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DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

Design Of Retaining Wall With Surcharge Load Inclined At Some Angle

QUESTION:
Design a RCC retaining wall with surface inclined at 20° and retains earth up to a height of
12’ above NSL. Base of the footing is to be placed 3’ below NSL. Soil has density of 120 𝑙𝑏/
𝑓𝑡 3 . Angle of repose is 30° .
Take 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 3000 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2
Use 𝑓𝑐′ = 4000 𝑃𝑠𝑖 & 𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑃𝑠𝑖.

SOLUTION:
Given that,

𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑁𝑆𝐿 = 12’


𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑁𝑆𝐿 = 3’
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙, 𝛾𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 120 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒, 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. = 150 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝜑 = 30°
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒, Ѳ = 20°
𝑓𝑐′ = 4000 𝑃𝑠𝑖
𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑃𝑠𝑖

STEP 1
ASSUMPTION OF SIZES:

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 =


𝐻 𝐻 15’×12”
= = 15” = 1.25’
12 10 12
2 2
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝐻 = × 15′ = 10’
3 3
1
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑒 = × 10′ = 3.3’
3
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 10′ − 3.3′ − 1.25′ = 5.45′
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 5.45 × tan 20° = 1.97′

STEP 2
DESIGN OF STEM:

i. Calculation Of Soil Pressure:

𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ − √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 Ѳ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑


𝐶𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ
𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ + √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 Ѳ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑
° ° °
° 𝑐𝑜𝑠20 − √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 20 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 30
𝐶𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠20 = 0.414
° ° °
𝑐𝑜𝑠20 + √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 20 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 30

1 Compiled By: Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)


DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
Design Of Retaining Wall With Surcharge Load Inclined At Some Angle

1
𝑃𝑎 = 𝛾𝐶𝑎 𝐻2
2
1
𝑃𝑎 = × 120 × 0.414 × 13.75′2 = 4696.3 𝑙𝑏
2
°
𝑃𝐻 = 𝑃𝑎 × cos Ѳ = 4696.3 × cos 20 = 4412.8 𝑙𝑏

ii. Moment & Reinforcement Calculation:


𝐻 13.75′
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑦̄ = = = 4.58′
3 3
𝑀 = 𝑃𝐻 × 𝑦̄ = 4412.8 × 4. 58′ = 20210.62 𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑡
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.6 × 𝑀 = 1.6 × 20210.62
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 32337𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑡 = 388044 𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑛

𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑀𝑢
𝜌 = 0.85 [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝜑𝑏𝑑2

4000 2 × 388044
𝜌 = 0.85 × [1 − √1 − ]
60000 0.85 × 4000 × 0.9 × 12" × 12.5"2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜑 = 0.9 & 𝑏 = 12" & 𝑑 = ℎ − 2.5"=15" − 2.5"=12.5"
𝜌 = 0.0039

200 200
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0033
𝑓𝑦 60000

𝑓𝑐′ 87000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 = 0.75 × 𝛽1 × 0.85 ×( )
𝑓𝑦 87000 + 𝑓𝑦
4000 87000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 × 0.85 × 0.85 × ×( )
40000 87000 + 60000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.021

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑶𝑲

iii. Selection of bars & spacing:

Vertical Reinforcement On front face of wall:

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.0039 × 12" × 12.5" = 0.585 𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 #6 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 @ 9"𝑐/𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑖𝑙𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 736

Temperature & Shrinkage Steel:

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑏ℎ
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.0018 × 12" × 15" = 0.324 𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 #3 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 @ 4"𝑐/𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑖𝑙𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 736

2 Compiled By: Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)


DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
Design Of Retaining Wall With Surcharge Load Inclined At Some Angle

iv. Check for shear:

𝑉𝑢 = 1.6 × 𝑃𝑎
1
𝑉𝑢 = 1.6 × × 𝐶𝑎 × 𝛾 × (𝐻 − 𝑑)2
2
2
1 ′
12.5"
𝑉𝑢 = 1.6 × × 0.414 × 120 × (13.75 − )
2 12
𝑉𝑢 = 6418.725 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 = 534.9 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛

v. Capacity of Section:

= 2𝜑√𝑓𝑐′ × 𝑏𝑑
= 2 × 0.9 × √4000 × 12" × 12.5"
= 17076.3𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 > 𝑉𝑢 𝑶𝑲

STEP 3

CURTAILMENT OF BARS:
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
Bars are curtailed from top where B.M is 2

𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 32337 𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑡


𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
= = 16168.5 𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑡
2 2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 𝐻1
= × 1.6 × 𝛾 × 𝐶𝑎 × 𝐻12 cos Ѳ ×
2 2 3
1 ° 𝐻1
16168.5 = × 1.6 × 120 × 0.414 × 𝐻12 cos 20 ×
2 3
𝐻1 = 10.91′

According to ACI code, the following value should be added in the curtailed value of steel,

 12"
 12 × 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 12 × 1" = 12"
0.04×𝐴𝑏 ×𝑓𝑦 0.04×0.44×60000
 = = 16.7" = 1.39′
√𝑓𝑐′ √4000

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑, 𝑖. 𝑒. 12” 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑.


