Pvts Im Help

Help On
PVTsim 16
Contents
Fluid Handling 5
Fluid Handling ........................................................................................................................... 5
Database..................................................................................................................................... 6
Select ........................................................................................................................... 7
Import .......................................................................................................................... 7
Delete .......................................................................................................................... 8
Duplicate ..................................................................................................................... 8
Export .......................................................................................................................... 8
History......................................................................................................................... 8
Enter New Fluid......................................................................................................................... 8
Fluid Composition ..................................................................................................................... 9
Plus fraction................................................................................................................. 9
No-Plus fraction ........................................................................................................ 13
Characterized............................................................................................................. 14
Char Options.............................................................................................................. 14
Interaction Parameters ............................................................................................... 16
PVT Data................................................................................................................... 17
Viscosity Data ........................................................................................................... 18
Edit Default Comp List............................................................................................................ 18
Restore Default Comp List ...................................................................................................... 19
Edit Default Mw and Dens ...................................................................................................... 20
Restore Default Mw and Dens................................................................................................. 20
Database Structure ................................................................................................................... 20
Pure Component ...................................................................................................................... 21
Edit Current ............................................................................................................................. 23
Add to Database....................................................................................................................... 24
Export Current ......................................................................................................................... 24
Import ...................................................................................................................................... 25
Delumping ............................................................................................................................... 25
Clean for Mud.......................................................................................................................... 26
Recombine ............................................................................................................................... 28
Mix Fluid ................................................................................................................................. 29
Weave ...................................................................................................................................... 30
Same Pseudos .......................................................................................................................... 31
Injection Gas............................................................................................................................ 32
Fluids for Mix .......................................................................................................................... 32
Fluids for Weave...................................................................................................................... 32
Fluids for Recombine .............................................................................................................. 32
Fluids for Same Pseudos.......................................................................................................... 33
Fluids for Delump.................................................................................................................... 33
Fluids for OLGA Table ........................................................................................................... 33
Fluids for OLGA Compositional Tracking.............................................................................. 33
Fluids for Mud Cleaning.......................................................................................................... 34
Fluids for DepoWax ................................................................................................................ 34
Fluids for Viscosity Tuning in DepoWax ................................................................................ 34
Fluids for Viscosity Tuning ..................................................................................................... 35
Fluids for Property Generator .................................................................................................. 35
Fluids for Allocation................................................................................................................ 35
Fluids for QC of Fluid ............................................................................................................. 35
Help on PVTsim Contents • i

Regression ............................................................................................................................... 36
Data material ............................................................................................................. 36
Plus fraction fluid ...................................................................................................... 38
Characterized fluid .................................................................................................... 39
Running the regression .............................................................................................. 41
Repeated regressions ................................................................................................. 42
Same Pseudo-components ......................................................................................... 42
Fluid Management 43
Fluid Management ................................................................................................................... 43
New Database............................................................................................................ 44
Open Database........................................................................................................... 45
New Database............................................................................................................ 45
New Hysys Fluid ....................................................................................................... 45
New PRO/II Fluid ..................................................................................................... 45
QC of Fluid................................................................................................................ 46
Simulations 53
Simulations .............................................................................................................................. 53
Flash ........................................................................................................................................ 54
PT non-aqueous......................................................................................................... 56
PT aqueous ................................................................................................................ 56
PT multi phase........................................................................................................... 56
P-Beta ........................................................................................................................ 57
T-Beta........................................................................................................................ 57
PH.............................................................................................................................. 57
PS .............................................................................................................................. 57
VT.............................................................................................................................. 58
UV ............................................................................................................................. 58
HS.............................................................................................................................. 58
K-factor ..................................................................................................................... 59
Split-factor................................................................................................................. 59
Phase Envelope........................................................................................................................ 60
Fluids with no aqueous components.......................................................................... 60
Fluids with water ....................................................................................................... 61
Property Generator................................................................................................................... 62
Generating properties ................................................................................................ 62
Property output and plot ............................................................................................ 65
Documentation of Property Generator Table Format ................................................ 65
H2S .......................................................................................................................................... 71
Unit Operations........................................................................................................................ 73
Compressor................................................................................................................ 73
Expander.................................................................................................................... 75
Cooler ........................................................................................................................ 75
Heater ........................................................................................................................ 76
Pump.......................................................................................................................... 76
Valve ......................................................................................................................... 77
Separator.................................................................................................................... 77
ES-SAGD ................................................................................................................................ 78
Input .......................................................................................................................... 78
Output description ..................................................................................................... 79
Allocation ................................................................................................................................ 81
Flash Open Structure ............................................................................................................... 82
PVT Simulation ....................................................................................................................... 82
Critical Point.............................................................................................................. 83
Saturation Point ......................................................................................................... 83
Separator Test............................................................................................................ 84
Const Mass Expansion .............................................................................................. 86
Const Volume Depletion ........................................................................................... 87
Help on PVTsim Contents • ii

Differential Depletion................................................................................................ 87
Viscosity.................................................................................................................... 88
Swelling Test............................................................................................................. 89
Multiple Contact........................................................................................................ 90
Viscosity Tuning...................................................................................................................... 92
Wax.......................................................................................................................................... 94
Asphaltenes.............................................................................................................................. 96
Scale ........................................................................................................................................ 99
Hydrate .................................................................................................................................. 101
Wax Deposition (DepoWax) ................................................................................................. 104
Getting started with DepoWax ................................................................................ 105
Case database .......................................................................................................... 109
Case Name & Info................................................................................................... 110
Pipeline Configuration............................................................................................. 111
Wall Description...................................................................................................... 111
Boundary conditions................................................................................................ 112
Simulation parameters ............................................................................................. 113
Viscosity tuning....................................................................................................... 115
Output description ................................................................................................... 117
MMP...................................................................................................................................... 120
Slim Tube Experiment ........................................................................................................... 122
Depth Gradient....................................................................................................................... 125
T-Dependent Depth Gradient with Regression........................................................ 126
Interfaces 127
Interfaces to External Programs............................................................................................. 127
VIP Black Oil .......................................................................................................... 129
VIP-COMP.............................................................................................................. 130
MORE Black Oil ..................................................................................................... 131
MORE EOS............................................................................................................. 133
Eclipse Black Oil..................................................................................................... 133
Eclipse Gi ................................................................................................................ 138
Eclipse Comp .......................................................................................................... 139
Eclipse Black Oil (Using Correlations) ................................................................... 140
OLGA Compositional Tracking .............................................................................. 142
OLGA...................................................................................................................... 144
OLGA Wax ............................................................................................................. 147
Pipesim .................................................................................................................... 148
Multi Phase Meter ................................................................................................... 149
PipePhase ................................................................................................................ 153
PRO/II ..................................................................................................................... 154
Hysys....................................................................................................................... 154
Prosper-MBAL........................................................................................................ 155
Prosper-EOS............................................................................................................ 157
Saphir ...................................................................................................................... 157
WePS....................................................................................................................... 158
Version 12 CHN-file format.................................................................................... 159
Output 160
Output .................................................................................................................................... 160
Output Explorer ..................................................................................................................... 161
Spreadsheets ............................................................................................................ 161
Plots......................................................................................................................... 161
Worksheet.............................................................................................................................. 163
Entering Formulas ................................................................................................... 164
Worksheet Functions ............................................................................................... 165
Selecting Cells......................................................................................................... 166
Customized Plots ................................................................................................................... 166
Manipulating Charts .............................................................................................................. 168
Help on PVTsim Contents • iii

