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Abstract
We consider one of the newest analytical methods, the Optimal Homotopy Asymptotic Method (OHAM), to solve nonlinear equations arising
in heat transfer. Two specific applications are considered: cooling of a lumped system with variable specific heat and the temperature distribution
equation in a thick rectangular fin radiation to free space. Results obtained by OHAM, which does not need small parameters are compared with
numerical results and a very good agreement was found. This method provides us with a convenient way to control the convergence of
approximation series and adjust convergence regions when necessary. The results reveal that the proposed method is explicit, effective and easy to
use.
© 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Optimal Homotopy Asymptotic Method (OHAM); Fin radiation; Heat transfer
m
different values of constants. This method provides us with a where Nm(u0(x), u1(x),…, um(x)) is the coefficient of p , ob-
convenient way to control the convergence of approximation tained expanding N(/(x, p, Ci)) in series with respect to the
series. The OHAM is valid not only for small parameter, and embedding parameter p:
shows its validity and great potential for solve nonlinear problems
in science and engineering. N ð/ð x; p; Ci ÞÞ ¼ N0 ðu0 ð xÞÞ
X
þ Nm ðu0 ; u1 ; :::; um Þpm ; i ¼ 1; 2; N
2. Basic idea of OHAM mz1
ð9Þ
We apply the OHAM to the following differential equation:
where /(x, p, Ci) is given by Eq. (6).
du
Lðuð xÞÞ þ gð xÞ þ N ðuð xÞÞ ¼ 0; B u; ¼0 ð1Þ It should be emphasized that uk for k ≥ 0 are governed by the
dx linear Eqs. (4), (7), (8) with the linear boundary conditions that
where L is a linear operator, x denotes independent variable, u(x) come from original problem, which can be easily solved.
is an unknown function, g(x) is a known function, N(u(x)) is a The convergence of the series (6) depends upon the auxiliary
nonlinear operator and B is a boundary operator. constants C1, C2,.… If it is convergent at p = 1, one has
By means of OHAM one first constructs a family of equation X
[6–8]: uð x; Ci Þ ¼ u0 ð xÞ þ uk ð x; Ci Þ: ð10Þ
kz1
ð1 pÞ½Lð/ð x; pÞÞ þ g ð xÞ ð2Þ Generally speaking, the solution of Eq. (1) can be determined
approximately in the form:
¼ H ð pÞ½Lð/ð x; pÞÞ þ gð xÞ þ N ð/ð x; pÞÞ;
X
m
A/ð x; pÞ ðmÞ
B /ð x; pÞ; ¼0 u ð x; Ci Þ ¼ u0 ð xÞ þ uk ð x; Ci Þ; i ¼ 1; 2; N m: ð11Þ
Ax k¼1
where p ∈ [0,1] is an embedding parameter, H(p) is a nonzero Substituting Eq. (11) into Eq. (1) it results the following residual
auxiliary function for p ≠ 0 and H(0) = 0, ϕ(x,p) is an unknown
function, respectively. Obviously, when p = 0 and p = 1 it holds ðmÞ ðmÞ
Rð x; Ci Þ ¼ L u ð x; Ci Þ þ gð xÞ þ N u ð x; Ci Þ ; i ¼ 1; 2; N m:
/ð x; 0Þ ¼ u0 ð xÞ; /ð x; 1Þ ¼ uð xÞ ð3Þ
ð12Þ
respectively. Thus, as p increases from 0 to 1, the solution ϕ(x,p) ðmÞ
varies from u0(x) to the solution u(x), where u0(x) is obtained If R(x, Ci) = 0 then u ð x; Ci Þ happens to be the exact solution.
from Eq. (2) for p = 0: Generally such case will not arise for nonlinear problems, but we
can minimize the functional
du0
Lðu0 ð xÞÞ þ g ð xÞ ¼ 0; B u0 ; ¼ 0: ð4Þ Z b
dx
J ðCi Þ ¼ R2 ð x; Ci Þdx ð13Þ
We choose auxiliary function H(p) in the form a
where a and b are two values, depending on the given problem.
