Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
by
MAY 2007
To my beloved mother:
Thank you for your understanding and giving me the chance to be what I can be.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My deeply gratitude to Mr. Azremi Abdullah Al- Hadi and Mr. Soh Ping Jack for
their help and guidance during accomplish this project until successful. Not to forget to all
my friends those also help me in order to accomplish my project.
Thank you so much to my beloved family especially my mother, Habsah Saad for
your kind of understanding and moral support that never ending to me during carry out this
final year project.
Finally, I would like to thank again to everyone that has been involved in this
project directly or indirectly for their help and contribution.
ii
APPROVAL AND DECLARATION SHEET
This project report titled Developments of Microstrip Patch Array Antenna for
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) was prepared and submitted by Azizan Mat
Hashim (Matrix Number: 031080626) and has been found satisfactory in terms of
scope, quality and presentation as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
Bachelor of Engineering (Communication Engineering) in Universiti Malaysia Perlis
(UniMAP).
_______________________
May 2007
iii
DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ARRAY ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (WLAN)
ABSTRACT
In this project, a 4x1 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Array Antenna at frequency 2.45 GHz
for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) will be designed, fabricated and tested. The
antenna will be design base on optimization and characteristics analysis. Some methods for
optimize the Microstrip Patch Antenna are studied and implemented to produce the desired
antenna. The objective of this project is to develop the antenna that has higher gain, higher
directivity, wide bandwidth and higher efficiency. Theoretically, the objective of this
project can be achieve through the use of high quality substrate such as RT Duroid 5870
which is have low relative permittivity or dielectric constant and higher substrate that will
improve the bandwidth. This is due to the Rectangular Microstrip Patch Array Antenna
which the bandwidth is determined by the dielectric constant and the height of substrate.
Low loss-tangent will increase the efficiency of the antenna. The patch array also has a
better directivity than the single patch. Microwave Office (MWO) will be introduce as an
effective tool for modeling electromagnetic structure. The antenna was fabricated based on
simulation and measured using Wave and Antenna Training System (WATS2002). The
expected result from this project is the antenna will has a high gain, better directivity, larger
bandwidth and high efficiency.
iv
PEMBANGUNAN ANTENNA SUSUNAN TAMPAL MIKROJALUR UNTUK
RANGKAIAN TEMPATAN TANPA WAYAR (WLAN)
ABSTRAK
Di dalam projek ini, 4x1 Antena Susunan Tampal Mikrojalur Segiempat Tepat yang
beroperasi pada frekuensi kendalian 2.45 GHz yang digunakan untuk rangkaian tempatan
tanpa wayar akan direkabentuk, difabrikasi dan diuji. Antenna ini akan direkabentuk untuk
mengoptimakan prestasi dan ciri-cirinya akan dianalisis. Beberapa kaedah untuk
meengoptimumkan prestasi antena dikaji dan dipraktikkan. Objektif projek ini adalah
untuk menghasilkan antenna yang mempunyai gandaan, kearahan, lebarjalur dan
kecekapan yang tinggi. Secara teori, objektif projek ini dapat dicapai melalui penggunaan
substrat berkualiti tinggi seperti RT Duroid 5870 yang mempunyai pemalar dielektrik dan
ketinggian subtrat yang tinggi untuk menhasilkan lebarjalur yang lebih luas. Ini adalah
kerana bagi Antena Tampal Mikrojalur Segiempat Tepat, lebarjalur adalah bergantung
kepada pemalar dielektrik dan ketinggian substrat. Kehilangan tangen yang rendah dapat
meningkatkan kecekapan antenna. Perisian Microwave Office (MWO) diperkenalkan dan
digunakan untuk tujuan simulasi yang mana ianya merupakan perisian yang efektif untuk
permodelan struktur elektromagnet khususnya mikrojalur. Antena ini telah difabrikasi
berdasarkan kepada simulasi dan diuji menggunakan peralatan Sistem Latihan Antenna
dan Gelombang (WATS 2002). Daripada projek ini, hasil yang dharapkan adalah
membangunkan antenna yang mempunyai gandaan yang tinggi, kearahan yang lebih baik,
lebarjalur yang lebih luas dan kecekapan yang tinggi.
