Numerical Reservoir Simulation

Khazar University M.Sc Petroleum Engineering

Muhammad Arslan

Class Assignment # 2

Fractional Flow Equation Derivation

using Buckley and Leverett and Darcy’s Law

Putting in (6)

𝑓𝑤 𝑞𝑡 𝜇𝑤 (1 − 𝑓𝑤) 𝑞𝑡 𝜇𝑜 𝜕𝑃𝑐
− = − 𝑔 ∆𝜌 sin(𝛼)
𝐴 𝑘𝑤 𝐴 𝑘𝑜 𝜕𝑥

𝑓𝑤 𝑞𝑡 𝜇𝑤 𝑞𝑡 𝜇𝑜 𝑓𝑤 𝑞𝑡 𝜇𝑜 𝜕𝑃𝑐
− + = − 𝑔 ∆𝜌 sin(𝛼)
𝐴 𝑘𝑤 𝐴 𝑘𝑜 𝐴 𝑘𝑜 𝜕𝑥

𝑓𝑤 𝑞𝑡 𝜇𝑤 𝑓𝑤 𝑞𝑡 𝜇𝑜 𝜕𝑃𝑐 𝑞𝑡 𝜇𝑜
+ = − 𝑔 ∆𝜌 sin(𝛼) +
𝐴 𝑘𝑤 𝐴 𝑘𝑜 𝜕𝑥 𝐴 𝑘𝑜

𝑓𝑤 𝑞𝑡 𝜇𝑤 𝜇𝑜 𝜕𝑃𝑐 𝑞𝑡 𝜇𝑜
( + )= − 𝑔 ∆𝜌 sin(𝛼) +
𝐴 𝑘𝑤 𝑘𝑜 𝜕𝑥 𝐴 𝑘𝑜

Isolate fw on right hand side of the equation

𝜇𝑤 𝜇𝑜 𝜕𝑃𝑐 𝑞𝑡 𝜇𝑜
𝑓𝑤 𝑞𝑡 ( + ) = 𝐴( − 𝑔 ∆𝜌 sin(𝛼)) +
𝑘𝑤 𝑘𝑜 𝜕𝑥 𝑘𝑜

𝜕𝑃𝑐 𝑞𝑡 𝜇𝑜
𝐴( − 𝑔 ∆𝜌 sin(𝛼)) +
𝑓𝑤 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑘𝑜
𝜇𝑤 𝜇𝑜
𝑞𝑡 ( + )
𝑘𝑤 𝑘𝑜

𝜕𝑃𝑐 𝜇𝑜
𝐴( − 𝑔 ∆𝜌 sin(𝛼))
𝑓𝑤 = 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜇𝑤 𝑘𝑜 𝜇𝑜
𝜇𝑤 𝜇𝑜
𝑞𝑡 ( + ) ( + )
𝑘𝑤 𝑘𝑜 𝑘𝑤 𝑘𝑜

𝜕𝑃𝑐 𝜇𝑜
𝐴( − 𝑔 ∆𝜌 sin(𝛼))
𝑓𝑤 = 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑘𝑜
𝜇𝑤 𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑤 𝑘𝑜
𝑞𝑡 ( + ) ( + 1)
𝑘𝑤 𝑘𝑜 𝑘𝑜 𝑘𝑤 𝜇𝑜
 𝜕𝑃𝑐
𝐴( − 𝑔 ∆𝜌 sin(𝛼)) 1
𝑓𝑤 = 𝜕𝑥 +
𝜇𝑤 𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑤 𝑘𝑜
𝑞𝑡 ( + ) ( + 1)
𝑘𝑤 𝑘𝑜 𝑘𝑤 𝜇𝑜

𝐴 𝜕𝑃𝑐
𝑞𝑡 ( 𝜕𝑥 − 𝑔 ∆𝜌 sin(𝛼)) 1
𝑓𝑤 = 𝜇𝑤 𝜇𝑜 +
( + ) 𝜇𝑤 𝑘𝑜
𝑘𝑤 𝑘𝑜 ( + 1)
𝑘𝑤 𝜇𝑜

𝐴 𝑘𝑜 𝜕𝑃𝑐
𝑞𝑡 𝜇𝑜 ( 𝜕𝑥 − 𝑔 ∆𝜌 sin(𝛼)) 1
𝑓𝑤 = +
𝜇𝑤 𝑘𝑜 𝜇𝑤 𝑘𝑜
( + 1) ( + 1)
𝑘𝑤 𝜇𝑜 𝑘𝑤 𝜇𝑜

