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    SELECTED THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF GASES Comprisinc C-H-O-N System TABLES A.1 TO A.12 Ideal-gas values for standard reference state (T = 298.15K, P= | atm) for p(T) RT) = iret DP D).BAT)— for CO, CO;, Hp, H, OH, HO, N>, N, NO, NO}, 02, O. Enthalpy of formation and Gibbs function of formation for compounds are calculated from the elements as We AT) = HT) ~ vf) soles BAT =BD- YD vary = MAT) —THT)— YO vi[-TH#C)]. SOURCE: Tables were generated from curvefit coefficients given in Kee, R. J. Rupley, F. M., and Miller, J. A., “The Chemkin Thermodynamic Data Base,” Sandia Report, SAND87-8215B, March 1991 TABLE A.13 Curvetit coefficients for 2,(T) for the same gases as above. SOURCE: ibid oat 622 Appendix A Table A _Corbon monoid (CO), MW = 28010, ental of formation @ 298K {hel = 170,581 hom) TD 7a) csteaek) (inal) fine) (Asoka) 200 «aka ~iliae 186018 ——128.2 2 Ban Sissi 97s —i3m6s 3023078 Siios gre 1393R8 fo Ban Thott “146332 So ast Tina) a7 issaos soa? conse ka —teaar0 31.089 mom 13.49 313860 mio — “iman nao pose 191386 3335s peas 200238 ans Bren 200030 Mis 20595 “217768 300 pas 206488, saan assis “23087 35178 bem 36% 35451 a32i4 35004 “60711 35910 “dex ean “ants 3621 ~2es3uk 3ea2l Speeaat ess T0076 asm ser 36867 36950 sn02s Tied anos “ase sniss Bien yas Tiana sr268 aren yaa T9335 yan “t30303 wa wa ss Hs wre19 set yn6 sree sao mass a7 39936 397 s998 Appendix A 62a Table At {consinved) Ram) TT) 70%) (4sfhmol-K) (Ako) Gifhmol) — Gsjhmol-K) (ks /haol) 3038019 16132 146589291219 S070 90038031 165.145 lass de2003 514.710, 5000 38033 loss =148987 22.771 sm86 624 Appendix A Table A2 Corton dose (CO), MW = 44.011, enthalpy of formation @ 298K (Ki/kmol) = ~399,546 BO) HT) eT) TOK) (efkmebk) (3 /Amol) (offal) (asfamel-K) (Lem) 32387 ~3a2 Taras 9987 —394.126 37198 ° 393546 213736 — 304.428 37280 ° Sa93st7 213966 ~394433 12% 4003 =33617 225257394718 45569 393712, BAAS — 304983 41313 se3aud 2432093953226 oi7 “394013 250.680 — 395.483 51380 394213257436 — 3955638 53136 =394d33 263603 —395.99 3300 Hsoiess 269.268 395939 55.333 Ha94a7s 274495396056 56.208 395083 219348 396,155 50988 H395287 ATR 396.236, si6n pasate 288127 —386,301 58292 “395691 292128 396,352 58836 =395897 295908396389 5916 396,110 299489 386.414 59338 =396.332 302892 —396,25 0.108 396.564 306132396424 433 “396808 309223 386.40 ont soos 312179 386.384 6966 =397338 35009 —396,346 61.185 397626 31774 386.294 1378 =397991 320333396280 61588 M3825) 3028823964152 61701 398.594 325259 — 386,061 61839 =398952 327590 395,957 61965 H39.309 30M —395,840 62083 senjon Buiyoay smo] puD sayB4 puo «/Ado:1U9 , LONDULIO} Jo UOIPUTy SGqID),/UO¥aULO} JO Adjoyue jan LoquODOsphy Jo saysedoud porseyes ig nosey ss 8 EID, | 161 590A HON NHR Dg pu i GL? BN "3 3"sE9D, 161 HO um Hs DAD “PI HOS a Pm a oYOHPH PS) DHE e661 Vang 1 ni punt preg pe ROH ody mUBUPCUL PO ONY PHA PPNES PR “G ON, sunt (Eo ssid (2 '*N weDeed 6) HO Ym vowenguen URLONE 204 5 500 payer ay wed Bao my smn 10,102.02 SP 204 | py s0008 uo peso ost wre wee worcer~ eeoet wep = Slee —SORUF —Ter9I9—_corREL_—_—ESESOT— CEERI uPOTT Sy) _O) GD Avr) Gemmiry Comiry Comey dou pa % qantas a 4 awe (ponuyue>} nove yo vowed hg “BB6L YOK NON spun 30 409 OL, mono “SowewopunssaBu3 wo¥EnqUe) oui "GT POOMMI WO) ANOS vist setas- aso eeeee peer Lore S906 oan Ped wees! gsui- sero Boss STL wut see 90 wret se gS osces 9 t0e~ s9ost sue SFE oumosery See Iz O9~ ° 0 set Tne 0969 109 young, SUES gar za eelet tos ee worry 6s0vt oroze owen Teo SLU Se0EOO- cURL LG esl e1esso~ OPI sUm005) lusst —9ew6e- e995 wevts spor aaeor~ 98 anon wes elu gtzi0 srs eer Las sorte oudong oor esi eusoro 99511901 sees orlsco~ e091 Summ ” ve 7 te o w ” Ty pea “P24, O— v/,0hO+ E1860 + 2/ p20 910) aL = (OH 0001/31 = 9 e104 (o-680-+ or0+ pX04+- 900+ \OyBL'y = (yyoWY/PH) WO 1 91S11862 10 sieUa| au) Jo Adjoqjuo o1BT 0 OOS 8249861 30} AcJOYIUE puR JODY 2y>9dE ony 20) UBDYIBOD RN? rae 1861 Aonuor*\00-(8-.9SaN o=NPS BNPEBHDY YOON IY orsoUeg ur sadon 209 0 eonpundeg seed, "O 20K PLOT 'sHeHPEY SONOS: | se feme HO'HD EEE ONOEN. HONHD semon mH _y08y 2ypeds peo “Kysorsn“Ayaonpuo> jou 40d0s jn} Jo} swOIDYBOD WYELND EE PIBPL APPENDIX SELECTED PROPERTIES OF AIR, NITROGEN, AND OxycEN Toble C.1 Selected properties of air of 1 etm” T ? ay We ie ie 1 Cc (esi) kgeK)—_(Nesfm?) fs) OW/ae kK) els). p 100 35862 tox 7 200 9 254 076 130 23364 vor tons 406 bs saa 0.788 200 17488 1007 ins 7.590 Is 03 ont 250 3947 1006 139.6 has 23 189 070 300 Liss 007 sae 59 263 2s o707 350 0.9980 1.009 2082 2092 300 29 0.700 300 osm rors 2301 dea aaa 383 0.550 450 ono a2 250.7 nx» a3 472 0.686 500 0.6568 Low 2701 389 407 569 oes 550 0.6329 rasa 4537 89 667 0.683 600 o.sso 058 269 469) 769 068s 650 05386 sms 021 er 3 0.550 700 oasrs 388 66.10 4 980 0.695 750 0.4583 3st 7637 s9 109) 702 500 0438s 309.8 s493 313 120 0.709 850) 0.4097 3a 93.80 596 BI one 900 0.3868 39811 m9 20 133, on 950 0.3666 a3 122 643 Is ons 1.000 03482 aaa m9 657 168 ons 1100 03166 49.0 rans ns Iss ons 1.200 0.2902 a0 1029 763 ns ons 300 02679 496.0 85.1 2 2 ons 00 0.2488 530 213 3 03 0703 1300 oz ss7 20 100) 350 oes 00 ont Sea 268 106 380 0.88 653 654 Appendix C Table C.1 Tr “ 1,700) 1,800 1.900 “SOURCE: eropero, FP and DeWitD.P., Frdamenl of Heat and Moss Tense, 3d Ed. (continued) ’ @ (haim’) (kd fke-k) 0209 1.267 019331286 oss 1307 our 1337 016s 1372 oss L417 ous Lars 0.1485 1.558 0.1389 1.665, ons 276 we (N-s/m?) ou 637 663 6 ns 10 166 wm sis 955 v0" i) Reprinted by prmision, 191990, Joba Wy Sone, Ie 10 Wim-k) 113 120 ns ra ur 160 ns 196 22 386, Par (a's) 5 4, su 589 646 ms 783 569 60 10 0.685 0.683 0477 0672 0.667 0685 0487 0.630 oss 0536 Table ¢.2 r » ) Ghai’) Nitrogen (N;) To” 33K 150 2.2504 200 tes 2501388 soo 1083 3900905 400 oars 450 0.7485 50006739 550 06124 600 ossis 70 0412 800 oa2i1 90003743 100003368 100 0.3062 120 02407 130002591 aos 2585 1930 vsa2 186 1.100 0.9620 ssa 0.7698 0.5998 osais o.sao8 0.4810 oars 03888 03498 0.3206 0.2960 ee eee apkg-k) Lom 1030 033 oa ost Los ots Los ose L065 107s 1.058 Ia Lie List Last ng 1219) 0.962 e921 oats oss 920 929 982 0.956 on 0.988 1003 Lost Loss L074 090 1.103 Eis Las Ww (Ns/a’) oss 1006 ass 2582 dea 5033 5240 ant 5808 4152 4472 amo sos.s 5325 ss ve (n't) 2.00 bas 1065 hae 1586 2078 26.16 201 38.24 4.86 su 6671 8290 100.3 ns 1382 1386 1799 19s 44s 764 ns lets 2133 2688 90 3040 4630 33.59 026 862 loss 40 Maas 166.1 Tan 6 Selected properties of nitrogen ond oxygen ot 1 atm? ay W/mK) 958 Be 22 259 3 ha ass #9 ai 92s Bs tas 226 26s 26 30 363 412 a 93 32k S89 649) To 158 sy a7 pay (tis) 260 5386 wos ss I 22 wa 456 say ao ne oa is. 1 6s, ws 2 286 24 5.0 ios 160 223 290 364 4a ss 63s as or 6 Mi 18 196 29 262 Appendix C h 0.768 079 O76 om O76 om 0708 0703 0200 002 701 0.906 o71s ont on ons 307 0701 0.796 0.766 om om om oos8 0737 0781 one 076 079 oa 783 0740 073 0736 ons ont SOURCE: Icroptra FP ond DeWit,O.., Fundomsntal of Het and Mass Torr, a Ed. Reprined by persion, 1 1990 John Wey 8 Sona, ne 655 APPENDIX Binary DirFusion COEFFICIENTS AND METHODOLOGY FOR THEIR ESTIMATION Table D.1 Binary difusion coefiients ot 1 otm®® Sebstance A Substance TH) Paw WI) Benzene Air ray on Carbon dioxide Air 2 138 Carbon dionide Nitrogen 293 bes {Cyclobexane Air 38 086 mDecane Nitrogen 363, ose mDodecane Nitrogen 39) ost Ethanol Air m3 1.02 n-Hexane Niteogen 288 (0787 Hydrogen Air 23 ost Methano! Air 23 132 Octane Air 2 0.505 mOciane Nitrogen 303 on Toluene Air 303 088 2.24-Trimethyl pentane Nitrogen 303 ors ((sooctane) 2.2.3-Trimethyl heptane Niteogen 363 oes Water Air Fy 22 SOURCE: Pee, RH. Green, D.W, ond Maloney, ©. Pory’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 6th Ed, McGraw, Naw York, 1984 *asoig as-gos behave, he pressure od temperature dependence ofthe binary futon ceaficat con be esimoled wing Dau xT?) 656 Appendix D PREDICTING BINARY DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS FROM THEORY The following approach for predicting binary diffusion coefficients is a brief summary of that presented by Reid e al. 1}. The methodology is based on the Chapman-Enskog theoretical description of binary mixtures of gases at low to moderate pressures. In this theory, the binary diffusion coefficient for the species pair A and Bis uy S16 (PIR Fynayy 1" where kg is the Boltzmann constant, T (K) is the absolute temperature, P (Pa) is the pressure, R, is the universal gas constant, and fp is a theoretical correc- tion factor whose value is sufficiently close to unity to be assumed to be the same, The remaining terms are defined below: MW 5 = 20/MWs) + (1/MWp)} (D2) where MW, and MWy are the molecular weights of species A and B, respec tively; op = (On + 09)/2 (D3) where 0, and ag are the hard-sphere collision diameters of species A and B. respectively, values of which are shown in Table D.2 for several species of interest in combustion. The collision integral, pis a dimensionless quantity calculated using the following expression: (4) 06036, B= 0.15610, 19300, D = 0.47635, 03587, F = 1.52996, G= 1.76474, HH = 3.89411, and where the dimensionless temperature 7* is defined by T? = kgT fen = keT ene)!” (D5) Values of the characteristic Lennard-Jones energy, ¢,, are also tabulated in Table D.2 (I). 