Save, Print, Copy and Paste ................................................................................................... 169
Save Phase ............................................................................................................................. 172
Options 173
Options................................................................................................................................... 173
Unit System & Settings ......................................................................................................... 174
Unit Converter ....................................................................................................................... 175
Customize toolbar.................................................................................................................. 176
Utilities 180
Utilities .................................................................................................................................. 180
Backup database ...................................................................................................... 180
Compact database.................................................................................................... 180
Zip databases ........................................................................................................... 181
Unzip database ........................................................................................................ 183
Method Documentation 186

Method Documentation ......................................................................................................... 186
Getting Support 187

Getting Support...................................................................................................................... 187
Help on PVTsim Contents • iv

Fluid Handling
Fluid Handling
All simulations start by either selecting a fluid composition already in the database or by adding a new composition.
Added fluids will automatically be stored in the currently selected database. The fluids in the database may be
mixed, weaved, recombined or characterized to the same pseudo-components. Default component properties may be
adjusted by regression to experimental PVT data.
The fluid handling comprises
• Fluid → Database
• Fluid→Enter New fluid
• Fluid →Delump
• Fluid →Clean for Mud
• Fluid → Recombine
• Fluid → Mix
• Fluid → Weave
• Fluid → Same Pseudos
• Fluid → Regression
• Fluid → Edit Default Component List
• Fluid → Restore Default Component List
• Fluid → Edit Default Mw and Dens
• Fluid → Restore Default Mw and Dens
• CharFluid → Edit Current

• CharFluid → Add to Database
• CharFluid → Import
• CharFluid → Export Current
• Pure Component → Edit
Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 5

• Pure Component → Add
• Pure Component → Delete
• Pure Component → Restore Database
The Fluid Management options are also available from the Simulations Explorer.
Database
The first time the program is installed, the DEMODATA database automatically becomes the database selected. It
contains example compositions. This database can be extended with new compositions or a new database with
another name can be created. Databases can be placed in any directory as long as you have writing permissions to
that directory.
To open another existing database choose File → Open Database.
To create a new database, choose File → Create New Database.
Closing and restarting PVTsim does not change the choice of database.
Pressing Fluid→ Database displays a list of fluids in the selected database. From the buttons at the bottom, the
contents of the database may be manipulated or a fluid may be selected. The options are
• <History>
• <Select>
• <Import>
• <Delete>
• <Duplicate>
• <Export>
• <Close>

The Database window will remain open after initiating Delete, Duplicate and Export. To close the Database window
click <Close>.
At least one composition must be entered in a new database before the <Select> option can be used. Use Fluid →
Enter New Fluid.
Only one database can be open at the time.
Databases from version 13 and onwards have a different format that used in previous releases of PVTsim. However,
you can still open an old PVTsim database used with versions 11 and 12 (files of the type *.fld) and the program will
convert the database to the format of the current version keeping the original file in the old format.
In order to open a version 11 and 12 database file and convert it to the current PVTsim format, choose File → Open
Database and specify .fld for Files of type. Having selected the old format database, the user is asked to confirm
that the database is to be updated to the current version. If Yes is pressed, the name (.fdb) and location of the updated
database file are to be specified. Then the conversion to new database format takes place in steps of one version at
the time (e.g. from 13 to 14, from 14 to 15 and from 15 to 16). The old database file remains untouched.
Select
To select a composition from the current database for use in subsequent calculations, select the fluid from the list and
double click on the fluid or click <Select>.
Import
To import a fluid composition from another database, click <Import>. Open the database holding the fluid to be
imported into the currently selected database. Select the fluid to be imported.

Delete
To delete one or more fluids from the database, select the fluid(s) from the list, and click <Delete>. Press <Ctrl> to
select more than one fluid at the same time.
Before deletion is initiated, a message box is displayed. Click Yes to continue deleting fluids or click No to regret
deleting.
Duplicate
To copy one or more fluids in the database, select the appropriate fluid(s) from the list, and click <Duplicate>.
Copies of the fluids selected are then added to the database as the last entries.
Export
Exports fluids from the database to another PVTsim fluid database. Select the fluid(s) to be exported and click
<Export>. The target database is specified from a file dialog box. The target database does not have to exist in
advance. Other ways of exchanging fluids are described in the sections Database Structure and Export Current.
History
Pressing <History> will display the text input in the History field for the highlighted composition.
Enter New Fluid
Clicking Fluid → Enter New Fluid will make a menu appear for entering a new composition. By default the Fluid
type is Plus fraction, but it may be changed to either No-Plus fraction or Characterized.
Having entered a new fluid, click <OK>. This will save the fluid in the database. To also save Plus or No-Plus
fraction fluids in characterized form, check Save Char Fluid in the Options frame.
Checking Adjust to Sat point for a Plus fraction fluid will allow entry of an experimental saturation point. When
<OK> is pressed afterwards, the plus molecular weight is allowed to be adjusted by up to 10% maintaining a
constant weight composition to improve the match of the experimental saturation point.
Components not displayed by default may be added clicking <Add Comps>.
For Plus and No-Plus fraction fluids the compositions may be input in either mole and weight, while a characterized
composition must be input in mole % or other molar unit.

Fluid Composition
The fields Well, Test, Fluid, Sample and Text in the fluid input menu are used to identify the fluid. The contents of
these fields are shown when the list of fluids in the database is displayed. The entries should therefore be sufficiently
descriptive to allow the fluid to be identified when scrolling through the database.
In the History field it is possible to enter various information regarding the fluid, e.g. if the fluid has been regressed
on and what parameters were used in the regression. If the fluid was input in an earlier version of PVTsim, the
version number used to input the fluid is shown in the History field.
Plus fraction
A Plus fraction fluid is interpreted as a composition where the last component is a plus fraction containing all
components of the actual carbon number and heavier. Required data are mol%’s or weight%’s of pure components
and mol%’s or weight%’s, densities and molecular weights of C7+ fractions. The last fraction must be C7 or higher.
No gaps are allowed in C7+ carbon numbers. A composition containing C7, C9 and C10+ must for example also
contain C8.

