o u s cr o s si n g s.
f e e t wi d e. I sl a n d s wi t h r aili n g s al o n g
t o t h e i sl a n d, or o t h er tr a c k or l a n e C h a n n eli z e p e d e s tri a n m o v e m e n t s
t h e r e ar si d e will r e q uir e a n e x tr a f o o t of
r e ali g n m e n t t o bri n g v e hi cl e s cl o s e t o t o pl atf or m e n tr a n c e s wi t h e n h a n c e d
s p a c e, m a ki n g t h e t o t al wi d t h 9 f e e t.
t h e pl at f or m. cr o s si n g tr e at m e n t s. R aili n g s m u s t
n o t i m p e d e a c c e s si bl e wi d t h, u s u all y
R e fl e c ti v e si g n a g e or o t h er vi si bl e
C e n t er i sl a n d pl at f or m s m u s t b e ei t h er 2 e x t e n di n g t h e i sl a n d wi d t h t o at l e a s t 9
r ai s e d el e m e n t o n t h e l e a din g
l e v el or n e ar -l e v el b o ar di n g. 2 4 -i n c h f e e t.
c or n er ( b a c k l ef t c or n er ) of t h e i sl a n d.
wi d e d e t e c t a bl e w ar ni n g s tri p s s h o ul d
K E E P L E F T or K E E P RI G H T ( M U T C D
b e pl a c e d al o n g t h e e n tir e b o ar di n g F or c e n t er - b o ar di n g i sl a n d s s er vi n g b o t h
R 4 - 8 ) or o bj e c t m ar k er ( O M - 3 ) si g n s
e d g e of t h e pl at f or m t o i n di c at e v e hi cl e b u s a n d r ail, n e ar -l e v el h ei g h t ( 8 –1 2
m a y b e u s e d.
p o si ti o n. i n c h e s ) i s pr ef err e d, a s b u s e s ar e n o t
t y pi c all y a bl e t o a c c e s s 1 4 -i n c h l e v el
E n s ur e t h at p e d e s tri a n r ef u g e i sl a n d s
D e t e c t a bl e w ar ni n g s tri p s m u s t b e b o ar di n g h ei g h t s.
cr o s si n g tr a n si t w a y s ar e wi d e e n o u g h
pl a c e d o n b o t h si d e s of e v er y fl u s h
t o all o w gr o u p s of p e o pl e t o w ai t,
p e d e s tri a n cr o s si n g. At i n t er s e c ti o n s, i n s t all r ef u g e
p ar ti c ul arl y n e ar s t ati o n s. Di s c o ur a g e 3
i sl a n d ti p s at l e a s t 6 f e e t wid e t o
p e d e s tri a n s fr o m w ai ti n g i n u n s af e
Pl at f or m a c c e s s r a m p m a y h a v e a pr o vi d e p e d e s tri a n s pr o t e c ti o n i n t h e
1 l o c ati o n s i n t h e r o a d w a y, e s p e ci all y
m a xi m u m sl o p e of 1:1 2 at a cr o s s w al k.
n e ar r ail w a y s. W h er e s p a ci n g b e t w e e n
cr o s s w al k or o t h er cr o s si n g p oi n t, at t h e p ar all el tr a c k s pr o vi d e s n o cl e ar z o n e
si d e w al k a n d o n t o t h e pl at f or m ( A D A b e t w e e n p a s si n g L R V s, cl e arl y i n di c at e
St d. 4 0 5. 2, 81 0. 2. 2 ). O P TI O N A L
t h e d a n g er ar e a a n d di s c o ur a g e
p e d e s tri a n s fr o m w ai ti n g i n t hi s ar e a.
4 B o ar di n g i sl a n d e x t e n si o n s c a n b e
u s e d f or gr e e n i nfr a s tr u c t ur e,
i n cl u di n g r ai n g ar d e n s a n d o t h er
s t or m w at er r e t e n ti o n f a cili ti e s.
83
T R A N SI T L A N E S
Tr a n si t L a n e s
E x a m pl e o f s t r e e t wi t h c e n t e r t r a n si t l a n e s a n d i n - s t r e e t i sl a n d s t o p
Str e e t s wi t h hi g h m o t or v e hi cl e tr af fi c I t i s e s s e n ti al t o m a n a g e t ur n s
DI S C U S SI O N
v ol u m e a n d c o n g e s ti o n ar e g o o d a cr o s s tr a n si t f a cili ti e s, s o m e ti m e s
c a n di d at e s f or d e di c at e d l a n e s, w hi c h a c c o m m o d ati n g t ur n s i n w a y s t h at
O n b u s y ur b a n s tr e e t s, tr a n si t l a n e s ar e
or g a ni z e tr af fi c fl o w a n d i m pr o v e r e d u c e tr a n si t d el a y s, a n d s o m e ti m e s
t h e b uil di n g bl o c k s t o pr o vi d e r eli a bl e
o n -ti m e p er f or m a n c e a n d tr a n si t pr o hi bi ti n g t h e m or o t h er wi s e m a n a gi n g
a n d r o b u s t tr a n si t s er vi c e. C o n ti n u o u s
ef fi ci e n c y. t h eir i m p a c t s. A s o n o t h er m ulti -l a n e
r u n ni n g w a y s yi el d t h e gr e at e s t b e n e fi t
ur b a n s tr e e t s, t ur ni n g m o v e m e n t s
t o tr a n si t o p er ati o n s, a n d c a n of t e n b e
S m all er s tr e e t s m a y b e c o n v er t e d t o t y pi c all y i n v ol v e c o n fli c t s wi t h p e o pl e
i m pl e m e n t e d wi t h li t tl e i m p a c t, or e v e n
tr a n si t - pri ori t y or o t h er s h ar e d tr a n si t w al ki n g a n d bi ki n g a n d wi t h o t h er tr af fi c
p o si ti v e i m p a c t, o n g e n er al tr af fi c fl o w.
s tr e e t s. fl o w s, a n d r e q uir e s p e ci al c o n si d er ati o n.
Tr a n si t l a n e s ar e i m pl e m e n t e d b y
Tr a n si t tr a v el ti m e v ari a bili t y a n d
r e p ur p o si n g g e n er al tr af fi c l a n e s C O N SI D E R A TI O N S r eli a bili t y o v er t h e d a y ar e a g o o d
or p ar ki n g l a n e s a n d ar e u s u all y
i n di c at or of t h e p o t e n ti al b e n e fi t s of
i m pl e m e n t e d o n s tr e e t s t h at al s o
T h e d e ci si o n t o d e di c at e a l a n e t o tr a n si t l a n e s, e s p e ci all y if b o ar di n g s ar e
a c c o m m o d at e pri v at e m o t or v e hi cl e s i n
tr a n si t o n a m ultil a n e s tr e e t s h o ul d b e c o n si s t e n t t hr o u g h o u t.
at l e a s t o n e dir e c ti o n.
b a s e d o n a c o m bi n ati o n of f a c t or s, wi t h
s p e ci al e m p h a si s o n tr a n si t v ol u m e a n d M ar ki n g s, si g n a g e, a n d e nf or c e m e n t
Tr a n si t l a n e s ar e fl e xi bl e. T h e y c a n b e d e m a n d, i n cl u di n g f u t ur e d e m a n d, a n d m ai n t ai n t h e i n t e gri t y of tr a n si t l a n e s.
d e di c at e d at all ti m e s, or o nl y d uri n g t h e p o t e n ti al t o r e d u c e t o t al p er s o n A u t o m at e d el e c tr o ni c e nf or c e m e n t,
p e a k ti m e s or d a yli g h t h o ur s. F ull -ti m e d el a y or t o li mi t i n cr e a s e s t o a v er a g e i n cl u di n g li c e n s e - pl at e r e a d er s or vi d e o,
l a n e s b e t t er s er v e tr a n si t p er f or m a n c e tr a v el ti m e o v er b o t h s h or t a n d l o n g i s pr ef er a bl e t o l a b or -i n t e n si v e p atr ol s.
a n d vi si bili t y, b u t p e a k - p eri o d l a n e s m a y t er m a n al y si s p eri o d s.
b e a p pr o pri at e i n s p e ci fi c c o n t e x t s.
W hil e m o t or v e hi cl e tr af fi c c a p a ci t y or
tr a v el ti m e i s o n e of m a n y s u p p or ti n g
A P P LI C A TI O N
c o n si d er ati o n s, d e di c ati n g l a n e s t o
tr a n si t s h o ul d n o t b e r ul e d o u t o n t h e
Tr a n si t l a n e s ar e br o a dl y a p pli c a bl e o n
b a si s of a n y si n gl e f a c t or. V e hi cl e l e v el
d o w n t o w n a n d c orri d or s tr e e t s w h er e
of s er vi c e i s n o t a n a c c e p t a bl e pl a n ni n g
tr a n si t i s d el a y e d b y c o n g e s ti o n a n d
f a c t or w h e n vi e w e d i n i s ol ati o n, a n d i t s
c ur b si d e a c ti vi ti e s.
u s e s h o ul d b e li mi t e d t o u n d er s t a n di n g
q u e u e l e n g t h s a n d o t h er c h a n g e s wi t h
p o t e n ti al n e t w or k i m p a c t s.
111
" Sil e n c e d" Str e et c ar Tr a c k
S o ur c e:
F a m o u s Fir st F a ct s, b y J o s e p h N at h a n K a n e, 1 9 6 4, p 5 7 8
"T h e r a pi dl y gr o wi n g m e g a cit y of
S h e n z h e n, C hi n a [ p o p. 1 2. 5 milli o n], w a s
c h o k e d wit h di e s el p oll uti o n i n t h e e arl y
2 0 1 0 s.
T h o u g h b us es w er e j u st 0. 5
p er c e nt of t h e cit y’ s v e hi cl e s,
t h e y w er e r e s p o n si bl e f or 2 0
p er c e nt of t h e air p oll uti o n."
S o ur c e: w w w. V o x. c o m / e n er g y - a n d - e n vir o n m e nt /,
A pril 1 7, 2 0 1 8
J ul y 6, 2 0 1 7 [ C o m m u nit y I n p ut R e c ei v e d at Br o o kl y n C B 8 X n C mt e, J u n e 2 7 2 0 1 7 ]
h el ps s
" P C C" Str e et c ar, U. S. M a n uf a ct ur e d, Cir c a 1 9 3 6 - 1 9 5 1
"1 0 0 %" L o w Fl o or M o d er n Str e et c ar
N O T E: R ail V e hi cl e M U S T b e A bl e t o
N e g oti at e 3 6 F o ot ( 1 1 m) R a di u s C ur v e s
St u N o b o d y C ar e s A b o ut
A n ot s o r a n d o m c oll e cti o n of o b s e r v ati o n s a b o ut t hi n g s y o u s h o ul d c a r e a b o ut
W h e n T h e N e w Y o r k Cit y S u b w a y O p e n e d O n
O ct o b e r 2 7, 1 9 0 4
2 0 C o ol F a c t s A b o u t T h e N e w Y o r k Ci t y S u b w a y W h e n I t W a s B r a n d N e w
1 0 9 y e a r s a g o o n O ct o b e r 2 7, 1 9 0 4, t h e N e w Y o r k Cit y
S u b w a y w a s o p e n e d t o a n e nt h u si a sti c p u bli c wit h g r e at
f a nf a r e a n d a c c ol a d e s.
N e w Y o r k e r’ s w e r e p r o u d of t hi s e n gi n e e ri n g s e n s ati o n
a n d it s f e at u r e s w e r e hi g hli g ht e d i n n e w s p a p e r s a n d
m a g a zi n e s a r o u n d t h e w o rl d.
O n t h e o c c a si o n of t h e o p e ni n g, t h e N e w Y or k E v e ni n g
“ W h at T h e S u b w a y M e a n s T o N e w Y or k” N e w Y or k E v e ni n g
W orl d p u bli s h e d a “ S u b w a y S o u v e ni r S p e ci al” t o
W orl d O ct o b er 2 7, 1 9 0 4 ( cli c k t o e nl ar g e)
c o m m e m o r at e t h e e v e nt. Wit h a rti cl e s d e s c ri bi n g m a n y
a s p e ct s of t h e s u b w a y, t h e s p e ci al i s s u e c o m pil e d a li st
of 1 0 0 f a ct s a b o ut t h e s u b w a y. H e r e a r e s o m e of t h e
b ett e r o n e s:
1. I n 1 8 9 4 t h e p e o pl e of N e w Y o r k v ot e d t o c r e at e a t u n n el f o r a s u b w a y w hi c h w a s t o b e o w n e d b y t h e
cit y. Aft e r si x y e a r s of p r eli mi n a r y w o r k b y t h e R a pi d T r a n sit C o m mi s si o n, bi d s w e r e a c c e pt e d t o b uil d a n d
o p e r at e t h e s u b w a y o n N o v e m b e r 1 5, 1 8 9 9.
2. O nl y t w o c o m p a ni e s bi d f o r t h e j o b. J o h n B. M c D o n al d a n d t h e O n d e r d o n k C o n st r u cti o n C o m p a n y.
M c D o n al d’ s bi d w a s a c c e pt e d J a n u a r y 1 5, 1 9 0 0.
7. M c D o n al d s u bl et t h e c o n st r u cti o n t o t hi rt e e n s u b- c o nt r a ct o r s. G r o u n d w a s b r o k e n M a r c h 2 5, 1 9 0 0 i n
f r o nt of Cit y H all.
8. M c D o n al d pl e d g e d t o h a v e t h e s u b w a y r e a d y i n f o u r a n d a h alf y e a r s. T h e a ct u al ti m e s p e nt o n
c o n st r u cti o n w a s o nl y 1 2 7 5 d a y s.
9. T h e n al a m o u nt s p e nt w a s j u st $ 4 0 milli o n.
1 0. T h e r e w e r e 1 2 0 li v e s l o st d u ri n g t h e c o n st r u cti o n.
1 1. T h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r of m e n e m pl o y e d p e r d a y w a s
4, 6 6 1.
1 2. T h e g r e at e st n u m b e r of w o r k e r s d u ri n g t h e
c o n st r u cti o n i n a si n gl e d a y n u m b e r e d 1 2, 0 0 0.
1 3. M e a s u r e d b y m e n e m pl o y e d, t h e n u m b e r of
U ni o n S q u ar e J u n e 8, 1 9 0 1 S u b w a y C o n str u cti o n
w o r ki n g d a y s w a s 5, 9 4 3, 9 1 7.
1 8. I n t h e r u s h h o u r s, b et w e e n 7 a n d 1 0 a. m. a n d 4 t o 7 p. m., e x p r e s s t r ai n s w o ul d r u n f o u r mi n ut e s a p a rt
a n d l o c al t r ai n s t h r e e mi n ut e s a p a rt.
T h e 1 9 0 4 G e n e r al Sl o c u m
W h e n R e nt C o st $ 1 0 P e r W e e k Di s a st e r H a d S u r vi v o r s T h at N e w Y o r k’ s P r o bl e m s A n d W h y
I n N e w Y o r k Cit y Li v e d I nt o T h e 2 1 st C e nt u r y It F o r c e d O n e E dit o r T o L e a v e
T hi s e nt r y w a s p o st e d i n Hi st o r y, N e w Y o r k a n d t a g g e d 1 9 0 0 s, C o n st r u cti o n, I R T, N e w Y o r k Hi st o r y, N e w Y o r k
W o rl d, S u b w a y, U ni o n S q u a r e o n O ct o b e r 2 7, 2 0 1 3 [ htt p:// st u n o b o d y c a r e s a b o ut. c o m/ 2 0 1 3/ 1 0/ 2 7/ w h e n-t h e-
n e w- y o r k- cit y- s u b w a y- o p e n e d-i n- 1 9 0 4/] b y M a x.
