Asiareport July

SDG
FOOTPRINT
OF ASIAN NDCs
EXPLORING
SYNERGIES
BETWEEN
DOMESTIC
POLICIES AND
INTERNATIONAL
GOALS
SDG
FOOTPRINT
OF ASIAN NDCs
EXPLORING
SYNERGIES
BETWEEN
DOMESTIC
POLICIES AND
INTERNATIONAL
GOALS
© The Energy and Resources Institute, 2017
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing to The Energy
and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms
agreed with the appropriate organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction should be sent to
TERI
Authors
Neha Pahuja, Fellow and Area Convener, Centre for Global Environment Research, TERI
Aishwarya Raj, Research Associate, Centre for Global Environment Research, TERI
Acknowledgements
The study focuses on the analysis of the footprint of the Sustainable Development Goals on the
Nationally Determined Contributions in the Asia–region. The scope, strength, and magnitude
of the footprint alongside an in-depth analysis of ten countries have been covered in the report.
We would like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of our colleagues
at The Energy and Resources Institute — Manish Kumar Shrivastava, Aayushi Awasthy, K Y
Valsa, Somya Jain, Shubham Sharma, Karan Mangotra, Swati Agarwal, and Barath Mahadevan.
Sincere thanks to the designing and publishing team at TERI Press. We would also like to
express gratitude and appreciation to our colleagues who worked with us briefly but helped
us generously in the completion of this report—Vani Rijhwani, Shreya Sharma, and Siddhant
Agarwal.
Design Team
Santosh Kumar Singh
Rajiv Sharma
Anushree Tiwari Sharma
Spandana Chatterjee
Shinjini Sen
R K Joshi
For further information on NDC-SDG linkages in Asia, log on to <www.NDCfootprints.org>

Pradeep Dahiya
Varun Prakash Pandey
Supported by:
This initiative is supported through the project “Developing Country Participation in Addressing
Climate Change: Policy Instruments for Achieving NDCs ” by The Royal Norwegian Embassy
in India.
Published by
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
Website: www.teriin.org
For more information

The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) Tel. : 2468 2100 or 2468 2111
Darbari Seth Block E-mail : neha.pahuja@teri.res.in
IHC Complex, Lodhi Road Fax : 2468 2144 or 2468 2145
New Delhi – 110 003 Web : www.teriin.org
India India +91 • Delhi (0)11
2 SDG Footprint of Asian NDCs: Exploring Synergies between Domestic Policies and International Goals
TABLE OF C NTENTS
Foreword 5
1. Navigating Development Path through Climate Risks 7
2. Synergising Climate Action and Sustainable Development Policies 11
3. SDG Footprint of Asian NDCs 13
3.1 Explicit Recognition of NDCs–SDG Linkages 14
3.2 Strength of NDCs–SDG Linkage 15
4. SDG Footprint of select NDCs 21
4.1 Bangladesh 22
4.2 China 24
4.3 India 26
4.4 Indonesia 28
4.5 Japan 30
4.6 Malaysia 32
4.7 Maldives 34
4.8 Saudi Arabia 36
4.9 Singapore 38
4.10 Vietnam 40
SDG Footprint of Asian NDCs: Exploring Synergies between Domestic Policies and International Goals 3
LIST F TABLES AND FIGURES
Table 1: Impacts of climate change on Asia Region 8

