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QUESTION:
Design a RCC retaining wall with surface inclined at 20° and retains earth up to a height of
12’ above NSL. Base of the footing is to be placed 3’ below NSL. Soil has density of 120 𝑙𝑏/
𝑓𝑡 3 . Angle of repose is 30° .
Take 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 3000 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2
Use 𝑓𝑐′ = 4000 𝑃𝑠𝑖 & 𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑃𝑠𝑖.
SOLUTION:
Given that,
STEP 1
ASSUMPTION OF SIZES:
STEP 2
DESIGN OF STEM:
1
𝑃𝑎 = 𝛾𝐶𝑎 𝐻2
2
1
𝑃𝑎 = × 120 × 0.414 × 13.75′2 = 4696.3 𝑙𝑏
2
°
𝑃𝐻 = 𝑃𝑎 × cos Ѳ = 4696.3 × cos 20 = 4412.8 𝑙𝑏
𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑀𝑢
𝜌 = 0.85 [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝜑𝑏𝑑2
4000 2 × 388044
𝜌 = 0.85 × [1 − √1 − ]
60000 0.85 × 4000 × 0.9 × 12" × 12.5"2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜑 = 0.9 & 𝑏 = 12" & 𝑑 = ℎ − 2.5"=15" − 2.5"=12.5"
𝜌 = 0.0039
200 200
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0033
𝑓𝑦 60000
𝑓𝑐′ 87000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 = 0.75 × 𝛽1 × 0.85 ×( )
𝑓𝑦 87000 + 𝑓𝑦
4000 87000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 × 0.85 × 0.85 × ×( )
40000 87000 + 60000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.021
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.0039 × 12" × 12.5" = 0.585 𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 #6 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 @ 9"𝑐/𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑖𝑙𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 736
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑏ℎ
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.0018 × 12" × 15" = 0.324 𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 #3 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 @ 4"𝑐/𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑖𝑙𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 736
𝑉𝑢 = 1.6 × 𝑃𝑎
1
𝑉𝑢 = 1.6 × × 𝐶𝑎 × 𝛾 × (𝐻 − 𝑑)2
2
2
1 ′
12.5"
𝑉𝑢 = 1.6 × × 0.414 × 120 × (13.75 − )
2 12
𝑉𝑢 = 6418.725 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 = 534.9 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛
v. Capacity of Section:
= 2𝜑√𝑓𝑐′ × 𝑏𝑑
= 2 × 0.9 × √4000 × 12" × 12.5"
= 17076.3𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 > 𝑉𝑢 𝑶𝑲
STEP 3
CURTAILMENT OF BARS:
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
Bars are curtailed from top where B.M is 2
According to ACI code, the following value should be added in the curtailed value of steel,
12"
12 × 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 12 × 1" = 12"
0.04×𝐴𝑏 ×𝑓𝑦 0.04×0.44×60000
= = 16.7" = 1.39′
√𝑓𝑐′ √4000
1 2
𝐴 𝐴
2 𝑠 3 𝑠
0.2925 𝑖𝑛2 0.39 𝑖𝑛2
0.39 𝑖𝑛2 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 0.585 𝑖𝑛2 𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 2𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟.
STABILITY CHECKS:
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
>2
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Here use
𝐻 = 13.75′ + 1.97′ = 15.72′
1
𝑃𝑎 = 𝛾𝐶𝑎 𝐻2
2
1
𝑃𝑎 = × 120 × 0.414 × 15.72′2 = 6138.42 𝑙𝑏
2
° °
𝑃𝐻 = 𝑃𝑎 × cos 20 = 6138.42 × cos 20
= 5768.23 lb
° °
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃𝑎 × sin 20 = 6138.42 × sin 20
= 2099.5 𝑙𝑏
𝐻 15.72′
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑦̄ = = = 5.24′
3 3
𝑂. 𝑇. 𝑀 = 𝑃𝐻 × 𝑦̄
𝑂. 𝑇. 𝑀 = 5768.23 × 5.24′
𝑂. 𝑇. 𝑀 = 30225.53 𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑡
∑ 𝑾 = 14782.815 𝑙𝑏 ∑ 𝑴 = 91372.47
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
>2
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
112367.1
= 3.72 > 2 𝑶𝑲
30225.53
If this check is not OK then increase the thickness of toe, heel or stem as per requirement.