4 /1 /2 0 1 5 T h e U n iq u e G e n iu s o f H o n g K o n g 's P u b lic T ra n s p o rta tio n S y s te m — C h in a — T h e A tla n tic
S U B S C RI B E
RE NE W
GI V E A GI F T
DI GI T A L E DI TI O N
Pri nt | Cl o s e
h tttp ://
//w w w .th e a tla n tic .c o m /c h in a /p rin t/
t 2 0 1 3 /0 9 /th e -u n iq u e -g e n iu s -oo f- h o n g -k o n g s -p u b lic -tra n s p o rta tio n -s y s te m /2 7 9 5 2 8 / 1 /3
4 /1 /2 0 1 5 T h e U n iq u e G e n iu s o f H o n g K o n g 's P u b lic T ra n s p o rta tio n S y s te m — C h in a — T h e A tla n tic
h tttp ://
//w w w .th e a tla n tic .c o m /c h in a /p rin t/
t 2 0 1 3 /0 9 /th e -u n iq u e -g e n iu s -oo f- h o n g -k o n g s -p u b lic -tra n s p o rta tio n -s y s te m /2 7 9 5 2 8 / 2 /3
4 /1 /2 0 1 5 T h e U n iq u e G e n iu s o f H o n g K o n g 's P u b lic T ra n s p o rta tio n S y s te m — C h in a — T h e A tla n tic
h tttp ://
//w w w .th e a tla n tic .c o m /c h in a /p rin t/
t 2 0 1 3 /0 9 /th e -u n iq u e -g e n iu s -oo f- h o n g -k o n g s -p u b lic -tra n s p o rta tio n -s y s te m /2 7 9 5 2 8 / 3 /3
Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20071026105837/http://www.portlandstreetcar.org/pdf/development.pdf
PORTLAND STREETCAR
DEVELOPMENT ORIENTED TRANSIT
PORTLAND, OREGON
January 2006
Portland Streetcar
Development Oriented Transit
January 2006
On July 20, 2001, the Portland Streetcar opened and became the first modern streetcar system
in North America. It is part of a unique public/private strategy to link investment in high quality
transit service with major redevelopment.
Like many other cities, Portland is growing in population and is proactively looking for ways to
promote economic development while managing growth. Keeping Downtown Portland healthy
is critical to the region's economic stability. The Portland Streetcar is at the heart of a new
approach to shaping cities that promotes investment at the City's core, provides homes for
people of diverse income groups and supports the urban amenities that make great cities great.
Since 1997 when the original streetcar alignment was identified, properties along its length have
experienced significant changes:
• Over $2.28 billion has been invested within two blocks of the streetcar
alignment
• 7,248 new housing units and 4.6 million square feet of office, institutional,
retail and hotel construction have been constructed within two blocks of
the alignment
• 55% of all CBD development since 1997 has occurred within 1-block of
the streetcar and properties located closest to the streetcar line more
closely approach the zoned density potential than properties situated
farther away
• Developers are building new residential buildings with significantly lower
parking ratios than anywhere else in the region
The Portland Streetcar was initiated by the City of Portland to connect two major redevelopment
areas: 70 aces of abandoned rail yards and a contaminated brownfield site just north of
Downtown (the River District) with another 128 acres of largely underused or vacant industrial
land requiring environmental remediation at the opposite end of Downtown (the South
Waterfront).
Over the 15-year evolution of the Portland Streetcar, the goals have remained consistent:
• Use a commitment to a high quality transit service as an incentive for high
density mixed-use development within the Central City. Link
neighborhoods with a convenient and attractive transportation alternative
and attract new transit ridership.
• Connect major attractions in the Central City with high quality transit.
• Build and operate in mixed traffic and on existing right-of-way at lower
cost than other fixed rail options. Fit the scale and traffic patterns of
existing neighborhoods.
• Reduce short inner-city auto trips, parking demand, traffic congestion and
air pollution.
The Streetcar investment has become the centerpiece of a significant shift in the density and
location of new development within Portland's Central Business District. In a 2005 study, E.D.
Hovee & Company found that the "properties located closest to the streetcar line have
experienced the largest share of development - and at Floor Area Ratios (FARs) that more
closely approach the properties' zoned density potential - than properties situated further from
the streetcar alignment."
o/o FAR Realized Based Upon Prior to 1997, new projects were
Distance from Streetcar built to less than half of the
allowable density allowed on a
site in the CBD.
90
o/o of CBD Development Based Upon Prior to 1997, land located within
Distance from Streetcar one block of the streetcar alignment
captured 19% of all development.
Since the streetcar alignment was
identified, 55% of all new
development within the CBD has
occurred within one block of the
streetcar.
The River District/Pearl District. Where once there was a contaminated railyard, a new
neighborhood has emerged. A new grocery store, restaurants, galleries, shops and banks now
line the streets. Portland Streetcar goes through the heart of this area, stopping every two or
three blocks and providing high quality transit access for business and residents.
Local Improvement District. The innovative $14.6 million Streetcar Local Improvement
District (LID) has been a useful tool and includes those property owners that stand to receive
the greatest financial benefit from their proximity to the Streetcar. This, coupled with other
public and private resources, helped fund both the Streetcar and the critical investments in the
urban environment that complement the higher density vision for the area.
Stakeholder Involvement. Involving stakeholders in the Streetcar project design has been
absolutely critical to its success and expansion. Without public support, projects of this
magnitude can get bogged down to the degree that the public investment cannot move in
tandem with development. The individuals and agencies that make up Portland Streetcar, Inc.
are nimble and astute individuals that make the Streetcar a development investment that you
can count on. In addition, a whole new interest group is emerging composed of those devoted
to high-density urban living-a perspective that didn't exist before.
Reduced Parking. The success of early projects in the River District demonstrated a market
demand for a new type of higher density community-one that supports living with or without a
car. Due in part to the high quality transit service provided by Streetcar, developers are able to
construct mixed use projects with parking ratios lower than found elsewhere in the city.
Reducing the amount of parking that a developer must build makes a building more financially
feasible. Now, with a full understanding of the role that Streetcar can play in affecting the urban
environment and market confidence in urban living, developers have begun construction on
larger, higher-risk projects in South Waterfront. The first River District projects were six
stories-South Waterfront has started with 23 to 31-story condominium towers.
Fit Within the Urban Environment. Design tradeoffs were made to better fit the Portland
Streetcar into the scale and traffic patterns of the neighborhoods through which it travels.
Streetcar vehicles, manufactured in the Czech Republic, are 8 feet wide and 66 feet long. They
run in mixed traffic and, except at stops, accommodate existing curbside parking and loading.
Streetcar stops occur every few blocks and shelters are smaller to fit within the neighborhood's
architecture.
Economical Construction and Operation. The Streetcar technology is less expensive than
other forms of fixed-rail transportation. The project is designed so that the system is economical
to build and operate. There were four critical design principles: 1) use available rights-of-way;
2) limit the investment in facilities to essentials, 3) to the extent possible, use off-the-shelf
equipment, 4) operate the system on a safe, no-frills basis, and 5) use construction methods
that minimize costs. The project was also designed to avoid costly expenses associated with
relocating utilities and the stations were developed similar to bus stops to reduce system costs.
Key Milestones: In 1990, the City of Portland initiated a feasibility study for the Streetcar, hired
a project manager, established a Citizen Advisory Committee (CAC) and began hosting a series
of public meetings with a plan emerging at the end of that year. Key project milestones include:
1992 City of Portland secures $900,000 federal HUD grant and matches with local funds
1995 May, City issues RFP to design, build, operate and maintain Streetcar. The nonprofit
corporation, Portland Streetcar Inc is selected
1999 September, Construction begins from Legacy Good Samaritan Hospital to Portland State
University
2001 January, Project Substantial Completion
2001 July, Begin passenger service
2005 March, Streetcar service to RiverPlace begins
2006 Service to South Waterfront begins
2006 Eastside Extension alignment selected
Financing. Locally funding the $56.9 million, 2.4 mile first phase made the Streetcar a unique
transportation project. The total Phase 1 project cost was under $25 million per alignment mile
and included purchase of seven vehicles. Total capital construction costs for the .6 mile
extension to RiverPlace was $16 million or $13 million per track mile and included a new
roadway on a retained structure to provide access to properties along the riverfront in
preparation for an extension to South Waterfront. The estimated capital budget for the .6 mile
single-track extension from RiverPlace to Gibbs Street is $15.8 million, or $13 million per track
mile, and includes purchase of three vehicles.
Funding sources for these phases of the project (in millions) include:
- $28.6 Bonds backed by revenues from a $.20/hour short-term parking rate increase in City-
owned parking garages
- $19.7 Tax increment financing from the City's urban renewal agency (PDC)
- $14.6 Property owner contribution through an LID on non-owner occupied residences
- $10.0 Regional transportation funds
- $ 6. 1 City funds
- $ 5.0 Reallocated transit funds from TriMet
- $ 3.1 Transportation land sale
- 1-.L.§ Other sources
- $88. 7 million total construction costs
Ridership. When Streetcar initially opened in 2001, the projected ridership target was 3,500
weekday rides. Not only was that target immediately exceeded, ridership by the fall of 2005
grew to over 9,000 riders each week day. Saturday ridership has demonstrated the greatest
percentage growth from 3,200 to 6,650 in the past four years.
Management. The City of Portland has contracted with Portland Streetcar, Inc (PSI) for
professional services related to the design, construction and operation of the streetcar system.
PSI is a private non-profit corporation formed for the single purpose of implementing the
Portland Streetcar as a project that will benefit the livability and economic vitality of Portland and
its central city. It is governed by a Board of Directors, the members of which come from both
the public and private sectors and who represent institutions, businesses and other constituents
along the alignment.
PETTYGROVE
JOHNSON
IAVING
GLISAN
FLANOEFIS
t.
\
\
Legend
A
-+-+- MAX Routes N
- Portland Streetcar
0 Development Projects
LOWELL Q 0.25
Miles
PROJECTS LIST
1997 - PRESENT
All projects shown are located within the Streetcar Local Improvement District.
Construction costs shown are based upon hard costs. Information sources include
published project information and developer interviews.
Portland Streetcar Development Summary
January 2006
10th at Hoyt $20,300,000 2004 178 15,000 Apar1ments & ground floor retail. parking
911 NW Hoyt
8 NW 8th (Danmore) $13,500,000 2004 180 12.000 Low-income apar1ments (30% MFI). 120 unns
NE corner E.Burnside/8th transnional hous"1g. two-floor clmic Portland
AhematJVe Heahh Chnoc. LEED cenrfied
12th/13th/Washington/Star!\ $130,000,000 2007 264 224,000 Five noo,s pkg (400 spaces). 65ksl ZGF office. 17
floors apanments, 170-room hotel. West End
Art Museum Renovation $17,300,000 2000 0 50,000 Proiea for the Millennium. renovation and remodel
Atwater Place $95,000,000 2007 212 10,300 319 parking spaces, LEED silver, S Wa1erfront
SW Ga ines/River Parkway
Avenue Lofts $25,000,000 2004 166 0 Loft condominiums, 186 par1\ing spaces
1001 NW 14th Avenue
Balfour Guthrie Building $1,200,000 2002 0 18,000 1913 building renovation for architeciural office
731 SW Oak
Benson Tower $30,000,000 2007 143 0 27-story, 150 underground parking spaces. 13 KSF
1500 SW 11th s,te
Bridgeport Condominiums $35,000,000 2003 123 8,000 Condominiums & ground floor retail
1130 NW 12th
Burlington Tower Apts $27,000,000 2005 155 11,000 10 story mixed use apar1ment wrth ground floor
900 NW Lovejoy retail 126 u/g parking spaces. 36 surface pkg
spaces
The Casey Condos $42,000,000 2007 56 4,200 16 stones. ground floor retail, LEED platinum:
311 NW 12th Ave 194.225 GSF above and below grade. River Dist
Cornerstone Condominiums $3,400,000 2000 50 3,000 Condominiums wnh ground floor retail, 10.000
1130 SW Jefferson square loot sne. 6-story building
Crane Building $10,524,000 2006 32 37,000 Basement converer1ed to 46 pkg spaces. 3 noo,s
710 NW 14th residential. Guardian Management office, River Dis1
Cronin Block $50,000,000 2007 250 NIA 335 pkg spaces, townhomes and condos. River Dist
NW 12I13/Marshall/Northrup
ED Distributing/Moe's Pianos NIA 2003 0 40,000 Retail office. light Industrial wrth ulg par1\ing
140 NW 14th
Edge $27,000.000 2003 125 35,000 Condominiums & ground floor retail. 3 parking lots.
805 NW 14th one underground
Eliot $60,000.000 2006 223 9,000 Condominiums and ground floor retail
SW 10th/11th/Jefferson
Elizabeth Lofts $38,000,000 2005 182 14,500 Condominiums & ground floor retail, 16 stories
333 NW 9th
First Presbyterian Church $11,000,000 0 0 40,000 170-space underground parlung garage and plaza.
Future srte ror church lacilrties West End
Fox Tower $65,000,000 2000 0 438,000 28· story office w/ approx. 400 spaces or
805 SW Broadway underground parking and bu1h-Ml c,nema. two noo,s
wrth 63,000 It of retail, 375 ksl office
Galleria $9,000,000 2003 0 60,000 Building renovat,on for Westem Culinary lnstrtute
921 SW Morrison
Gregory $29,500,000 2002 133 47,000 12 story condo proJeci wl 145 res unrts, 29,000 of
420 SW 10th Avenue office. 210 parking stalls. 18 kSf retail
Hamilton West $7,900,000 1999 152 2,500 Apartments • Housing Authorrty of Portland. ground
1212 SW Clay Street floor retarl
The John Ross $118,000,000 2007 314 19,000 Ground lloor retail wrth 4-slory podium and 31-story
SW River Parkway 1>u11d1ng 404 parkong spaces. LEED srlver. S
Waterfront
Johnson Street Townhomes $7,000,000 2000 13 0 Townhouses
1116-1142 NW Johnson
Kafoury Commons $7,100,000 2000 129 0 10.slory 129 unrt complex, 29 affordable
1230 SW Columbia
Kearney Plaza Apartments $18,000,000 2000 139 7,500 Apartments & ground noor retail
930 NW 11th, 97209
Lexis on the Park $23,000,000 2004 139 9,000 Market rate apartments converted to condos in
1125 NW 9th 2005, ground floor retail
Lovejoy Building Office $2,000,000 2004 0 20,000 14 ksf office, 6ksf retail
1624 NW Lovejoy
Lovejoy Station $18,630,000 2001 181 6,500 5 story mixed use project with 4 floors. 181 untts
1040 NW 10th Avenue affordable apt over 86 parking spaces, 124 apt.
units, ground floor retail
Manzana Rotisserie Grill $1,950,000 2002 0 20,000 Building renovation for 10 ksf ground floor
1203 NW Glisan restaurant and 1O ksf 2nd floor offices
McKenzie Lofts $15,500,000 1997 68 13,500 Condominiums & ground floor retail
408 NW 12th Avenue
The Meriwether $82,500,000 2006 245 11,800 347 parking spaces. LEED silver rating, S
SW River Pkwy/SW Curry Waterfront
The Metropolitan (Block 9) $63,000,000 2007 136 18,000 230 pkgs spaces. 19 stones. concierge service.
NW 10/11/Lovejoy/Marshall common rooms and guest surtes. Rover Drst
Museum Place $29,000,000 2003 140 48,000 Mrxed income apartments, Safeway
1030 SW Jefferson
North Park Lofts $8,000,000 1999 66 3,000 Condornrnrums, redeveloped 1908 burldrng, ground
300 NW 8th Avenue floor retail
Northrup Commons Condos $3,600,000 1999 20 0 4-story residential. 65.500 SF. two levels of parkmg
2327 NW Northrup
OHSU Center for Health & Healing $103,500,000 2006 0 294,400 Physical practices, outpatient surgery, wellness
at South Waterfront center. research labs. classrooms, 650 pkg sp, 3.
SW Moody Ave story underground garage. LEED platinum. South
Oregon History Center $2,750,000 2003 0 4,000 Visitor faclhlies and exhibit area renovation. addition
1200 SW Park and outdoor plaza
Outside In $3,500,000 2001 0 30,000 Youth center, 4-story building, supervised housing
1132 SW 13th
Overton Park Apartments $4,000,000 2002 18 0 Apartments with ground floor retail
2315 NW. Overton
Paramount Hotel $14,000,000 1999 0 140,000 14-story 154-room hotel with street level retail
808 SW Taylor
Park Place Condominiums $47,000,000 2004 124 15,000 91 flats. 25 lofts, 8 penthouses. 7 townhomes. 4 of 7
922 NW 11th hvelWon<
Pearl Court Apartments $10,000.000 1997 199 0 Apartments - Hous,ng Auth0<�y of Portland,
920 NW Kearney Street aff0<dable housing
Pacific NW College of Art $1,000,000 1998 0 40,000 Full block renovalion including new Classrooms,
1241 NW Johnson library, meetong & performance space- art college
Powell's Books $5,000,000 1999 0 50,000 Building expansion and renovation--2 s�es
24-34 NW 11th
Riverstone Condominiums $25,000,000 1998 121 10,000 Condom,n,ums & ground floor retail
821 NW 11th
Safeway Blocks $40,000,000 200819 235 60,000 Rental, two buold,ngs, 15% atf0<dabte, ground floor
NW 12/13ILovejoy/Marshall re1a11. 145-160 pkg f0< 40 ksf Safeway, 145 pkg for
Rovertec. River Dost
St. Francis Apartments $10,800,000 2003 132 6,000 Affordable apartments, ground floor retail
1024 SW Main
The Sitka $32,000,000 2005 210 7,150 Rentals, 130 pkg spaces. 6 stories, 50-60&% MFI.
1115 NW Northrup ground floor retaol
Station Place $18,000,000 2005 176 1,600 Senior affordable apartments, 150,000.
1020 NW 9th Lovejoy/Marshall, 26,000 SF of retail on Marshall,
east of tower 6th Avenue frontage is 5-story garage
Station Place Parking Garage $8,800,000 2004 0 100,000 425-car parking garage
The Strand $95,000,000 2006,2007 216 9,700 Three towers, 10().space underground public
pal1C1ng garage. 160 spaces resident pkg, 2.7-acte
s�e. dest,nat,on restaurant. retail and lrve/Won<
Streetcar Lofts $28,000,000 2002 139 9,000 Condom1111ums & ground lloor re1aII
1030 NW 12th Ave, 97209
Tanner Place $31,000,000 2000 120 12.000 Condom1111ums & ground lloor retail
1030 NW Johnson
Telegram Building $5,600,000 2004 0 44,000 Renovat,on fo, lWO lloor health club. 20 ksf of olfice.
1101 SW Washington restaurant
Vollum Natural Cap. Ctr. $8,000,000 2001 0 50,000 Renovation fo, 40 ksf olfice/10 ksf retail. LEED gold
721 NW 9th Avenue cerilfocalion
Wieden and Kennedy $20,000,000 1999 0 200,000 Full bloci< renovahon • 175 ksf office, 25 ksf retail
1227 NW Davis and adjoining parking. PICA ground floor
PSU Urban Center $24,000,000 2002 0 130,000 Class space. office and public meeting space.
506 SWMIII 25,000 sf ground floor retail
ParkNlg ExpanslOf'I and RenovatlOf'I $7,500,000 2002 0 100,000 349 new parkNlg spaces. renovat,on of 810 spaces
South of Smrth Center
Smrth Memo,,al Un,on Renovat,on $8,000,000 2006 0 220,000 Seismic upgrades and office. entry, ballroom and
1802 SW Broadway food couri renovat,ons
NW Center fo, Science. $30,000,000 2006 0 136,000 Academic classrooms. offices and labs: LEED SIii/er
Eng111eer111g and Technology
Between 3rd and 4th at College
The Broadway $47,500,000 2004 384 35,000 10-s1ory 220.000 SF. 8 noor student housing. 1 noo,
621 SW Jackson SI academic. 15 ksf ground floor retail
The Ond1ne Renovation $7,700,000 2005 0 100,000 Ground lloor renoval,on and upgrade of existing
residential units in the 15-Sl()()' building housing 500
restdents
Brewery Blocks $300,000,000
Block 1 2002 0 158,000 40 ksf Whole Foods and 3 floors olfooe space,
NW 121h/131h/Bumslde/Coueh renovation
Block 2 2004 0 225,000 40 ksf ground floor retail with office above.
NW 111h/12th/Bumslde/Coueh renovation
8oD and Diana Gerding Theater 2006 0 40,000 Performing arts space, goal of LEED platinum, $20
million
The Henry 2003 123 14,000 Luxury condominiums. 3 noors parking, ground floor
132 NW 12th retail
[ C o nt e nt E x p a n d e d 5 / 3 0 / 1 8]
money : young
w a s s o m e h o w t a n g e nti all y c o n n e ct e d t o t h e f a m o u s
C " such " hi g h c o n n e cti o n s" i n "l o w pl a c e s" -
m a n y " sil e nt p art n er s"...
" "
N O T E: Si n c e t h e s u m m er of 2 0 0 0, t h e Cit y D O T a n d t h e M T A p a y 2 5 % A B O V E
R E T AI L f or " C N G" b u s f u el - W h er e i s t hi s m o n e y g oi n g ?
N Y C Offi c e of M a n a g e m e n t a n d B u d g e t
F M S Fi n a n ci al Pl a n ni n g a n d E X E C U TI V E 2 0 1 3 FI N A N CI A L P L A N
M ai n t e n a n c e, E n e r g y, L e a s e s a n d R e v e n u e s b y R e v e n u e A g e n c y, F u n di n g a n d R e v e n u e Str u ct ur e
R e v e n u e R e p o r ti n g
O M B
P a g e 1 1 2 of 1 6 9
I N CI D E fi I N F O R M A T fr N S LI P
P O fa 1 · 1 6 fi ( R e v. 3· 9 8l· P e n t( fi M U)
W el c o m e t o
L ocati o n of O ccurr e n c e: _ (J T_
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t hi s r ep o rt s h o ul d y o u h a v e t o r ef er t o t hi s m a tt er i n t h e f ut ur e. If y o u n e e d a n y f u rt h er a s si st a n c e f e el fr e e t o
c o nt a ct u s at t el ep h o n e n u m b er . Pl e a s e l et u s k n o w if y o u h a v e a n y s u g g e sti o n s o n h o w w e c a n
C O U RT E SY - P R O F E S SI O N A LI S M - R E S P E CT
6
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" R efr e s h e d" N Y P D I nt er n al Aff air s B ur e a u C a s e N u m b er - F all, 2 0 1 7
611/2018 Brooklyn Councilman Is Charged in an Extortion Scheme - Tne New York Times
N.Y. / REGION
The indictment, which was unsealed yesterday, charges that Mr. Rodriguez
publicly changed his position to support the development plan at a hearing of the
C-ouncil's Land Use C-ommittee on Jan. 29. The turnaround, the indictment said,
came a day after Mr. Rodriguez and his friend, Jonathan Morales, through a front
company, signed a contract with the developer to buy three Cobble Hill properties
worth $2.5 million for $1 million, which the indictment said was "a secret benefit of
$1.5 million." On Jan. 30, Mr. Rodriguez voted in favor of the plan, which he had
earlier opposed, and it was approved by the entire Council.
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N. Y. / R E GI O N
A b o u t N e w Y o r k; T h e T r oll e y G u y' s L a s t
Ri d e ( All 1 2 F e e t of I t )
By D A N B A R R Y J A N. 1 0, 2 0 0 4
I N a d a r k e n e d b a y at R e d H o o k' s w at e r y e d g e, t h e t r oll e y g u y of B r o o kl y n
st e p s o v e r t h e bit s a n d pi e c e s of hi s g r a n d vi si o n t o b o a r d hi s m a g nifi c e nt
v e s s el. C o m e o n, h e s a y s, i n t h at w e a r y- w hi n y v oi c e of hi s. ''I'll t a k e y o u o n
t h e w o rl d' s s h o rt e st t r oll e y ri d e.''
H e t u r n s o n t h e li g ht s, ri n g s t h e b ell -- di n g, di n g -- a n d a n 1 8 9 7 t r oll e y of
m a h o g a n y a n d o a k l u r c h e s si x f e et a n d st o p s. H e w al k s t o t h e r e a r, ri n g s t h e
b ell -- di n g, di n g -- a n d t h e t r oll e y l u r c h e s si x f e et b a c k. T h at' s it; 1 2 f e et.
Ri d e o v e r.
T h e l a st st o p r et u r n s B o b Di a m o n d, t h e t r oll e y g u y, t o hi s cl utt e r e d w o rl d. I n
t hi s c ol d a n d c a v e r n o u s b a y, f r o m w hi c h h e i s a b o ut t o b e e vi ct e d, y o u will
fi n d ol d t r oll e y f a r e b o x e s; b o o k s a b o ut el e ct r o m e c h a ni c al d e vi c e s of t h e
1 9 3 0' s; p n e u m ati c all y p o w e r e d d o o r e n gi n e s; a B B g u n t o s c a r e a w a y
pi g e o n s a n d r at s; h e a v y- d ut y m a c hi n e t o ol s; a n d e v e r- a c c u m ul ati n g pil e s of
s p a r e t r oll e y p a rt s.
Ri si n g f r o m t hi s m e s s a r e t w o m eti c ul o u sl y r e st o r e d, b ut st r a n d e d, t r oll e y s:
t h e b r o w n 1 8 9 7 m o d el, o n c e u s e d b y t h e ki n g of N o r w a y, a n d a g r e e n- a n d-
sil v e r 1 9 5 1 P ull m a n t h at o n c e c r ui s e d al o n g B o st o n' s g r e e n li n e. A n d b e si d e
t h e m al w a y s, M r. Di a m o n d: a r u m pl e d s h r u g of a m a n w h o w a s m a r ri e d
o n c e f o r t w o d a y s; w h o s e di n n e r m o st ni g ht s i s t h r e e h ot d o g s, c h e e s e f ri e s
a n d a n i c e d t e a at N at h a n' s; a n d w h o i s n o w t h e o nl y p e r s o n i n N e w Y o r k
wit h 1 6 t r oll e y s a n d n o w h e r e t o p ut t h e m.
M r. Di a m o n d, 4 4, w h e e z e s o ut t h e a p p r o xi m ati o n of a l a u g h. ''I' m l a u g hi n g
b ut I s h o ul d b e c r yi n g,'' h e s a y s. ''It m u st b e p o st-t r a u m ati c st r e s s.''
htt ps:// w w w. n yti m es. c o m/ 2 0 0 4/ 0 1/ 1 0/ n yr e gi o n/ a b o ut- n e w- y or k-t h e-tr oll e y- g u y-s-l ast-ri d e- all- 1 2-f e et- of-it. ht ml[ 5/ 9/ 2 0 1 8 1 0: 0 4: 1 5 A M]
A b o ut N e w Y or k; T h e Tr oll e y G u y's L ast Ri d e ( All 1 2 F e et of It) - T h e N e w Y or k Ti m es
A D V E R TI S E M E N T
S a v e 5 0 % f o r o n e y e a r. O n e d a y o nl y. S u b s cri b e N o w
H e e a r n e d hi s pl a c e a s a b o n a fi d e B r o o kl y n c h a r a ct e r m o r e t h a n t w o
d e c a d e s a g o b y di s c o v e ri n g a f o r g ott e n r ail r o a d t u n n el b e n e at h Atl a nti c
A v e n u e. H e c r e at e d t h e B r o o kl y n Hi st o ri c R ail w a y A s s o ci ati o n a n d e nli st e d
a b a n d of v ol u nt e e r s t o r e st o r e t h e t u n n el a n d l e a d t o u r s. S o o n t h e y w e r e
l a u n c h e d o n t h e o d d b ut h o n o r a bl e mi s si o n of r et u r ni n g t r oll e y s t o B r o o kl y n
f o r t h e fi r st ti m e si n c e t h e mi d- 5 0' s.
I n 1 9 9 4, M r. Di a m o n d a n d hi s g r o u p m o v e d t h ei r o p e r ati o n t o t hi s b a y i n a
1 9t h c e nt u r y w a r e h o u s e at t h e e n d of V a n B r u nt St r e et. T h ei r eff o rt s
att r a ct e d t h e att e nti o n of l o c al a n d f e d e r al offi ci al s w h o s a w t h e c h a r m a n d
t h e n e e d f o r li g ht- r ail s e r vi c e t h at w o ul d li n k i s ol at e d R e d H o o k t o t h e r e st
of t h e b o r o u g h.
T h e v ol u nt e e r s l o vi n gl y l ai d t h e t r a c k, p oli s h e d t h e t r oll e y s a n d w o r k e d o ut
t h e i nt ri c at e el e ct ri c al s y st e m n e e d e d t o a cti v at e s e r vi c e. M r. Di a m o n d
e sti m at e s t h at h e s p e nt m o r e t h a n $ 1 0 0, 0 0 0 of hi s o w n m o n e y -- e a r n e d i n
p a rt b y m a n a gi n g a N e w J e r s e y a p a rt m e nt c o m pl e x -- o n s u n d r y it e m s,
i n cl u di n g s e v e r al t h o u s a n d d oll a r s f o r j a c k h a m m e r r e nt al s. ''It' s still o n m y
c r e dit c a r d,'' h e s a y s.
htt ps:// w w w. n yti m es. c o m/ 2 0 0 4/ 0 1/ 1 0/ n yr e gi o n/ a b o ut- n e w- y or k-t h e-tr oll e y- g u y-s-l ast-ri d e- all- 1 2-f e et- of-it. ht ml[ 5/ 9/ 2 0 1 8 1 0: 0 4: 1 5 A M]
A b o ut N e w Y or k; T h e Tr oll e y G u y's L ast Ri d e ( All 1 2 F e et of It) - T h e N e w Y or k Ti m es
E v e r yt hi n g s e e m e d t o b e o n t r a c k. I n 1 9 9 9, t h at gl o ri o u s N o r w e gi a n t r oll e y
gli d e d o ut of it s d a r k e n e d b a y, l o o p e d a r o u n d t h e w a r e h o u s e, a n d w e nt a f e w
h u n d r e d f e et d o w n a t r a c k; s o o n, t o u ri st s w e r e p a yi n g t o t a k e t h e s h o rt
w at e rf r o nt ri d e. T h e n cit y t r a n s p o rt ati o n offi ci al s g a v e p e r mi s si o n t o M r.
Di a m o n d' s g r o u p t o l a y t r a c k o n C o n o v e r St r e et, t h e h o p e b ei n g t h at a
t r oll e y w o ul d o n e d a y l e a d t o a b u s st o p a h alf- mil e a w a y.
M r. Di a m o n d m a y h a v e b e e n a vi si o n a r y, b ut hi s si n gl e- mi n d e d n e s s c a u s e d
p r o bl e m s. Cit y offi ci al s g r u m bl e t h at h e w a s n't d oi n g a n y f u n d- r ai si n g; h e
c o u nt e r s t h at hi s c o nt ri b uti o n c a m e i n s w e at e q uit y. A s f o r all e g ati o n s t h at
h e di d n ot w a nt t o s h a r e r e s p o n si bilit y f o r t h e t r oll e y s, M r. Di a m o n d s a y s
t h at h e w a s w o r ri e d a b o ut a ''t a k e o v e r g r o u p'' wit hi n hi s c o r e of v ol u nt e e r s.
N e w Y or k T o d a y
E a c h m or ni n g, g et t h e l at e st o n N e w Y or k
b u si n e s s e s, art s, s p ort s, di ni n g, st yl e a n d m or e.
Y o u a gr e e t o r e c ei v e o c c a si o n al u p d at e s a n d s p e ci al
off er s f or T h e N e w Y or k Ti m e s' s pr o d u ct s a n d s er vi c e s.
I' m n ot a r o b ot
re C A PT C H A
Pri v a c y - T er m s
S E E S A M PL E P RI V A C Y P O LI C Y
OPT O UT O R C O NTA CT US A N Y TI M E
I n A u g u st 2 0 0 1, t h e b ul k h e a d al o n g t h e pi e r o ut si d e hi s t r oll e y b a y g a v e
w a y, d a m a gi n g t h e t r a c k a n d a u g u ri n g a l a r g e r c oll a p s e.
T h e t w o t r oll e y s i n si d e h a d n o w h e r e t o g o. V ol u nt e e r s l eft t o c r e at e t h ei r
o w n t r oll e y g r o u p. A n d t h e di s a g r e e m e nt s wit h cit y offi ci al s b e c a m e s o
c o nt e nti o u s t h at i n e a rl y 2 0 0 2 t h e y a n n o u n c e d t h at t h e y w o ul d n o l o n g e r
s u p p o rt t h e s p e n di n g of f e d e r al m o n e y o n M r. Di a m o n d' s d r e a m p r oj e ct.