Table 2: Key criteria in the analysis 13
Figure 1: Asia Region Snapshot 7
Figure 2: Recognition of extreme events and national disaster in respective NDCs 10
Figure 3: Type of NDC Submitted by countries in Asia 10
Figure 4: Recognition of climate concerns in SDG targets 12
Figure 5: Asian NDCs with explicit SDG linkages 14
Figure 6 :Narrative of NDC-SDG Linkage 16
Figure 7: Asia analysis for NDC-SDG Linkage: summarizing the linkage trends 18
F REWORD
Both SDGs and NDCs are high on the global as Asia, being the fastest growing region as well as
well as the national policy agendas. Article 4 of source of significant flows of GHGs emissions in
the Paris Agreement calls for Parties to design future, is critical for addressing climate change.
‘nationally determined’ action plan based on It is also a region which is highly vulnerable to
their national contexts. Since SDGs evolved from climate change. A vast majority of the global
MDGs, the experience with MDGs is expected poor live in Asia, making the achievement of
to have provided development context defining
SDGs critical for the regions’ economic and
national circumstances for INDCs. Both the SDGs
social well-being. An assessment of the degree
and NDCs therefore are arguably conceived
and forms of overlaps between the NDC goals
within the same national context and vision. Their
implementation is further likely to coevolve in a and SDGs in Asian countries adds value to
manner that strengthens synergies between the national as well as global imperatives in more
two global agendas. ways than one. While at the national level, it
will provide directions for enhancing synergies
Unlike SDGs, which have a time frame of 2030, and efficiencies in implementation, at the
INDCs are provisioned with a five year cycle regional and global levels it will offer useful
of revision, though most countries have 2030 insights on convergences and divergences on
as the target year of their first NDC. While the developmental visions of Asian countries, scope
achievement of SDGs is primarily a responsibility of mutual learning, regional cooperation, and
of national governments, we have seen, in specific directions for building synergies between
recent years, a greater momentum across various global mechanisms to support SDGs and NDCs.
actors on climate action, particularly focusing Mapping the overlaps and tracking progress along
on mitigation through renewable energy and
these lines will prove transformational for future
energy efficiency but also on adaptation at a
decision making.
nascent stage. It is of great relevance; therefore,
to have an understanding of the ways in which
implementation of INDCs can also lead to greater This report, by providing an approach to map
participation of different actors in achievement SDGs into NDCs, and assessing this mapping
of SDGs. Besides, countries will also have a five for Asian countries offers the first essential step
yearly opportunity to revisit their progress on in further strengthening institutional linkages at
SDGs and NDCs and strengthen the synergies multiple governance levels for achieving SDGs
in implementation. and NDCs simultaneously and efficiently.
Dr Ajay Mathur
Director General, TERI
5
1. Navigating Development Path
through Climate Risks
A
sia is one of the most vibrant and dynamic population, high economic growth, and increase
regions of the world in terms of geography, in urbanisation. It is therefore an opportune
polity, and demography. The region faces time for countries in the region to transition to a
critical developmental challenges with large low carbon, climate resilient high, and growth
number of its population below the poverty line development trajectory as majority of the
and without access to basic standards of living. development will happen now for most of
Impacts of changing climate will intensify the these countries.
already persistent developmental challenges The region has also seen many natural
in the region. In recent years, the region has disasters and extreme events on account of the
been witnessing dramatic shifts in its socio- changing climate. So much so that climate change
economic constitution driven by rapid increase in is now central to understanding the developmental
Figure 1: Asia Region Snapshot
paradigm in Asia. The region’s geography makes it climate already has, and will continue to make
more susceptible to natural disasters and gradual the communities even more vulnerable. The
events, such as melting Himalayan glaciers and issues which concern Asia are not limited to this
rising sea levels. The impact of changing patterns dual encumbrance, but also extend to the need
of rainfall and monsoon along with temperature for accurately predicting the impacts of climate
on various sectors is also visible and so is the change as well as incorporating the old and the
increased variability in weather events. The new, such as glacier melts, sea level rise, etc.
communities in the region are dependent on It would be imperative to tailor domestic
climate sensitive natural resources for livelihood policy agendas according to the country’s national
and income generation since their economy is circumstances while dealing with the effects
still transitioning to a tertiary one from a primary- of climate change that impact these countries
agrarian one. It cannot be ignored that changing disproportionality. This puts onus on policy-
Table 1: Impacts of climate change on Asia Region
Extreme Events and Risk Observed Trend and Severe Climate Anomalies in the Region
Intense Rains and Floods Recurrent floods in Bangladesh, Nepal and north-east states of
India during 2002, 2003, and 2004; a record 944 mm of rainfall in
Increased risk of flood-related Mumbai, India, on 26 to 27 July, 2005 led to loss of over 1,000 lives
deaths, injuries infectious with loss of more than US$250 million; floods in Surat, Barmer, and
diseases, and mental disorders in Srinagar during summer monsoon season of 2006;17 May 2003
Increased riverine, coastal, floods in southern province of Sri Lanka were triggered by 730 mm
and urban flooding leading rain; overall increased frequency of precipitation.
to widespread damage to Increased occurrence of extreme rains causing flash floods in
infrastructure, livelihoods, and Vietnam; landslides and floods in 1990 and 2004 in the Philippines,
settlements and floods in Cambodia in 2000; Increased ratio of rainfall from wet
to dry seasons since 1995 till 2005.
Increasing frequency of extreme rains in western and southern parts
including Changjiang river, and decrease in northern regions; more
floods in Changjiang river in past decade; more frequent floods in
North-East China since 1990s; more intense summer rains in East
China; severe flood in 1999; seven-fold increase in frequency of
floods since 1950s.
Rising Air Temperatures Increasing incidences of daily maximum temperature >35°C,
and Heat Waves decrease in extremely low temperature. Japan will stand to be the
most vulnerable to reducing rice yields.
Increased risk of heat-related Increase in frequency of short duration heatwaves in recent decade,
mortality increasing warmer days and nights in recent decades.
Water shortage Eastern China, Southern Indo-China peninsula and the northern part
of South Asia will stand to be the most vulnerable to reducing rice
in arid areas
yields.
In Pakistan where a projected temperature increase of 1.5°C – 3°C
would result in wheat yields declining in the Swat district while the
Chitral district will experience in the same.
Droughts Increase in area affected by drought has exceeded 6.7 Mha since
2000 in Beijing, Hebei Province, Shanxi Province, Inner Mongolia
Increased risk of drought-related and North China; increase in dust storm affected area.
water and food shortage causing 50% of droughts associated with El Niño; consecutive droughts in
malnutrition 1999 and 2000 in Pakistan and N-W India led to sharp decline in
Increased risk of water tables; consecutive droughts between 2000 and 2002 caused