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
≥ 1.5
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃𝐻 = 5768.23 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝜇(∑𝑊 + 𝑃𝑉 ) = 0.3 × (14782.815 + 2099.5)
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 5064.7 𝑙𝑏
Here 𝜇 is the coefficient of friction between soil and earth and its value lies between 0.3-
0.45.
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
≥ 1.5
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
5064.7
= 0.88 ≥ 1.5 𝑵𝑶𝑻 𝑶𝑲
5768.23
Design of Key:
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑂. 𝑇. 𝑀
𝑎=
𝑅𝑉
𝑅𝑉 = ∑𝑊 + 𝑃𝑉 = 14782.815 + 2099.5
= 16882.315 𝑙𝑏
112367.1 − 30225.53
𝑎=
16882.315
𝑎 = 4.87′
𝐵
𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑒 = −𝑎
2
10
𝑒= − 4.87′
2
𝑒 = 0.13′
𝐵 10
𝑒≯ = = 1.67′
6 6
0.13′ ≯ 1.67′ 𝑶𝑲
𝑅𝑉 𝑅𝑉 × 𝑒
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + ≯ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵×1 𝐵2
6
16882.315 16882.315 × 0.13
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +
10 102
6
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1819.91 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2 ≯ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑶𝑲
𝑅𝑉 𝑅𝑉 × 𝑒
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = + ≮ 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
𝐵×1 𝐵2
6
16882.315 16882.315 × 0.13
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −
10 102
6
2
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1556.55 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 𝑶𝑲
STEP 5
263.36 𝑥1
=
10 5.45
𝑥1 = 143.53𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2
263.36 𝑥2
=
10 1.25
𝑥2 = 32.92 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2
263.36 𝑥3
=
10 3.3
𝑥3 = 86.91 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2
i. Design Of Toe:
Taking moment about junction of toe and stem.
𝑀𝑢 = 1.6(𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦) − 0.9(𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑒)
3.3 1 2 3.3
𝑀𝑢 = 1.6 [1700.08 × 3.3 × + ( × 86.91 × 3.3) × × 3.3] − 0.9 [(3.3 × 1.25 × 1 × 150) × ]
2 2 3 2
𝑀𝑢 = 14397.03 𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑡 = 172764.32 𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑀𝑢
𝜌 = 0.85 [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝜑𝑏𝑑2
4000 2 × 172764.32
𝜌 = 0.85 × [1 − √1 − ]
60000 0.85 × 4000 × 0.9 × 12 × 12.52
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜑 = 0.9 & 𝑏 = 12" & 𝑑 = ℎ − 2.5"=15" − 2.5"=12.5"
𝜌 = 0.0017
200 200
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0033
𝑓𝑦 60000
𝑓𝑐′ 87000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 = 0.75 × 𝛽1 × 0.85 × ( )
𝑓𝑦 87000 + 𝑓𝑦
4000 87000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 × 0.85 × 0.85 × ×( )
40000 87000 + 60000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.021
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.0033 × 12×12.5
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.495 𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 #6 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 @ 10" 𝑐/𝑐
𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑀𝑢
𝜌 = 0.85 [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝜑𝑏𝑑2
4000 2 × 538672.66
𝜌 = 0.85 × [1 − √1 − ]
60000 0.85 × 4000 × 0.9 × 12 × 12.52
𝑓𝑐′ 87000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 = 0.75 × 𝛽1 × 0.85 ×( )
𝑓𝑦 87000 + 𝑓𝑦
4000 87000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 × 0.85 × 0.85 × ×( )
40000 87000 + 60000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.021
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.005 × 12×12.5
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.75 𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 #6 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 @ 7" 𝑐/𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑏ℎ
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.0018 × 12×15
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.324 𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 #3 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 @ 4" 𝑐/𝑐
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS