PBBM

Metamorfisme Zona Kolisi

Nugroho Imam Setiawan, Ph.D

Optical Geology Laboratory
Department of Geological Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada
2014
 Text book and source materials
• An Introduction to the rock forming minerals, Deer et
al., 1992.
• Earth structure: An introduction to structural geology
and tectonics, van der Pluijm, B. A. and Marshak, S.,
2004.
• Igneous and metamorphic petrology, 2nd Ed, Best, M.
G., 2003.
• Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology,
Winter, 2010.
• Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks, 8th Ed, Butcher and
Grapes, 2011.
• Atlas of metamorphic rocks,
http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/
Typical collision
zone

http://www.geosci.usyd.edu.au/
http://open.jorum.ac.uk/
1) Pre-Collision and
Initial interaction

2) Abortive subduction and

Suturing

3) Crustal thickening and

Extension collapse

Van der Pluijm and Marshak (2004)

 Collision processes
• Two bouyant pieces of lithosphere converge; a collision
ensues.
• The boundary: suture zone  mylonite, regional
metamorphism.
• Nappe; original rocks that have been moved more than 2
km by thrust fault, which commonly sub-horisontal,
however it is still autochthonous. Allochthonous  Klippe.
• Granitoids intrusion. The magma may derived supracrustal
materials (Winter, 2010) or mantle derived; delamination
(van der Pluijm and Marshak , 2004)  high-temperature
to ultrahigh-temperature metamorphic rocks, migmatites.
• Metamorphic rocks protolith involves: remnant oceanic
crust (mafic rock), continental crust (pelitic rocks;
dominant), passive margin limestone, swamp sediment,
and ophiolite (possibly obduction processes).
Van der Pluijm and Marshak (2004)
 The development of S-type Granite

Anatexis supracrustal materials

Figure 18.7. Schematic cross section of the Himalayas showing the dehydration and partial melting zones that produced the
leucogranites. After France-Lanord and Le Fort (1988) Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 79, 183-195. Winter (2001) An Introduction to
Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Delamination partial melting

Van der Pluijm and Marshak (2004)

 Winter (2010)

Table 18.4. A
Classification of
Granitoid Rocks Based
on Tectonic Setting.
After Pitcher (1983) in
K. J. Hsü (ed.),
Mountain Building
Processes, Academic
Press, London; Pitcher
(1993), The Nature and
Origin of Granite,
Blackie, London; and
Barbarin (1990) Geol.
Journal, 25, 227-238.
Winter (2001) An
Introduction to Igneous
and Metamorphic
Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Winter (2010)

Figure 18.2. Alumina saturation classes based on the molar proportions of Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O) (“A/CNK”) after Shand (1927).
Common non-quartzo-feldspathic minerals for each type are included. After Clarke (1992). Granitoid Rocks. Chapman Hall.
 Winter (2010)

Figure 18.8. Schematic models for the

uplift and extensional collapse of
orogenically thickened continental
crust. Subduction leads to thickened
crust by either continental collision
(a1) or compression of the continental
arc (a2), each with its characteristic
orogenic magmatism. Both
mechanisms lead to a thickened crust,
and probably thickened mechanical
and thermal boundary layers (“MBL”
and “TBL”) as in (b) Following the
stable situation in (b), either
compression ceases (c1) or the thick
dense thermal boundary layer is
removed by delamination or
convective erosion (c2). The result is
extension and collapse of the crust,
thinning of the lithosphere, and rise of
hot asthenosphere (d). The increased
heat flux in (d), plus the
decompression melting of the rising
asthenosphere, results in bimodal post-
orogenic magmatism with both mafic
mantle and silicic crustal melts.
Winter (2001) An Introduction to
Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.
Prentice Hall.
Metamorphism in collision zone

Nakano (2012)
 Metamorphic Facies

CONTACT

(Wikipedia)
 Metamorphic field gradient in the world

Winter (2010)
Figure 21.1. Metamorphic field gradients (estimated P-T conditions along surface traverses directly up metamorphic grade) for several
metamorphic areas. After Turner (1981). Metamorphic Petrology: Mineralogical, Field, and Tectonic Aspects. McGraw-Hill.
Metamorphic Facies vs Mineral
Assemblages
Butcher and Frey (2011)
Winter (2010)