crop failure and crop failures, mass starvation and affected ~11 million people in
lower crop production Orissa; droughts in N-E India during summer monsoon of 2006.
could lead to food Droughts normally associated with ENSO years in Myanmar, Laos,
insecurity and Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam; droughts in 1997 to 1998
water shortage caused massive crop failures and Water shortages and forest fires in
in arid areas various parts of Philippines, Laos, and Indonesia.
Extreme Events and Risk Observed Trend and Severe Climate Anomalies in the Region
Sea-level rise and Coastal A decline in coral reefs, as observed in the case of Japan’s seaweeds.
Ecosystems Vegetation in the Tibetan Plateau, will observe a shift from alpine
vegetation to forests and shrub lands.
Coastal ecosystems
in Asia sinking under
increasing sea level
Temperature increase
also impacting
coastal biodiversity
Cyclones/Typhoons Number and intensity of strong cyclones increased since 1950s;
21 extreme storm surges in 1950 to 2004 of which 14 occurred
Damage to infrastructure, during 1986 to 2004.
livelihoods, and settlements
Frequency of monsoon depressions and cyclones formation in Bay
of Bengal and Arabian Sea on the decline since 1970 but intensity
is increasing causing severe floods in terms of damages to life and
property.
On an average, 20 cyclones cross the Philippines Area of
Responsibility with about 8 to 9 landfall each year; with an increase
of 4.2 in the frequency of cyclones entering PAR during the period
1990 to 2003.
1. Hijioka, Y., E. Lin, J.J. Pereira, R.T. Corlett, X. Cui, G.E. Insarov, R.D. Lasco, E. Lindgren, and A. Surjan, 2014: Asia. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts,
Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change
2. Cruz, R.V., H. Harasawa, M. Lal, S. Wu, Y. Anokhin, B. Punsalmaa, Y. Honda, M. Jafari, C. Li and N. Huu Ninh, 2007: Asia. Climate Change 2007:
Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
makers to frame policies that enable fulfilment key agenda or contextual pre-requisite for action,
of their respective country’s developmental synonymous with their NDC implementation.1
goals while simultaneously tackling the impacts This implies that the region is committed to
of climate change. The region has shown mitigate their GHG emissions and adapt to rising
exemplary efforts and willingness to be part of sea levels, intense droughts, acute food shortages,
global response to combating climate change. more destructive storms and floods, and other
Their participation in the Paris Agreement is an catastrophic effects. These countries, thus, are
evidence for their intent to undertake collective determined to protect the rights of the future
action despite their capabilities being at a lower generations.
end. The participation in the international regime Rapid developmental growth rates, economic
is in the spirit of building a better environment for activity, and urbanisation in the region have
the future generations (a principle ubiquitously led to increasing GHG emissions. According to
espoused by Agenda 2030 as well). Some of the the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC, annual
nationally determined contributions (NDC’s) global GHG emissions have increased by 10
reflect that policy-makers have already started GtCO2eq between 2000 and 2010. This increase
to think about the dual challenges and need to was directly coming from energy supply (47 %),
synergize actions. For example, India’s NDC industry (30%), transport (11%) and buildings
suggests that its contributions take into account its (3%) sectors. These emissions are likely to grow as
capacity to achieve the Sustainable Development the countries pursue greater economic activities in
Goals (SDGs). Similarly, SIDs such as Maldives, order to alleviate their developmental challenges.
has aspired to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions It is important, therefore, that all countries
(GHG) and build internal capacities in order to transition to a sustainable growth trajectory now.
build a resilient and sustainable future. Following Yet there are notable concerns as most of the
suit were 38 out of the 44 countries in the Asian countries in the region do not have the capacity,
region that have sustainable development as the both infrastructural and institutional, to deal with
1
These countries in their NDCs had explicitly referred to sustainable actions for implementing NDCs.
Figure 2: Recognition of extreme-events and national disaster in respective NDCs
"As a result of climate change, it is anticipated that the incidence of extreme weather events, including heat waves, floods, and
droughts will likely increase, as will climate change-linked disasters such as glacial lake outflows. The majority of Afghanistan’s
population relies directly or indirectly on the available natural resources for their livelihoods so with these climatic changes the
foundation of the country’s economy, stability, and food security is under threat" (Afghanistan NDC, p.2)
“Indonesia is also vulnerable to natural disasters that will likely to be exacerbated by climate change, especially in low-lying areas
throughout the archipelago” (Indonesia NDC, p.1)
“Few countries in the world are as vulnerable to the effects of climate change as India is with its vast population that is dependent
on the growth of its agrarian economy, its expansive coastal areas and the Himalayan region and islands. It also entails tradeoffs
with economic growth and social development in the short run that needs to be factored in the policy matrix, where eradication
of poverty is one of the foremost priorities.” (India NDC, p.4/5)
“Over the past 50 years, the average temperature in Vietnam has increased by approximately 0.5°C and the sea level has risen by
about 20 cm. Extreme climate events have increased both in frequency and intensity. Climate change has made hazards, especially
storms, floods and droughts, more intense” (Vietnam NDC, p.7)
“..To exacerbate matters, the Syrian crisis has led to the arrival of around 1.13 million registered refugees to the country, increasing
Lebanon’s population by 30% in just over 2 years and adding stress to the already-stretched economy and natural resources.”(Lebanon
NDC, p.2)
“Current research and studies suggest that flood, tropical cyclones, storm surge and drought are likely to be more frequent and
severe in the years to come. The Climate Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI-2011) calculated the vulnerability of 170 countries
to the impacts of climate change over the next 30 years, which reveals that Bangladesh is the most vulnerable country to climate
change.” (Bangladesh NDC, p.10)
new challenges posed by climate change. countries. National circumstances and domestic
Developing countries in the region have context is crucial for countries to undertake a
been demanding support in terms of finance, sustainable developmental trajectory as each
technology, and capacity building so are able country is at a different stage of their economic
to transition to a sustainable growth trajectory development and deal with challenges that are
at a faster rate and that they are able to cope unique to each country. The diversity of NDC
with the disproportionate adverse impacts of goals reinstates the same.
climate change. Asia comprises a diverse group of
Figure 3: Type of NDC Submitted by Countries in Asia
30 Absolute
4
Carbon
4
Reduction
10
Enhanced
15
Increased
Emissions Neutrality in Emission carbon sink capacity of
Reductions Intensity of GDP through forestry Renewable Energy
in Energy mix
2. Synergising Climate Action and
Sustainable Development Policies
T
he year 2015 witnessed two landmark Formulating policies and designing actions is
international events: the historic climate the first step in achieving goals under either of
change agreement under the United Nations the two global regimes. It will be efficient and