657 Appendix D. Table D.2 Lennard-Jones parameters for selected species (2) a(t) fhe (K) Species ad) ef (B) Bat 786 ieCsFhe 5784 3a 268s 2750 Cotte 5349) 23 35a 933 Colt eR an 2265 aa CoB 5949 3993 2948 536 H 2.708 370 4158 2092 Hy 2827 397 3385, 306 10 2eAt 809.1 3370 637 1,0: 4.196 3493 3626 aa18 He 25st to 3758 86 N 3298 un 3856 18 Ni 2900 5983 3.690 907 No 3492 67 341 82 Ns 3.798 ma Ct 4033 218 No 3m8 224 Gl 4.168 247 ° 3.080 106.7 CH 4483 2187 on 37 198 CH suis. 2301 oO; 3467 106.7 nCoH,OH, as09 5767 s 3839 887 mute 4087 sala so 3993 ol oC Hy 578 301 80: 412 3354 ‘Substituting numerical values for the constants in Eqn. D.1 results in TH oe (2.6) PMWyn%n% [=Jm*/s, T[=]K, P[=|Pa, and 8 with the following associated units: Da: REFERENCES 1. Reid, R.C., Prausnitz, J. M.,and Poling, B. E., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987. 2, Svehla, R. A., “Estimated Viscosities and Thermal Conduetivities of Gases at High “Temperatures,” NASA Technical Report R-132, 1962. GENERALIZED NEWTON'S METHOD FOR THE SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR EQUATIONS ‘The Newton-Raphson method, Eqn. E.1, can be extended and applied to a system of nonlinear equations, Eqn. E.2: System: Aksu ap ay) =O, (2) FA% 1 2, X50 Ny) =O, FAS X00 a0 op) = 0. Each of these may be expanded in Taylor's series form (truncating second- order and higher terms) as NE+8) = 10) + Fd + Bis Bays... He, ax” * ey ta, 2 ED) for (= 1,2,3,....m, where ix}. Al the solution, / (3 +8) 0; the above can be arranged as a set of linear equations in the matrix form, hs) - [Zo =-Uk 659 660 Appendix E that is, Hw a ax, Oxy ‘ax, | A ihe 4) a In V1 5, tn ax, xy "By where the coefficient matrix on the left-hand-side is called the Jacobian. Equation E.4 may be solved (for 8) using Gauss elimination; once 5 is known, the next (better) approximation is found from the recursion relation, (leer = be + he The process of forming the Jacobian, solving Eqn. E.4, and calculating new values for (x) is repeated until a stop criterion is met. The following is suggested by Suh and Radcliffe (1): Stop eriterion Condition I8/xj1 5 10-7 al = 10 or 15,1 1077 by] < 107 for j= 1,2,3,...m Estimates to the partial derivatives may be formed numerically from AH, _SiUs ay #8) = fl 82%. ) ax, where for [xj|> 10 byl < 10. Instability may (in many cases) be avoided as follows 1. Compare the norm of the new function vector to the norm of the previous function vector, where norm = > 1A@l- 2. If the norm of the new function vector is greater than that of the old, assume that the full step {8) would not be productive and take a partial step {6}/5; otherwise, take a full step as usual. The process of comparing norms and dividing {3} by an arbitrary constant is termed “damping” and has proved successful in obtaining convergence even with very poor initial guesses. Appendix E 661 ‘A weakness of the Newton-Raphson method is that the Jacobian must be calculated at every step, REFERENCE 1, Sub, C. H., and Radcliffe, C. W., Kinematics and Mechanisms Design, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 143-144, 1978 APPENDIX ComPuTER CODES FOR EQUILIBRIUM PRODUCTS OF Hyprocarson-AiR CoMBUSTIO! Supplied with this book is a diskette containing the following files: File Purpose README File containing instructions and other information con- cerning the use of the files listed below TPEQUIL Executable module