Fig. 25.10. Typical mineral changes that take place in metabasic rocks during progressive metamorphism in the medium
P/T facies series. The approximate location of the pelitic zones of Barrovian metamorphism are included for comparison.
Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
 Metapelites
Table 28-1. Chemical Compositions* of Shales
and Metapelites
1 2 3 4 5
SiO2 64.7 64.0 61.5 65.9 56.3
TiO2 0.80 0.81 0.87 0.92 1.05
Al2O3 17.0 18.1 18.6 19.1 20.2
MgO 2.82 2.85 3.81 2.30 3.23
FeO 5.69 7.03 10.0 6.86 8.38
MnO 0.25 0.10 0.18
CaO 3.50 1.54 0.81 0.17 1.59
Na2O 1.13 1.64 1.46 0.85 1.86
K2O 3.96 3.86 3.02 3.88 4.15
P2O5 0.15 0.15
Total 100.00 100.08 100.07 99.98 96.94
* Reported on a volatile-free basis (normalized to 100%) to aid comparison.

1. "North American Shale Composite". Gromet et al. (1984). 2. Average of

~100 published shale and slate analyses (Ague, 1991). 3. Ave. pelite-
pelagic clay (Carmichael, 1989). 4. Ave. of low-grade pelitic rocks, Littleton
Fm, N.H. (Shaw, 1956). 5. Ave. of

Winter (2010)
Winter (2010)
Scottish Highlands

Yardley (1989)
Worldwide distribution UHT metamorphic rocks

Nakano (2012)
Kadarusman et al. (2012)
Metapelitic staurolite-andalusite schist, NE Scotland. Cut surface of hand specimen. Staurolite
forms small blocky poikiloblasts, darker where packed with fine inclusions. Darker patches are
large poikiloblasts of andalusite. Irregular wavy schistosity defined by biotite. Other matrix
minerals are quartz, plagioclase and muscovite. Width of view ca. 6 cm.
Sillimanite schist, SE British Columbia, Canada. Sillimanite is not often easy to see in hand
specimen, but here it forms creamy-coloured aligned prisms (left and right of centre. Note also
the cluster of coarse muscovite flakes in the centre - this may be a pseudomorph after a
previous Al-rich mineral such as andalusite.
Sillimanite schist, SE British Columbia, Canada. Fibrous aggregates of sillimanite together with
quartz form flattened oval nodules in this metapelitic biotite schist.
Metapelitic schist, SE British Columbia, Canada. Outcrop view, normal to foliation. Garnet
porphyroblasts, wavy foliation, alternating mica-rich and quartz-feldspar-rich domains. Field of
view ca. 15 cm across.
Metapelitic garnet-kyanite schist, SE British Columbia, Canada. Field of view ca. 8 cm across.
Metapelitic kyanite schist, Glen Esk, Scotland (Barrovian type locality). Coarse grey-white prisms
of kyanite are set in a muscovite-rich matrix. Note also the deformed quartz vein-stringers.
Kyanite-quartz segregation in schist, Glen Esk, NE Scotland.
Lewisian gneiss, north of Loch Laxford, NW Scotland. An amphibolite-facies streaky biotite
gneiss with layers and lenses of white and pink granitic material.
Lewisian gneiss, north of Loch Laxford, NW Scotland. Grey biotite gneiss of granodioritic
composition with diffuse patches of pink alkali feldspar.
Lewisian gneiss, north of Loch Laxford, NW Scotland. Age relationships shown by discordant
relations between grey biotite gneiss, black biotite-hornblende metabasic rock (interfolded and
foliated but contact cuts gneissic foliation at small angle) and pink pegmatitic granite sheet (not
foiated, cuts gneissic foliation at high angle).
Gneiss formed from banded volcanic rocks, with coarse-grained hornblende alternating with
plagioclase-rich bands in folded layering, lower Orange River area, S Africa.
Fold in banded amphibolite-facies mafic gneiss, Achmelvich, NW Scotland. The banding results
from varying proportions of plagioclase and hornblende. Note the alignment of hornblende
defining a gneissose fabric parallel to the axial surface of the fold.
Amphibolite (hornblende + plagioclase) formed by flattening and shear deformation of a
metagabbro. The precursor is a 'Scourie Dyke', deformed in a major shear zone at Achmelvich,
NW Scotland.
Garnet amphibolite, SE British Columbia, Canada. Abundant garnet porphyroblasts scattered in a
matrix of hornblende and plagioclase with a weak fine banding.
Granulite facies metapelitic garnet-cordierite gneiss, Namaqualand, South Africa. A typical shale
at the highest grade of metamorphism.
Granulite facies metapelitic garnet-cordierite gneiss: red garnet, dark greenish cordierite
conspicuous in central band. Other minerals: K-feldspar, plagioclase, a little biotite, sillimanite in
some layers. Hand specimen from Baffin Island, Canada.
Granulite facies metapelitic garnet-cordierite gneiss. Folded greensish bands at left contain K-
feldspar, and represent the former presence of partial melt. Hand specimen from Baffin Island,
Canada.
Granulite facies metapelitic garnet-biotite sillimanite gneiss. Central band contains much garnet
and K-feldspar, and marks the former location of partial melting. See later migmatite photos.
Hand specimen from Baffin Island, Canada.
Hand specimen of gneiss with cordierite (pale) orthopyroxene (large black crystals), phlogopite
(dark, in matrix with cordierite) and a little garnet (red). This is not a metapelitic sediment (too
much Mg and Fe, too little alkalis) but more likely a mafic volcanic rock affected by pre-
metamorphic alteration. From Namaqualand, South Africa.
Boulder of foliated, banded and folded tonalitic gneiss. Lewisian gneiss complex, Scourie, NW
Scotland.
Granulite facies tonalitic gneiss with isoclinally folded compositional layering. Lewisian gneiss
complex, Scourie, NW Scotland.
Pyroxene granulite: granulite facies metabasic rock with green clinopyroxene, brownish
orthopyroxene, pale plagioclase feldspar, and a little relict hornblende. Akia terrain, West
Greenland.
Garnet-clinopyroxene granulite. Formed at high pressure from a basic igneous precursor.
Lewisian gneiss complex, Scourie, NW Scotland.
Large garnets with reaction coronas (of plagioclase + orthopyroxene) in garnet-clinopyroxene
granulite. Lewisian gneiss complex, Scourie, NW Scotland.
Detail of melt-rich leucosome above with a garnet-rich layer against the granulite facies
cordierite-biotite-sillimanite gneiss host rock below. From Namaqualand, South Africa.
Winter (2010)