The mole %'s or weight %'s do not have to sum to 100. Compositions are always normalized before any calculations
are performed. Flow rates in moles or weight per time unit can therefore be entered for mol% or weight%,
respectively. Mol%’s or weight%’s do not have to be entered for all components displayed, as long as there are no
gaps in the C7+ fractions. The Total mol%/weight% field is continuously updated, which can be used to catch typing
errors.
Density is always liquid density at 15 °C /59 °F and atmospheric pressure (1.01325 bara/14.696 psia)
An example of a plus composition is shown below.
Component Mol% Mol Wgt Density (g/cm3)

N2 0.560
CO2 3.549
C1 45.320
C2 5.479
C3 3.699
iC4 0.700
nC4 1.650
iC5 0.730
nC5 0.870
C6 1.330
C7 2.729 89.9 0.757
C8 3.259 103.2 0.777
C9 2.140 117.7 0.796
C10+ 27.987 299.0 0.887
As shown below the same composition may also be entered as a GC analysis with mole%’s or weight%’s to a higher
carbon number than molecular weights and densities. Molecular weight and density must be given to the same
carbon number (in the below table to C10+).

N2 0.560
CO2 3.549
C1 45.320
C2 5.479
C3 3.699
iC4 0.700
nC4 1.650
iC5 0.730
nC5 0.870
C6 1.330

C7 2.729 89.9 0.757
C8 3.259 103.2 0.777
C9 2.140 117.7 0.796
C10(+) 1.940 299.0 0.887
C11 1.620
C12 1.470
C13 1.690
C14 1.620
C15 1.590
C16 1.300
C17 1.110
C18 1.260
C19 1.070
C20+ 13.317
Checking Adjust to Sat point will display a Temperature and a Pressure field. These are to be filled in with an
experimental saturation point to be matched as well as possible by modifying the plus molecular weight by max.
10% maintaining a constant weight composition. The saturation point adjustment is different from a true regression
where other parameters can be modified as well.
Click <Normalize> to normalize the composition to 100.0%. This is optional, as the composition will always be
normalized prior to simulations.
Clear will clear all mol%'s or weight%’s, but maintain component properties.
To add a component not contained in the selected fluid, click <Add Comps>.
Scroll down to the component to add and press <OK>.
A Plus fraction composition in mol% may be converted to a weight% composition by clicking < Mol to Weight>.
Similarly a Plus fraction composition in weight% may be converted to a mol% composition by clicking <Weight to
Mol>.
To save the characterized fluid originating from a Plus fraction type of composition check Save Char Fluid.
Click <OK> to accept the composition and close the form. This will save the Plus composition in the database and
the plus fraction will be split into carbon number fractions and these carbon number fractions will be lumped into
pseudo-components. Model parameters will be assigned to each component and pseudo-component. The
characterized composition becomes the currently selected one, but is not saved in the database unless Save Char
Fluid was checked. It is possible afterwards to save the characterized composition in the database by clicking
CharFluid → Add to Database.
C6+ compositions

C6+ compositions are not legal input but may be entered using the below procure manually converting the C6+
composition into a C7+ composition.
The below table shows an example of a C6+ composition.

N2 0.546 28.014
CO2 2.826 44.010
C1 55.565 16.043
C2 8.594 30.070
C3 5.745 44.097
iC4 1.009 58.124
nC4 2.435 58.124
iC5 0.895 72.151
nC5 1.240 72.151
C6+ 21.143 191.700 0.840
This composition is initially to be entered as shown below.

N2 0.546 28.014
CO2 2.826 44.010
C1 55.565 16.043
C2 8.594 30.070
C3 5.745 44.097
iC4 1.009 58.124
nC4 2.435 58.124
iC5 0.895 72.151
nC5 1.240 72.151
C6 0.000
C7+ 21.143 191.700 0.840
Click CharFluid → Edit. Scroll to the right to see the P-fraction (paraffin fraction ) of C7.
Assume the following properties for C6
• Mw = 86.178
• Density = 0.664 g/cm3

And calculate C6 mol% and C7+ mol% and properties as
• C6 mol% = C7 mol% x P-fraction of C7 = 2.637 x 0.527 = 1.389

• C7+ mol% = C6+ mol% - C6 mol% = 21.143-1.389 = 19.75
• C7+ Mw = (C6+ mol%x C6+ mol wgt - C6 mol% xC6 molwgt)/(C7+ mol%) = (21.143×191.7-
1.389×86.178)/19.754=199.1
• C7+ density= (C6+ mol%x C6+ mol wgt - C6 mol% xC6 molwgt) / ((C6+ mol%x C6+ mol wgt)/(C6+
density) - (C6 mol% xC6 molwgt)/(C6 density)) = (21.143×191.7-1.389×86.178)/(21.143×191.7/0.840-
1.389×86.178/0.6640)=0.8468 g/cm3
The final composition is shown in the table below.

N2 0.546 28.014
CO2 2.826 44.010
C1 55.565 16.043
C2 8.594 30.070
C3 5.745 44.097
iC4 1.009 58.124
nC4 2.435 58.124
iC5 0.895 72.151
nC5 1.240 72.151
C6 1.389 86.178 0.6640
C7+ 19.754 199.1 0.8468
For plus fraction fluids it is possible to check the box Input wax fraction. This will make a new column appear
enabling the user to enter measured wax fractions (wax ≈ n-paraffin) of C7+ carbon number fractions except for the
plus fraction. PVTsim will estimate the wax contents in carbon number fractions for which no wax fraction input is
given. The wax content in the plus fraction will always be found by estimation.
No-Plus fraction
A No-plus fluid is interpreted as a mixture of pure components and possibly C7+ carbon number fractions. The last
entry is interpreted as a discrete carbon number fraction, not as a plus fraction. The same type of input is required as
for a Plus fraction composition except that gaps are accepted in the C7+ fraction. C7, C9 and no C8 is for example
legal input. By checking Adjust C7+ dens a field will appear for entering °API gravity. Click <Adjust> to adjust the
average density of the fluid to match the entered °API gravity (°API = 141.5/(density in g/cm3 at atmospheric
pressure and 15 °C/59 °F). This option will not work if the fluid contains components lighter than C7. The option is
primarily intended for mud compositions, which type of compositions will usually be rather paraffinic and therefore
of a lower density than the PVTsim default densities.