H ð pÞ ¼ pC1 þ p2 C2 þ ::: ð5Þ The unknown constants Ci (i = 1,2,…m) can be optimally iden-
where C1, C2, … are constants which can be determined latter. tified from the conditions
Let us consider the solution of Eq. (2) in the form AJ AJ AJ
X ¼ ¼ ::: ¼ ¼ 0: ð14Þ
/ð x; p; Ci Þ ¼ u0 ð xÞ þ uk ð x; Ci Þpk ; i ¼ 1; 2; :::: ð6Þ AC1 AC2 ACm
kz1
With these constants known, the approximate solution (of
Now substituting Eq. (6) into Eq. (2) and equating the coeffi- order m) (11) is well-determined. The constants Ci can be
cients of like powers of p, we obtain the governing equation of determined in another forms, for example, if ki ∈ (a,b), i = 1,2,…
u0(x), given by Eq. (4), and the governing equation of uk(x), i.e. m and substituting ki into Eq. (12), we obtain the equation
du1 Rðk1 ; Ci Þ ¼ Rðk2 ; Ci Þ ¼ ::: ¼ Rðkm ; Ci Þ ¼ 0; i ¼ 1; 2; N m:
Lðu1 ð xÞÞ ¼ C1 N0 ðu0 ð xÞÞ; B u1 ; ¼0 ð7Þ
dx ð15Þ
3. Applications and
u3 ð1Þ ¼ 0; u3Vð0Þ ¼ 0
The solution of Eq. (41) becomes:
1
u3 ð x Þ ¼ 432e2 C13 þ 89e2 C12 þ 300e2 C1 C2
180
1
þ 7eC13 þ 14eC12 5eC1 C2 þ 7eC1 þ 7eC2
24
1 2
Fig. 1. Comparison between the results obtained by the present method for 12eC3 36e þ 3e C13 þ 7e2 þ 6e C12
12
Eq. (18), and the numerical results, for two cases: a) ε = 1; b) ε = 2; -+-+-+-+-
Present method ________ Numerical method. þ 24e2 3e C1 C2 þ 3eC1 þ 3eC2 6eC3 x2 ð42Þ
1 2
Fig. 1 shows the comparison between the present solution þ 16e e C13 þ 2e2 2e C12
and the numerical integration results obtained by a fourth order 24
Runge–Kutta method, for cases ε = 1 and ε = 2, respectively. 2
þ 8e e C1 C2 eC1 eC2 x4
It can be seen from Fig. 1 that the solution obtained by the present
method is nearly identical with that given by numerical simulation. 1 2 2
þ e C1 12e3 C13 x6
180
3.2. The temperature distribution equation in a thick rectangular Finally, the approximate solution of the third-order of Eq. (33)
fin radiation to free space is given by
ð3Þ
Now we will consider a nonlinear equation, the temperature u ð xÞ ¼ B0 þ B2 x2 þ B4 x4 þ B6 x6 ð43Þ
distribution equation in a uniformly thick rectangular fin radiation
where
to free space with non-linearity of high order [11,13]:
1
uqð xÞ eu4 ð xÞ ¼ 0; uð1Þ ¼ 1; u0 ð0Þ ¼ 0; xa½0; 1: B0 ¼ 432e2 C13 þ 89e2 C12 þ 300e2 C1 C2
180
ð33Þ 1
þ 7eC13 þ 26eC12 5eC1 C2 þ 31eC1 þ 31eC2 12eC3 þ 24
24
According to Eq. (1), we define the operators: 1 2
B2 ¼ 36e þ 3e C13 þ 19e2 þ 12e C12
12
Lðuð xÞÞ ¼ uqð xÞ; gð xÞ ¼ 0; N ðuð xÞÞ ¼ eu4 ð xÞ: ð34Þ ð44Þ
þ 24e2 3e C1 C2 þ 15eC1 þ 15eC2 6eC3
Zeroth-order problem given by Eq. (4): 1 2 3 2 2 2
B4 ¼ 16e e C1 þ 6e 2e C1 þ 8e e C1 C2
uW0 ð xÞ ¼ 0; uð1Þ ¼ 1; uVð0Þ ¼ 0 ð35Þ 24
eC1 eC2
It is obtained:
1 2 2
u0 ð xÞ ¼ 1: ð36Þ B6 ¼ e C1 12e3 C13 :
180
714 V. Marinca, N. Herişanu / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (2008) 710–715
ð3Þ
e ¼ 2 : u ð xÞ ¼ 0:698299431 þ 0:282644054x2
þ 0:019027065x4 þ 0:000029291x6 ð46Þ
ð3Þ
e ¼ 3 : u ð xÞ ¼ 0:654819681 þ 0:325418252x2
þ 0:019710533x4 þ 0:000051532x6 : ð47Þ
4. Conclusions
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