v
TABLES OF CONTENTS
Page
DEDICATION i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
APPROVAL AND DECLARATION SHEET iii
ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRAK v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xvii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objectives and Scope 1
1.3 Project Introduction 2
1.4 Array Elements 2
1.5 Project Implementation Strategy 3
1.6 Dissertation Overview 4
vi
Page
2.2 Research Paper Literature Review 5
2.2.1 Design of a Multi-layer Transmit / Receive Dual-Frequency 6
Microstrip Patch Antenna Array
2.2.2 New Considerations in the Design of Microstrip Antennas 7
2.2.3 Microstrip Patch Antenna Receiving Array Operating in the Ku 7
Band
2.2.4 Microstrip Antenna with Parasitic Elements 8
2.2.5 Guidelines for Design of Electromagnetically Coupled 8
Microstrip Patch Antennas on Two-Layer Substrates
2.2.6 High-Gain Microstrip Patch Array Antenna Using a 9
Superstrate Layer
2.2.7 Planar Square and Diamond Microstrip Patch Array 9
Antennas for Dual-Polarization Operation
2.3 Basic Antenna Theory 10
2.4 Antenna Properties 11
2.4.1 Impedance 11
2.4.2 VSWR 11
2.4.3 Bandwidth 12
2.4.4 Radiation Pattern 13
2.4.5 Gain 14
2.4.6 Polarization 15
2.5 Microstrip Patch Antenna 15
2.5.1 Introduction to Microstrip Patch Antenna 16
2.5.2 Operation of Microstrip Antenna 16
2.5.3 Shape of Microstrip Antenna 17
2.6 Factors Affecting Microstrip Design 19
2.6.1 Microstrip Discontinuity 19
2.6.1.1 Open End 19
2.6.1.2 Microstrip Line Step Discontinuity 20
2.6.1.3 Right Angle Bends 20
vii
Page
2.6.2 Fringing Field 21
2.6.3 Feeding Techniques 22
2.6.3.1 Coaxial Probe Feed 22
2.6.3.2 Aperture Coupling 23
2.6.3.3 Proximity Coupling 23
2.6.3.4 Microstrip Line Feed 24
2.6.4 Substrate Selection 24
2.6.5 Patch Dimensions 25
viii
Page
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 56
4.1 Introduction 56
4.1 Characteristics of Designed Antennas 56
4.3 Single Patch Microstrip Antenna 57
4.3.1 Microwave Office Simulation 57
4.3.1.1 Optimization of Patch Antenna 58
4.3.1.2 Radiation Pattern Simulation Result 60
4.3.2 Measurement Results 62
4.3.2.1 S 11 Measurement 62
4.3.2.2 Radiation Pattern Measurement 64
4.3.2.3 NetStumbler Test 66
4.4 Microstrip Patch Array Antenna 68
4.4.1 Microwave Office Simulation 68
4.4.1.1 Optimization of Array Antenna 69
4.4.1.2 Radiation Pattern Simulation Result 70
4.4.2 Measurement Result 71
4.4.2.1 S 11 Measurement 71
72
4.4.2.2 Radiation Pattern Measurement
74
4.4.2.3 NetStumbler Test
76
4.5 Discussion
76
4.5.1 S 11 Response
79
4.5.2 Radiation Pattern.
81
4.5.3 NetStumbler Result
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 82
5.1 Introduction 82
5.2 Conclusion 82
5.3 Recommendation of Future Work 83
ix
Page
REFERENCES 84
APPENDICES 86
Appendix A 86
Appendix A(i) 87
Appendix B 88
Appendix C 90
Appendix D 91
Appendix E 95
x
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
Page
3.0 Patch Antenna with Quarter-Wave Transformer 29
xiii
Page
3.15 The Add Measurement Option Window 49
xiv
Page
4.5 Single Patch Antenna Measurement Setup 65
xv
Page
4.19 SNR versus Time for Patch Array Antenna 75
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS OR NOMENCLATURE
εr Relative Permittivity
εeff Effective Relative Permittivity
f0 Resonant Frequency, Operating Frequency
ΔL Fringe factor
Rin Resistance at the edge of the patch
xvii
π A constant (=3.1416)
Ω Ohms
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
f/b Front to back ratio
σ Conductivity
θ Angle
S 11 S-Parameter that represented an input reflection
° Degree
SNR Signal to Noise Power Ratio
xviii