Figure 28.20. Veins developed in pelitic hornfelses within a few meters of the contact with diorite. The vein composition contrasts with that
of the diorite, and suggests that the veins result from localized partial melting of the hornfelses. Onawa aureole, Maine. Winter (2010) An
Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Winter (2010)

Figure 28.27. Complex migmatite textures including multiple generations of concordant bands and cross-cutting veins. Angmagssalik area, E.
Greenland. Outcrop width ca. 10 m. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Ultra-high temperature metamorphic rocks

UHP

UHT

Bucher and Grapes (2011)

Srilanka Grt-Opx-Sil granulite

Hiroi et al. (2010)

 Mainly
intergrowths of
alkali feldspar and
quartz

Bt

Mainly intergrowths of
plagioclase and quartz
Bt occurrence
 Antarctica metamorphic terranes

ナピア風景
Geological map of Mt. Riiser-Larsen (1:12,500)
Geological map of Tonagh Island (1:10,000)
Napier minerals

本吉（1998）
Corundum + Quartz

Motoyoshi et al. (1990)

High-grade minerals

Spear (1993)
Mineral analyses

本吉（1998）
Sapphirine + Quartz stability
Sapphirine occurrence
 Spr + Qtz
symplectite

Motoyoshi & Hensen (1989)

 Exhumation mechanism
• How the rocks that have been metamorphosed at
great depths in subduction zones are exhumed at
the surface? (subduction models)
– Buoyancy is the only effective force to exhume rocks
from deeply subducted level to the base of the crust
(Platt, 1993);
• Ave. mantle  3.3 g/cm3
• Eclogite  3.5 g/cm3
• Quarzofeldsphatic  2.8 g/cm3
• Antigorite serpentinite  2.75 g/cm3
Maruyama (2010)