Framework Convention on Climate Change effective if done in an integrated manner in order
(UNFCCC) in Paris in December 2015 and the to maximise the synergies between the two sets
adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals of goals. This requires integration of the domestic
(SDGs) in September 2015. The Paris Agreement policy-making, planning and implementation
aims at keeping the rise in global temperatures process, both horizontally (as each covers number
well below 2°C with each country submitting of sectors and roles) and vertically (as action and
its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) impact is implemented and felt locally). The two
outlining its intent to take climate action in the agendas were agreed at two different platforms
form of post 2020 goals. The set of 17 Sustainable internationally and it is most likely, that they were
Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets are also dealt with independently and separately at the
aimed at setting the development agenda till domestic level. This is much evident if we analyse
2030. The two agendas present mutually inclusive how and where concerns of climate change are
contingencies. Both climate action and sustainable reflected in the SDG targets.
development cannot be treated separately as the Figure 4 provides a snapshot of SDG targets
idea of sustainable development is closely linked where climate change concerns are reflected in
to climate change and vice versa; developmental some way or the other. These can be categorised
policies can be designed to have climate co- into two categories: (i) Explicit Linkage where
benefits and vice versa. The NDCs have an agenda climate concerns are explicitly mentioned in or
of establishing norms and frameworks targeting as targets. For instance, mention of key-words like
specific sectors to mitigate and adapt in the realm ‘vulnerable’, ‘resilience’, ‘exposure’, ‘vulnerability’,
of economic growth. Therefore, strategies that ‘climate’, ‘extreme events’, ‘environmental shocks’
will lead to alternate methods of ‘development’ and ‘disasters’, ‘renewable energy’, ‘ecosystem’,
for the nation states in the Global South are a ‘water scarcity’, ‘water-borne diseases’, ‘resources
requisite. For example, the advances towards efficiency’, ‘efficiency’, ‘sustainable lifestyles’,
renewable sources of energy would not only help amongst others; (ii) Implicit Linkage where the
in mitigating GHG emissions from the energy targets implicitly address one or more concerns
sector but also help develop new sources of of climate change. For instance, where target/
efficient, affordable, and durable energy resources. indicators have been widely discussed in literature
In this capacity, countries within Asia could as a means to achieve or assess mitigation or
develop their R&D skills, which would enhance adaptation outcome. Targets which are imperative
their overall capability. On the other hand, SDG for economic growth and development but are
13 will help implement climate policies thereby a little farfetched in order to address a climate
allowing NDCs to bridge the gap between climate concern have not been considered to have explicit
action and sustainable development. In fact, or implicit linkage. For instance, Target 3.5 on
this idea of ‘co-benefits’ is a strong reason for strengthening the prevention and treatment of
adopting national policies in the context of evident substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse
synergies between NDCs and SDGs. and harmful use of alcohol. This makes it evident
that SDGs cover more than one global challenge. like climate change that need to be taken into
Thus, it may be noted that domestically, SDGs act account in the policy-making and planning
as a guiding framework to pursue development. In process.
doing so, there are challenges and determinants
Figure 4: Recognition of climate concerns in SDG targets
Goal 1 No Poverty
Goal 2 Zero Hunger
Goal 3 Good Health & Wellbeing
Goal 4 Quality Education
Goal 5 Gender Equality
Goal 6 Clean Water & Sanitation
Goal 7 Affordable & Clean Energy
Goal 8 Decent Work & Economic Growth
Goal 9 Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure
Goal 10 Reduced Inequalities
Goal 11 Sustainable Cities & Communities
Goal 12 Responsible Consumption & Production
Goal 13 Climate Action
Goal 14 Life Below Water
Goal 15 Life on Land
Goal 16 Peace, Justice & Strong Institutions
Goal 17 Partnerships for the Goals
3. SDG Footprint of Asian NDCs
T
he ‘nationally’ driven climate action plans in the background information to NDC goals)
submitted by parties under Article 4 of the and how strongly the contributions/NDC goals
Paris Agreement calls for Parties to design matched with the SDG targets. The analysis
an action plan based on their national contexts. provided information on three dimensions:
NDCs present goals and targets that each country Whether there is an explicit mention of
has set for itself to mitigate its GHG emissions complementarity of NDC and SDG goals?
and to adapt to climate change. The NDCs also Whether there is exact keyword match in
stress on each countries’ domestic challenges, the NDC text so as to indicate some linkage
needs and their idea of fairness. The relevance with SDG?
to uphold sustainable development in mitigation What is the strength of match on the basis of
and adaptation actions have been emphasized whether there were direct matches or indirect
throughout Decision 1/CP.21 (Paragraph 108 matches and the nature of goals (qualitative/
& 109.a) which reiterates the importance of quantitative)?
complimentary while implementing policies to
achieve multiple benefits. The increasing need to To summarise, key criteria in the analysis were
align climate action with sustainable development as follows:
laid the premise for initiating a study on the NDC-
SDG linkages. This report explores the linkages of Table 2: Key criteria in the analysis
NDCs and SDGs and captures if these linkages are
evident in each countries’ NDC. Criteria
For this analysis, all the NDC documents
No explicit mention of SDGs and
were reviewed using content/textual analysis as
linkage
an approach. This means that keywords were
Dimension 1
identified and searched for in the text of each
Explicit mention of SDGs and
NDC. These keywords correspond to targets
linkage
under the 17 SDGs. For example, the analysis
ranged from prominent and clear discoveries of Keyword match (SDG-NDC linkage)
keywords, such as ‘poverty’, ‘energy efficiency’, present in background/context of
‘waste management’ as well as implicit NDC
Dimension 2
derivatives of the same, such as ‘..Promote smart
Keyword match (SDG-NDC linkage)
agriculture for poverty alleviation (pp.4, Bhutan)
present in NDC goals
‘environmentally sound technologies for industries
(pp.10, Iran)’ and ‘..Build its capacity to ensure Match present in NDC goals, but
a safe, sustainable and resilient and future.. qualitative
(pp.1, Maldives)’.The keyword comparison was
conducted with each target (total of 169) under Match present in NDC goals, but
Dimension 3
quantitative
each one of the 17 SDGs. The discoveries were
further analysed for the strength of the match,
Match present in NDC goals at
whether they were direct matches (presence in more than one instant
the NDC goals) or indirect matches (presence
Content analysis was considered as an appropriate Figure 5: Asian NDCs with explicit SDG linkages
approach as there is a wide range of NDC
type, which is qualitative more often than not.
And, most of the contributions served to match
qualitatively with SDG targets rather than direct
quantitative matches. This approach, however, has
limitations of being subjective with a possibility
of allowing differences in interpretation of the text
and of differences in the framing of the text itself.
Nevertheless, analysis is able to inform about
the potential linkages of NDCs and SDGs and
highlights where such linkages are strong.
3.1 Explicit Recognition of NDCs –