M r. Di a m o n d n o w h a d fi v e st r a n d e d t r oll e y s i n R e d H o o k, i n cl u di n g t h e t w o
i n t h e b a y; 1 1 st r a n d e d t r oll e y s a n d a l o c o m oti v e at t h e B r o o kl y n N a v y Y a r d;
a h alf- b uilt t r a c k o n a cit y st r e et -- a n d a n e v e r- di mi ni s hi n g n u m b e r of
htt ps:// w w w. n yti m es. c o m/ 2 0 0 4/ 0 1/ 1 0/ n yr e gi o n/ a b o ut- n e w- y or k-t h e-tr oll e y- g u y-s-l ast-ri d e- all- 1 2-f e et- of-it. ht ml[ 5/ 9/ 2 0 1 8 1 0: 0 4: 1 5 A M]
A b o ut N e w Y or k; T h e Tr oll e y G u y's L ast Ri d e ( All 1 2 F e et of It) - T h e N e w Y or k Ti m es
s u p p o rt e r s.
H e a c c u s e d a f o r m e r v ol u nt e e r of b r e a ki n g i nt o t h e b a y o n e ni g ht a n d
d o w nl o a di n g hi s pl a n s f r o m a c o m p ut e r; n o n s e n s e, t h e f o r m e r v ol u nt e e r
s a y s. H e c h a r g e d t h at a cit y t r a n s p o rt ati o n offi ci al w a s r el at e d t o o n e of hi s
c o m p etit o r s; n ot t r u e, a s p o k e s m a n f o r t h e cit y a g e n c y s a y s. H e al s o a c c u s e d
t h e D e p a rt m e nt of T r a n s p o rt ati o n of h a vi n g hi m t ail e d a n d e v e n a r r e st e d;
ri di c ul o u s, t h e s p o k e s m a n s a y s.
A f e w w e e k s a g o, G r e g O' C o n n ell -- t h e o w n e r of t h e w a r e h o u s e w h o
d e s c ri b e s hi m s elf a s a b eli e v e r i n M r. Di a m o n d' s vi si o n -- s e nt a n e vi cti o n
n oti c e t o M r. Di a m o n d a n d hi s o r g a ni z ati o n. T h e g r o u p h a d b e e n u si n g t h e
w a r e h o u s e s p a c e, r e nt-f r e e, f o r n e a rl y a d e c a d e.
'' B o b' s diffi c ult s o m eti m e s t o w o r k wit h,'' M r. O' C o n n ell a d d s. '' H e' s u ni q u e.''
T h e n, a c o u pl e of w e e k s a g o, a s M r. Di a m o n d w at c h e d, t h e cit y ri p p e d u p
t h e t r a c k s t h at h a d b e e n l ai d b y v ol u nt e e r s al o n g C o n o v e r St r e et; hi s d r e a m
h a d b e c o m e a h a z a r d. T o m C o c ol a, a s p o k e s m a n f o r t h e D e p a rt m e nt of
T r a n s p o rt ati o n, s a y s t h at M r. Di a m o n d h a d b e e n n otifi e d s e v e r al ti m e s t h at
t h e t r a c k s h a d t o b e r e m o v e d.
M r. Di a m o n d s a y s t h at h e h a s n o i d e a w h at t o d o, a n d n o m o r e m o n e y t o
s p e n d o n hi s vi si o n. H e c o nti n u e s t o l e v el c h a r g e s t h at all hi s f o r m e r
s u p p o rt e r s h a v e b et r a y e d hi m a n d m a y b e c o n s pi ri n g t o t a k e hi s t r oll e y s
f r o m hi m.
F o r n o w, t h e r e i s j u st hi m, a n d a y o u n g v ol u nt e e r n a m e d D o n al d. T h e y sit i n
t h e b a c k of t hi s R e d H o o k b a y, h u n c h e d a r o u n d a p o rt a bl e h e at e r, w at c hi n g
a bl a c k- a n d- w hit e t el e vi si o n, w hil e all a b o ut t h e m l a y pi e c e s of t r oll e y.
htt ps:// w w w. n yti m es. c o m/ 2 0 0 4/ 0 1/ 1 0/ n yr e gi o n/ a b o ut- n e w- y or k-t h e-tr oll e y- g u y-s-l ast-ri d e- all- 1 2-f e et- of-it. ht ml[ 5/ 9/ 2 0 1 8 1 0: 0 4: 1 5 A M]
A b o ut N e w Y or k; T h e Tr oll e y G u y's L ast Ri d e ( All 1 2 F e et of It) - T h e N e w Y or k Ti m es
M o r e i n N. Y. / R e gi o n »
N E W Y O R K T O D A Y E ri c S c h n ei d e r m a n S et
N e w Y o r k T o d a y: T h e Hi m s elf U p a s T r u m p’ s
L at e st o n E ri c F oil. W h at H a p p e n s
S c h n ei d e r m a n N o w?
N E W S
W orl d
U. S.
P oliti c s
N. Y.
B u si n e s s
Tech
S ci e n c e
H e alt h
S p ort s
E d u c ati o n
O bit u ari e s
T o d a y' s P a p er
C orr e cti o n s
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T H E FI G H T T O FI N D J O H N WI L K E S
B O O T H’ S DI A R Y I N A F O R G O T T E N
S U B W AY T U N N EL
B Y J O E K L O C O N 6/ 1 0/ 1 4 A T 1 0: 1 2 A M
0 6/ 2 0/ 1 4
I N T H E M A G A ZI N E
N E W Y O R K CI T Y
O n a q ui et e v e ni n g i n D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 0, R o b e rt Di a m o n d w a s w at c hi n g t el e vi si o n i n hi s
a p a rt m e nt, t u c ki n g i nt o a b o wl of f r a n k s a n d b e a n s, w h e n t h e t el e p h o n e r a n g. T h e r e w a s
a n a n g r y v oi c e o n t h e ot h e r e n d of t h e li n e: “ Y o u’ r e t r yi n g t o di g u p t h at d a m n
l o c o m oti v e a g ai n! ” It w a s a n offi ci al at N e w Y o r k Cit y’ s D e p a rt m e nt of T r a n s p o rt ati o n.
Di a m o n d h a d w o r k e d cl o s el y wit h t h e D O T f o r m u c h of t h e t h r e e d e c a d e s si n c e h e h a d
m a d e hi s e xt r a o r di n a r y di s c o v e r y: t h e ol d e st s u b w a y t u n n el i n t h e w o rl d, w hi c h r u n s f o r
a h alf- mil e i n B r o o kl y n. F o r y e a r s h e h a d e x pl o r e d t h e t u n n el u n b ot h e r e d, c at al o gi n g it s
a n ci e nt r ail s pi k e s, r e s e a r c hi n g it s all e g e d u s e a s a hi d e o ut f o r t hi e v e s a n d pi r at e s, a n d
off e ri n g t o u r s t o c u ri o u s l o c al s o n S u n d a y aft e r n o o n s. B ut n o w, t h e offi ci al t ol d hi m, t h e
cit y w a nt e d hi m o ut.
T h e D O T’ s l at e st g ri p e, a n d t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e a n g r y p h o n e c all, st e m m e d f r o m
Di a m o n d’ s l o n g- h el d b eli ef t h at b e hi n d a w all of r o c k y s e di m e nt s e ali n g off t h e
w e st e r n m o st 4 0 0 f e et of t h e Atl a nti c A v e n u e T u n n el a r e t w o Ci vil W a r t r e a s u r e s: a n
1 8 3 0 s w o o d- b u r ni n g st e a m l o c o m oti v e a n d t h e l o st p a g e s of J o h n Wil k e s B o ot h’ s di a r y,
w hi c h t o g et h e r, h e b eli e v e s, w o ul d p r o v e t h e m a y o r a n d ot h e r t o p r a n ki n g N e w Y o r k
Cit y offi ci al s c o n s pi r e d t o a s s a s si n at e A b r a h a m Li n c ol n. Si n c e t h e e a rl y 1 9 9 0 s, Di a m o n d
h a d b e e n l o b b yi n g t o e x c a v at e t h e t u n n el, a n d w hil e t h e D O T h a d al w a y s b e e n i r k e d b y
hi s hi st o ri c al d et e cti v e w o r k, it h a d f o r m a n y y e a r s s u p p o rt e d Di a m o n d’ s eff o rt s t o s h o w
t h e t u n n el t o t h e p u bli c.
F o r a ti m e, Di a m o n d’ s n o n p r ofit, t h e B r o o k l y n Hi st o ri c R ail w a y A s s o ci ati o n ( B H R A),
e v e n h a d a p p r o v al f r o m t h e cit y t o r u n a t r oll e y li n e t h r o u g h t h e t u n n el, c o n n e cti n g
d o w nt o w n B r o o kl y n t o t h e i s ol at e d n ei g h b o r h o o d of R e d H o o k. T h e p r oj e ct w a s a
t e st a m e nt t o Di a m o n d’ s s elf- p r o cl ai m e d “ p e n ni e s- o n-t h e- d oll a r ” effi ci e n c y: Wit h f e d e r al
f u n di n g o bt ai n e d t h r o u g h t h e D O T, h e c o r r all e d 1 5 u s e d t r oll e y c a r s f r o m B o st o n a n d
B uff al o, mil e s of r ail f r o m P e n n s yl v a ni a, t h o u s a n d s of c e nt u r y- ol d p a vi n g st o n e s f r o m
a n A mt r a k st ati o n i n B alti m o r e, a n d t r a c k si g n al s a n d t r oll e y wi r e f r o m N e w J e r s e y.
B ut i n t h e s u m m e r of 2 0 0 2, Di a m o n d s a y s, “ st uff st a rt e d t o g o c r a z y. ” T h e D O T a b r u ptl y
st o p p e d s p o n s o ri n g hi s t r oll e y p r oj e ct, a n d a y e a r l at e r, t h e cit y ri p p e d u p t h e h alf- mil e
of t r a c k s h e h a d l ai d. I n 2 0 1 0, aft e r N ati o n al G e o g r a p hi c h a d fi n all y a g r e e d t o c o n d u ct a
m a g n et o m et e r t e st t o fi n d o ut w h at, if a n yt hi n g, w a s i n si d e t h e s e al e d- off s e cti o n of t h e
t u n n el, Di a m o n d r e c ei v e d a l ett e r f r o m t h e cit y i nf o r mi n g hi m hi s t o u r s w e r e n o w
d e e m e d “ u nl a wf ul. ” N o w, t h e D O T offi ci al o n t h e p h o n e w a s a c c u si n g hi m of fili n g a n
a p pli c ati o n b e hi n d t h e a g e n c y’ s b a c k t o e x c a v at e t h e t u n n el. Di a m o n d h otl y d e ni e d — a n d
still d e ni e s — h a vi n g e v e r e v e n s e e n, l et al o n e si g n e d, s u c h a f o r m. “It w a s li k e g oi n g i nt o
Ali c e i n W o n d e rl a n d , ” h e s a y s n o w.
H e a n d t h e a n g r y D O T offi ci al a r g u e d f o r a mi n ut e, d e b ati n g t h e p r o v e n a n c e of
Di a m o n d’ s si g n at u r e, a n d t h e y h u n g u p. A m o m e nt l at e r, hi s f a x m a c hi n e b u z z e d t o lif e.
O ut c a m e a l ett e r f r o m t h e D O T, offi ci all y e vi cti n g hi m f r o m t h e t u n n el. “I n e a rl y c h o k e d
t o d e at h o n m y b e a n s, ” h e r e c all s.
D a y s l at e r, t h e cit y w el d e d t h e m a n h ol e e nt r a n c e s h ut. Di a m o n d h a s n’t b e e n b a c k i n si d e
hi s t u n n el si n c e. “It w a s ki n d of li k e h a vi n g m y s o ul t a k e n a w a y, ” h e s a y s.
B o b Di a m o n d sit s i n hi s a p a rt m e nt i n K e n si n gt o n, B r o o kl y n, w h e r e, f o r t h e p a st f o u r
y e a r s, h e h a s b e e n fi g hti n g t h e cit y t o r e g ai n a c c e s s t o t h e Atl a nti c A v e n u e T u n n el.
Q. S a k a m a ki f o r N e w s w e e k
“ Y o u’ r e a Y o u n g M a n, G o Fi n d It ”
Di a m o n d i s a pl u m p, 5 4- y e a r- ol d N e w Y o r k e r wit h ki n d, s u n k e n e y e s a n d f r a z zl e d h ai r —
w h at’ s l eft of it. K n o w n i n t h e l o c al p a p e r s a s “t h e T u n n el Ki n g, ” h e i s a n i n di s p ut a bl y
o d d a n d p a r a d o xi c al f ell o w. Hi s a c q u ai nt a n c e s d e s c ri b e hi m a s “ b rilli a nt ” — h e i s a n
o b s e s si v e r e s e a r c h e r a n d p r o di gi o u s G o o gl e r w h o s e li vi n g r o o m i s fill e d wit h pil e s of
b o o k s, e n gi n e e ri n g di a g r a m s a n d n e w s p a p e r cli p pi n g s a b o ut t h e t u n n el. B ut t h e y al s o
s a y h e c a n b e “ p a r a n oi d ” a n d “ h y p e r b oli c ” r e g a r di n g hi s b eli ef t h at t h e cit y h a s
c o n s pi r e d t o k e e p hi m o ut of t h e t u n n el; a n d t h at if h e g et s b a c k i n si d e, h e mi g ht fi n d
t h e mi s si n g p a g e s of B o ot h’s di a r y t h at will p r o v e a c a b al of hi g h- r a n ki n g, p r o-
C o nf e d e r at e N e w Y o r k offi ci al s pl ott e d t o kill Li n c ol n. W h e n a s k e d a b o ut t hi s l att e r,
s e e mi n gl y p r e p o st e r o u s cl ai m, Di a m o n d si m pl y r e pli e s, “ T h e y u s e d t o s a y t h e t u n n el
di d n’t e xi st. ”
Si n c e b ei n g e xil e d f r o m t h e t u n n el, Di a m o n d p a s s e s hi s ti m e at a C o n n e cti c ut M uffi n
n e a r hi s a p a rt m e nt i n B r o o kl y n. T h e r e, o v e r l a r g e c off e e s a n d a m o u nt ai n of s u g a r
p a c k et s, h e a n d t w o f ell o w B H R A m e m b e r s m e et m o nt hl y t o di s c u s s all m a n n e r of N e w
Y o r k Cit y t r a n sit c o n c e r n s: t h e S e c o n d A v e n u e s u b w a y li n e, k n o w n a s “ T h e Li n e t h at
Ti m e F o r g ot, ” o ri gi n all y p r o p o s e d i n 1 9 2 9 ; a 1 9t h c e nt u r y p n e u m ati c s u b w a y t u b e
Di a m o n d b eli e v e s i s b u ri e d u n d e r Cit y H all P a r k; a n d t h e B H R A’ s $ 1 6 0 milli o n l a w s uit
a g ai n st t h e D O T, w hi c h Di a m o n d h o p e s will r e st o r e hi s a c c e s s t o t h e Atl a nti c A v e n u e
T u n n el. T hi s t o pi c i s hi s l e a st f a v o rit e. W h e n h e sit s t o o l o n g b e n e at h hi s t o w e ri n g st a c k s
of c e nt u r y- ol d ci vi c st u di e s, m a p s a n d l e g al d o c u m e nt s, t r yi n g t o fi g u r e o ut h o w t o g et
i n si d e t h e s e al e d- off c h a m b e r at t h e w e st e r n e n d of t h at t u n n el, h e c a n f e el hi s “ mi n d
sli p pi n g, ” h e s a y s. “I n e v e r k n e w w h e n I w a s 1 9 t h at t hi s t u n n el w o ul d b e m y e nti r e lif e. ”
Di a m o n d still li v e s i n t h e a p a rt m e nt w h e r e h e w a s r ai s e d, i n B r o o kl y n’ s K e n si n gt o n
n ei g h b o r h o o d. Hi s f at h e r di s a p p e a r e d w h e n h e w a s 8, a n d h e w a s r ai s e d b y hi s m ot h e r.
H e w a s a s h y, e x c e pti o n all y s m a rt st u d e nt. I n hi g h s c h o ol, h e w o n a s c h ol a r s hi p t o t h e
P r att I n stit ut e f o r d e si g ni n g a s ol a r- c ell s at ellit e t h at c o ul d t h e o r eti c all y s u p pl y p o w e r t o
all of M a n h att a n. B ut aft e r l e a r ni n g t h e s c h ol a r s hi p w a s c o nti n g e nt u p o n hi m w o r ki n g
f o r y e a r s at a K o d a k f a cilit y i n u p st at e N e w Y o r k — w hi c h Di a m o n d s p e a k s of a s if it w e r e
a f o r ei g n c o u nt r y — h e l eft s c h o ol. O n e of hi s p r of e s s o r s w r ot e a l ett e r r e c o m m e n di n g
hi m t o C ol u m bi a U ni v e r sit y, t elli n g t h e d e a n of a d mi s si o n s, “ H e s h o ul d b e all o w e d t o
l e a r n a s m u c h a s p o s si bl e, ” b ut n ot hi n g c a m e of it. “I n e v e r h a d m u c h l u c k wit h s c h o ol, ”
Di a m o n d s a y s wit h a sli g ht s h r u g.
