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Cereal Grains (Flavonoids)

(1)​
Cereal, also called grains or cereal
grains, are the seeds of grasses. Grain is a main
source of energy for humans including all of the 5
groups food. Grain is the main courses in
developing countries while it will be modified into
another form such as bread. The advantages in
grain will not be benefit if it was milled and crushed. There are three main parts in cereal
grains which are bran, endosperm and germ.
(2)​
There are many good sources of many phytochemicals in cereal grain which
are phenolic acid, flavones, phytic acid, flavonoids, coumarins, and terpenes.

(3)​
There are six classes of Flavonoids which are flavanones, flavones,
flavonols, isoflavonoids, anthocyanins, and flavans. Its general structure consists of a
15-carbon skeleton, which consists of two​ ​phenyl​ rings (A and B) and heterocyclic ring
(C). Flavonoids includes three functional groups which are alcohol, ethers, ketones and
pyrocatechol. Flavonoids are mostly found in skin of vegetables and fruits. They are
​ Fruits which are rich in
also responsible to the color in fruits and vegetables. (4)​
flavonoids are onions, tea, strawberries, kale, grapes, Brussels sprouts, citrus fruit, and
parsley. They are the biggest group of phytonutrients, more than 6,000 types. Quercetin
​ Many studies suggested that
and Kaempferol are the best-known flavonoids. (7)​
flavonoids exhibit biological activities, including antiallergenic, antiviral,
​ According to Linus, Pauling institute,
anti-inflammatory, and vasodilating actions. (4)​
Flavonoids are very strong antioxidants with anti-inflammatory and immune system
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benefits. They can prevent many diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative, diabetes
​
and cardiovascular disease prevention; moreover, it can lower cholesterol. (5)
Antioxidants are free radicals that you find in the environment, but they're also produced
​ One of the examples from flavonoids is Luteolin. There are
naturally in your body. (6)​
four hydroxyl group located on flavones (5, 7, 3’, 4’)

(7)​
​Chemical name:​ Luteolin
Molecular formula:​ C15H10O6
Molecular weight:​ 286.239 g/mol
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Eugenol
Chemical name :​ Eugenol
Molecular Formula : ​C10H12O2​[1]
Molecular Weight : ​164.204 g/mol​[1]
Physical properties​[2]
- Color:​ Clear pale yellow to yellow
- State:​ Liquid
- Melting Point: ​-12 to -10​o​C (lit.)
- Boiling Point: ​254​o​C (lit.)
- Density: ​1.067 g/mL at 25​o​C (lit.)
- Storage Temperature: ​0-6​o​C
Chemical Properties​[2]
- Solubility: ​slightly soluble in water, acetic acid and caustic solution (2.46 g/l).
- Flash Point: ​>230​o​F
- Sensitive: ​Air sensitive
- Stability: ​Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents
- Catalyst:​ Iron, zinc and other metal ions catalyze to its oxidation

More Informations
Eugenol commonly found in plants which form ​many types of essential oils such
as basil, cinnamon, clove, violet flowers and others.​[2]​ Eugenol that occur in the
essential oil gives the benefits for us for certain ways. We mostly used it for relaxing,
beauty care and natural medicine.​[5]​ ​It also used in certain flavors like mint, tobacco,
carnation, nut and spicy food. Moreover, eugenol has ability of ​ ​bactericidal, antiseptic
and anti-inflammatory.​[2][3]​ As the benefit ability of the eugenol, it also occurs in the
traditional medical field. Commonly, the dentist use this to relieve the pain of the patient
after the surgery.​[3]​ Also, it can make the blood pressure lower and also use it as the
treatment for tuberculosis.​[2]​ ​The scientists in India also research deeper about the
ability of the parts of Tulsi plant and eugenol. They found that both of them can affect
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most of the system in our body which mean it can adapt it and use it as the treatment
for many diseases such as bronchitis, arthritis and convulsions.​[4]
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Citation for Flavonoids

1. Types of Grains (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.glnc.org.au/grains/types-of-grains/
2. Functional Foods from Cereal Grains. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10942910601045289
3. Ren, L. (n.d.). GABA 3A receptor subtype selectivity and structure-activity
relationships of flavonoids. doi:10.14711/thesis-b1155315
4. Szalay, J. (2015, October 20). What Are Flavonoids? Retrieved from
https://www.livescience.com/52524-flavonoids.html
5. What Are Antioxidants, Really? (2016, August 23). Retrieved from
https://greatist.com/health/what-are-antioxidants
6. Flavonoids as Antioxidants. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/np9904509
7. Iyer, L. M., Burroughs, A. M., Anand, S., Souza, R. F., & Aravind, L. (2017).
Polyvalent Proteins, a Pervasive Theme in the Intergenomic Biological Conflicts
of Bacteriophages and Conjugative Elements. Journal of Bacteriology, 199(15).
doi:10.1128/jb.00245-17

Citation for Eugenol

1. Eugenol. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/eugenol#section=Top
2. Eugenol. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB7208326.htm
3. Ogden Publications, Inc. (n.d.). Oil of Cloves: The Benefits of Eugenol. Retrieved
from ​https://www.motherearthliving.com/plant-profile/eugenol
4. Http://ljournal.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/d-2016-154.pdf. (2016).
doi:10.18411/d-2016-154
5. Axe, J. (2018, April 23). Dr. Axe's Essential Oils Guide. Retrieved from
https://draxe.com/essential-oils-guide/
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