European Journal for Sport and Society 2008, 5 (1), 73-94

Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage: On the strategic similarities between Maccabi
Tel Aviv BC and FC Bayern München

Michael Bar-Eli,(1) Yair Galily(2) and Aviad Israeli(1) (1)Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel/ (2)The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences
at the Wingate Institute, Israel

Abstract: This paper investigates the sources of the competitive advantage of sport clubs in
the business environment. The analysis uses the Resource-Based View (RBV) as a model for
identifying significant resources that clubs employ in their effort to gain and sustain
competitive advantage. Using two historical case examples, the Israeli basketball club of
Maccabi Tel Aviv and the German soccer club of Bayern Munich, we identify the strategic
resources which, in addition to other factors, contributed to the success of these clubs. The
findings suggest that there are interesting similarities between the clubs. For example, despite
the fact that the clubs are from different sport branches and different countries, the main
source of the success of both has been excellent management teams that displayed insight as
well as the ability to exploit significant historical events. The paper also contributes business
and strategic dimensions to the field of sport management, and provides some revealing
insights into the behavior of managers of sport clubs.

Practices and pitfalls of competitive resilience: Urban adaptation as real estate firms turn
climate risk to competitive advantage Hannah M. Teicher

Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77

Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

Coastal cities on the U.S. East Coast are emerging hotspots of global sea level rise as well as
increasingly attractive real estate markets. In this context, proactive real estate firms are
engaginginvariousstrategiesfor floodriskmanagement. Analyzing firms'urbanadaptation
practices, this paper builds on theories of growth coalitions and climate change imaginaries,
identifying forms of resilience that promote an ascendant competitive resilience regime. The
most proactive firms treat resilience as a competitive advantage to be gained through self-
reliant or networked adaptation. As firms act to limit financial exposure and protect their
assets, the resulting piecemeal, competitive resilience further accentuates unevenriskand
uneven development. Whileit may hold short-term promise, this approach contributes to
larger trends in neoliberal urban governance, threatening to undermine the potential for more
transformative regional adaptation. However, given municipal resource constraints, it could
become a common and damaging form of urban adaptation.

Intellectual Capital dan Keunggulan Kompetitif (Studi Empiris Perusahaan Manufaktur versi
Jakarta Stock Industrial ClassificationJASICA)

Agnes Utari Widyaningdyah Universitas Katolik Widya Mandala Surabaya dan Mahasiswa
Program Doktor Ilmu Ekonomi Universitas Sebelas Maret

Y. Anni Aryani Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Sebelas Maret

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan penciptaan nilai dan
efisiensi kapital intelektual (Intellectual capital atau IC) antara perusahaan dengan
keunggulan kompetitif berkelanjutan dan takberkelanjutan. Sampel penelitian adalah
perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia versi JASICA selama tahun
2009-2011. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan signifikan dalam
penciptaan nilai atas aset yang diproksikan dengan VAICTM (Value Added Intellectual
Coefficient) dan nilai efisiensi IC yang diproksikan dengan ICE (Intellectual Capital
Efficiency) antara dua kelompok perusahaan yang diujikan. Hasil penelitian ini mendukung
konsistensi teori resource-based yang menyatakan bahwa perusahaan yang dapat
mempertahankan keunggulan kompetitifnya mempunyai kemampuan dalam menciptakan
nilai tambah bagi stakeholder dan mengelola aset stratejiknya yang bersifat VRIN (Valuable,
Rare, Inimitable, and Non-substitutable) dengan efisien.

Kata kunci: Kapital intelektual (intellectual capital), keunggulan kompetitif, teori

resourcebased.

Penelitian Tang and Liou (2010) menunjukkan nilai rasio-rasio kemampuan mengelola aset
takberwujud perusahaan dengan keunggulan kompetitif lebih tinggi dibandingkan
perusahaan dengan kerugian bersaing (competitive disadvantage). Hal ini menunjukkan
bahwa kemampuan dalam mengelola pengetahuan serta hubungan yang baik dengan
pelanggan maupun pemasok berhubungan positif dengan kemampuan perusahaan dalam
mempertahankan keunggulan kompetitifnya. Demikian halnya dengan penelitian Lin and
Huang (2011) yang menunjukkan adanya perbedaan nilai abnormal return pada perusahaan
yang mempunyai inputan aset takberwujud yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan perusahaan
dengan inputan aset fisik yang tinggi.