𝑆𝑜, 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 10.91′ − 1.39′ = 9.52′ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝.
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜌 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ,
2
0.0039
𝜌=
2
𝜌 = 0.00195 > 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. & 𝑠ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑖. 𝑒. 0.0018
𝐴′𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝐴′𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑏ℎ = 0.00195 × 12×15 = 0.351 𝑖𝑛2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.585 𝑖𝑛2

3 Compiled By: Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)


DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
Design Of Retaining Wall With Surcharge Load Inclined At Some Angle

1 2
𝐴 𝐴
2 𝑠 3 𝑠
0.2925 𝑖𝑛2 0.39 𝑖𝑛2

0.39 𝑖𝑛2 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 0.585 𝑖𝑛2 𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 2𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟.

SECTION & PLAN


Step 4

STABILITY CHECKS:

There are three stability checks,

i. Check For Overturning Moment

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
>2
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

Here use
𝐻 = 13.75′ + 1.97′ = 15.72′
1
𝑃𝑎 = 𝛾𝐶𝑎 𝐻2
2
1
𝑃𝑎 = × 120 × 0.414 × 15.72′2 = 6138.42 𝑙𝑏
2
° °
𝑃𝐻 = 𝑃𝑎 × cos 20 = 6138.42 × cos 20
= 5768.23 lb
° °
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃𝑎 × sin 20 = 6138.42 × sin 20
= 2099.5 𝑙𝑏
𝐻 15.72′
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑦̄ = = = 5.24′
3 3
𝑂. 𝑇. 𝑀 = 𝑃𝐻 × 𝑦̄
𝑂. 𝑇. 𝑀 = 5768.23 × 5.24′

4 Compiled By: Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)


DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
Design Of Retaining Wall With Surcharge Load Inclined At Some Angle

𝑂. 𝑇. 𝑀 = 30225.53 𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑡

𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 (𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 × 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚) 𝒙̄ 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕


Sr. #
"𝒍𝒃" “𝒇𝒕” "𝒍𝒃𝒇𝒕"
5.45
01 13.75′ × 5.45′ × 1 × 120 = 8992.5 + 1.25 + 3.3 = 7.28′ 65465.4
2
10
02 10′ × 1.25′ × 1 × 150 = 1875 = 5′ 9375
2
3.3
03 1.75′ × 3.3′ × 1 × 120 = 693 = 1.65′ 1143.45
2
1.25
04 13.75′ × 1.25′ × 1 × 150 = 2578.125 + 3.3 = 3.925′ 10119.15
2
1 2 × 5.45
05 × 1.97 × 5.45 × 120 = 644.19 3.3 + 1.25 + = 8.18′ 5269.47
2 3

∑ 𝑾 = 14782.815 𝑙𝑏 ∑ 𝑴 = 91372.47

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ∑𝑀 + 𝑃𝑣 × 10


= 91372.47 + 𝑃𝑎 sin 20° × 10
= 91372.47 + 6138.42 sin 20° × 10
= 112367.1 𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑡

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
>2
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
112367.1
= 3.72 > 2 𝑶𝑲
30225.53
If this check is not OK then increase the thickness of toe, heel or stem as per requirement.

ii. Check For Sliding Force:

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
≥ 1.5
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃𝐻 = 5768.23 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝜇(∑𝑊 + 𝑃𝑉 ) = 0.3 × (14782.815 + 2099.5)
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 5064.7 𝑙𝑏
Here 𝜇 is the coefficient of friction between soil and earth and its value lies between 0.3-
0.45.

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
≥ 1.5
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
5064.7
= 0.88 ≥ 1.5 𝑵𝑶𝑻 𝑶𝑲
5768.23

So we have to provide key under the base.

5 Compiled By: Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)


DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
Design Of Retaining Wall With Surcharge Load Inclined At Some Angle

Design of Key:

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 1.5 × 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒


𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 1.5 × 5768.23
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 8652.345 𝑙𝑏
𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑, 𝑃𝑝 = 8652.345 − 5064.7
𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑, 𝑃𝑝 = 3587.65 𝑙𝑏
1 1
𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, , 𝑃𝑝 = × 𝛾 × 𝐻12 ×
2 𝐶𝑎
1 1
3587.65 = × 120 × 𝐻12 ×
2 0.414
𝐻1 = 4.98′ ≈ 5′
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝑒𝑦 = 5′ − 1.25′ = 3.75′

iii. Check For Bearing Capacity Of Soil:

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑂. 𝑇. 𝑀
𝑎=
𝑅𝑉
𝑅𝑉 = ∑𝑊 + 𝑃𝑉 = 14782.815 + 2099.5
= 16882.315 𝑙𝑏

112367.1 − 30225.53
𝑎=
16882.315
𝑎 = 4.87′
𝐵
𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑒 = −𝑎
2
10
𝑒= − 4.87′
2
𝑒 = 0.13′
𝐵 10
𝑒≯ = = 1.67′
6 6
0.13′ ≯ 1.67′ 𝑶𝑲

If this check is not OK then increase the length of base


“B”

𝑅𝑉 𝑅𝑉 × 𝑒
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + ≯ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵×1 𝐵2
6
16882.315 16882.315 × 0.13
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +
10 102
6
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1819.91 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2 ≯ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑶𝑲

6 Compiled By: Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)


DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
Design Of Retaining Wall With Surcharge Load Inclined At Some Angle

𝑅𝑉 𝑅𝑉 × 𝑒
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = + ≮ 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
𝐵×1 𝐵2
6
16882.315 16882.315 × 0.13
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −
10 102
6
2
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1556.55 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 𝑶𝑲

If this check is not OK then increase “B”.

STEP 5

DESIGN OF TOE & HEEL:

263.36 𝑥1
=
10 5.45

7 Compiled By: Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)


DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
Design Of Retaining Wall With Surcharge Load Inclined At Some Angle

𝑥1 = 143.53𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2

263.36 𝑥2
=
10 1.25
𝑥2 = 32.92 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2

263.36 𝑥3
=
10 3.3
𝑥3 = 86.91 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2

i. Design Of Toe:
Taking moment about junction of toe and stem.
𝑀𝑢 = 1.6(𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦) − 0.9(𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑒)
3.3 1 2 3.3
𝑀𝑢 = 1.6 [1700.08 × 3.3 × + ( × 86.91 × 3.3) × × 3.3] − 0.9 [(3.3 × 1.25 × 1 × 150) × ]
2 2 3 2
𝑀𝑢 = 14397.03 𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑡 = 172764.32 𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑛

𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑀𝑢
𝜌 = 0.85 [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝜑𝑏𝑑2

4000 2 × 172764.32
𝜌 = 0.85 × [1 − √1 − ]
60000 0.85 × 4000 × 0.9 × 12 × 12.52
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜑 = 0.9 & 𝑏 = 12" & 𝑑 = ℎ − 2.5"=15" − 2.5"=12.5"
𝜌 = 0.0017
200 200
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0033
𝑓𝑦 60000
𝑓𝑐′ 87000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 = 0.75 × 𝛽1 × 0.85 × ( )
𝑓𝑦 87000 + 𝑓𝑦
4000 87000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 × 0.85 × 0.85 × ×( )
40000 87000 + 60000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.021

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑵𝑶𝑻 𝑶𝑲

Selection of bars & spacing:

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.0033 × 12×12.5
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.495 𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 #6 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 @ 10" 𝑐/𝑐

ii. Design of heel:

8 Compiled By: Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)


DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
Design Of Retaining Wall With Surcharge Load Inclined At Some Angle

Taking moment about junction of heel and stem,

𝑀𝑢 = 1.2(𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙) + 1.6(𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 + 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙)


5.45
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2 [(1.25 × 5.45 × 150) × ]
2
5.45 1 2 × 5.45
+ 1.6 [(13.75 × 5.45 × 1 × 120) × + × 1.97 × 5.45 × 1 × 120 × ]
2 2 3

𝑀𝑢 = 44889.38 𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑡 = 538672.66 𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑛

𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑀𝑢
𝜌 = 0.85 [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝜑𝑏𝑑2

4000 2 × 538672.66
𝜌 = 0.85 × [1 − √1 − ]
60000 0.85 × 4000 × 0.9 × 12 × 12.52

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜑 = 0.9 & 𝑏 = 12" & 𝑑 = ℎ − 2.5"=15" − 2.5"=12.5"


𝜌 = 0.005
200 200
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0033
𝑓𝑦 60000

𝑓𝑐′ 87000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 = 0.75 × 𝛽1 × 0.85 ×( )
𝑓𝑦 87000 + 𝑓𝑦
4000 87000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 × 0.85 × 0.85 × ×( )
40000 87000 + 60000
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.021

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑶𝑲

Selection of bars & spacing:

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.005 × 12×12.5
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.75 𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 #6 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 @ 7" 𝑐/𝑐

Temperature & Shrinkage Steel:

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑏ℎ
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.0018 × 12×15
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.324 𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 #3 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 @ 4" 𝑐/𝑐

9 Compiled By: Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)


DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
Design Of Retaining Wall With Surcharge Load Inclined At Some Angle

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

10 Compiled By: Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

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