H e fi r st h e a r d of t h e t u n n el o n w h at h e c all s t h at “ s hitt y 1 9 7 0 s d a y ” h e d r o p p e d o ut of
P r att. H e w a s “t r yi n g t o fi g u r e o ut w h at t o d o n e xt ” w h e n h e t u r n e d o n hi s r a di o a n d
h e a r d a p r o g r a m di s c u s si n g a n e w n o v el, T h e C o s g r o v e R e p o rt . T h e b o o k’ s pl ot hi n g e d
o n t h e i d e a t h at, aft e r killi n g Li n c ol n, B o ot h w a s n e v e r c a u g ht. I n st e a d, h e fl e d t o N e w
Y o r k, w h e r e h e st a s h e d t h e b u n dl e of mi s si n g p a g e s f r o m hi s di a r y — w hi c h a r e a
hi st o ri c al f a ct —i n a m et al b o x n e a r a w o o d- b u r ni n g l o c o m oti v e b u ri e d i n si d e a r ail w a y
t u n n el i n B r o o kl y n. Di a m o n d h a d littl e i nt e r e st i n B o ot h, b ut w a s c u ri o u s a b o ut t h at
t u n n el. H e t el e p h o n e d t h e b o o k’ s a ut h o r, G. J. A. O’ T o ol e, w h o h e s a y s t ol d hi m, “I d o n’t
k n o w m u c h a b o ut it. I r e a d a s a ki d t h at M u r d e r I n c o r p o r at e d w a s d u m pi n g d e a d b o di e s
d o w n t h e r e. Y o u’ r e a y o u n g m a n, g o fi n d it. ”
Di a m o n d s p e nt t h e n e xt y e a r i n t h e mi c r ofil m a r c hi v e s of t h e p u bli c li b r a r y, l o o ki n g f o r
a n y m e nti o n of a t u n n el. H e di s c o v e r e d t h at t h e L o n g I sl a n d R ail r o a d h a d b uilt a t u n n el
b e n e at h Atl a nti c A v e n u e b a c k i n 1 8 4 4 — p a rt of a li n e c o n n e cti n g N e w Y o r k t o B o st o n —
t h at w a s cl o s e d i n 1 8 6 1 w h e n t h e st at e b a n n e d r ail r o a d s f r o m o p e r ati n g i n B r o o kl y n.
Di a m o n d' s s e a r c h l e d hi m t o t h e T o p o g r a p hi c al M a p s D e p a rt m e nt i n t h e t o p-fl o o r atti c
of B o r o u g h H all i n B r o o kl y n. T h e r o o m c o nt ai n e d t o w e r s of c u b bi e s st uff e d wit h r oll e d-
u p m a p s a n d l ot b o o k s, a n e nti r e, d u st y hi st o r y of t h e b o r o u g h. T h e r e, Di a m o n d f o u n d a
ci vil e n gi n e e r s e at e d at a d e s k, r e a di n g a r a ci n g f o r m. W h e n h e a s k e d t h e w hit e- h ai r e d
m a n if h e h a d a n y m a p s of Atl a nti c A v e n u e, t h e m a n l o w e r e d hi s p a p e r. “ Y o u’ r e n ot o n e
of t h o s e ki d s l o o ki n g f or t h e t u n n el ? ” h e a s k e d. “ B e c a u s e it’ s n ot t h e r e. ”
W h e n Di a m o n d a s k e d w h y h e w a s s o c e rt ai n, t h e m a n r e pli e d, “ W h e n I w a s a ki d, I w e nt
l o o ki n g f o r it t o o. ”
T h e t u n n el h a d b e e n s o u g ht b y c u ri o u s N e w Y o r k e r s f o r m o r e t h a n a c e nt u r y. T h o u g h
t h e cit y p ai d t o h a v e it fill e d i n 1 8 6 1, t h e y e a r it cl o s e d, r u m o r s h a d al w a y s p e r si st e d t h at
t h e w o r k w a s n e v e r d o n e. I n 1 8 9 6, t h e B r o o kl y n E a gl e i n v e sti g at e d st o ri e s of
“ r e n d e z v o u s f o r b a n dit s, m u r d e r s, e s c a p e d m o o n s hi n e r s, o r c r o o k s ” b e n e at h Atl a nti c
A v e n u e a n d f o u n d t h at t h e “ cit y w o r k s d e p a rt m e nt k n o w s a b s ol ut el y n ot hi n g a b o ut t h e
t u n n el. ” I n 1 9 3 6, p oli c e r e c ei v e d a n a n o n y m o u s l ett e r f r o m M a s s a c h u s ett s t h at r e a d “if
y o u i n s p e ct t h e ol d t u n n el y o u mi g ht fi n d s o m et hi n g i nt e r e sti n g, ” b ut w e r e u n a bl e t o
l o c at e a n e nt r y p oi nt.
T h e ol d ci vil e n gi n e e r n e v e rt h el e s s w el c o m e d Di a m o n d’ s eff o rt s. Aft e r a f r uitl e s s s e a r c h
of t h e cit y’ s r e c o r d s, Di a m o n d c a m e a c r o s s a f o r g ott e n w o o d e n b o x o n a hi g h s h elf t h at
p r o b a bl y h a d n’t b e e n o p e n f o r al m o st a c e nt u r y. T h e t w o m e n b r o k e off it s r u st y
p a dl o c k. I n si d e w a s a m a p of t h e Atl a nti c A v e n u e T u n n el.
W h e n t h e t w o m e n u nf ol d e d t h e 4- b y- 2-f o ot di a g r a m, Di a m o n d n oti c e d a littl e bl u e d ot
w h e r e t h e t u n n el’ s r o of m et t h e st r e et. “I fi g u r e d it w a s a m a n h ol e. ”
A y e a r l at e r, i n A u g u st 1 9 8 1, Di a m o n d g at h e r e d a g r o u p of cit y e m plo y e e s o n a c o r n e r of
C o u rt St r e et a n d b u s y Atl a nti c A v e n u e. T o g et h e r, t h e y p ri e d o p e n t h e m a n h ol e c o v e r i n
t h e mi d dl e of t h e st r e et. Di a m o n d cli m b e d i n si d e b ut f o u n d t h e r e w a s o nl y a b o ut t h r e e
f e et of cl e a r a n c e b ef o r e h e hit a di rt fl o o r. Hi s b o d y h alf w a y p o p pi n g i nt o t h e st r e et, wit h
c a r s p a s si n g o n eit h e r si d e, Di a m o n d r e m e m b e r s “ st a rti n g t o f e el li k e a r e al m o r o n. H o w
di d I g et m y s elf i nt o t hi s ? ” H e d u c k e d i n si d e t h e n a r r o w c a v e r n a n d, cl ut c hi n g a r a di o
a n d fl a s hli g ht, h e b ell y- c r a wl e d al o n g t h e di rt fl o o r, m a ki n g hi s w a y i nt o t h e d a r k n e s s.
Aft e r c r a wli n g j u st 7 0 f e et, h o w e v e r, Di a m o n d hit a di rt w all. H a vi n g j u st s e e n R ai d e r s
of t h e L o st A r k t h e ni g ht b ef o r e, h e r e m e m b e r s t hi n ki n g, W h at w o ul d I n di a n a J o n e s d o ?
I n q ui x oti c d e s p e r ati o n, h e s h o v el e d a w a y h a n df ul aft e r h a n df ul of di rt, a n d i n a f e w
mi n ut e s, h e u n e a rt h e d t h e t o p of a st o n e a r c h w a y. It w a s, h e r e ali z e d, t h e e nt r a n c e t o t h e
t u n n el. Di a m o n d t ri e d t o r a di o t o t h e c r e w a b o v e hi m o n t h e st r e et. “ B ut all I c o ul d d o
w a s l a u g h, ” h e r e c all s. B ut t h at w a s e n o u g h. “ T h e y k n e w I f o u n d it. ”
O n e of t h e cit y offi ci al s cli m b e d i nt o t h e m a n h ol e wit h c r o w b a r s, a n d t h e t w o of t h e m
b e g a n p r yi n g a w a y t h e b ri c k s a n d c o b bl e st o n e s o b st r u cti n g t h e e nt r a n c e. F o r h o u r s, t h e y
h a c k e d a w a y at t h e c e nt u r y- ol d r o c k, a n d w h e n t h e y fi n all y b r o k e t h r o u g h, a r u s h of c ol d
ai r c a m e o ut of t h e o p e ni n g. Aft e r a littl e m o r e di g gi n g, t h e y di s c o v e r e d t h at t h e r e w a s a
1 5-f o ot d r o p t o t h e fl o or of t h e t u n n el. T h e offi ci al a c c o m p a n yi n g Di a m o n d i nf o r m e d
hi m t hi s w a s a s f a r a s t h e y c o ul d g o b e c a u s e n o l a d d e r w o ul d fit t h r o u g h t h e m a n h ol e.
“ J u st gi v e m e $ 2 0, ” Di a m o n d pl e a d e d. M u c h t o hi s s u r p ri s e — ”t h at w a s a l ot of m o n e y
b a c k t h e n ” —t h e m a n c o m pli e d. Di a m o n d cli m b e d o ut i nt o t h e st r e et, w al k e d t o B r u n o’ s
H a r d w a r e o n Atl a nti c a n d b o u g ht a c h ai n l a d d e r.
“ H e r e, ” h e s ai d t o t h e offi ci al i n si d e t h e t u n n el. “ S et it u p. ” T h e y t h e n l o w e r e d t h e l a d d e r
i nt o t h e o p e ni n g a n d Di a m o n d d e s c e n d e d i nt o t h e d a r k c a v e r n t h at h a d b e e n u nt o u c h e d
f o r a b o ut a c e nt u r y. H e s hi n e d hi s li g ht a r o u n d t h e 1 3 7- y e a r- ol d p a s s a g e. It w a s h u g e,
wit h a n a r c h e d c eili n g m a d e of c o b bl e st o n e. L a r g e r, i r r e g ul a rl y s h a p e d st o n e s f o r m e d
t h e si d e w all s. T h e r e w e r e st r a y r o c k s, r ail s pi k e s a n d s h a r d s of a b o otl e g li q u o r b ottl e
s c att e r e d o n t h e di rt fl o o r w h e r e t h e r ail r o a d t r a c k s o n c e r a n. H e w a n d e r e d i nt o t h e d a r k
c a v e r n. Aft e r w al ki n g a b o ut 1, 6 0 0 f e et, h e hit t h e f o u r- st o r y w all of r o c k y d e b ri s t h at h e
n o w b eli e v e s c o n c e al s B o ot h’ s di a ri e s a n d t h e l o st l o c o m oti v e. “It w a s li k e n ot b ei n g i n
N e w Y o r k a n y m o r e, ” h e s a y s. “ N o s o u n d s i n t h e st r e et s, n o p e o pl e —li k e a n ot h e r pl a n et. ”
Q. S a k a m a ki f o r N e w s w e e k
T u n n el D e m e nti a
T h e Atl a nti c A v e n u e T u n n el i s o nl y a s m all fi n g e r of N e w Y o r k’ s hi d d e n u n d e r g r o u n d
w o rl d. T h e r e a r e h u n d r e d s of mil e s of s u b w a y c a v e r n s, c o m m ut e r r ail li n e s,
s u bt e r r a n e a n st r e a m s, a q u e d u ct s, c a n al s, utilit y t u n n el s a n d p e d e st ri a n p a s s a g e w a y s
b e n e at h t h e cit y, c o n c e ali n g c ol o ni al a rtif a ct s, h o m el e s s e n c a m p m e nt s, a n d d e c a d e s of
g r affiti a n d f ol k a rt. It’ s a w o rl d f e w p e o pl e k n o w a b o ut a n d e v e n f e w e r w a nt t o k n o w
a b o ut. B a c k w h e n Di a m o n d b e g a n off e ri n g hi s t u n n el t o u r, u r b a n e x pl o r e r J o e A n a st a si o
s a y s, t h e r e w e r e o nl y a b o ut 2 0 o r s o s e ri o u s s u bt e r r a n e a n e x pl o r e r s i n t h e cit y, a s f e w
p o s s e s s t h e p r o p e r di s p o siti o n f o r lif e u n d e r g r o u n d. A n a st a si o r e c all s o n e t r e k wit h a
y o u n g e x pl o r e r i n si d e a d e r eli ct, 4 1- mil e a q u e d u ct. A s t h e y w a n d e r e d f a rt h e r d o w n t h e
d a r k p a s s a g e w a y, li st e ni n g t o t h e r u m bli n g of n e a r b y s u b w a y s, hi s c o m p a ni o n g r e w
i n c r e a si n gl y d e p r e s s e d, p r e o c c u pi e d b y t h e n oti o n t h at n o o n e k n e w t h e y w e r e d o w n
t h e r e a n d t h at if t h e y w e r e t o v a ni s h, t h e cit y w o ul d h a p pil y c h u r n al o n g wit h o ut t h e m.
“I c all it t u n n el d e m e nti a, ” h e s a y s. A s a r e s ult, m o st p e o pl e t r e at t u n n el s a s a p a s si n g
h o b b y. “ B ut f o r s o m e p e o pl e, li k e B o b, ” h e s a y s, “it w a s t h ei r lif e. ”
Di a m o n d d e s c ri b e s hi s fi r st j o u r n e y i n N e w Y o r k’ s u n d e r g r o u n d a s “ e u p h o ri c, ” a n d h a s
b e e n c h a si n g t h at f e eli n g si n c e. B ut, wit h n o c oll e g e d e g r e e, h e h a s al w a y s st r u g gl e d t o
b e t a k e n s e ri o u sl y. W h e n h e di s c o v e r e d t h e t u n n el i n 1 9 8 1, h e i n vit e d a g r o u p of
a r c h a e ol o gi st s t o j oi n hi m d o w n b el o w at t h e cit y’ s b e h e st. T h o s e e x p e diti o n m e m b e r s
w e r e p a rt of a n e wl y f o r m e d g r o u p c all e d t h e P r of e s si o n al A r c h a e ol o gi st s of N e w Y o r k
Cit y. T h e y a r e k n o w n c oll o q ui all y a s P A N Y C, p r o n o u n c e d “ p a ni c. ” O n c e t h e y w e r e
i n si d e, h o w e v e r, it w a s cl e a r t h e y w e r e n’t t h e r e t o h el p, Di a m o n d s a y s. “ T h e y h u d dl e d
i nt o a c o r n e r w hi s p e ri n g t o e a c h ot h e r, ” Dia m o n d r e c all s. “I t h o u g h t, ' T hi s i s n ot g o o d. ”
F o u r d a y s l at e r, hi s m ot h e r, t h e B H R A’ s t r e a s u r e r at t h e ti m e, r e c ei v e d a l ett e r f r o m a
l a w y e r wit h w h o m Di a m o n d h a d w o r k e d: “ D e a r El s a, I h a v e r e c ei v e d i nf o r m ati o n t h at
l e g al st e p s a r e p o s si bl y b ei n g t a k e n b y at l e a st t w o m e m b e r s of t h e e x p e diti o n t o c a u s e
t h e t u n n el t o b e s e al e d a n d t o f r e e z e R o b e rt c o m pl et el y o ut of t h e pi ct u r e. ”
D e s pit e P A N Y C’ s eff o rt s t o t h w a rt Di a m o n d, w hi c h w e nt o n f o r at l e a st a d e c a d e, h e w a s
g r a nt e d a p e r mit t o m ai nt ai n t h e t u n n el i n 1 9 8 6. W h e n n ot i n si d e — gi vi n g t o u r s, m a ki n g
r e p ai r s, c oll e cti n g r ail r o a d s pi k e s — h e s c o u r e d hi st o ri c al cit y r e c o r d s, p h ot o g r a p h s,
R ail r o a d C o m mi s si o n r e p o rt s a n d n e w s p a p e r a r c hi v e s f o r a n y m e nti o n of it.