Characterized
For a characterized fluid Crit T, Crit P, acentric factor and other component properties are assigned to each
component. A characterized fluid usually originates from a Plus Fraction or a No-Plus fraction type of composition,
but it is also possible to enter an already characterized composition. The composition of a characterized fluid is
always in mole.
To enter an already characterized fluid, click Fluid → Enter New Fluid. Change Fluid type to Characterized.
To enter C7+ pseudo-components click on <Add Comps>. Below the table with components to add, it is possible to
enter a user-defined Number of pseudos. Be aware that the molecular weight of these pseudo-components is 100 by
default and must be edited. Molecular weight and Ωa and Ωb are the only properties assigned to these components
by default. All other properties must be entered manually.
Not all component properties need to be known to carry out a simulation. As a minimum Molecular weight, Crit T,
Crit P and acentric factor must be entered for each component. By pressing <Complete> as many of the remaining
properties will be estimated as possible, which will increase the number of simulations that can be accomplished. It
is highly recommended to enter densities of the C7+ components, as many of the component properties to be
estimated depend on densities.
A more thorough guide on entering characterized fluids is given in the section Getting Done with Input of
Characterized Compositions.
A given simulation may be performed if the component properties available are sufficient to do the basic calculation.
For instance a flash can be performed without ideal gas Cp-coefficients. Only are energy related properties not
contained in the output. A hydrate simulation requires hydrate parameters of all hydrate forming components. A
message will appear if properties are missing.
Char Options
It is possible to lump components into pseudo-components. By default pure components are not lumped while the
C7+ fraction is default lumped into max. 12 pseudo-components. The user may change the default lumping by
clicking Char Options in the Selected Fluid/Enter New Fluid menu. To more permanently change the default setting,
click Options → Unit System & Settings and modify the Default number of C7+ fractions.
A Plus fraction or No-Plus fraction type of composition may be lumped using the standard method or using ab-
lumping. The standard method splits the C7+ fraction into pseudo-components of approximately equal weight. The
ab lumping minimizes the variation in the equation of state a and b parameters within each pseudo-component.
It is possible to choose between a Normal and a Heavy C7+ characterization procedure. The Normal procedure does
not consider hydrocarbons heavier than C80, while the limit is C200 for the Heavy procedure. In general it is to be
recommended to use the Normal procedure unless for very aromatic oils (C10+ density > 0.95 g/cm3 or °API<17). It
can also be an idea to try the Heavy procedure if much too high saturation point pressures are found using the
Normal procedure.
Checking the field C7+ user defined displays a table enabling the user to input the carbon number ranges to be
contained in each C7+ pseudo-component.

A user defined C7+ lumping may look as follows
C range First C Last C

CH01 7 10
CH02 11 29
CH03 30 47
CH04 48 80
The last C-number is 80 for Normal C7+ characterization and 200 for Heavy C7+ characterization.
The suggested names of the lumped components (CH01, CH02, etc.) may be edited by double clicking on the name.
Checking Defined for a Plus fraction or No-Plus fraction type of composition will make a sheet appear allowing
lumping of pure components. To lump
• N2 and C1
• CO2 and C2
• C3-C4
• C5-C6
• C5-C6
the sheet is to be filled in as shown below.
√ Defined
Component Def_1 Def_2 Def_3 Def_4

N2 X
CO2 X
C1 X
C2 X
C3 X
iC4 X
nC4 X
iC5 X
nC5 X
C6 X
The X'es appear by pressing the spacebar with the cursor placed in the field.

The default names of the lumped components (Def_1, Def_2, etc.) may be modified by double clicking in the name
field.
Checking the field User Defined for a Characterized fluid will make a sheet appear, which enables grouping of all
the components contained in the Characterized fluid.
For a characterized fluid some correction factors are displayed. A correction factor is 1.0 by default, but may change
as a result of regression.
• Peneloux
Multiplication factor for the volume translation (Peneloux) parameters of the C7+ pseudo-components.
• Viscosity correction factors.

With the corresponding states (CSP) viscosity model chosen four correction factors will be shown.
The 1st and 2nd CSP correction factors will influence gas, condensate and light oil viscosities. The 3rd and 4th
CSP correction factors influence heavy oil and low temperature liquid viscosities.
For the Lohrenz-Bray-Clark (LBC) viscosity correlation there is only one correction factor, a multiplication
factor (VcLBC) for the critical volumes of the C7+ pseudo-components.
In addition the five coefficients (a1-a5) in the LBC correlation are shown.
The user may manually adjust correction factors and LBC coefficients. These will be preserved from one selection of
a fluid to the next one while other set Char Options are not preserved.
Interaction Parameters
PVTsim supports 3 equation of state mixing rules.
• Classical (Classic)
Requires one interaction parameter (kij) per binary.
• T-dependent (T-dep)
Requires 3 interaction parameters per binary (kij A, kij B and kij C). The binary interaction parameter at the
temperature T is found from
kij = kij A + CNj*((kij B + kij C*(T-288.15))

where CNj is the carbon number of component j and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
To avoid numerical problems caused by too high absolutes kij-values, PVTsim performs a check of the kij’s at
temperatures of 288.15 K and 423.15 K, at which temperatures the following ranges are accepted:

Binaries not containing water, inhibitors or salts: -1.0 < kij < 1.0
Binaries containing water, inhibitor or salt : -1.0 < kij < 10.0
By clicking <T-dep=Classic>, all kij A’s are set equal to the classical kij’s and kij B and kij C are set to zero.
For this setting classical and T-dependent kij’s will provide the same simulation results. This option enables the
user to start regressing on T-dependent kij’s using the optimum classical kij’s as the starting point.
• Huron and Vidal (HV)

Requires 5 interaction parameters per binary
αij, gij, gji, gij(T) and gji(T)
where αij is a non-randomness parameter, gij and gji are the terms in the interaction parameters that do not
depend on T and gij(T) and gji(T) are the temperature dependent terms of gij and gji.
The interaction parameters are specific for the selected equation of state. The default values can be modified
manually. For characterized compositions Vc dependent kij’s (Classical) can be derived by clicking <Vc kij’s>. T-
dependent kij’s are left untouched.
Not all pairs in a given mixture need to use the same mixing rules. Any combination of Classic, T-dep and HV are
allowed.
PVT Data
Clicking PVT Data in the composition input menu gives access to a menu for entering and storing PVT data of the
following types
• Saturation Point
• Separator Test
• Constant Mass Expansion
• Constant Volume Depletion
• Differential Depletion (or differential liberation)
• Viscosity experiment
• Swelling experiment
Different data format are used for gases and oils. Therefore before entering any PVT data, set Selected fluid type to
either Oil or Gas.
To enter for example Constant Mass Expansion data click <Const Mass Exp>. This will display an input menu for
entering the quantities usually measured in a Constant Mass Expansion experiment. The Identification field must be
filled out.

