INTRODUCTION

Production/operation management is the process, which combines and transforms

various resources used in production /operations subsystem of the organization into
value added product/services in a controlled manner as per the policies of the
organization. Therefore it is that part of an organization, which is concerned with the
transformation of range of inputs into the required(product/services) having the
requisite quality level.

The set of interrelated management activities, which are involved in

manufacturing certain products is called as production management. If the same
concept is extended to services management, then the corresponding set of
management activities is called as operation management.

CONCEPT OF PODUCTION

Production function is that part of organization, which is concerned with the

transformation of a range of inputs into the required outputs(products) having the
requisite quality level.

Production is defined as “ the step- by- step conversion of one form of material
into another form through chemical or mechanical process to create enhance the
utility of the the product to the user.”Thus production is a value addition process. At
each stage of processing, there will be value addition.

Edwood Buffa defines production as “a process by which goods and services are
created”. Some example of production are; manufacturing custom made products like,
boiler with a specific, constructing flats, some structural fabrication works for
selected customers and manufacturing standardized products like, car,bus,motor
cycle,radio, television, etc.

PRODUCTION SYTEM

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The production system of an organization is that part, which produces products of an
organization. It is that activity whereby resources, flowing within a defined system are
combined and transformed in a controlled to add value in accordance with the policies
communicated by management.

The production system has the following characteristics:

1. Production is organized activity, so very production system has an objectives.

2. The system transform various inputs to useful outputs.

3. It does not operate in isolation from the other organization system.

4. There exists a feedback about the activities, which is essential to control and
improve system performance.

Classification of Production System

Production system can be classified as Job shop, Batch,mass and continuous

production system

JOB SHOP PRODUCTION

Job shop production are characterized by manufacturing of one or few quantity of

products designed and produced as per the specification of customers within prefixed
time and cost. The distinguishing feature of this low volume and high variety of
products.

A job shop comprises of general purpose machines arranged into different

department. Each job demands unique technological requirements, demand processing
on machine in a certain sequence.

BATCH PRODUCTION

Batch production is defined by American production and inventory control

society(APICS) “ as a form of manufacturing in which the job passes through the
functional departments is lots or batches and each lot may have a different routing” it

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is characterized by the manufacture of limited number of products produced at regular
intervals and stocked a waiting sales.

MASS PRODUCTION

Manufacture of discrete parts or assemblies using a continuous process are called

mass production.This production system is justified by very large volume of
production.The machines are arranged in a line or product layout. Product and process
standardization exists and all outputs follow the same path.

CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION

Production facilities are arranged as per the sequences of production operations from
the first operations to finished product. The items are made to flow through the
sequence of operations through materials handling devices such as conveyors, transfer
devices, etc.

PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT

Production management is a process of planning, organizing,directing and controlling

the activities of production function. It combine and transforms various resources
used in the production sub system of organization into value added product in
controlled manner as per the policies of the organization.

Buffa defines production management as”Production management deals with

decision making related to production process so that the resulting goods or services
are produced according to specifications, in the amount and by the schedule
demanded and out of minimum cost”.

Objectives of Production Management

The objectives of production management is “ to produced goods, services of right

quality and quantity at right time and right manufacturing cost.

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1. RIGTH QUALITY

The quality of product is established based upon the customers need. The right quality
is not necessarily best quality. It is determined by the cost of the product and the
technical characteristics as suited to the specific requirements.

2. RIGHT QUANTITY

The manufacturing organization should produce the products in right number. If they
are produced in excess of demand the capital will block up in the form of inventory
and if the quantity is produced in short of demand, lead to shortage of products.

3. RIGTH TIME

Timeline of delivery is one of the important parameter to judge the effectiveness of

production department. So, the production department has to make the optimal
utilization of input resources to achieve it is objectives.

4. RIGHT MANUFACTURING

Manufacturing costs are established before the product is actually manufactured.

Hence, all attempts should be made to produce the products at pre- established cost,
so as to produce the variation between actual and the standard and( pre- established)
cost.

Company choice is Bakhresa Food Products Limited Azam - Water Division

Bakhresa Food Product Ltd is the proud producer of “Uhai” and “Safina” brand
bottled water in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. The brand name “Uhai”means life in
kiswahili. True to the brand name the water produced and supplied by Bakhresa Food
Products Limited quenches the thirst of the hundreds of thousands people in Tanzania
and other neighboring countries, providing them the vital lifeline.

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Production process

The processed water is packed in PET bottles of the required sizes produced from
high quality PET granules which are converted into “Performs” using injection
moulding techniques and then into bottles are produced from HDPE granules by the
injection moulding process. The bottle are filled with water after a though process of
rinsing, then labeled and finally shrink wrapped in LLDPE sheets to form the packs
depending on the size of bottles. Significantly, the entire process from bottle making
to falling to shrink wrapping is completely automated and performed within minimum
human intervention.

The Production System used at Bakhresa Food Products Limited AZam - Water
Division

The types of production system used at Bakhresa Food Product Limited is “MASS
PRODUCTION SYSTEM”

MASS PRODUCTION SYSTEM

Mass production is the manufacture of goods in large quantities using standardized

designs so the goods are all the same. Assembly line techniques are usually used. An
assembly line is a system in which product is manufactured in a step -by - step
process as it moves continuously past an arrangement of workers and machines.This
system is one of the most power full productivity concepts in history. It was largely
responsible for the emergence and expansion of the industrialized, consumer-based
system we have today.

Strengthens MASS PRODUCTION SYSTEM used at Bakhresa Food Product

Limited Azam - Water Division

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1. Higher rate of production with reduce cycle time; The mass production system
facilitate high production of goods, this because the system is characterized by the
production of goods in large quantities, complex machines are used during the
production process which ensure higher production of goods.

2. Higher capacity of utilization due to line balancing; Mass production as the system
of production used at Bakhresa Food Product limited provide the higher capacity of
utilization due to line balancing and the use of complex machine in the production
process the machines facilitate effective and higher utilization.

3. Less skilled operators are required; The mass production system used at Bakhresa
Food Product Limited does not require higher operators to supervise the production
process be cause the system characterized with large production of goods in large the
entire production is controlled by the machines not humans who need more
supervision.

4. Manufacturing cost per unit is low; Mass production system used at Bakresa Food
Product limited characterized by low manufacturing cost per unit, this because mass
production system is characterized by production of goods in large quantities which
reduce cost production per unit.

Weakness of MASS PRODUCTION SYSTEM used at Bakhresa Food Product

limited Azam - Water Division

1. Breakdown of one machine will stop an entire production line; The mass
production system as the system of production used at Bakhresa Food Product
Limited has the weakness, if the breakdown of one machine will stop the entire
production line, this because production follow the steps and follows in a line of
production.

2. Line lay out need major change in the production design; The line lay out need
major changes in the production design. For example if the Bakhresa Food Product
limited water division decided to change the shape bottles used for packing water they
will have to make change in all production systems including the machine used.

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3. High investment in production facilities; The mass production system is
characterized by large production of goods which require the use of complex machine,
so it demand high investment in the production facilities. The Bakhresa Food Product
limed has done a lot of investment for the production facilities.

4. The cycle time is determined by the slowest; The one of the weakness of the mass
production system used at Bakhresa Food Product limited is cycle is determined by
the lowest operation, this because the system is characterized by the large production
of goods.

The Bakhresa Food Product Limited can apply the operation management for
them to prosper by the following ways

Planning

The operation manager defines the operations subsystem of the organization policies
and procedures for achieving the objectives. The manager at Bakhresa Food Product
Limited should clarifies the role and focus in operations for achieving over overall
strategies of the company and they should in proper product planning, facilitating
product designing for the successful of the company.

Organizing

The operation manager at Bakhresa Food Product Limited should established a

structure of roles and the flow of information within the operation subsystem. They
should determine the activities required to the organizational and the development of
the company.

Controlling

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To ensure that the plans for the operation subsystem are accomplished, the managers
at Bakhresa Food Product Limited must excise control by measuring actual out put
and comparing them to planned operation management, cost control and quality are
important for the successful of the company.

Behaviour

Operation management is how manager shows their efforts to plans organizing and
controlling the effect of human behaviour. The manager at Bakhresa Food Product
Limited should know how the behaviour of their subordinates can effect
management plans, organizing and controlling action for the development of the
company.

Conclusion

Operation management has great influence to the development of the company,

because it concerned with planning, organizing and controlling the activities of the
company both of them are important for the company to become successful.

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 REFFERENCES

Https; //www. New publishers. Com/ sample chapter introduction/ 00 12345 pdf

www. Visut, in // lecture notes operational management/ lecture 14290075 . pgf

Http;// www. Mhe education academy. Co. Uk/he/ chapters 1978007713016 pdf