that calculates combustion products equilibrium composition and properties for specified fuel, equivalence ratio, temperature, and pressure TPEQUIL.F — Fortran source listing for TPEQUIL INPUT.TP Input file read by TPEQUIL containing user specifica tions for fuel, equivalence ratio, temperature, and pres- HPFLAME — Executable module that calculates the adiabatic flame temperature, equilibrium composition, and properties of the products of combustion for adiabatic constant-pres- ‘sure combustion with specified fuel composition, reactant enthalpy, equivalence ratio, and pressure HPFLAME.F Fortran source listing for HPFLAME, INPUT.HP Input file read by HPFLAME containing user specifica tions for fuel, reactant enthalpy (per kilomole of fuel), equivalence ratio, and pressure UVFLAME — Executable module that calculates the adiabatic flame temperature, equilibrium composition, and properties of the products of combustion for adiabatic constant- 662 Appendix F volume combustion with specified fuel composition, reac- tant enthalpy, equivalence ratio, and initial temperature and pressure UVFLAME. AME INPUT-UV Input file read by UVFLAME containing user specifica- tions for fuel, reactant enthalpy (per kilomole of fuel), equivalence ratio, moles of reactants per mole of fuel, molecular weight of reactants, and initial temperature and pressure GPROP.DAT Thermodynamic property datafile Fortran source listing for UVF! The various codes above all incorporate the Olikara and Borman routines 11] for calculating equilibrium products of combustion for a fuel composed of C,H, 0, and N atoms, given by CyH,,O)Nx and air.! Thus, oxygenated fuels, such us aleohols, and fuels with bound nitrogen can be handled by the code For simple hydrocarbons, the numbers of fuel oxygen and nitrogen atoms, £ and K, respectively, are set equal to zero in the user-modified input files. The oxidizer is assumed to be air with the simplified composition of 79 percent Ns and 21 percent O2 and is specified in the subroutine TABLES. A more complex oxidizer composition, including Ar, for example, can be obtained easily by modifying this subroutine and recompiling the source code. Eleven species are considered in the products of combustion: H, 0, N, Ha, OH, CO, NO, On H20, CO., and No. The code also considers Ar if it is included in the oxidizer. The Olikara and Borman routines [I] have been modified to deal in SI units. Other modifications to the original code include the way the JANAF thermodynamic data and equilibrium constants are input, as indicated in the source listings, 663 REFERENCE |. Olikara, C.,and Borman, G. L,,““A Computer Program for Calculating Properties of Equitibrium Combustion Products with Some Applications to I. C. Engines,” SAE Paper 750468, 1975, The imbedded codes rom Rel. 1, wih modicatons, oe used wth prison ofthe Soi of Automotive Engine Ine, 1978 INDEX NAME AND SUBJECT A 8 Absorption, $69 Baghouse, 586 Absorption coefficient, $01 Benzene, 81-82 Abstraction, 154 Bessel functions, 329 Acetylene, 79 Bescission, 154-155, 174 ‘Acid rain, 3, 170, 552 Bimolecular reuctions, 113-118, 134 Activated complex, 116 Binary diffusion, 84-86, 