The field Sat stage must be filled in with a number. The number indicates which of the entered pressure stages is the
dew point or bubble point pressure. A value of 0 is not accepted.
Data for 5 different experiments of each type may be entered. Each set of data is entered under a separate tab (1st set,
2nd set, etc.). Often only one set of data is available (for reservoir temperature), but if data has been measured at
different temperatures (or a second set at the same temperature) these may be entered under the subsequent tabs. All
data will be available for regression.
A critical point may be included as one of the saturation points by specifying that a given saturation point is the
critical stage. Keeping 0 as entry for Crit stage means that none of the saturation stages are at the critical point. The
option to include a critical point is useful when doing regression on near critical systems. The regression might
otherwise change the fluid parameters to have a condensate behave like an oil system or vice versa.
If a PVT experiment for which PVT data have been entered is simulated afterwards, plots of experimental and
simulated data will be shown.
Viscosity Data
Clicking Visc Data in the Enter New Fluid/Selected Fluid/current Char Fluid menu gives access to a menu for
entering experimental oil viscosity data for given T and P. It is possible afterwards to tune the viscosity model
parameters to match the data.
Three viscosity data tables are seen
• Oil viscosities
Viscosities not influenced by wax precipitation. Corresponding values of temperature, pressure and
experimental viscosities to be entered.
• Oil viscosities below Wax Appearance Point (WAP)

Oil viscosities influenced by solid wax particles. The wax particles will change the viscosity behavior from
Newtonian to non-Newtonian why shear rates need to be entered.
• Wax inhibited oil viscosities below WAP

Wax inhibition is in PVTsim modeled as a lowering of the melting point of wax forming compounds within a
given carbon number range. To estimate the carbon number range of wax forming components influenced by
the inhibitor, viscosity data measured in the presence of the actual wax inhibitor is needed and may be entered
in the lower window.
To enter data for a Viscosity experiment, use the <PVT Data> button.
Edit Default Comp List

When clicking Enter New Fluid to add a new fluid, a default list of components is displayed. Right after installation
this list consists of N2, CO2, H2S, C1, C2, C3, iC4, nC4, iC5, nC5, C6 and the hydrocarbon fractions C7-C20. This
list may be changed by clicking Edit Default Comp List under the Fluid item. Two component lists are shown. The
left hand one contains the components currently in the default list and the right hand one the components that may be
added to the default list.
To remove components from the default list, scroll through the Components in the default list and mark those to
remove. Click the Remove>> button.
To add components to the default list, scroll through the list of Components to add. Mark those to be added and click
the <<Add button.
Press <OK> to update the default component list.
Click Fluid → Enter New Fluid to see the updated default component list.
Restore Default Comp List
When clicking Fluid → Enter New Fluid, the currently selected default list of components is displayed. Fluid →
Restore Default Comp List will restore the original component list consisting of N2, CO2, H2S, C1, C2, C3, iC4,
nC4, iC5, nC5, C6 and the hydrocarbon fractions C7-C20.

Edit Default Mw and Dens
When adding a new fluid, default molecular weights and densities may be shown for C7-C100 hydrocarbons. These
may be edited from Edit Default Mw and Dens under the Fluid item.
To not have default C7+ molecular weights and densities shown when entering a new fluid, uncheck Default Mw
and Dens under Options.
Restore Default Mw and Dens
Click Restore Default Mw and Dens under the Fluid menu item or Default Mw/Dens in the Fluid Management panel
to restore the C7-C100 molecular weights and densities that came with the installation version.
Default C7+ molecular weights and densities will be displayed in the Enter New Fluid menu if Default Mw and Dens
under Options is checked.
Database Structure
Fluid compositions and experimental PVT data are stored in a database.
A PVTsim database consists of one file with the extension *.fdb. The database Demodata, which comes with the
installation version for example consists of the file Demodata.fdb.
To transfer a database to another PC only the *.fdb file has to be moved.
Other ways of exchanging fluids are described in Export under Database and in Export Current.

Wax deposition (DepoWax) cases are stored in the same *.fdb file as is used to store the fluid compositions and PVT
data.
Pure Component
The properties of the components in the pure component database may be edited from Edit under the Pure
Component menu item. Select the component to be edited from the component list.
New components may be added to the component database. Click Add under the Pure Component menu item. Start
entering a Short Name of max. 10 characters, the Normal boiling point (Normal Tb) and the molecular weight (Mol
Wt). Specify the component type as either
• Hydrate inhibitor
• Salt
• Other inorganic
• Organic defined
• Pseudo-component
Press <OK> to enter more properties. Molecular weight, critical temperature, critical pressure, acentric factor and Ωa
and Ωb must be entered in order to make simulations on mixtures with the actual component. It is optional how

many of the remaining properties to enter, but missing properties will limit the number of simulations that can be
performed and the number of properties that can be calculated. The full list of component properties is
1. Systematic Name of max 30 characters (Edit by double clicking the grey area, change the text and press
<OK>).
2. Short Name of max 10 characters. This is the name displayed in the output from the calculation options.
3. Formula Name of max 10 characters.
4. Molecular weight (Mol wt). For a grouped component this is the number average molecular weight of the
components grouped together.
5. Liquid Density at 15 °C (59 °F) and atmospheric pressure (only for pseudo-components).
6. Critical temperature (Crit T).
7. Critical pressure (Crit P).
8. Acentric factor.
9. Boiling point temperature at atmospheric conditions (Normal Tb).
10. Weight average molecular weight (Wt av Mol wt). This is equal to the component molecular weight unless
for lumped components (pseudo-components).
11. Critical molar volume (Crit V).
12. Vapor pressure (Pvap) model (Classic or Mathias and Copeman (M &C)).
13. M & C coefficients C1- C3.
14. Peneloux volume shift parameters for SRK and PR. Consists of a temperature independent (Cpen) and a
temperature dependent term (Cpen T). The Peneloux parameters are specific for the selected equation of
state. Having entered e.g. SRK Peneloux parameters, shift to the PR equation to also enter PR parameters.
15. Ideal gas enthalpy at 273.15 K (Href).
16. Four coefficients in ideal gas heat capacity (Cp) polynomial.
17. Melting temperature (Tf).
18. Freezing point depression by wax inhibitor (Delta Tf).
19. Molar melting enthalpy (Hf).
20. Paraffinic (P), Naphthenic (N) and Aromatic (A) fraction of component.
21. Wax forming fraction of component.
22. Asphaltene (Asp) fraction of component.
23. Parachor
24. Types of hydrates (I, II, H) the component may be part of (key toggles between choices). A component may
be set to form hydrates when the SRK equation is chosen and to not form hydrates when the PR equation is
chosen.
25. Hydrate parameters (only for hydrate forming components). The hydrate parameters are specific for the
selected equation of state. Having entered e.g. SRK hydrate parameters, shift to the PR equation to also
enter PR parameters.
26. Number of ions formed in aqueous solution (only for salts).
27. Number of Crystal Water molecules precipitating per salt molecule (only for salts).
28. Critical pressure (Crit P wax) of wax forming part of component (only if wax fraction >0).
29. Ωa and Ωb. These parameters are specific for the selected equation of state.