SDG Linkages
All the NDC documents were reviewed to see

if there was explicit mention of ‘Sustainable
Development Goals’ and/or ‘SDG’ in the NDC
document. These keywords were found only in 7
of the 45 countries in the region, namely — India,
Indonesia, Jordan, Laos People’s Democratic
Republic (PDR), Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,
Thailand, and Uzbekistan. Each mention was
studied further to make an assessment of how
far this linkage was integrated in the process of
formulating the NDC and/or in contributions as
part of the NDCs. There was a huge variation in
terms of the mentions.
Countries like Nepal, which has witnessed
recent disasters like the earthquake shattering
its development trajectory, mention that it
is imperative for it to tackle climate change
simultaneously while achieving SDGs. Whereas,
other like Laos PDR only mention SDGs in just
one of the mitigation contributions/actions. In this
case, the country envisions developing an overall
renewable energy policy that also supports the
achievement of sustainable development goals.
Others like India, mention more than one goal.
For instance, India in its NDC mentions that its
contributions take into account the sustainable has made qualitative assessment of sustainable
development goals and specifically highlights development benefits of mitigation options that
Goal 1, Goal 2, Goal 3, Goal 4, Goal 5, Goal 6, have been identified in its NDCs. Countries like
Goal 7, Goal 8, Goal 11, Goal 13, and Goal 17, Uzbekistan have mentioned the criteria of SDGs in
among others. Similarly, Indonesia’s NDC takes its preamble, ‘…. in accordance with the national
into account Goal 2, Goal 3, Goal 5, Goal 6, Goal circumstances and sustainable development
7, Goal 8, Goal 9, Goal 11, Goal 13, Goal 14, and goals… the Republic of Uzbekistan has identified
Goal 15. Indonesia’s NDC also talks of consistency and presents its NDCs’. The idea of sustainable
in its commitment to deal with climate change and development and SDGs is overwhelmingly present
SDGs. Taking it a step forward, Pakistan’s NDC in Jordan’s NDC. So much so that Jordan’s NDC
3.2 Strength of NDCs–SDG Linkage
All the NDC documents were reviewed to see if