Penelitian Tang and Liou (2010) menunjukkan adanya nilai optimal rasio-rasio efisiensi
operasional, yang mencakup proksi atas hubungan dengan pelanggan, pemasok, inovasi,
maupun pengelolaan aset tetap. Kapital intelektual (IC) merupakan aset stratejik perusahaan
dan berfungsi sebagai driver atas kinerja, dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa
pengelolaan IC secara efisien akan berkontribusi pada kinerja superior yang merupakan
indikator atas keunggulan kompetitif berkelanjutan (Pulic 2004, 2010).

Resource configurations, product development capability, and competitive advantage: An

empirical analysis of their evolution

We draw on prior work in the strategy domain and provide empirical evidence of how
interactions of resources (or resource configurations) underlying an important capability (i.e.,
product development capability) lead to differentiallevelsofcompetitive
advantageinauniqueemergingeconomy setting. Ourworkprovidesanuanced understanding of
how the efficacy of a specific capability varies depending on changes in the product market
environment, such that certain resource configurations facilitate competitive advantage during
particular periods oftime, while others do not. The study uses rich qualitative and quantitative
datagathered through primary and secondary sources to test the conjectures. Our work also
demonstrates that while interactions of resources matter significantly in providing
competitive advantage, in isolation, these resources do not matter.

Knowledge management processes and sustainable competitive advantage: An empirical

examination in private universities

In modern times, it has come to the realization of organizations that acquiring knowledge and
using it in an effective manner is the only way to have a sustainable competitive advantage
(SCA) in the marketplace. This means that the resources of an organization must include
knowledge, which should always be cared for and developed upon. When it comes to private
colleges and universities, these are really just investments for the future businesspeople of the
world. Through knowledge management processes (KMP), the knowledge they end up
processing from these educational institutions will help them decide the direction in which
they go in the future and how competitive they will be in the business world. But when it
comes to knowledge-based view (KBV) and resource-based view (RBV), there is no clear
explanation between them and how much the competitive advantage that KMP provides can
be sustained. In this study, we will look at how and why SCA can be created by KMP from
the educational environment's KBV and RBV. In order to achieve the objective, a hypothesis
was created along with a quantitative survey method of design. The initiation of the structural
equation modelling (SEM) method helped determine the relationship between the study
variables through deductive approach. The respondents of this study are comprised of 525
academic leaders with varying positions from 44 private Iraqi universities. The results show a
significant relationship between KMP and SCA. To attain a better
SCA,privateuniversitiesmustgenerateknowledge,storeknowledge,shareknowledgeandapplykn
owledgethat is backed by identify of knowledge and formulating of its goals throughout
every aspect of the organization. The research adds to the active group of knowledge that is
currently available in the area of strategic knowledge management.

Market competition, earnings management, and persistence in accounting profitability around

the world

We examine how cross-country differences in product, capital, and labor market competition,
as well as earnings management affect mean reversion in accounting return on assets. Using a
sample of 48,465 unique firms from 49 countries, we find that accounting returns mean revert
faster in countries where there is more product and capital market competition, as predicted
by economic theory. Country differences in labor market competition and earnings
management are also related to mean reversion in accounting returns—but the relation varies
with firm performance. Country labor competition increases mean reversion when
unexpected returns are positive but slows it when unexpected returns are negative.
Accounting returns in countries with higher earnings management mean revert more slowly
for profitable firms and more rapidly for loss firms. Thus earnings management incentives to
slow or speed up mean reversion in accounting returns are accentuated in countries where
there is a high propensity for earnings management. Overall, these findings suggest that
country factors explain mean reversion in accounting returns and are therefore relevant for
firm valuation.
Tang, Y. and Liou, F. (2010). Does Firm Performance Reveal It's Own Causes? The Role of
Bayesian Inference. Strategic Management Journal, 31, 39-57.

Lin, C. and Huang, C. (2011). Measuring Competitive Advantage with an Asset-Light

Valuation Model. African Journal of Business Management, 5(13), 5100-5108.