Units for the properties are according to the selected Unit system.
Components may be deleted from the pure component database. There is also an option for restoring the pure
component database that came with the installation program.
If properties of a component are modified in the pure component database, this modification will only apply for new
fluids containing the actual component. Component properties of already stored fluids are not affected. This also
applies for Plus fluids.
Edit Current
Having entered a new fluid or selected a fluid already in the database, the fluid may be viewed and modified in
characterized form. Any modifications made will be used in subsequent calculations, but the modifications will not
affect the fluid stored in the database. When viewing a selected fluid, only model parameters for the selected
equation of state are shown.

The modified characterized fluid may be added to the database using CharFluid → Add to Database.
Add to Database
Clicking Add to Database will store the current fluid in the currently selected database (last entry) as a characterized
fluid. The fluid is saved with the equation of state variation selected at the moment of storage assigned to it. If this
equation of state is different from the equation of state used when the fluid was characterized or entered as a
characterized fluid, the storing cannot be performed as there would otherwise be an inconsistency between the
equation of state and the model parameters.
Export Current
A characterized file with accompanying PVT data may be saved to disk in a keyword based format using Export
Current from CharFluid on the menu. The saved file may later on be loaded with the Import item under CharFluid.
The file extension is .CHC.
Other ways of exchanging fluids are described in Export under Database and in the section Database Structure.

Import
Loads a characterized composition with accompanying PVT data previously saved using Export Current from
CharFluid. Prior to version 13, the file extension was .CHN. In version 13 the extension was changed to CHC and a
keyword based format applied. Both formats can be imported into the current version of PVTsim.
Interface files to the OLGA Compositional Tracking flow simulator with the extension CTM may also be imported
into PVTsim if generated with PVTsim 13.1 or newer. If the CTM file contains multiple fluid compositions, all the
fluids are added to the PVTsim fluid database. The text in the Text field will contain CT for this type of fluids.
If only one composition is imported, it will replace the presently selected fluid and will be used in simulations until a
new fluid is selected. Use Edit Current under CharFluid to view the imported fluid.
Delumping
The delumping option is accessed from the Fluid menu item or from the Fluid Management panel. It restores all the
defined components (N2, CO2, H2S and C1-C6). The lumped C7+ fractions will by default be split into a total of 12
fractions but the user may change this number.
Start selecting the characterized fluid to be delumped and open the Delump menu. Select the plus fraction
composition (source composition) from which the lumped characterized composition originates. This plus fraction
composition must be present in the same database.
If the lumped and the delumped fluids are to have identical GOR's at some T and P, check the field Tune to GOR and
enter the T and P at which the GOR is to be matched. After delumping, the delumped fluid is displayed and made the
current one, i.e. the one used in calculations until a new fluid is selected. If the field Save Delumped Char Fluid was
checked prior to the delumping, the delumped fluid will be stored in the database.
By checking Delump to Plus Fluid and Save, the delumped fluid will be stored in the database as a Plus Fraction
fluid to either C7+ or C10+.
If a Message box appears saying Mismatch between source fluid and lumped fluid, there are two possible reasons.
Either does the lumped fluid not originate from the selected source fluid, in which case the right source fluid must be
selected. Another reason can be that the source fluid has been selected once more and a different lumping applied

than for the fluid to be delumped. In that case the lump information is lost and the source fluid must be selected
again and the same lumping performed as for the fluid to be delumped.
To delump a composition originating from a characterization to same pseudo-components, apply the following
procedure
• Having characterized the pertinent Plus or No-Plus fraction fluids to the same pseudo-components, make a note
of the carbon number fractions contained in the lumped C7+ pseudo-components. This could for example be
C7-C13, C14-C25 and C26-C80.
• Make a new characterization to the same pseudo-components. In the CharOptions menu, check C7+ user
defined and enter the first and last carbon (C) number of each pseudo-component (e.g. CH01: 7 13, CH02: 14
25 and CH03: 26 80).
Water, inhibitors and salts are not allowed in a composition to be delumped.
Clean for Mud
Reservoir fluid samples may contain base oil contaminate originating from drilling mud. The Clean for Mud option
numericaly removes the contaminate from a reservoir fluid or a stock tank oil.
Clean for Mud is accessed from Fluid → Clean for Mud or from the Fluid Management panel.
A contaminated fluid to be cleaned must be present in the fluid database as a Plus fraction fluid and the mud
contaminate as a No-Plus fraction fluid. Components lighter than C7 are not allowed in the mud contaminate.
The following combinations of fluid compositions and cleaning procedures exist.
Settings Input Cleaning

Contaminated reservoir fluid % mud in reservoir fluid is found by iterative
calculation ending with a fluid that after a flash to

“None” Mud contaminate fluid standard conditions will give an oil phase with the
input weight% contamination.
Weight% contaminate of STO
√ Skip iterations Contaminated reservoir fluid Approximate cleaning. Flash of contaminated reservoir
fluid to standard conditions will only approximately
Mud contaminate fluid reproduce input weight% contamination (introduced to
save time when regressing to PVT data for
Weight% Contaminate of STO contaminated reservoir fluids).
√ Estimate Contaminated Reservoir fluid Will be estimated.
Mud contaminate It is a requirement that at least the C7 fraction, the plus

fraction and the carbon number fraction right before
the plus fraction are free of contaminate.
√ Contam fluid is STO Contaminated STO oil Performed by mass balance “subtracting” mud
contaminate from input STO oil composition.
Mud contaminate fluid
Weight% contaminate of STO
√ Contam fluid is STO Contaminated STO oil The % contaminate in the STO oil is estimated.
√ Estimate Mud contaminate fluid It is a requirement that at least the C7 fraction, the plus
fraction and the carbon number fraction right before
the plus fraction are free of contaminate.
By checking appropriate check boxes it is possible to save
- Cleaned fluid
- Characterized contaminated fluid
- Characterized cleaned fluid
- Characterized mud contaminate
If the compositional analysis of the contaminated reservoir fluid ends at a higher carbon number than that of the
contaminate, a plot will appear after the cleaning showing ln(mole%) versus carbon number for the C7+ fractions in
the contaminated and cleaned fluids. For a normal clean reservoir fluid this plot will give an almost straight line.
If PVT data has been entered for the contaminated reservoir fluid, it is possible to perform a regression to this data,
which will result in a “regressed” cleaned fluid. The regression takes its starting point in either a contaminated Plus
fluid or a contaminated characterized fluid
• Contaminated Plus fluid
Fluid type must be set to Plus. Select the contaminated Plus fluid and the contaminate (No Plus fluid). It is
possible to get access to the PVT data for the contaminated fluid by clicking <PVT Data>. This also gives
access to the regression options. These are the same as for a Regression to a Plus fraction fluid.
It is possible to save the tuned contaminated and the tuned cleaned reservoir fluids in the database. Also the
characterized mud contaminate may be saved.
• Contaminated Characterized fluid
In the Clean Fluid for Mud menu change Fluid type to Char. Select a characterized contaminated reservoir fluid
and a characterized mud composition generated by cleaning a Plus fluid. Click PVT Data → Options and select
regression parameters. These are the same as with Regression to Characterized fluids.
It is possible to save the tuned contaminated and the tuned cleaned reservoir fluids in the database.