there was explicit mention of prominent keywords
such as, ‘poverty’, ‘vulnerable people’, eradication
’ for its linkage with Goal 1; ‘food security,
agricultural resilience, agricultural production,
hunger’ for its linkage with Goal 2; ‘clean
energy, renewable energy, energy efficiency’
for its linkage with Goal 7; ‘water management,
water conservation’ for its linkage with Goal 6;
‘ecosystem conservation, prevent degradation,
biodiversity protection’ for its linkage with Goals
14 and 15, among others. Further, it was seen if
there were implicit derivatives of these keywords.
For example, ‘promote smart agriculture for
poverty alleviation…’ for its linkage with Goals 1
and 2’, ‘Access to new and environmentally sound
technologies for industries…’ for its linkage with
Goals 9 and 12 and ‘..build its capacity to ensure
a safe, sustainable and resilient and future..’ for
its linkage with Goals 11 and 13. Some of the
examples are highlighted in Figure 6 along with an
indication of the linkage therein.
Undoubtedly, there were a range of such
linkages discovered in several NDCs. However,
some were prominent and some were more
implicit. Whether these linkages were present
in the background or context setting part of
the NDCs or in the NDC goals itself, was also
analysed. For example, Bhutan’s NDC reads
as ‘..in existing industries through.. cleaner
technology, energy efficiency.. environmental
management..’ (pp.4) which matches with SDG
Target 9.4 (By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and
retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with
increased resource-use efficiency and greater
adoption of clean and environmentally sound
technologies and industrial processes, with
all countries taking action in accordance with
their respective capabilities). It also seeks to
elaborates on aligning SDGs and NDGs, Jordan’s ‘..Promote industrial estate.. in line with efficient,
thinking on “Sustainable development-oriented clean.. green industry development..’(pp.4), in
socioeconomic adaptation” and “Climate Change line with SDG Target 9.2 (Promote inclusive
and Sustainable Development Circumstances in and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030,
Jordan”. Countries like Sri Lanka have implied that significantly raise industry’s share of employment
climate change concerns override the SDGs when and gross domestic product, in line with national
it calls for a fair and ambitious Paris Agreement circumstances, and double its share in least
in its NDC as imperative for countries to achieve developed countries). Both these actions in the
climate change as well as SDGs. NDC present an outlook for sustainably recharging
industries. However, the former was present in
Figure 6 :Narrative of NDC-SDG Linkage
the NDC goal itself while the latter was not
a vehement NDC goal presented by the
country, and yet found a niche in the context
of the NDC document of the country.
All the NDC documents were further
reviewed to see if there was a qualitative
or quantitative match and if there were
more than one such instances of a match.
Quantitative match was considered stronger
than a qualitative match. For example India’s
NDC mentions ‘..more than 5 times increase
in Renewable Capacity..’(pp. 35) and this was
considered strong as compared to Cambodia’s
NDC that mentions ‘..promoting energy
efficiency by end users..’(pp.6). Similarly,
Mongolia mentions in its NDC, ‘..increase
the share of private hybrid road vehicles..
to approximately 13% by 2030..’(pp.2)
is a stronger match to Target 11.2, than
Azerbaijan’s NDC, reading ‘..’..Environment
friendly public transportation. low-carbon
standards for fuel efficiency and emissions
produced from automobiles..’(pp.3). If
a match, be it quantitative or qualitative,
was encountered more than once, then the
observed reiteration of that action would be
evidently leading to stronger matches.
The emphasis added on that particular action
would enhance its prerogative in terms of a
country’s climate policy, designating it to the
rank of highest match. For example North
Korea’s NDC reads as ‘..capacity building..
integrated waste management..’(pp.13) and
also ‘Establish system for efficient water
resource management ‘(pp.12), both of which
correspond to Target 6.5.
The number of instances of such matches
were also captured for each country’s
NDC. There were some obvious goals that
reflected multiple times in many NDCs
leading with Goals 7, 13, 17, and 11. Thus,
indicating that the region is preparing itself
for strategies that focus on climate resilient
low carbon development with an important
role of renewable energy and sustainable
cities. It is however important to note that
partnerships for the goals and international
cooperation also reflect strongly in the NDCs.
Linkage in case of some goals like Goal 4,
Figure 7: Asia analysis for NDC-SDG Linkage:
5, 10, and 16 were surprisingly quite low. summarizing the linkage trends
Most surprisingly, there are only 4 mentions of in pursuing development, the importance of
mainstreaming gender concerns in the NDCs education and awareness is not reflected in NDCs.
whereas SDGs envisage mainstreaming gender It is very surprising when the Target 4.7 aims to
in national policies. Also, while both MDGs and ensure that education is imparted on sustainable
SDGs have stressed the importance of education development and sustainable lifestyles.
4. SDG Footprint of Select NDCs
T
he following section provides information The trajectory is developed for each country on
on the SDG footprint of country NDCs along the basis of its Copenhagen Pledge and NDC
with their economic and developmental goals. In developing these trajectories, the GDP
status and international GHG mitigation pledges data was forecasted under the assumption that
to combat climate change. The countries included the countries would grow at the same average
here are amongst the top 10% of the emitters in growth rate for the next fifteen years as they have
Asia. This includes countries, such as China, India, in the past fifteen years. The emission intensity
Japan, Saudi Arabia, and Indonesia. Countries, was calculated for the years 1990, 2005, and 2013
such as Korea and Iran could not be included using GDP and historical emissions data. BAU
due to lack of appropriate data. Countries, such emissions were calculated by using the emission
as Malaysia, Vietnam, and Singapore are also intensity for 2013 as a proxy for emissions
included. Bangladesh and Maldives is included
growth rates. The resultant trend reflects a
as the two countries will be most affected by
constant growth rate.
climate change the most (being a LDC and SIDS,
Each factsheet also gives the details of
respectively).
analysis of SDG footprint of countries’ NDC.
Each country’s fact sheet provides details
The footprint highlights the SDG targets, where
regarding the country’s key developmental
the SDG and NDC linkage was found. It further
indicators and GHG emissions; along with a
gives details of the strength of this linkage.
snapshot of its commitment to combat climate
change; and an analysis of the SDG footprint on The strength represents the degree of linkage of
its NDC. The NDCs submitted to the UNFCCC NDC goal and the SDG targets. ‘1’ represents
were the primary data source for the analysis. the presence of a keyword match, which is
Other sources used for the analysis include CAIT present only in the background of the NDC
Climate Data Explorer for historical emissions document. ‘2’ represents qualitative keyword
data and World Bank’s Data Bank for World match of NDC goals with the SDG targets. ‘3’
Development Indicators for socio-economic represents quantitative match of NDC goals
data and UNDP for data on HDI. Each country’s with the SDG goals. ‘4’ represents high degree
factsheet gives details of country’s socio-economic match (more than one instance) of a NDC goal
indicators and GHG emissions along with the with a SDG target.
future emissions trajectory for 2020 and 2030.
Bangladesh
Bangladesh GDP (% of Population Percentage Absolute Per Capita Per Capita Human
world GDP) (% of GHG GHG GHG Energy Use Development
world Emissions Emissions Emissions Index
population) (% of world 2013 2013 (tCO2e
GHG (MtCO2e) per capita)
emissions,
2013)
2005 0.36% 2.19% 0.32% 121.6696 0.851253186 159.4757178 0.506
2015 0.47% 2.19% 0.36% 163.6298 1.041184228 215.8499396 0.579
Copenhagen Pledge
Not Submitted
Nationally Determined Contributions
Base Year: BAU

Target Year:2030
Targets
Unconditional Target: Bangladesh will reduce its GHG emissions in the power, transport, and
industry sectors by 12 MtCO2e by 2030 or 5% below BAU emissions for those sectors, based on
existing resources.
Conditional Target : Bangladesh will reduce its GHG emissions in the power, transport, and industry
sectors by 36 MtCO2e by 2030 or 15% below BAU emissions, subject to appropriate international
support in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity
building.
NDC-SDG linkage profile, Bangladesh
China
China GDP (% of Population Percentage Absolute Per Capita Per Capita Human
world Emissions (% Emissions Emissions Index
population) of world GHG 2013 2013 (tCO2e
emissions, (MtCO2e) per capita)
2013)
2005 9.80% 20.01% 18.99% 7267.0607 5.574096202 1393.691324 0.646
2015 17.20% 18.66% 25.93% 11735.0071 8.645336678 2213.759327 0.738
Copenhagen Pledge
Base Year: 2005