Di a m o n d t a k e s a n e n gi n e e r’ s pl e a s u r e i n c o n n e cti n g t h e st r a y hi st o ri c al f a ct s h e
u n c o v e r s a b o ut t h e t u n n el. W h e n h e b e g a n hi s r e s e a r c h, h e g a v e littl e c r e d e n c e t o t h e
i d e a t h at t h e mi s si n g p a g e s of J o h n Wil k e s B o ot h’ s di a r y w e r e b e hi n d it s w all s. O v e r t h e
y e a r s, h o w e v e r, c o n n e cti o n s b et w e e n O’ T o ol e’ s b o o k a n d hi s t u n n el r e s e a r c h b e g a n t o
m at e ri ali z e. H e f o u n d B r o o kl y n E a gl e a rti cl e s s a yi n g B o ot h t r a v el e d t o N e w Y o r k
f r e q u e ntl y d u ri n g t h e Ci vil W a r, a n d st a y e d i n h ot el s, Di a m o n d s a y s, “t h at w e r e w ell
k n o w n f o r h o u si n g C o nf e d e r at e a g e nt s. ” H e p oi nt s o ut t h at N e w Y or k’ s m a y o r at t h e
ti m e, F e r n a n d o W o o d, w a nt e d t h e cit y t o s e c e d e f r o m t h e U ni o n, b e c a u s e m u c h of N e w
Y o r k’ s W all St r e et elit e m a d e t h ei r m o n e y i n t h e c ott o n t r a d e. Di a m o n d h a s al s o f o u n d a
r e p o rt t h at t w o w e e k s b ef o r e t h e a s s a s si n ati o n, t h e cit y p ai d a c o nt r a ct o r $ 2 5 t o r e p ai r a
m a n h ol e o n Atl a nti c A v e n u e. “I s u b mit, ” Di a m o n d w r ot e i n a n e s s a y o n B o ot h, “t hi s
m a n h ol e w a s i n f a ct l o c at e d o n Atl a nti c A v e n u e b et w e e n Hi c k s St r e et a n d C ol u m bi a
St r e et —i n t h e s e cti o n of t u n n el n o w b e hi n d t h e w all. ”
T a k e a HI Q A
Di a m o n d’ s fi r st att e m pt t o fi n d o ut w h at w a s b e hi n d t h e w all i n si d e t h e t u n n el c a m e i n
O ct o b e r 1 9 9 1, w h e n h e m et wit h a c o nt r a ct o r n a m e d F r a n k F e r r a nt e. T h e p ai r g ot
t o g et h e r at t h e B el- Ai r e di n e r i n A st o ri a, Q u e e n s, w h e r e F e r r a nt e t ol d Di a m o n d h e’ d
h a p pil y v ol u nt e e r hi s c r e w a n d e q ui p m e nt f o r t h e j o b. T h e y d e ci d e d t o di g f o u r h ol e s
al o n g Atl a nti c A v e n u e, e a c h st r at e gi c all y l o c at e d t o b r e a k i nt o a s e cti o n of t u n n el
c u r r e ntl y c o n c e al e d b e hi n d t h e w all, i n t h e h o p e t h at o n e of t h e m w o ul d u n e a rt h t h e
l o c o m oti v e, a n d m a y b e e v e n B o ot h’ s di a r y p a g e s.
A r m e d wit h j a c k h a m m e r s, b a c k h o e s a n d a p e r mit f r o m t h e D O T, t h e c r e w b r o k e g r o u n d
t h e n e xt w e e k. T a ri q A g a, a c o nt r a ct o r w h o n o w r u n s a si st e r c o m p a n y of F e r r a nt e’ s,
r e m e m b e r s w o r ki n g o n t h e sit e. “ B o b w a s r u n ni n g a r o u n d e v e r y w h e r e. M y g o d h e w a s a
d et e r mi n e d g u y. It w a s m e s m e ri zi n g. ” T h e y w o r k e d f o r s e v e r al w e e k e n d s, a n d b y
O ct o b e r 2 6 h a d d u g t w o 1 0-f o ot- d e e p h ol e s i nt o Atl a nti c A v e n u e, e a c h a b o ut 3-f e et- b y-
4-f e et wi d e. T h o u g h n eit h e r e x c a v ati o n r e v e al e d a Ci vil W a r t r e a s u r e, t h e l o c al
n e w s c a st e r s ai r e d i nt e r vi e w s wit h a c o nfi d e nt Di a m o n d, st a n di n g i n t h e t u n n el d e cl a ri n g
t h at t h e n e xt h ol e w o ul d r e v e al a l o c o m oti v e.
H e n e v e r g ot t h e c h a n c e t o d eli v e r o n t h at p e r h a p s r a s h v o w. T h e f oll o wi n g d a y, t h e
D O T’ s Hi g h w a y I n s p e cti o n a n d Q u alit y A s s u r a n c e ( HI Q A) u nit — w hi c h i n s p e ct s w o r k
sit e s — s h o w e d u p a n d, Di a m o n d cl ai m s, t h r e at e n e d t h e c r e w wit h a r r e st a n d a $ 5 0, 0 0 0
fi n e if t h e y di d n’t st o p l o o ki n g f o r t h e l o c o m oti v e a n d fill i n t h e h ol e s. Aft e r t h at, t h e
p r oj e ct w a s s h utt e r e d.
T h e D O T di d n’t r e s p o n d t o N e w s w e e k’ s i nt e r vi e w r e q u e st s, s o it s r e a s o n s f o r t a ki n g t hi s
a cti o n r e m ai n a m y st e r y.
M o r e t h a n a d e c a d e l at e r, a si mil a r s c e n e w o ul d pl a y o ut a g ai n. I n A u g u st 2 0 0 3,
Di a m o n d w a s gi vi n g a t o u r of t h e t u n n el t o a g r o u p of hi g h s c h o ol e r s w h e n t w o p oli c e
offi c e r s s h o ut e d d o w n t h e m a n h ol e t o t ell hi m h e w a s u n d e r a r r e st. H e u s h e r e d t h e
st u d e nt s o ut of t h e t u n n el a n d w a s p r o m ptl y h a n d c uff e d. A c c o r di n g t o t h e ti c k et h e
r e c ei v e d, Di a m o n d w a s d et ai n e d b e c a u s e h e l a c k e d t h e p r o p e r p a p e r w o r k t o g o i nt o t h e
t u n n el, alt h o u g h d o c u m e nt s i n di c at e t h at i n 1 9 8 6, t h e cit y g r a nt e d hi m a 5 0- y e a r
c o nt r a ct t o gi v e t o u r s i n si d e t h e t u n n el.
Di a m o n d cl ai m s HI Q A t ol d hi m t h e a r r e st w a s a “ p r e s e nt f r o m t h e D O T ” f o r
c o m pl ai ni n g i n l o c al p a p e r s t h at t h e cit y h a d t o r n u p hi s t r oll e y p r oj e ct m o nt h s e a rli e r.
H e h a d al s o p oi nt e d o ut t h at aft e r ri p pi n g u p hi s t r oll e y li n e, t h e cit y r e q u e st e d a n d
r e c ei v e d $ 2 9 5, 0 0 0 i n f e d e r al m o n e y —f o u r ti m e s w h at it h a d al r e a d y i n v e st e d i n
Di a m o n d’ s p r oj e ct —t o c o n d u ct a f e a si bilit y st u d y f o r b uil di n g e s s e nti all y t h e s a m e
t r oll e y li n e a g ai n. H o w e v e r, t h e st u d y w a s n’t d o n e f o r al m o st a d e c a d e, aft e r t h e st at e
a p pli e d p r e s s u r e o n t h e cit y t o u s e t h e g r a nt m o n e y i n 2 0 1 2. It t h e n s p e nt o nl y $ 2 5, 0 0 0
b ef o r e c o n cl u di n g t h e t r oll e y p r oj e ct w o ul d b e t o o e x p e n si v e.
HI Q A r el e a s e d Di a m o n d wit h a $ 1, 0 0 0 ti c k et. T h at fi n e w a s l at e r d r o p p e d w h e n a
B r o o kl y n Cit y C o u n cil m e m b e r c o m pl ai n e d, a n d t h e d e p a rt m e nt n e v e r s h o w e d u p t o
d ef e n d it s elf at t h e s u m m o n s h e a ri n g. B ut t h e i n ci d e nt s h o o k Di a m o n d. A r o u n d t h e
s a m e ti m e, hi s l o n gti m e gi rlf ri e n d di s a p p e a r e d. H e e n d e d t h e t u n n el t o u r s a n d l eft t o w n.
“I w a s d o n e wit h N e w Y o r k, ” h e s a y s. Di a m o n d’ s s u d d e n di s a p p e a r a n c e p e r pl e x e d ot h e r
u r b a n e x pl o r e r s. “ H e v a p o ri z e d, ” s a y s A n a st a si o, w h o “ c a m e a c r o s s B o b’ s a b a n d o n e d
v a n i n R e d H o o k, d o o r s o p e n, o ut s i d e of a n ol d s u g a r f a ct o r y. ”
Di a m o n d m o v e d t o N e w J e r s e y, w h e r e h e st a rt e d d ri n ki n g a n d u si n g d r u g s. T w o y e a r s
l at e r, h e w o u n d u p i n a p s y c hi at ri st’ s offi c e, c o m pl ai ni n g t h at h e w a s u n a bl e t o f o c u s a n d
w a s e x p e ri e n ci n g s ei z u r e s al o n g wit h fl a s h b a c k s of hi s b attl e s wit h t h e D O T. “ T h e st r e s s
a n d a n xi et y f r o m t h e s e e v e nt s h a v e o v e r w h el m e d hi m, i m p ai ri n g hi s a bilit y t o c o p e
eff e cti v el y, ” hi s d o ct o r w r ot e i n a 2 0 0 5 a s s e s s m e nt. Di a m o n d w a s di a g n o s e d wit h p o st-
t r a u m ati c st r e s s di s o r d e r, w hi c h, h e s a y s, still m a nif e st s it s elf a s ni g ht m a r e s f oll o w e d b y
l o n g st r et c h e s of m el a n c h ol y. H e p a s s e s t h e s e bl u e p e ri o d s b y e ati n g j u n k f o o d a n d
w at c hi n g m o vi e s o n t el e vi si o n. “I’ m n o t t h e s a m e p e r s o n a n y m o r e, ” h e s a y s.
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Pri nt a bl e v er si o n 1 9 8 5 a n d 1 9 9 3 a n d r e m ai n e d fl at b et w e e n 1 9 9 3 a n d 1 9 9 9, [ 2] h a s dr a m ati c all y i n cr e a s e d it aft er
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Languages
W ar i n Ir a q .
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P ol s ki Ot h e r u s e s [ e dit ]
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" P e a c e di vi d e n d" c a n al s o r ef er t o t h e i m pr o v e d e c o n o m y i n N ort h er n Ir el a n d aft er t h e si g ni n g of
E dit li n k s
t h e G o o d Fri d a y A gr e e m e nt .[ 3]
S e e al s o [ e dit ]
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O p p ort u nit y c o st
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N ot e s [ e dit ]
T hi s p a g e w a s l a st e dit e d o n 1 J ul y 2 0 1 7, at 1 9: 4 9.
QXSO
EXPLORE IN 360 °
GIVE IT A SPIN
UNDERUTILIZED
SHARE Few think of North Korea as being a prosperous nation. But it is rich in
one regard: mineral resources.
WRITTEN BY Currently North Korea is alarming neighbors with its frequent missile
Steve Mollman tests, and the US with its attempts to field long-range nuclear missiles
that can hit American cities. A sixth nuclear test could be imminent. An
attack on the US or its allies would be suicidal, so Pvongyan� probably
June I b, zu I/
aims to extract "aid" from the international community in exchange for
dismantling some of its weaponry-rewind about 10 years to see the
last time it pulled off the old "nuclear blackmail" trick.
State of neglect
North Korea has prioritized its mining sector since the 1970s (pdf, p.
31). But while mining production increased until about 1990-iron ore
production peaked in 1985-after that it started to decline. A count in
2012 put the number of mines in the country at about 700 (pdf, p. 2).
Many, though, have been poorly run and are in a state of neglect. The
nation lacks the equipment, expertise, and even basic infrastructure to
properly tap into the jackpot that waits in the ground.
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In April, Lloyd R. Vasey, a senior adviser at the Center for Strategic and
International Studies, noted that:
North Korean mining production has decreased significantly since the
early 1990s. It is likely that the average operational rate of existing
mine facilities is below 30 per cent of capacity. There is a shortage of
mining equipment and North Korea is unable to purchase new
equipment due to its dire economic situation, the energy shortage
and the age and generally poor condition of the power grid.
A"cashcow"
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For years Chinese buyers have purchased coal from North Korea at far
below the market rate. AI; of last summer, coal shipments to China
accounted for about 40% (paywall) of all North Korean exports. But
global demand for coal is declining as alternatives like natural gas and
renewables gain momentum, and earlier this year Beijing, in line with
UN sanctions, began restricting coal imports from its neighbor.
After North Korea conducted its first nuclear test in 2006, the UN began
imposing ever stronger sanctions against it. Last year the nation's
underground resources became a focus. In November 2016, the UN
passed a resolution capping North Korea's coal exports and banning
shipments of nickel, copper, zinc, and silver. That followed a resolution
in March 2016 banning the export (pdf) of gold, vanadium, titanium,
and rare earth metals.
The resolutions targeting the mining sector could hurt the Kim regime.
Before they were issued, a 2014 report on the country's mining sector by
the United States Geological Survey noted that (pdf, p. 3), "The mining
sector in North Korea is not directly subject to international economic
sanctions and is, therefore, the only legal, lucrative source of
investment trade available to the country."
Interested neighbors
North Korea's neighbors have long had their eyes on its bonanza of
mineral wealth. About five years ago China spent some $10 billion on an
infrastructure project near the border with North Korea, primarily to
give it easier access to the mineral resources. Conveniently North
Korea's largest iron ore deposits, in Musan County, are right by the
border. An analysis of satellite images published last October by 38
North, a website affiliated with Johns Hopkins University, showed
mining activity was alive and well in the area.
But South Korea has its own plans for the mineral resources. It sees
them as a way to help pay for reunification (should it finally come to
pass), which is expected to take decades and cost hundreds of billions or
even trillions of dollars. (Germany knows a few things about that.)
Overhauling the North's decrepit infrastructure, including the aging
railway line, will be part of the enormous bill.
MOST POPULAR
In May, South Korea's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
invited companies to submit bids on possible infrastructure projects in
North Korea, especially ones regarding the mining sector. It argued that
(paywall) the underground resources could "cover the expense of
repairing the North's poor infrastructure."
SHARE 1\vo houses alike in dignity. Two passionate rivals at the height of their
powers. One high-stakes conflict. From ancient grudge to new mutiny, the
tale of how Trump finally met Kim is the story of the century.
WRITTEN BY
Kim Jong Un and Donald Trump met online, and their relationship
OBSESSION
started off hot.
"China has total control, believe me, they say they don't, they have total
control over North Korea," he said in an interview with Fox and Friends.
B R O O K L Y N HI S T O RI C R AI L W A Y A S S O CI A TI O N
Q ui c k R e p l y t o N Y C
D OT STREET C AR St ud y
r di a m o n d @ b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t 2
H o ri z o n t a l C u r v e s & C o r n e r C l e a r a n c e s
T h e N Y C D O T s t u d y ci t e d a n u m b e r o f p o t e n ti a l c o n f li c t s t h e s t r e e t c a r w o u l d h a v e w hi l e
n a vi g a ti n g c o r n e r s i n c l u di n g: S n o w Pi l e s , C a r s , a n d B ui l di n g s .
S n o w Pi l e s :
I t i s p o s si b l e t o c l e a r s t r e e t c a r t r a c k a g e u si n g s p e ci a li z e d s t r e e t c a r s n o w p l o w s w hi c h w a s
s t a n d a r d p r a c ti c e d u ri n g t h e h e y d a y o f s t r e e t c a r o p e r a ti o n . T hi s w o u l d e li mi n a t e t hi s
c o n c er n . N ot e t h e l ar g e br us h es o n t h e fr o nt a n d b a c k of t h e str e et c ar s n o w pl o w.