Note: Regression to PVT data for a contamintated reservoir fluid
o Clean the contaminated plus fluid while making regression to the saturation point at the reservoir
temperature. Check the fields Save Char Mud and Save Char Contaminated.
o When regression is completed, open the Clean Fluid for Mud menu again. Change Fluid type to
Char.
o Select the saved Char Contaminated fluid and the saved Char Mud. Check the fields Save Tuned
Contaminated and Save Tuned Clean. Click on <PVT Data> . Include all (important) PVT Data in
the regression by checking the appropriate Data in Use fields. Press <Options> to select regression
parameters.
o When the regression is completed, select the Tuned Clean fluid and simulate PVT experiments of
the same kind and with the same pressure stages as the PVT data for the contaminated fluid.
o Input the simulation results as “experimental” data for the cleaned Plus fluid. The cleaned plus
fluid may then be treated as an ordinary reservoir fluid with experimental data that can be
regressed to.
When opening the Clean Fluid for Mud menu again an earlier selection of contaminated fluid and contaminate fluid
will be shown again. Highlight the fluids and press the Del key to clear the fluid input fields.
Note: To make regression in the Clean for Mud module, a license to the Regression module is needed.
Recombine
The Recombine window is accessed from Recombine under the Fluid item or from the Fluid Management panel. It is
used to make a volumetric recombination of two compositions in the active database.
Click on <Select Oil> to select the oil and on <Select Gas> to select the gas.

The Gas/Oil ratio is defined as volume of gas at standard conditions per volume of liquid in equilibrium with the gas
at a defined temperature and pressure. The liquid phase conditions are often sampling (separator) conditions. Density
is the liquid density at this temperature and pressure (separator T and P).
Enter the Gas/Oil ratio and the Oil Density. Fill in the Fluid fields with text identifying the recombined fluid. The
field Save Fluid must be checked to store the recombined fluid in the database as a Plus fraction or a No-Plus
fraction type of composition. The Save Fluid option is only active if the oil and gas to be recombined both are of the
type Plus fraction or No-Plus Fraction. Check the field Save Char Fluid to store the recombined fluid in the database
as a characterized fluid.
In cases when the Gas/Oil ratio is unknown or uncertain, the oil and gas may instead be recombined to a given
saturation point. Check the field Adjust to sat point and enter the saturation point in the T and P fields. The Oil
Density at the recombination T and P must still be entered.
Char Options may be used to specify how to lump the components of the recombined fluid. Set Char Options are not
preserved from one recombination simulation to the next one.
Press <OK> to perform the recombination. The recombined fluid will be displayed and is now ready for use in
simulations.
Two previously recombined fluids will be displayed again when opening the Recombination window. Highlight the
Fluids and press the Del key to clear the fluid input fields.
Recombination in mole per mole or weight per weight may be performed from Fluid →Mix.
Water, inhibitors and salts are not allowed in any of the compositions to be recombined.
Mix Fluid
The window for Mixing of Fluids is accessed from Mix under the Fluid item or from the Fluid Management panel. It
is used to mix 2-50 compositions on either molar or mass basis.

Select the fluids to be mixed by pressing <Select Fluids>. Enter the relative amounts in the Amount field. Fill in the
Fluid fields with text identifying the mixed fluid.
Check the field Save Char Fluid to store the mixed fluid in the database.
Char Options may be used to specify how to lump the components of the mixed fluid. Set Char Options are not
preserved from one Mix operation to the next one.
Press <OK> to perform the mixing. The mixed fluid is displayed and is now ready for use in simulations.
Fluids mixed earlier on will be displayed again next time the Mix window is opened. Highlight fluids to be deleted
and press the Del key. Pressing <Clear Fluids> will delete all fluid entries.
Weave
The window for weaving of Fluids is accessed from Weave under the Fluid item or from the Fluid Management
panel. It is used to weave 2-50 compositions on molar or mass basis. Weaving is a mixing where the components of
the individual fluids are maintained. The option is only applicable for already characterized fluids.
Select the fluids to be weaved by pressing <Select Fluids>. Enter the relative amounts in the Amount fields. Fill in
the Fluid fields with a text identifying the weaved fluid.
Check the field Save CharFluid to store the weaved fluid in the database.
Press <OK> to perform the weaving. The weaved fluid is displayed and is now ready for use in simulations.
Fluids weaved earlier will be displayed again next time the Weave menu is opened. Highlight fluids to be deleted
and press the Del key. Pressing <Clear Fluids> will delete all fluid entries.

Same Pseudos
The window for Characterization to Same Pseudo-Components is selected from Same Pseudos under the Fluid item
or from the Fluid Management panel. It is used to characterize 2-50 (Plus or No Plus) compositions to a common set
of pseudo-components. This option can be used for Plus fraction or No-Plus fraction types of compositions.
To specify a non-default lumping, click Char Options. Set Char Options will not be preserved.
Select the fluids and enter the relative importance of each fluid in the Weight fields. The Weight Unit can be either
Molar or Mass.
The Characterization to Same Pseudos may be combined with a regression. This is accomplished by checking the
field Do Regression. To see what PVT data are used in the regression, click <PVT Data> for each composition. The
checked fields for Data in Use show what type of PVT data used in the regression. The PVT data can be viewed and
modified by clicking on the button for the actual type of PVT data. Data is not needed for all properties listed, or for
all stages for a given property. Different weights may be assigned to the various types of experimental data. A
weight of zero means that the actual data is not assigned any importance, but the composition will still be
characterized to the same pseudo-components as the remaining fluids.
For compositions previously characterized to the same pseudo-components, the Same Pseudos option can be used to
make regression to PVT data for the selected fluids maintaining an identical set of pseudo-components. An injection
gas must be specified if swelling data are given.
Viscosity data originating from a viscosity experiment may also be included in a regression to the same pseudo-
components. If the viscosity data are for varying temperatures, the Viscosity Tuning option may be more
appropriate.
Using the regression option on plus-fluids, default coefficients in the Tc, Pc and ω correlations to be regressed on are
selected automatically and may be viewed by pressing <Reg Options>. The user may choose different coefficients
to be regressed on. The same coefficients will be used for all fluids. The max allowed adjustment of the Peneloux
correction factor (Pen fac) specified in the same menu is also common for all fluids.
The max allowed adjustment of the plus molecular weight may be specified for each fluid individually. This is done
from <Options> in the PVT data menu for the actual fluid.