218, 220, 237, Activation energy, 115, 116, 275 262, 264, 371, 379, Active sites, $69 Bituminous, 544 Adiabatic flame temperature Blowdown, 567 ‘constant-pressure, 32, 45, 193, 503, Blowalf velocity, 472, 507-S08 564, 576, 649-650 Blowout (or blowofl), 192-195, 470, ‘constant-volume, 34, 187 471-472, 487, S04, 506-507 Adsorption, $20, $22 Bluff-body flameholder, 470, 471, 481 Advection, 219, 221, 239 Boiler, 1, 23, 59, 206, 362, 423, 481, ‘Afterburner, 470, 471, 481 519, 520-521, $44, 376-577, 58 Aftertreatment, $67, 570-571, 578, 583 580-382 Boiling point, 371, 379, 401 Agglomeration, 344 tabulated values, 649-652 Air fuel ratio, 19 Boron, $45 Alcohols, 82 Boundary layer, 265, Alldehydes, $50, 569, 585 approximations, 233 Alkanes, 78-81 equations, 233-234, 308, 435-437 oxidation mechanism, 153-158 Boundary value problem, 270, 348, properties, 649-652 350 Alkenes (see also Olefins), 78-79 Boussinesq approximation, 438 Alkynes, 78-79 Bronchitis, $52 Amines, 169 Buffer layer, 440 Ammonia, 170, 578, $80, $83, $84 Bulk velocity, 220, 250, 372 Ammonium bisulfate, $83 Bunsen burner, 253, 256, 283, 339 Anthracite, S44 Buoyancy, 233-234, 315, 331-332, 334, Anti-greenhouse gases, 5S] 491, 495-496, 498-499 Aromatics, 78-79, 81-82 Burke-Schumann analysis, 317, Arrheni 327-329 plot, 16 Burning rate constant rate coefficient, 116, 528 carbon particles, 542 Ash, 544-545, $50, 586 droplets, 391 Autoignition, 184-188, 363-364 By-pass ports, 470-471 665, 666. Index c Calcium carbonate (see Limestone) Caleium oxide (see Lime) Calcium sulfite dihydrate, 587 California emissions standards, 550, 516-577 Calorific equation of state, 11, 181, 203, Candle, 7 Carbon bonds, 78, 81 Carton combustion, 522-544 analysis ‘one-film model, 524-536 tworfilm model, 536-542 continuous-film model, 524 diffusionally controlled, 530-531 electrical circuit analog, $29-530 kinetically controlled, $31 particle burning times, 542-543 Carbon monoxide, 337, 496, 550 effects on humans, 553 emissions, 3, 5, 451, 567-568, 569, S71, 517, 584-585 oxidation mechanism, 152 quenching, 567-568, 584-585 Carcinogens, 552 Catalyst, $52, 570, $81 conversion efficiency, $71 poisoning, 583, $87 three-way, S71, 587 Catalytic aftertreatment, 567 automotive catalytic converter, 569-571 selective catalytic reduction (SCR), 518, S81 CEC, 44 Cement, 2, 481 Ceramic fiber burners (see Radiant burners) Chain reactions definitions and general behavior, 12 in CO oxidation, 152 in Hg oxidation, 149-150 Zeldovich, 130 ‘Chapman-Jouguet point, 605 Char, $19, 522, 544 Chemical equilibrium (see Equilibrium) Chemical kinetics, 148, 180, 183, 188, 206, 520, 528, 531 ‘Chemical time scales, 133 ‘Chemiluminescence, 256 CHEMKIN, 24, 68, 122, 141, 196, 197, 209, 212, 224, 226, 269, 304, 350, ei Chlorophyll, $52 Gireular port burner, 315, 329, 331-333, 337 CClausius-Clapeyron equation, 15, 96, 97, 103, 381, 388-389, 390, 410 Clean Air Act and Amendments, 3, 550, 552, 576 Closure problem, 435, 437, 444 Coagulation, 344 Coal, 1, 2, 170, $09, 519, 520, 521, $22, S44-S45, 559, $62, 582-583, 586-587 Coke, 519 Collision frequency, 86-89, 114-115 Collision integral, 224, 225, 657 Collision theory, 