Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
6.1
How is an IPv4 address normally written?
What is an octet?
The IP address is in two parts. The bits on the left (high order) represent the:
Network part
Host part.
What is the largest number that can be held in one octet (8 bits)?
157
240
11100000
SW 9/24/2010 40692413.odt 1
11001000
11000000101010000001010000001111
6.2
What are the three types of IP address in the range of a network?
The first (lowest number) address is the network address. The last (highest)
number address is the broadcast address. The other addresses are host
addresses.
If a host IP address is 192.168.3.55 and the prefix length is /24, what are the
network address and broadcast address of the host’s network?
If a host IP address is 172.16.29.104 and the prefix length is /16, what are the
network address and broadcast address of the host’s network?
If a host IP address is 172.16.29.104 and the prefix length is /24, what are the
network address and broadcast address of the host’s network?
A host IP address is 201.37.16.9 and the prefix length is /28. How many bits
of the last octet are in the network part of the address?
The host address and prefix are the same as in the previous question. Write
the last octet in binary showing all 8 bits.
00001001
The host address and prefix are the same as before. The network address
has all the bits in the host part set to 0. What is the last octet of the network
address written in binary?
00000000
SW 9/24/2010 40692413.odt 2
The host address and prefix are the same as before. What is the network
address written as four octets of decimal?
201.37.16.0
The host address and prefix are the same as before. The network address
has all the bits in the host part set to 1. What is the last octet of the network
address written in binary?
00001111
The host address and prefix are the same as before. What is the broadcast
address written as four octets of decimal?
201.37.16.15
A host IP address is 201.37.16.19 and the prefix length is /28. What are the
network address and the broadcast address of the host’s network?
A host IP address is 201.37.16.19 and the prefix length is /28. What are the
first and last host addresses of the network?
A host IP address is 150.90.163.12 and the prefix length is /22. What are the
network address and the broadcast address of the host’s network?
What destination IP address would a host use for a limited broadcast to hosts
on its own network?
255.255.255.255
SW 9/24/2010 40692413.odt 3
A host is using the broadcast address 192.168.1.255 to send a directed
broadcast to hosts on the 192.168.1.0 network, which is the other side of a
router. Will the broadcast reach the hosts?
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
Which IPv4 addresses are not currently used to address hosts, but are
reserved for experimental purposes?
240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254.
Public addresses can be used over the Internet. A public address must be
unique in the world, so their use is controlled. Private addresses are not
routed over the Internet. Their use is unrestricted on networks that do not
require Internet access.
What is the name of the service that can allow hosts on a network using
private addresses to have the use of a public address or addresses to access
the Internet?
Why are hosts never given IP addresses with the first octet 0?
0.0.0.0 is used in default routes to mean “any address”. This use reserves the
whole of the 0.0.0.0 network so that it cannot be used for hosts.
SW 9/24/2010 40692413.odt 4
Which other addresses have special uses and are not routed over the
Internet?
In class A, how much of the IP address is in the network part, and what is the
range of numbers in the first octet?
In class B, how much of the IP address is in the network part, and what is the
range of numbers in the first octet?
In class C, how much of the IP address is in the network part, and what is the
range of numbers in the first octet?
What are the subnet masks for class A, class B and class C?
Operating systems on PCs and routers still assume that the default subnet
masks for the classes will be used unless they are configured differently.
6.3
Give three reasons why the allocation of IP addresses in a company network
should be planned and documented carefully.
What is static IP addressing and which devices are normally given static
addresses?
SW 9/24/2010 40692413.odt 5
The address is configured manually by an administrator. Servers, printers,
routers, switches and generally any hosts that need to be contacted by other
devices should have static addresses because static addresses stay the
same.
Why should the host addresses within a network be split into blocks of
adjacent addresses, with one block for workstations, one block for servers,
one block for network devices etc?
