Mass Flow Units

Kg/h
g/s FLUID MECHANICS
tonnes/hr
lb/hr More than 14” ⟹ O.D
lb/s Less than 14” ⟹ I.D

ID + 2t = OD
Volume Flow Units
m3/hr Specific Gravity = Density of Unknown
m3/s Density of Water
l/hr
ml/s

Ideal Gas Law - Applies to pressure less than 5 atm UNITS OF GAS FLOW
PV = nRT
R = 8.3142 J mol-1K-1 Pressure Units
Pa, kPa, MPa
mRT Kelvin (K)
lb/in2
PV =
Mr Bar, mbar
N/m2
ρRT Atm.
P= where ρ is mass density in gm-3
Mr mm.Hg
mm.H2O
RT m3 Torr
P= ̂
where V is specific volume:
̂ Mr
V g
Temperature Conversions
1
ρ= ̂ = RT
PV °C °F
̂
V
°C x
9
+ 32
Specific Molar 5
Universal Gas Law: Volume (m3/mol)
P1V1 P2V2 °C + 273 = Kelvin
= ̂ = v/n
V °F +460 = Rankine
T1 T2
t = do – di Darcy’s Equation
2 hL = k ∙ v2
2g

Flow area = 𝜋di2 hL = f ∙ L ∙ v2 -Valid for turbulent flow

4 D 2g

Reynold’s Number: NR = 𝜌VD

𝜇

If NR < 2000, laminar flow; Reynold’s number has no effect

If NR > 4000, turbulent flow, f = f

Friction factor, f = 64
NR
Critical zone = 2000 – 4000

*When finding density, divide s.g by density of water.

NPSHA = hsp ± hs – hp – hvp

hsp – static pressure
*Convert gage to absolute, then divide by γ to get head

Above pump = +ve

Below pump = –ve hs – elevation difference

Vapor Pressure Head – Divide Pressure by γ

Before Pump Starts, No velocity/static fluid – ho = P2 – P1 + z2 – z1

γ

stp = 0℃, 1 atm, 22.4 dm3 *If gage isn’t indicated, pressure is abs.
rtp = 25℃, 1 atm, 24 dm3

THERMODYNAMICS
PE = mgz F =PxA
pe = gz →W = (P x A) L
z – height ̂ =A x L
Specific Volume, V

k.e = ½ mc2
k.e = c2
2
c – velocity

̂ = Specific displacement energy

Work done = PV

Q = (U2 – U1)+W V̇ =Ac (m3/s)

Q̇ = Qṁ ṁ = V̇𝜌 =A x c = V̇ (kg/s)

̂
V ̂
V
P or Ẇ = wṁ

H = u + PV

Heat flow into a system → +ve → Work flow out of a system

Heat flow out of a system → -ve → Work flow into a system

First Law:
Q = ∆u + w → Non-flow energy Eqn.
*For Isothermal processes, ∆u = 0, ∴ Q = W

Steady Flow Equation (Mass in = Mass out)

c12 + u1 + P1V1 + Q1 = c22 + u2 + P2V2 + W

2 2
h = u+Pv
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP BASICS

Discharge
Nozzle
Volute
Casing
Bearings
Impeller

Suction Seal
Nozzle Shaft
Oil Rings