Target Year: 2020
Pledge: China will endeavour to lower its carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 40%–45% by
2020 compared to the 2005 level, increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption
to around 15% by 2020, and increase forest coverage by 40 million hectares and forest stock volume by
1.3 billion cubic meters by 2020 from the 2005 levels.
Base Year: 2005

Target Year: 2030
Targets
To lower carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 60% to 65% from the 2005 level.
To increase the forest stock volume by around 4.5 billion cubic meters on the 2005 level.
To increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 20%
NDC-SDG linkage profile, China
India
India GDP (% of Population Percentage Absolute Per Capita Per Capita Human
world Emissions (% Emissions Emissions Index
population) of world GHG 2013 2013 (tCO2e
2013)
2005 4.83% 17.57% 5.15% 1970.257 1.72176154 451.0564549 0.536
2015 6.95% 17.85% 6.43% 2909.0566 2.275905901 606.4300132 0.624
Copenhagen Pledge
Base Year: 2005

Target Year: 2020
Pledge: India will endeavour to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 20-25% by 2020 in
comparison to the 2005 level
Base Year: 2005

Target Year: 2020
Targets
To reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35 percent by 2030 from 2005 level.
To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional
forest and tree cover by 2030.
To achieve about 40 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non fossil fuel based
energy resources by 2030
NDC-SDG linkage profile, India
Indonesia
Indonesia GDP (% Population Percentage Absolute Per Capita Per Capita Human
of world (% of GHG GHG GHG Emissions Energy Use Development
GDP) world Emissions (% Emissions 2013 (tCO2e Index
population) of world GHG 2013 per capita)
emissions, (MtCO2e)
2013)
2005 2.03% 3.47% 1.59% 609.543 2.694056707 794.532072 0.632
2015 2.47% 3.51% 1.64% 744.3403 2.962332977 865.667614 0.689
Copenhagen Pledge
Base Year: Not Indicated

Target Year: 2020
Pledge: Emission reduction up to 26% by 2020
Base Year: BAU

Target Year: 2030
Targets
Conditional Target: Reduce its GHG emissions by 29% against the business as usual scenario by
2030 and up to 41% with international support.
Unconditional Target: Reduce its GHG emissions up to 41% with international support against the
business as usual scenario.
NDC-SDG linkage profile, Indonesia
Japan
Japan GDP (% Population Percentage Absolute Per Capita Per Capita Human
of world (% of GHG Emissions GHG GHG Emissions Energy Use Development
GDP) world (% of world Emissions 2013 (tCO2e Index
population) GHG emissions, 2013 per capita)
2013) (MtCO2e)
2005 5.99% 1.96% 3.41% 1303.4118 10.20099552 4062.979049 0.873
2015 4.44% 1.73% 2.99% 1353.3473 10.6279406 3570.60976 0.903
Copenhagen Pledge
Base Year: 1990

Target Year: 2020
Pledge: A 25% reduction of the 1990 level by 2020
Base Year: 2005

Target Year:2030
Targets
Post-2020 GHG emission reductions is at the level of a reduction of 26.0% by fiscal year (FY) 2030
compared to FY 2013 (25.4% reduction compared to FY 2005)
NDC-SDG linkage profile, Japan
Malaysia
Malaysia GDP (% Population Percentage Absolute Per Capita Per Capita Human
of world (% of world GHG GHG GHG Energy Use Development
GDP) population) Emissions (% Emissions Emissions Index
of world GHG 2013 2013 (tCO2e
2013)
2005 0.63% 0.40% 0.63% 239.3104 9.276990605 2548.030704 0.732
2015 0.71% 0.41% 0.67% 303.1518 10.28840905 2980.00256 0.789
Base Year: 2005

Target Year:2030
Targets
Reduce its GHG emission intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 relative to the emissions intensity of
GDP in 2005.
Conditional Target: Reduce its GHG emission intensity of GDP by 10% by 2030 relative to the
emissions intensity of GDP in 2005.
Unconditional Target: Reduce its GHG emission intensity of GDP by 35% by 2030 relative to the
emissions intensity of GDP in 2005.
NDC-SDG linkage profile, Malaysia
Maldives
Maldives GDP (% Population Percentage Absolute Per Capita Per Capita Human
2013)
2005 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.6714 2.091588785 700.9345794 0.622
2015 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 1.136 2.890585242 0.701
Copenhagen Pledge
Pledge: The Maldives looks forward to its mitigation action being registered and made publicly
available. The country also looks forward to submitting national communications, including national
inventory reports, on the basis of guidelines to be agreed by the Conference of the Parties, as stated in
paragraph 5 of the Accord
Base Year: BAU

Target Year: 2030
Targets
Reduce 10% of its GHG emissions unconditionally (under a BAU) by the year 2030, it could be
scaled-up to 24% in a conditional manner.
Conditional Targets: The 10% reduction expressed above could be increased up to 24% in a
conditional manner
Unconditional Targets: Reduce 10% of its GHG emissions unconditionally (under a BAU) by the year
2030.
NDC-SDG linkage profile, Maldives
Saudi Arabia
Saudi GDP (% Population Percentage Absolute Per Capita Per Capita Human
Arabia of world (% of world GHG GHG GHG Energy Use Development
2013)
2005 1.26% 0.38% 0.12% 45.0704 14.17252941 4952.410747 0.767
2015 1.47% 0.43% 1.21% 546.8181 18.10592949 6363.393314 0.847
Copenhagen Pledge
Not Submitted
Base Year: 2000