C ars :
M o s t o l d e r s t r e e t c a r s h a v e t a p e r e d e n d s (t h e f r o n t a n d b a c k a p p e a r r o u n d e d ). T hi s h e l p e d t h e m
a v oi d c o n f li c t s wi t h o t h e r o b j e c t s a r o u n d c u r v e s . N o t e t h a t t h e n e w T o r o n t o S t r e e t c a r s
r e t ai n t hi s f e a t u r e w hi l e o t h e r “n e w e r ” s t r e e t c a r s a p p e a r m o r e b o x y .
r di a m o n d @ b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t 3
B ui l di n g s :
C o n t r a r y t o t h e fi n di n g s i n t h e D O T s t u d y m o d e r n a r ti c u l a t e d s t r e e t c a r s c a n b e b ui l t t o
n a vi g a t e r a dii (H o ri z o n t a l C u r v e s ) o f l e s s t h a n 5 0’. T o r o n t o s p e ci fi c a l l y r e q u e s t e d a
s t r e e t c a r t h a t c o u l d n a vi g a t e i t s s m a l l t u r ni n g r a dii o f 3 6 - 3 8’ a n d t h e i n d u s t r y r e s p o n d e d .
C o r n e r b ui l di n g s wi l l n o t h a v e t o b e d e m o li s h e d t o b ui l d t h e s t r e e t c a r li n e .
r di a m o n d @ b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t 4
r di a m o n d @ b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t 5
I n t e r m o d a l C o n f li c t s
L o a di n g / U n l o a di n g :
S t r e e t c a r s w o u l d n o t c o n f li c t wi t h c o m m e r ci a l a c ti vi ti e s a n d c a n r e s p e c t t h e n e e d s o f l o c a l
b u si n e s s b y u ti li zi n g o f f s e t d e di c a t e d t r a n si t l a n e s . T h e s e l a n e s a r e a t l e a s t o n e l a n e r e m o v e d
f r o m t h e c u r b s o t h a t c o m m e r ci a l a c ti vi ti e s c a n s ti l l t a k e p l a c e .
B o a r di n g S t a ti o n s :
Si d e w a l k s w o u l d n o t h a v e t o b e r e c o n s t r u c t e d t o s t r e e t c a r h ei g h t i f b o a r di n g i s l a n d s a r e
u s e d . B o a r di n g i s l a n d s a r e e a si l y u s e d i n c o m bi n a ti o n wi t h o f f s e t l a n e s a n d wi l l n o t c r e a t e
t r a f fi c c h o k e h o l d s li k e t h e D O T s t u d y r e c o m m e n d e d b o a r di n g s t a ti o n .
r di a m o n d @ b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t 6
Bi c y c l e s :
Bi c y c l e s a n d s t r e e t c a r s c a n e a si l y c o e xi s t . A si m p l e r u b b e r d e vi c e c a l l e d a bi k e s n e a k p r e v e n t s
bi c y c l e w h e e l s f r o m g e t ti n g s t u c k i n t r a c k w a y s . A d di ti o n a l l y , s t r e e t c a r s wi l l n e v e r b e
t r a v e li n g m o r e t h a n 2 5 m p h t h e N Y C s p e e d li mi t .
" "
T hi s i s H o w B H R A e n vi si o n s t h e s e c o n si d e r a ti o n s :
r di a m o n d @ b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t 7
C ost
T h e Li n e c a n b e c o n s t r u c t e d f o r $ 1 3 mi l li o n / mi l e u si n g i n n o v a ti v e s t r a t e gi e s . T h e B H R A k n o w s
b e c a u s e i t w a s a b l e t o b ui l d f o r t hi s p ri c e .
N o n - P r o fi t :
A n o n - p r o fi t wi l l k e e p c o s t s d o w n . Ci ti e s t h a t h a v e u s e d t r a di ti o n a l m e t h o d s h a v e s e e n m u c h
hi g h e r c o s t s .
B H R A ’s C o m p a c t P o w e r C O n v e r t e r :
I t i s s m a l l e n o u g h t o b e a t t a c h e d t o t h e t r o l l e y wi r e p o l e a n d wi l l r e p l a c e u n si g h t l y a n d
r e a l - e s t a t e h u n g r y p o w e r c o n v e r t e r s t a ti o n s .
P r e f a b ri c a t e d T r a c k S e g m e n t s :
E a si l y i n s t a l l e d a n d wi l l a l l o w f o r e a s y r e p l a c e m e n t o f t r a c k s . T h e y c a n a l s o h o l d u ti li t y a n d
C o m m u ni c a ti o n c a b l e s . f e a t u r e d d e si g n s wi l l a l s o a l l o w s t o r m w a t e r t o d r ai n e a si l y .
r di a m o n d @ b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t 8
T r a n si t O ri e n t e d D e v e l o p m e n t :
T he Red H o ok 1 9 7a p l a n e x a mi n e d t h e p o t e n ti a l o f a s t r e e t c a r li n e a n d a l s o e x p r e s s e d t h e
c o m m u ni t y ’s d e si r e t o i n c r e a s e t h e d e n si t y o f r e d h o o k b a c k t o p r e 1 9 6 0 hi g h s . D e v e l o p m e n t
o f n e w c o m m e r ci a l a n d r e si d e n ti a l u ni t s s h o u l d b e c o n c e n t r a t e d wi t hi n 1 / 2 mi l e o f a
s t r e e t c a r s t o p w hi c h i s i d e n ti c a l t o 1 0 mi n u t e s o f w a l ki n g a t a n o r m a l p a c e .
D e s pi t e t h e r e b ei n g n o s t r e e t c a r o r a d e q u a t e t r a n s p o r t a ti o n a n u m b e r o f l a r g e d e v e l o p m e n t s
a r e i n p l a n ni n g p h a s e s f o r r e d h o o k w hi c h wi l l n e e d t r a n s p o r t a ti o n . O n e s u c h d e v e l o p m e n t i s
l o w d e n si t y a n d hi g h l y c a r d e p e n d e n t .
r di a m o n d @ b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t 9
1 6 0 I ml a y Street
R e d H o o k I n n o v a ti o n di s t ri c t (C o f f e y a n d F e r ri s S t r e e t s )
r di a m o n d @ b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t 10
2 8 0 Ri c h a r d s S t r e e t
2 0 2 C offe y Street
r di a m o n d @ b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t 11
1 6 0 V a n Br u nt Street
1 1 5 Ki n g S t r e e t ( 3 s t o r y Si n g l e F a mi l y )
I n a p p r o p ri a t e l a n d U s e : N o t e t h e B ui l t i n d e p e n d e n c e o n t h e A u t o m o bi l e a n d l o w d e n si t y
w hi c h wi l l s e r v e t o i n c r e a s e l a n d p ri c e s a n d l e a d t o g e n t ri fi c a ti o n .
r di a m o n d @ b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t 12
F e d e r a l F u n di n g S o u r c e s
TI G E R G r a n t s :
t h e T r a n s p o r t a ti o n I n v e s t m e n t G e n e r a ti n g E c o n o mi c R e c o v e r y (TI G E R ) p r o g r a m w a s p a r t o f
t h e A m e ri c a n R e c o v e r y a n d R ei n v e s t m e n t A c t . F u n d s a r e d r a w n f r o m t h e g e n e r a l f u n d o f t h e
U .S . T r e a s u r y .
T h e N e w S t a r t s a n d S m a l l S t a r t s p r o g r a m p r o vi d e s f e d e r a l f u n d s t o p u b li c t r a n s p o r t a ti o n
a g e n ci e s o n a l a r g e l y c o m p e ti ti v e b a si s f o r t h e c o n s t r u c ti o n o f n e w fi x e d g ui d e w a y t r a n si t
s y s t e m s a n d t h e e x p a n si o n o f e xi s ti n g s y s t e m s . T h e N e w S t a r t s a n d S m a l l S t a r t s p r o g r a m i s
o n e o f si x m a j o r f u n di n g p r o g r a m s a d mi ni s t e r e d b y F T A , a c c o u n ti n g f o r a b o u t 1 8 % o f F T A ’s
b u d g e t . U n li k e t h e o t h e r m a j o r f e d e r a l t r a n si t p r o g r a m s , w hi c h a r e f u n d e d f r o m t h e m a s s
t r a n si t a c c o u n t o f t h e hi g h w a y t r u s t f u n d , f u n di n g f o r t h e N e w S t a r t s a n d S m a l l S t a r t s
p r o g r a m c o m e s f r o m t h e g e n e r a l f u n d o f t h e U .S . T r e a s u r y .
r di a m o n d @ b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t 13
F l e xi b l e Hi g h w a y F u n di n g
M A P - 2 1 c o n ti n u e s t o a l l o w c e r t ai n f e d e r a l - ai d hi g h w a y f u n d s t o b e u s e d f o r p u b li c
t r a n s p o r t a ti o n p r o j e c t s a t t h e di s c r e ti o n o f s t a t e a n d l o c a l o f fi ci a l s . M o s t o f t h e “f l e x e d ”
f u n d s h a v e c o m e f r o m t w o p r o g r a m s , t h e S u r f a c e T r a n s p o r t a ti o n P r o g r a m (S T P ) a n d t h e
C o n g e s ti o n Mi ti g a ti o n a n d Ai r Q u a li t y I m p r o v e m e n t P r o g r a m (C M A Q ).
N e w M a r k e t s T a x C r e di t P r o g r a m :
T h e N M T C p r o g r a m w a s e s t a b li s h e d a s a n e l e m e n t o f t h e C o m m u ni t y R e n e w a l T a x R e li e f A c t o f
2 0 0 0 – a bi - p a r ti s a n e f f o r t t o s ti m u l a t e i n v e s t m e n t a n d e c o n o mi c g r o w t h i n l o w - i n c o m e
u r b a n n ei g h b o r h o o d s t h a t l a c k a c c e s s t o c a pi t a l f o r b u si n e s s s u p p o r t , j o b c r e a ti o n , a n d
s u s t ai ni n g h e a l t h y l o c a l e c o n o mi e s . I t s g o a l i s t o s p u r r e vi t a li z a ti o n o f c o m m u ni ti e s a n d
p r o vi d e t a x c r e di t i n c e n ti v e s t o i n v e s t o r s f o r t h ei r i n v e s t m e n t s i n c e r ti fi e d C o m m u ni t y
D e v e l o p m e n t E n ti ti e s (C D E s ), w hi c h i n v e s t i n l o w - i n c o m e c o m m u ni ti e s . A N M T C i n v e s t o r r e c ei v e s
a t a x c r e di t e q u a l t o 3 9 p e r c e n t o f i t s t o t a l q u a li fi e d i n v e s t m e n t i n a n y c o m m u ni t y
d e v e l o p m e n t e n ti t y , wi t h t h e c r e di t r e a li z e d o v e r a s e v e n - y e a r p e ri o d – fi v e p e r c e n t a n n u a l l y
f o r t h e fi r s t t h r e e y e a r s , a n d si x p e r c e n t i n y e a r s f o u r t h r o u g h s e v e n . T h e M 1 r ai l p r o j e c t i n
D e t r oi t i s t h e fi r s t t o U s e t hi s p r o g r a m f o r t r a n si t .
r di a m o n d @ b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t 14
M U NI CI P A L F u n di n g S o u r c e s
P a r ki n g S a l e s T a x e s :
T hi s i s a s p e ci a l t a x o n p a r ki n g t r a n s a c ti o n s (w h e n m o t o ri s t s p a y di r e c t l y f o r p a r ki n g ).
P a r ki n g L e v y :
T hi s i s a s p e ci a l p r o p e r t y t a x o n n o n - r e si d e n ti a l p a r ki n g s p a c e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e
r e gi o n .
E x p a n d e d P a r ki n g P ri ci n g :
T hi s i n v o l v e s t h e e x p a n si o n o f w h e r e a n d w h e n p u b li c p a r ki n g i s p ri c e d , s u c h a s
m e t e ri n g c u r r e n t l y u n p ri c e d o n - s t r e e t p a r ki n g s p a c e s i n u r b a n n ei g h b o r h o o d s a n d
c h a r gi n g f o r o f f - s t r e e t p a r ki n g a t p u b li c f a ci li ti e s s u c h a s f o r g o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y -
e e s a n d a t s c h o o l s a n d p a r k s . T hi s i s b e s t i m p l e m e n t e d a s p a r t o f a c o m p r e h e n si v e
p a r ki n g m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m t h a t a l s o i n c l u d e s b e t t e r p ri ci n g s y s t e m s , u s e r i n f o r-
m a ti o n a n d e n f o r c e m e n t p r a c ti c e s .
D e v e l o p m e n t C o s t C h a r g e s o r T r a n s p o r t a ti o n I m p a c t F e e s :
T h es e ar e f e es o n n e w d e v el op m e nt t o h elp f u n d i nfr astr u ct ur e c osts .
T r a n s p o r t a ti o n o r t r a f fi c i m p a c t f e e a r e s o m e ti m e s d e di c a t e d t o r o a d w a y i m p r o v e-
m e n t s , s o p o li c y c h a n g e s m a y b e r e q ui r e d t o a l l o w t h e m t o b e s p e n t o n p u b li c
t r a n si t i m p r o v e m e n t s.
L a n d V al ue C apt ure :
T hi s i s a s p e ci a l p r o p e r t y t a x i m p o s e d i n a r e a s wi t h hi g h - q u a li t y p u b li c t r a n si t ,
i n t e n d e d t o r e c o v e r a p o r ti o n o f t h e i n c r e a s e d l a n d v a l u e s p r o vi d e d b y t r a n si t a n d
t o h e l p fi n a n c e t h e s e r vi c e i m p r o v e m e n t s. I t i s s o m e ti m e s c a l l e d a t r a n si t b e n e fi t
di s t ri c t t a x .
S t a ti o n R e n t s :
T hi s i n v o l v e s c o l l e c ti n g r e v e n u e s f r o m p u b li c - p ri v a t e d e v e l o p m e n t s o n p u b li c l y -
o w n e d l a n d i n o r n e a r t r a n si t s t a ti o n s .
S t a ti o n Ai r Ri g h t s :
T hi s i n v o l v e s s e l li n g t h e ri g h t s t o b ui l d o v e r t r a n si t s t a ti o n s .
A d v e r ti si n g :
M o s t t r a n si t a g e n ci e s c o l l e c t r e v e n u e s f r o m t r a n si t v e hi c l e , s t o p , a n d s t a ti o n a d v e r -
ti si n g .
r di a m o n d @ b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t b r o o k l y n r ai l .n e t 15
T R A N SI T I M P R O V E M E N T DI S T RI C T :
A t r a n s p o r t a ti o n i m p r o v e m e n t di s t ri c t (TI D ) i s a s p e ci a l f u n di n g di s t ri c t f o r i m p r o vi n g
t r a n s p o r t a ti o n i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a n d s e r vi c e s i n a s p e ci fi c a r e a . K n o w n i n s o m e s t a t e s a s
t r a n s p o r t a ti o n d e v e l o p m e n t di s t ri c t s (T D D ), g e n e r a l l y t h e y f u n c ti o n a s a
s e p a r a t e g o v e r n m e n t a l e n ti t y wi t h a u t h o ri t y t o l e v y t a x e s o r s p e ci a l a s s e s s m e n t s , i s s u e
r e v e n u e b o n d s , a n d e n t e r i n t o c o n t r a c t s f o r t r a n s p o r t a ti o n i m p r o v e m e n t s a n d r e l a t e d
p u r p o s e s . S o m e di s t ri c t s r e q ui r e n e w d e v e l o p m e n t p r o j e c t s wi t h t r a f fi c i m p a c t s t o p a y
f o r i m p r o v e m e n t s b a s e d o n a d o l l a r c o s t p e r v e hi c l e t ri p g e n e r a t e d .
C arb o n Offs et Pr o gr a m:
R e v e n u e d e ri v e d f r o m t h e s a l e o f t r a n si t o f f s e t c r e di t s w o u l d b e u s e d b y t h e T r a n si t a g e n c y t o
p r o vi d e a d di ti o n a l s e r vi c e o r o n i n v e s t m e n t s t h a t w o u l d p r o vi d e e v e n m o r e e mi s si o n s
r e d u c ti o n s b e y o n d r e g u l a r o p e r a ti o n s . S e a t t l e (Ki n g C o u n t y ) i s t h e fi r s t a r e a t o i m p l e m e n t
s u c h a pr o gr a m.
S T A T E F U N DI N G S O U R C E S
R o a d T olls:
T o l l s a r e u s e r f e e s f o r d ri vi n g o n a p a r ti c u l a r r o a d o r b ri d g e o r i n a p a r ti c u l a r a r e a .