𝐴 𝑘𝑜 𝜕𝑃𝑐
𝑞𝑡 𝜇𝑜 ( 𝜕𝑥 − 𝑔 ∆𝜌 sin(𝛼)) + 1
𝑓𝑤 =
𝜇𝑤 𝑘𝑜
( + 1)
𝑘𝑤 𝜇𝑜

𝐴 𝑘 𝑘𝑟𝑜 𝜕𝑃𝑐
1+( ( − 𝑔 ∆𝜌 sin(𝛼)))
𝑞𝑡 𝜇𝑜 𝜕𝑥
𝑓𝑤 =
𝜇𝑤 𝑘 𝑘𝑟𝑜
(1 + )
𝑘 𝑘𝑟𝑤 𝜇𝑜

𝐴 𝑘 𝑘𝑟𝑜 𝜕𝑃𝑐
1 + ( 𝑞𝑡 𝜇𝑜 ( − 𝑔 ∆𝜌 sin(𝛼)))
𝜕𝑥
𝑓𝑤 =
𝜇𝑤 𝑘𝑟𝑜
(1 + )
𝑘𝑟𝑤 𝜇𝑜

Negating gravity and capillary pressure effects

1
𝑓𝑤 =
𝑘𝑟𝑜 𝜇𝑤
(1 + )
𝑘𝑟𝑤 𝜇𝑜
Sensitivity Analysis of Viscosity Ratio in Fractional Flow Equation:

krw(S) = (S*)2
kro(S) = (1-S*)2
S*= (S - Swc) / (1 - Swc - Sor)
Swc = Swi = 0.2
Sor = 0.2
krw(Sor) = kro(Swc) = 1.0

Consider fractional flow for 3 different (assumed) viscosity ratios

Case1: µw/µo (1) = 0.01 > µo/µw = 100

Case2: µw/µo (2) = 0.11 > µo/µw = 9.09

Case3: µw/µo (3) = 2.5 > µo/µw = 0.4

Sw S* krw kro kro/krw µw/µo (1) µw/µo (2) µw/µo (3)

0.2 0 0 1 #DIV/0! 0 0 0
0.25 0.083333 0.006944 0.840277778 121 0.452488688 0.069881202 0.003294893
0.3 0.166667 0.027778 0.694444444 25 0.8 0.266666667 0.015748031
0.35 0.25 0.0625 0.5625 9 0.917431193 0.502512563 0.042553191
0.4 0.333333 0.111111 0.444444444 4 0.961538462 0.694444444 0.090909091
0.45 0.416667 0.173611 0.340277778 1.96 0.980776775 0.822639026 0.169491525
0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25 1 0.99009901 0.900900901 0.285714286
0.55 0.583333 0.340278 0.173611111 0.510204082 0.994923858 0.946859903 0.439461883
0.6 0.666667 0.444444 0.111111111 0.25 0.997506234 0.97323601 0.615384615
0.65 0.75 0.5625 0.0625 0.111111111 0.998890122 0.987925357 0.782608696
0.7 0.833333 0.694444 0.027777778 0.04 0.99960016 0.995619275 0.909090909
0.75 0.916667 0.840278 0.006944444 0.008264463 0.999917362 0.999091735 0.979757085
0.8 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
In this figure, Case A gives the shape for a system where the ratio of oil viscosity to water viscosity is
high, say around 100. This could be for a very dense, viscous oil which gives rise to unstable
displacement, with by-passed oil and premature water breakthrough. To generate the oil production
would require a considerable number of pore volumes of injected water. To improve recovery for this
system increasing the temperature of the injected fluid can improve behavior. Although the
temperature decreases the viscosity of both fluids, there is a greater impact on the oil. M>>1

In case B, the viscosity ratio is considerably lower giving rise to a more stable and favorable
displacement with a shock front developing. M = 1.

In case C, where the curvature of the fractional curve is opposite to that of case A, the shape results
from a low oil to water viscosity ratio. In this case which might be representative of a light oil, the
mobility ratio M is <<1 and leads to piston like displacement. The three saturation profiles for these
cases are illustrated in figure below.