113-118 Compact notation, 121 ‘Complementary error function, 334 Compression-ignition engine (see Diese! engine) Concentrations dry, 555-558 ‘mass fraction, 13-14, 214 molar, 85, 180, 214 mole fraction, 13-14, 214 wet, 535-558 Conserved scalar, 216, 241-247, 381 application to jet flames laminar, 320-327, 328 turbulent, 491-494 definition, 241 ‘energy conservation, 246-247, 320, 323 rmixture fraction conservation, 242-243, 320, 323 Constant-pressure reactor, 179-182 Constant-volume reactor, 179, 182-188 Continuousfilm model, 524 Convection, 105, 219, 221, 234, 239, 307, 395-398, 410, 520, 522, 525, 543, 568 Cooking range, 253-254, 340-342, 243, Coordinate systems, 215-216 Counterflow flame, 347, 350 Crevices, crevice volume, 568-569 Criteria pottutants, 551-552 Cyano compounds, 169 Cyanuric acid, 583, $84 Cyclone combustor, 520 D D? law, 102-103, 376, 381, 391-392, 542 Damkohler criterion for distributed reactions, 458, 466 number, 133, 458-459, 460, 462, 466 Deflagration, 254, 600, 605, 606 De-NO,, 581 Deposits, 569 Desorbtion, 569 Desorption, 520 Detonation (see also Knock), 254, 598 velocity, 609 DGEAR, 120, 142, 410, 417 Diesel engine, 2, 7, 105, 363, 421, 481, S01, 558, 584 direct injection, 363, indirect injection, 363, Diffusion, 401, 427, 520, 522, 568 binary, 84-86, 219, 221, 237, 262, 264 forced, 222 ‘multicomponent, 86, 215, 221, 237 ordinary, 86, 219 pressure, 86, 222 thermal (Soret) 86, 221-222, 223 velocity, 220, 222 Diffusionally controlled combustion, 530-531, $40, 542 Dittusivity binary, 84, 86-88, 656-658 mass, 238, 262, 379, 525 thermal, 238, 262, 267, 268, 379 turbulent, 472, 492 Diluent, 280, 340, 554, 563-564 Dilution, 280, 298, 340, 554, 558, 563, 515-516, 584 Direct numerical simulation (DNS), 445 Dissipation, 430, 469 Dissociation, 36, 50-1, 118, 567 Index 667 Distributed-reaction regime, 458, 460, 466-468 Donora, Pennsylvania, $52 Droplet combustion, 378-389 rag coefficient, 407 evaporation, 98-105, 367, 370-378, 399, 401, 572 factors complicating combustion and evaporation analyses, 398-399 heating, 95, 374, 384-386 lifetimes, 98, 102, 370, 375-378, 391 Dry concentrations, 355-558 E Early flame growth, 470, Eddy, 425, 469 Eddy-breakup model, 469 Eiddy viscosity, 437-438, 439, 442. 443, 472, 489, 492 Effective binary diffusion coefficient, 227-298 Effective viscosity, 437, 442 EGR (see Exhaust eas recirculation) Eigenvalues, 265, 271, 349, 528 Electrical circuit analog, 529-531 Electrostatic precipitator, 521, 586, $87 Element conservation, 42 Elementary reactions, 112, 522, 524 Emission index, 553-855 Emissions quantification, 553-559 corrected concentration, 555-558 emission index, 553-355 energy-specific, 558 mass-specific, 358 Emissivity, $35 Emphysema, 552 Energy fossil fuel, 1-2 hydroelectric, 1-2 internal, 10, 12, 126, 182 rotational, 11-12, 126 translational, 11-12, 126 vibrational, 11-12, 126 kinetic, 16, 18 nuclear, 1-2 potential, 16, 18 668. Index Energy conservation application to ‘carbon combustion, 533 cconstant-pressure, fixed-mass reactor, 180-181 constant-volume, fixed-mass reactor, 182-183 counterflow flame, 350

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