V e hi c l e - K m T a x . T hi s i s a f o r m o f r o a d p ri ci n g t h a t c h a r g e s m o t o ri s t s p e r ki l o m e t e r t r a v e l e d .
It c o ul d
v a r y b y v e hi c l e t y p e , s u c h a s hi g h e r f e e s f o r hi g h e r p o l l u ti n g v e hi c l e s .
F u el T a x es:
S p e ci a l f u e l t a x c a n b e c o l l e c t e d i n a j u ri s di c ti o n t o f u n d p u b li c t r a n si t . I n s o m e
c a s e s a p o r ti o n o f e xi s ti n g f u e l t a x r e v e n u e i s d e di c a t e d t o p u b li c t r a n si t p r o g r a m s
wi t h o u t i n c r e a si n g f u e l t a x r a t e s .
V e hi c l e L e v y :
A v e hi c l e l e v y i s a n a d di ti o n a l f e e f o r r e gi s t e ri n g v e hi c l e s i n t h e r e gi o n .
U ti li t y L e v y :
T hi s i s a s p e ci a l t r a n si t l e v y a p p li e d t o a l l u ti li t y a c c o u n t s i n t h e r e gi o n .
LIGHT RAIL ELECTRIFICATION
T he construction of streetcar and electric trolley bus lines in urban areas poses some unique
challenges regarding the installation of overhead contact systems (OCS). These
considerations range from the aesthetics of a catenary system to costs for land procurement, high
voltage feeds required by a typical substation, and possible extensive buried conduit. An
integrated solution of both the overhead contact system and the traction power supply substations
can be used to address these issues without the need for expensive feeders along the track.
Feederless power distribution systems have been developed and implemented effectively
in both Portland and Seattle using novel solutions. The systems were designed independently but
have similarities, which can be used as a basis for the installation of electric traction systems in
other cities. Issues which were considered include
Each of these issues will be described with specific examples of the how the challenges
were addressed.
INTRODUCTION
The installation of new streetcar and electric trolley bus (ETB) systems in dense urban areas
poses some design challenges which are not usually seen in rapid transit or LRT systems.
Streetcars and ETBs operate almost exclusively in dense urban areas, while rapid transit and
light rail normally operate with long open route sections and brief forays into downtown areas.
The usual strategies employed with LRT systems—namely, providing power from the fringes of
the downtown area with a low impedance distribution system and relocation of all utilities in the
affected streets—are difficult and very expensive to implement on an exclusively urban system.
In the Northwest, the Portland (Oregon) Streetcar and Seattle (Washington) Metro ETB systems
have used some innovative strategies to address these challenges.
The Portland Streetcar system design began in 1998 with an electrification system typical
of a light rail line. The system was conceptualized as a 2.5-mi (4-km) line using two or three 1
639
640 Transportation Research Circular E-C058: 9th National Light Rail Transit Conference
MW DC traction substations and a contact wire with parallel feeders to deliver power to the
vehicles and control the voltage drop in the lines. During the preliminary engineering phase the
difficulty of implementing this strategy quickly became apparent. The difficulty in siting the
substations, design prohibitions on using a catenary system instead of a single contact wire, and
stray current levels impacting utilities over the entire alignment would prove very expensive and
extremely unpopular. The task of downsizing this system without reducing capacity or
performance resulted in a number of the ideas presented in this paper.
The Seattle Metro ETB system consists of 60 route-mi (96 km) of two way traffic using
overhead contact wire and 37 traction power substations. The nominal system voltage is 700 V
DC. The original 55-mi (88-km) system was designed and constructed between 1975 and 1981
as part of the Trolley Overhead System and Substations Rehabilitation and Expansion Project.
An additional 5 mi (8 km) were added within the last 7 years. The new extensions use a
feederless system consisting of 4/0 AWG copper contact wire with 500 kW substations spaced
about 5,000 to 8,000 ft (1,500 to 2,400 m) apart.
Several techniques have been utilized to meet these challenges in both the Portland
Streetcar and Seattle Metro Trolley Bus systems. The following six areas are discussed in this
paper with examples:
The single contact wire design seems to be every urban planner’s overhead contact systems
(OCS) preference. (That is, if they have to have a wire at all.) While it can be argued that the
general public will not notice the overhead conductors, the concept of a single contact wire
seems to arise in every urban area as a matter of aesthetics. From an engineering viewpoint, the
single wire design is attractive for its design simplicity and lower cost.
The main concern with using only a single contact wire is the higher impedance and
subsequent voltage drops which result from moving large amounts of current. Doing so through
a single wire over a long period of time may also result in overheating of the wire and annealing
of the copper if the sizing is not correct.
LRT systems constructed with a single contact wire generally use along-track
underground feeder cables typically sized from 500 to 750 kcmil. The other option is a full
catenary, often with a reduced system height referred to as a low profile catenary. The difference
in line resistance is significant. With a full catenary system (300 kcmil contact wire and a 500
kcmil messenger) the resulting resistance is 0.071 ohm per mi (0.044 ohm per km). The
underground feeder systems (300 kcmil contact wire with a parallel underground 750 kcmil
feeder) result in a resistance of 0.054 ohm per mi (0.034 ohm per km). By contrast, a single 300
kcmil contact wire yields a resistance of 0.188 ohm per mi (0.117 ohm per km), or three times
the line resistance of a typical LRT system.
Collins and Ueno 641
On the Portland Streetcar alignment this challenge was met by shrinking the distance
between substations to 0.5 mi (0.8 km) instead of a typical LRT spacing of 1 mi (1.6 km). This
effectively reduces the maximum distance from a substation to one half that seen on an LRT
system, approximately 1320 ft (400 m), and consequently reduces the line resistance by half.
Additionally, for the anticipated single-car operation the required current flow in the overhead
line is also reduced compared to a typical LRT two-car consist. The operational voltages on the
line are discussed further in a subsequent section.
In Seattle, 4/0 AWG overhead contact wire without parallel feeders in outlying area
results in an impedance of 0.266 ohm per mi (0.162 ohm per km), almost one and a half times
the impedance of the Portland Streetcar system. The lighter ETBs with a maximum current draw
of 500 amps allow the system to be operated with a substation spacing of 5,000 to 8,000 ft (1,500
to 2,400 m).
The key to designing for a single contact wire is knowing what the loads are going to be
and designing a system that will serve these loads within the limits of the wire.
Using the single wire concept instead of a parallel feeder system also greatly reduces the need for
an underground conduit system to contain the feeder system. Generally, two 4-in. (100 mm)
conduits are installed for along-track feeders with a manhole placed every 300 ft (90 m) and a
lateral feeder run to a pole base and up to the contact wire on every block.
Underground conduit can also be required for transfer tripping substations as a back-up to
the primary overcurrent protection. These wires require an additional 2-in. (50 mm) conduit. On
both Portland Streetcar and Seattle Metro ETB systems the di/dt protection with reclosure relays
is relied on to ensure an adjacent substation trips in the event of higher impedance faults where
the primary overcurrent protection does not see the fault.
The cost of installing underground conduits for the power distribution feeders and
transfer trip cables can be grossly estimated at $90/ft ($295/m), including the cost of manholes
and lateral feeders at approximately 300 ft (100 m) intervals. With the tracks separated by a
block on the Portland Streetcar system there are 5 linear track miles (8 km) to cover both tracks.
The cost of the total underground distribution system can be estimated at about $2.5 million.
An additional benefit to eliminating an underground traction power conduit system is the
avoidance of the problems that arise from trying to fit it into a street which is already crowded
with the underground services of several local utilities. Relocating utilities is a task which is wise
to avoid.
Another challenge in urban areas is the supply of primary 60 Hz power to the traction power
substations. Typical LRT substations are fed from dedicated medium voltage (12 to 25 kV)
feeders run from the nearest utility substation. In dense urban areas these feeds can be very long,
and the installation under existing streets can be very difficult and costly. The Portland Streetcar
system was faced with an average cost of $25,000 per substation for the local utility to supply 13
kV power, with one location that may have approached $50,000. On the other hand, a 480 V
distribution grid was easily accessible at all locations.
642 Transportation Research Circular E-C058: 9th National Light Rail Transit Conference
Low voltage service drops, such as 480 Vac, are not normally used for traction power
substations because of the high power demands normally encountered. Typical LRT systems use
1 to 1.5 MW substations, while electrical utilities in general will not usually provide for loads
above 500 kVA without installing a medium or high voltage feed. The ampacity requirements
are too large.
It was Portland Streetcar’s decision to keep the substations below 500 kVA to make use
of the local 480 Vac distribution system. The power rating chosen was 300 kW at the output. All
substations except for one are fed with a 480 Vac supply. The exception is a substation located in
a City of Portland parking garage where the existing 208 Vac supply had sufficient capacity to
handle the substation load.
An additional positive consequence of the low voltage supplies is the ability to use a
standard industrial switchboard for the power supply instead of an incoming AC cubicle and a 15
kV AC breaker. This reduces the price of the primary power equipment by a factor of three and,
of course, the footprint of the substation building is also reduced.
The acquisition of real estate for the siting of traction power substations in central business
districts is also a major cost element in the design of urban transit. The typical 1MW substation
with a medium voltage primary will occupy a minimum of 650 sq ft (57 sq m), with a buried
ground mat of 1,250 sq ft (116 sq m). Typical dimensions of the property acquisition are 60 ft by
30 ft (18.3 by 9.2 m).
By contrast, the smaller low voltage, low power substations used on the Portland
Streetcar alignment require only 400 sq ft (37.2 sq m) of property for a stand-alone substation
with a perimeter ground. The use of low voltage, 480 and 208 Vac, eliminates the need for large
clearances in the AC incoming cubicle. These factors allow for much greater flexibility in the
siting of the units.
Portland Streetcar took full advantage of this flexibility. Of the six substations on the line,
two are stand-alone prefabricated package units, two are installed in vaults placed under the
sidewalks, one is installed in a city parking garage, and one is installed in an unused basement
extension under the sidewalk. One of the package units is installed on the maintenance facility
property which is leased from the state of Oregon and located under a freeway overpass. The
two units installed in vaults under the sidewalks are in the city of Portland right of way. The
parking garage unit was constructed with the loss of only two parking spaces to the city of
Portland. The location in the building basement extension was donated by the building owner
and only required the installation of a fireproof door to the main basement and a personnel access
door in the sidewalk. The final substation was located in the backyard of property owned by a
major stakeholder and only required a credit on the local improvement district assessment. A
route map showing the substation locations is included as Figure 1.
Seattle Metro has also been flexible in accommodating any available area for their
substations. The majority of their 37 substations are located on properties which Seattle City
Light (SCL), the local power utility, has granted easements. Only three substations are located on
Collins and Ueno 643
private, purchased properties. Three of the four newest substations were installed in Washington
Department of Transportation right of way under Interstate 5 structures. The fourth substation
was installed on SCL property. A route map showing the substation locations is included as
Figure 2.
One of the major differences is in the grounding of the substations. As mentioned above,
the Portland Streetcar substations use a perimeter ground instead of a full ground mat. A
perimeter ground consists of four 15-ft (5-m) ground rods installed 3 ft (1 m) from each side of
the substation at the four corners and electrically tied together. The ground rods are driven,
without excavation, and tested to ensure a maximum resistance of five ohms-to-earth. The utility
neutral is tied to the substation structure and the perimeter ground. This results in a considerable
cost savings over the excavation and installation of a full ground mat under a substation serviced
by medium or high voltage.
The primary impact of stray current control on the construction of a transit system is the need to
move underground utilities away from the track bed. Direct current stray, or leakage, currents
will tend to corrode both underground metallic services and structures along the right-of-way.
Thus there is the requirement to relocate all metallic elements where the level of stray currents
may cause a reduced life. Needless to say, the relocation of underground utilities is an expensive
proposition.
While it is not practical to totally prevent the leakage of current from the return rails to
the earth, it is practical to control the currents to a level of about 50 mA per 1,000 ft (305 m) or
less. A detailed metal loss analysis indicated this would not impact underground services located
greater than 18 in. (457 mm) from the tracks. This is about one third of the level normally
tolerated in LRT projects. To achieve these levels three major design strategies were used:
operating only as single units. Typical acceleration currents are less than 1,000 amps. In contrast,
a two-car light rail vehicle consist will draw over twice this level of current.
While not all three of these methods can be implemented on every transit system, the use
of the applicable strategies described above can reduce stray current levels and limit the amount
of utility relocation that needs to be undertaken. The fewer relocations, the lower the cost.
The last point is also the most important. The DC supply and distribution system must be capable
of supplying adequate power at an acceptable voltage to the transit vehicles at all times.
Substation sizing, spacing, and the cross-sectional area of the distribution system all have a direct
impact on the ability to operate transit vehicles, especially when operation needs to be assured
even with a substation out of service. The verification of this capacity is performed using
computer programs which model the performance of the vehicles and the power demand on the
distribution system.
The simulations focused on three elements which were judged to be controlling factors in
the design—the voltage supplied at the vehicle’s pantograph, the power required from the
substations, and the heating effects of the rms currents on the copper conductors. These elements
were evaluated during a simulated operation of the vehicles at 10-min headways, 20-s station
dwell times, and a load weight of AW2. The vehicle accelerations and decelerations were set to
Collins and Ueno 647
the maximum rate and regeneration during braking was disabled to produce worst case
conditions. All simulations were run with the Carnegie Mellon Energy Management Model
(EMM) program.
The voltages at the pantograph were recorded during simulated runs in both directions
while maintaining the required headways. The criteria for the voltage was to keep the voltage at
the vehicle above a minimum 525 Vdc—the level at which the propulsion and auxiliary inverters
on the vehicles would shutdown. Sample plots of the line voltages with all substations
operational and with one substation (Legacy) off line are included as Figures 4 and 5. Since the
streetcar system is a starter system that may be significantly expanded in the future and also has
the maintenance facility on the route, a large margin was desired for future headways decreasing
to 5 min or less.
The RMS power delivered by the substation was also simulated with the EMM program.
Figures 6 and 7 show the RMS power demands on each substation for revenue operation. The
substation power demand is far below the sustainable levels for a 300 kW substation, and no
short-term overloads were observed. However, no significant cost savings could be anticipated
by lowering the capacity, and room for future growth of the system capacity is assured.
Heating of the copper conductors was also calculated with a 10-min headway. The
highest temperature found was 50ºC including a 40ºC ambient and a wind speed of only 0.5 ft/s
(0.15 m/s). The annealing temperature for the copper wire is 75ºC. Room for future growth is
again assured.
850
800
Voltage at Pantograph
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
750
1250
1750
2250
2750
3250
3750
4250
4750
Stationing (Meters)
850
800
750
Voltage at Pantograph
700
650
600
550
500
450
750
1250
1750
2250
2750
3250
3750
4250
4750
Stationing (Meters)
200
RMS Power Demand (kW)
150
100
59 55 56
50 42
29
0
Legacy I-405 Flanders Smart Park PSU
Substations
200
RMS Power Demand (kW)
150
100 88
68
49
50
37
0
0
Legacy I-405 Flanders Smart Park PSU
Substation
Seattle Metro also used simulations to verify the operation of their 60-ft articulated and
40-ft ETBs. Similar criteria for operation with all substations operational or a single outage
condition were used. The system uses a no-load voltage of 700 Vdc and both ETBs have vehicle
drop-out voltage of 450 Vdc. A minimum operational ETB voltage of 500 V is used.
The other substation spacing criteria is a minimum DC fault current of 700 A or greater.
This criterion insures that in case of a single outage condition a fault in the end of the line could
be detected and cleared by the di/dt relay.
SUMMARY
Several techniques that can be implemented to reduce construction costs of rail transit systems in
urban areas have been discussed. All or part of these can be used depending on the requirements
of the transit system. Each technique needs to be evaluated independently although there is
interaction between the different techniques and often two techniques can be used together for
one benefit. For example, both the rail-to-earth isolation and the close spacing of substations act
to reduce utility relocation costs.
Perhaps the most interesting aspect is the resiliency of the feederless systems designed.
Both have sufficient capacity for the addition of more vehicles to the line in the future. Operation
of two-car trains with peak currents of 1300 A per vehicle, typical of LRT lines, is feasible using
the concept of smaller, low-powered, closely spaced substations, and the construction cost
savings are significant.
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