Blocks of addresses can be excluded from the DHCP pool and used for static
addresses. Blocks of addresses make it easier to monitor traffic to different
types of device. It is easier to configure translation to public addresses for use
over the internet. It is easier to configure security.
The default gateway (router interface) is normally given either the first or the
last host address on a network. The choice of first or last should be consistent
throughout an organisation that has several networks.
What is IANA?
How many bits are in an IPv6 address, and how are they written?
SW 9/24/2010 40692413.odt 6
Simpler packet header to improve and speed up packet handling
Supports extensions and options which should increase scalability and
longevity
Better quality of service mechanisms
Security capabilities integrated.
6.4
The subnet mask gives the same information as:
The prefix
A host is configured with a subnet mask 255.255.0.0. Write the subnet mask
in binary and write down the prefix that gives the same information.
What results do you get from the following logical operations on bits?
0 AND 0 =
1 AND 0 =
0 AND 1 =
1 AND 1 =
0 AND 0 = 0
1 AND 0 = 0
0 AND 1 = 0
1 AND 1 = 1
If you take the IP address of a host and perform a bit-by-bit logical AND with
the host’s subnet mask, what do you get?
Why does the host that originates a message carry out the logical AND
operation?
SW 9/24/2010 40692413.odt 7
It finds its own network address and checks to see if the destination host is on
the same network. If so, then it sends the message direct to the destination
host. If not, then it sends the message to the default gateway for forwarding.
Which networking device carries out the logical AND, and why?
172.16.98.0
172.16.0.0
172.16.98.16
172.16.96.0
There are many good subnet calculators available. Why are you learning to
subnet and to carry out logical AND without a calculator?
6.5
You start with the network 201.73.1.0/24. You borrow 2 bits from the host
part for subnetting.
How many subnets can you have?
How many hosts can you have on each subnet?
Give the network address with its prefix, subnet mask, broadcast address and
range of host addresses for each subnet.
(Try to work this out. Do not just copy answers from the curriculum.)
4 subnets
62 hosts on each subnet
SW 9/24/2010 40692413.odt 8
Network address Subnet mask Broadcast address Host addresses
201.73.1.0/26 255.255.255.19 201.73.1.63 201.73.1.1 to
2 201.73.1.62
201.73.1.64/26 255.255.255.19 201.73.1.127 201.73.1.65 to
2 201.73.1.126
201.73.1.128/26 255.255.255.19 201.73.1.191 201.73.1.129 to
2 201.73.1.190
201.73.1.192/26 255.255.255.19 201.73.1.255 201.73.1.193 to
2 201.73.1.254
You start with the network 199.30.57.0/24. You need 5 subnets. How many
bits will you borrow? How many subnets will this give you? How many hosts
on each subnet?
Borrow 3 bits, giving 8 subnets. (2 bits would give 4 subnets, so not enough.)
5 bits remain for host addressing. 25 = 32 but take two off for network and
broadcast address, so 30 host addresses on each subnet.
Start with the Edinburgh subnet because it has most hosts. (Then do London,
Cardiff, Belfast, and the WAN links last.)
Suppose that you have borrowed 2 host bits for subnetting to create 4
subnets. You now want to split one of the subnets into 2 smaller subnets. How
can you do this?
Borrow an extra bit (adds 1 to the prefix, converts another bit of the (binary)
subnet mask to 1.)
Classical subnetting has all the subnets the same size. This is very inefficient
if some subnets have a lot of hosts but others are point to point links with only
2 hosts. VLSM allows subnets to be different sizes.
SW 9/24/2010 40692413.odt 9
What is the most efficient prefix for a point to point WAN link? And what is the
equivalent subnet mask?
/30
255.255.255.252
This allows two host addresses.
6.6
You ping 127.0.0.1 and get a reply. What does this tell you?
You ping the default gateway and get no reply. Does this mean that the
default gateway address is wrong?
It provides control and error messages for the TCP/IP suite of protocols.
SW 9/24/2010 40692413.odt 10