DAFTAR ISI

Halaman
HALAMAN JUDUL............................................................................................. i
HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN PROPOSAL TUGAS AKHIR............................. ii
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN PROPOSAL TUGAS AKHIR.............................. iii
DAFTAR ISI.......................................................................................................... iv
DAFTAR TABEL.................................................................................................. v
DAFTAR GAMBAR............................................................................................. vi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN.......................................................................................... vii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN.............................................................................. 1
1.1 Latar Belakang.......................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah..................................................................... 4
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian....................................................................... 5
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian.................................................................... 5
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA..................................................................... 6
2.1 Infeksi Kulit............................................................................. 6
2.2 Staphylococcus aureus.............................................................. 7
2.3 Eritromisin................................................................................. 8
2.3.1 Farmakokinetika............................................................ 9
2.3.2 Farmakodinamika.......................................................... 10
2.3.2 Mekanisme Kerja.......................................................... 10
2.4 Teknologi Submikro Partikel.................................................... 11
2.5 Metode Pembuatan Submikro Partikel...................................... 12
2.6 Bahan Pembentuk Submikro Partikel....................................... 13
2.6.1 PLGA (Poly Lactic Co-Glycolic Acid).......................... 13
2.6.2 Kitosan (Chitosan)........................................................ 14
2.6.3 PVA (Polyvynil Alcohol)................................................ 15
2.7 Karakterisasi Submikro Partikel............................................... 16
2.7.1 Morfologi Submikro Partikel........................................ 16
2.7.2 Diameter dan Distribusi Partikel................................... 18
2.7.3 Persen Efisiensi Enkapsulasi (%EE)............................. 19
2.7.4 Zeta Potensial................................................................ 21
2.8 Kulit........................................................................................... 22
2.8.1 Anatomi Kulit................................................................ 22
2.8.2 Epidermis...................................................................... 22
2.8.3 Dermis........................................................................... 24
2.8.3 Subkutis......................................................................... 24
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN......................................................... 25
3.1 Waktu dan Tempat..................................................................... 25
3.2 Alat dan Bahan.......................................................................... 25
3.2.1 Alat................................................................................ 25
3.2.2 Bahan............................................................................. 25
3.2.2 Hewan Uji dan Bakteri Penginduksi............................. 26
3.3 Preparasi Bahan......................................................................... 26
3.3.1 Preparasi Eritromisin..................................................... 26

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 3.3.2 Preparasi PLGA (Poly Lactic Co-Glycolic Acid).......... 26
3.3.3 Preparasi PVA (Polyvynil Alcohol)................................ 26
3.3.4 Preparasi Kitosan (Chitosan)........................................ 27
3.4 Formula..................................................................................... 27
3.4.1 Pembuatan Submikro Partikel....................................... 27
3.5 Penentuan Persen Efisiensi Enkapsulasi (%EE) 28
3.6 Evaluasi dan Karakterisasi Partikel........................................... 29
3.6.1 Penentuan Nilai Diameter, Distribusi, dan Zeta
Potensial........................................................................ 29
3.6.2 Pengamatan Morfologi Partikel.................................... 30
3.7 Sterilisasi Alat dan Bahan......................................................... 30
3.7.1 Pembuatan Meda Nutrien Broth.................................... 31
3.7.2 Pembuatan Suspensi Bakteri......................................... 31
3.8 Uji In Vivo Submikro Partikel PLGA-Kitosan.......................... 31
3.8.1 Pengujian In Vivo Submikro Partikel............................ 31
3.8.2 Penyiapan Hewan Uji.................................................... 32
3.8.3 Pembuatan Infeksi Bakteri............................................ 32
3.8.4 Pengujian Aktivitas Antibakteri.................................... 32
3.8.5 Pengamatan Antibakteri................................................ 33
3.9 Analisis Data............................................................................. 33
3.9.1 Analisis Data Hasil TEM dan PSA............................... 33
3.9.2 Analisis Persen Efisiensi Enkapsulasi dan PDI............. 34
3.9.3 Analisis Data Uji In Vivo............................................... 34
BAB IV JUSTIFIKASI ETIK.................................................................. 35
4.1 Latar Belakang.............................................................. 35
4.2 Rangkuman Karakteristik Penelitian............................. 37
4.3 Kelayakan Etik.............................................................. 38
4.4 Prosedur Penelitian........................................................ 38
4.5 Kesimpulan.................................................................... 39

DAFTAR PUSTAKA............................................................................................ 40
LAMPIRAN.......................................................................................................... 46

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Halaman

Tabel 1. Komposisi formula submikro partikel PLGA-Kitosan....................... 27

Tabel 2. Kelompok perlakuan hewan uji.......................................................... 31

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Halaman

Gambar 1. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) koloni S. aureus.................. 8

Gambar 2. Eritromisin....................................................................................... 9
Gambar 3. Prinsip kerja ultrasonicator............................................................. 12
Gambar 4. PLGA (Poly Lactic Co-Glycolic Acid)............................................ 14
Gambar 5. Kitosan (Chitosan)........................................................................... 15
Gambar 6. PVA (Polyvynil Alcohol).................................................................. 16
Gambar 7. Prinsip kerja dynamic light scattering............................................. 19
Gambar 8. Anatomi kulit................................................................................... 22

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 DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Halaman

Lampiran 1. Skema Kerja Umum...................................................................... 46

Lampiran 2. Preparasi Sediaan Submikro Partikel............................................ 47
Lampiran 3 Pembuatan Infeksi Kulit............................................................... 48
Lampiran 4. Uji Antibakteri.............................................................................. 49
Lampiran 5. Perhitungan Jumlah Hewan Uji Pada Tiap Kelompok................. 50