Target Year: 2030
Targets
List of actions under energy sector: methane recovery and flare minimization, renewable energy and
carbon capture, and utilization of storage
NDC-SDG linkage profile, Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Singapore GDP (% Population Percentage Absolute Per Capita Per Capita Human
GDP) population) Emissions Emissions Emissions Index
(% of world 2013 2013 (tCO2e
emissions,
2013)
2005 0.35% 0.07% 0.11% 42.5954 9.985414095 5055.96632 0.839
2015 0.41% 0.08% 0.12% 52.9509 9.807244161 4880.40607 0.925
Copenhagen Pledge
Base Year: BAU

Target Year: 2020
Pledge: Mitigation measures leading to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 16% below business
as usual levels in 2020.
Base Year: 2005

Target Year: 2030
Targets
Singapore communicates that it intends to reduce its emissions intensity by 36% from 2005 levels by
2030 and stabilize its emissions with the aim of peaking around 2030.
NDC-SDG linkage profile, Singapore
Vietnam
Vietnam GDP (% Population Percentage Absolute Per Capita Per Capita Human
GDP) population) Emissions Emissions Emissions Index
(% of world 2013 2013 (tCO2e
emissions,
2013)
2005 0.38% 1.26% 0.48% 182.1352 2.210590578 500.6759507 0.618
2015 0.48% 1.25% 0.57% 256.7606 2.860539553 667.6464664 0.683
Copenhagen Pledge
Not Submitted
Base Year: BAU

Target Year: 2030
Targets
GHG emissions will be reduced by 8% by 2030 compared to the business as usual scenario
(Emission intensity per unit of GDP will be reduced by 20% compared to the 2010 levels; forest
cover will be increased to the level of 45%). The above-mentioned contribution could be increased
up to 25% with international support.
Conditional Target: The above-mentioned 8% contribution could be increased to 25% if international
support is received, in which emission intensity per unit of GDP will be reduced by 30% compared
to 2010 levels.
Unconditional Target: GHG emissions will be reduced by 8% by 2030 compared to the business as
usual scenario (emission intensity per unit of GDP will be reduced by 20% compared to the 2010
levels; forest cover will be increased to the level of 45%).
NDC-SDG linkage profile, Vietnam
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FOR MORE INFORMATION
Neha Pahuja Aishwarya Raj
Fellow & Area Convenor Research Associate
E-mail: neha.pahuja@teri.res.in E-mail: aishwarya.raj@teri.res.in
Centre For Global Environment Research
The Energy and Resources Institute
Habitat Place, Lodhi Road, New Delhi -110003
Tel: +91 11 24682100 or 41504900 (Extn 2359)
Fax: +91 11 24682144 or 2145
www.teriin.org
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SDG

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For more information

1. Navigating Development Path through Climate Risks 7

2. Synergising Climate Action and Sustainable Development Policies 11

3. SDG Footprint of Asian NDCs 13

3.1 Explicit Recognition of NDCs–SDG Linkages 14

3.2 Strength of NDCs–SDG Linkage 15

4. SDG Footprint of select NDCs 21

4.8 Saudi Arabia 36

Table 1: Impacts of climate change on Asia Region 8

Table 1: Impacts of climate change on Asia Region

Figure 3: Type of NDC Submitted by Countries in Asia

Figure 4: Recognition of climate concerns in SDG targets

Goal 2 Zero Hunger

Goal 3 Good Health & Wellbeing

Goal 4 Quality Education

Goal 5 Gender Equality

Goal 6 Clean Water & Sanitation

Goal 7 Affordable & Clean Energy

Goal 8 Decent Work & Economic Growth

Goal 9 Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure

Goal 10 Reduced Inequalities

Goal 11 Sustainable Cities & Communities

Goal 12 Responsible Consumption & Production

Goal 13 Climate Action

Goal 14 Life Below Water

Goal 15 Life on Land

Goal 16 Peace, Justice & Strong Institutions

Goal 17 Partnerships for the Goals

3.1 Explicit Recognition of NDCs –

All the NDC documents were reviewed to see

All the NDC documents were reviewed to see if

2015 0.47% 2.19% 0.36% 163.6298 1.041184228 215.8499396 0.579

Base Year: BAU

2005 9.80% 20.01% 18.99% 7267.0607 5.574096202 1393.691324 0.646

2015 17.20% 18.66% 25.93% 11735.0071 8.645336678 2213.759327 0.738

Base Year: 2005

Base Year: 2005

2005 4.83% 17.57% 5.15% 1970.257 1.72176154 451.0564549 0.536

2015 6.95% 17.85% 6.43% 2909.0566 2.275905901 606.4300132 0.624

Base Year: 2005

Base Year: 2005

2005 2.03% 3.47% 1.59% 609.543 2.694056707 794.532072 0.632

2015 2.47% 3.51% 1.64% 744.3403 2.962332977 865.667614 0.689

Base Year: Not Indicated

Base Year: BAU

2005 5.99% 1.96% 3.41% 1303.4118 10.20099552 4062.979049 0.873

2015 4.44% 1.73% 2.99% 1353.3473 10.6279406 3570.60976 0.903

Base Year: 1990

Base Year: 2005

2005 0.63% 0.40% 0.63% 239.3104 9.276990605 2548.030704 0.732

2015 0.71% 0.41% 0.67% 303.1518 10.28840905 2980.00256 0.789

Nationally Determined Contributions

Base Year: 2005

2005 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.6714 2.091588785 700.9345794 0.622

2015 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 1.136 2.890585242 0.701

Base Year: BAU

2005 1.26% 0.38% 0.12% 45.0704 14.17252941 4952.410747 0.767

2015 1.47% 0.43% 1.21% 546.8181 18.10592949 6363.393314 0.847

Nationally Determined Contributions

Base Year: 2000

2015 0.41% 0.08% 0.12% 52.9509 9.807244161 4880.40607 0.925

Base Year: BAU