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Development and Optimization of a Micr obubble Gener ator with a Hollow Cylindr ical Ultr asonic Hor n
(Received 11 January 2014; received in revised form 21 March 2014; accepted 19 April 2014)
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being able to produce a sufficiently large gas flow rate for
industrial applications, whereas the ultrasonic oscillation HUSH-based generator with multiple orifices for
consumes large amounts of power. In this study, we sonochemical applications by studying the degree of
developed a microbubble generator with an degradation of indigo carmine. Our results revealed that a
interchangeable orifice, and we evaluated the effect of the
orifice shape on optimizing the microbubble generation
through the time evolution of dissolved oxygen in
oxygen-bubbled water, as well as the distribution of the
bubble diameters. We also evaluated whether the generator
has the sonochemical qualities required for practical
applications by investigating the degree of degradation of la HUSH-based generator with multiple orifices that were
sufficiently apart to prevent the generated bubbles from
coalescing was well suited for microbubble generation and
sonochemical reactions.
2. Exper iment
2.1 Microbubble gener ator
te
indigo carmine. Our results revealed that a multi-orifice A microbubble generator consists of an ultrasonic
horn with orifices that were sufficiently apart to prevent the generator (Model 6271, KAIJO Co., Ltd., Japan), an
coalescence of the generated bubbles was well suited for ultrasonic transducer (Transducer 6281A, KAIJO Co., Ltd.,
microbubble generation and sonochemical reactions. Japan), a gas supply source, and the HUSH, as shown in
Fig. 1. The generator can transmit a sine wave signal of
Key wor ds 19.5 ± 0.5 kHz to the transducer. The oscillation amplitude
Microbubble, Ultrasonic Horn, Sonochemistry, Dissolved at the end of the HUSH increases linearly with the
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Oxygen Concentration, Optimization electrical power being input to the transducer [6], which is
measured using a wattmeter (Power Hitester 3332, HIOKI
1. Intr oduction E. E. Co., Japan).
Microbubbles with diameters of less than 100 �m are Ultrasonic
currently attracting considerable attention and are being Power Transducer
Hitester
widely used in various fields owing to their properties such
as large surface area per unit volume, low rising velocity,
and self-pressurization caused by surface tension.
Conventionally, microbubbles are generated by releasing
gas through a small orifice [1] or two-phase flow nozzle Horn
[2-4], or by the depressurization of supersaturated water [5].
However, the technique whereby gas is released through
small holes such as needles or through porous media is not Flow
suitable for generating microbubbles of less than 100 �m Ultrasonic
Meter
Gas
or for producing large quantities of microbubbles. Other Generator Cylinder
microbubble generation methods also offer little control
over the microbubble size. Makuta et al. developed a new Test Section
microbubble generator using a hollow cylindrical
ultrasonic horn (HUSH), and they reported that it could Fig. 1 Configuration of the microbubble generator
easily generate microbubbles with diameters of less than
100 �m [6]. However, this HUSH-based generation cannot
yet generate a gas flow rate that is suitable for industrial
use, thus the available gas flow rate must be increased to
make the technique commercially viable. In this study, we
developed a HUSH-based microbubble generator with
orifices that can be changed, and we evaluated the effect of
the orifice shape on microbubble generation based on the
time evolution of the dissolved oxygen concentration in Fig. 2 The internal and external shape of the HUSH
Japan) and then the indigo carmine concentration was Consequently, these results point to the fact that the use
calculated by the application of a standard curve. of multiple orifices is sufficient to suppress the coalescence
of the generated bubbles, and is thus better suited to
3. Results and Discussion microbubble generation.
3.1 Effect of or ifice type on HUSH ability to gener ate
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5, as captured by a high-speed camera (FASTCAM SA1.1, (b) �3.5-dc-c4.1
PHOTRON Co., Ltd., Japan) with a microscope (M Plan 5 (c) �3.5-dc-c5.3
Apo 2x, Mitutoyo Co., Ltd., Japan). (d) �3.5-dc-c8.1
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Figure 5 shows that, when using a HUSH with triple
3.5-mm orifices, DO increased more quickly than with a
HUSH with a single 6-mm orifice, despite the areas of the
orifice openings being almost identical. The gas-liquid
interface oscillates most intensely around the line where
the water, gas, and HUSH are in contact. As such, any
increase in the length of the contact line enhances
Time [s]
0
0
8 3.5-dc-c8.1
of 50 mL/min. The diameter distributions were as shown in
Fig. 7 and the average diameter, given in Table 1, was 6
almost the same in each case. However, the volume density
when using the tips with the three 3.5-mm orifices 4
increased with dc-c. These results point to the fact that the
generated microbubbles are more likely to coalesce and 2
float up when using the � �-dc-c4.1 and �
�� ���-dc-c5.3
orifices than in the case with the ����-dc-c8.1 orifices. Thus, 0
the shape of the horn end plays a greater role in the 10 100
coalescence of the generated bubbles, rather than the size Diameter [�m]
of the generated bubbles.
Fig. 7 Bubble diameter distribution for �6, ���
�-dc-c4.1,
����-dc-c5.3, and�
���
�-dc-c8.1 orifices
[6] Makuta, T., Suzuki, R. and Nakao, T.: Generation of [10] Aizawa, Y., Numakura, T. and Makuta, T.: Influence of
Microbubbles from Hollow Cylindrical Ultrasonic Horn, the Bubble-Generating State on the Degradation of
Ultrasonics, 53-1 (2013), 196-202. Indigo Carmine by Ultrasonically Generated
[7] Makuta, T., Aizawa, Y. and Suzuki, R.: Sonochemical Microbubbles, J. JSEM, 13 Special Issue (2013),
Reaction with Microbubbles Generated by Hollow s51-s55.
Ultrasonic Horn, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 20-4 [11] Vautier, M., Guillard, C. and Herrmann, J. M.:
(2013), 997-1001. Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes in Water: Case
[8] Suslick, K. S.: Sonochemistry, Science, 247-4949 Study of Indigo and of Indigo Carmine, J. Cat., 201-1
(1990), 1439-1445. (2001), 46-59.
[9] Walmsley, A. D., Laird, W. R. E. and Williams, A. R.: [12] Kamath, V., Prosperetti, A. and Egolfopoulos, F. N.: A
Gas Bubble Fragmentation in an Ultrasonic Field, Theoretical Study of Sonoluminescence, J. Acoust.
Ultrasonics, 23-4 (1985), 170-172. Soc. Am., 94-1 (1993), 248-260.
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