The characterized fluids are stored in the database as the last entries. The fluid names of fluids characterized to the
same pseudo-components will be extended with a Same Ps. After leaving the menu for characterization to Same
Pseudo-Components, the current fluid is the same one as before entering into this window.
Previously selected fluids of the same type (Plus or Char) will be displayed again next time the Same Pseudos menu
is opened. Highlight fluids and press Del on the keyboard to delete. Pressing <Clear Fluids> will delete all fluid
entries.
Note: To do regression in combination with characterization to same pseudo-components, a license to the regression
module is required.
Injection Gas
Swelling and related options require specification of an injection gas. Click the button for specification of injection
gas. This will display a list of fluids in the database. Select one and click <OK>.
The injection gas composition is not displayed, but the field next to the Injection Gas button shows the text used to
identify the injection gas.
Fluids for Mix
Clicking on the button for selection of a fluid will display a list of fluids in the database. Select two or more fluids
and click <OK>. It is possible to select more than one fluid at the time by keeping the Ctrl key down.
None of the individual fluid compositions are displayed.
Fluids for Weave
Clicking on the button for selection of a fluid will display a list of already characterized fluids in the database. Select
two or more fluids and click <OK>. It is possible to select more than one fluid at the time by keeping the Ctrl key
down.
Fluids for Recombine
Clicking on the button for selection of a fluid will display a list of fluids in the database. Select the oil or gas to be
recombined.

The selected fluid compositions will not be displayed.
Fluids for Same Pseudos
Clicking on the button for selection of a fluid will display a list of fluids. If the Fluid type is Plus, only Plus and No-
Plus fraction fluids will be shown. If the Fluid type is Char, only Characterized fluid compositions will be shown.
Characterized compositions must have the same pseudo-components to be accepted.
It is possible to select more than one fluid at the time by keeping the Ctrl key down.
Fluids for Delump
Clicking <Select Plus fraction source fluid> will display a list of Plus and No-Plus compositions in the database.
Select the one from which the fluid to be delumped originates and click < OK>.
The selected fluid composition is not displayed.
Fluids for OLGA Table
On the tab for Fluid 1 the currently selected fluid is default, but a different fluid may be selected. To select a fluid,
click on <Composition>, which will display a list of fluids in the database. Select the fluid and click <OK>. On the
tabs for Fluid 2 and subsequent fluids, the fluid composition must always be selected in the database by clicking
<Select composition>.
The selected fluid compositions are not displayed.
Fluids for OLGA Compositional Tracking
If the interface file is to contain one single fluid, this fluid must be selected prior to opening the OLGA
Compositional Tracking menu. When two or more fluids are to be selected, selection must take place from the
Compositional Tracking menu.
To select two or more fluids, uncheck the field Use Current Fluid. Afterwards click on <Select Fluids> to have the
fluids in the database listed. If the Fluid type is Plus, only Plus and No-Plus fraction fluids will be shown. If the

Fluid type is Char, only Characterized compositions will be shown. Characterized compositions must have the same
pseudo-components. It is possible to select more than one fluid at the time by keeping the Ctrl key down.
None of the selected fluid compositions are displayed.
Fluids for Mud Cleaning
Two fluid compositions must be selected in the Clean for Mud menu. The first one is the contaminated reservoir
fluid composition. The second composition is the base oil contaminate (the mud).
Legal combinations of fluid compositions are
1. Plus fraction contaminated reservoir fluid and No-Plus fraction contaminate.

2. Characterized contaminated reservoir fluid and characterized contaminate both originating from cleaning of a plus
fraction reservoir fluid. Only valid if combined with regression to PVT data for the contaminated reservoir fluid.
Fluids for DepoWax
One or more fluids can be selected for a wax deposition simulation (Boundary Conditions menu). The currently
selected fluid is by default the one chosen. To select a different characterized composition uncheck Use Current
Fluid and click <Select Fluid>. If other fluids (sources) are inlet to the pipeline, all fluids must be characterized to
the same pseudo-components. The 2nd and subsequent fluids are selected after having checked Additional Sources in
the Sources frame in the Boundary Conditions menu.
Fluids for Viscosity Tuning in DepoWax
One or more fluids can be selected for viscosity tuning. The currently selected fluid is by default the one chosen.
Alternatively the field Use Current Fluid may be unchecked and one or more characterized compositions chosen in
the database by pressing <Select Fluids>. If case of more than one fluid, all fluids must be characterized to the same
pseudo-components. There is no need to enter fluids for which no experimental viscosity data exists, even though the
fluids are to be used in the DepoWax simulation
If experimental wax appearance points (WAP) have been measured for the individual fluids, it is to be recommended
to perform a tuning to these WAP’s in the Wax module prior to accessing the Viscosity tuning option in DepoWax.

Fluids for Viscosity Tuning
By default the viscosity regression is carried out for the Current Fluid. To select a different fluid, uncheck the field
Use Current Fluid and click <Select Fluids>. This will display a list of fluids. If the Fluid type is Plus, only Plus and
No-Plus fraction fluids will be shown. If the Fluid type is Char, only Characterized compositions will be shown.
Characterized compositions must have the same pseudo-components.
Fluids for Property Generator
By default the Current Fluid is selected. To select a different fluid or to select multiple fluids, uncheck the field Use
Current and click <Select Fluids>, which will display a list of fluids. It is possible to select more than one fluid at
the time by keeping the Ctrl key down.
Fluids for Allocation

Clicking on <Select Fluids> will display a list of fluids in the database. If the Fluid type is Plus, only Plus and No-
Plus fraction fluids will be shown. If the Fluid type is Char, only Characterized fluid compositions will be shown.
Characterized compositions must have the same pseudo-components to be accepted.
It is possible to select more than one fluid at the time by keeping the Ctrl key down.
Fluids for QC of Fluid
The needed fluid input to the QC module depends on sample type.
• Bottomhole Sample
o Composition of bottom hole fluid sample.
• Separator Sample
o Composition of separator gas, separator oil and recombined fluid.
Clicking on the button for selection of a fluid will display a list of fluids in the database.

The selected fluid compositions will not be displayed.
Regression
The purpose of a regression is to adjust model parameters to get an improved match of experimental PVT data.
First select the fluid. This can be a composition with a plus fraction or an already characterized composition. If
components are to be lumped, click <Char Options> in the Selected Fluid window. Set Char Option will not be
preserved if the fluid is selected again later on.
The regression option is accessed from the Fluid menu item or from the Fluid Management panel.
Data material
Choose Oil or Gas in the Selected fluid frame. The PVT data that can be entered depend on fluid type. White fields
in the Add/Edit data frame signal that PVT data is already stored for the selected composition. If a field is checked,
the actual data will be used in the regression. An overview of the data for which comparing plots will be shown after
regression is given in the Plot data frame.
Click any of the buttons
• <Saturation Point>
• <Separator Test>
• <Const Mass Exp>
• <Const Vol Depl>
• <Diff Depletion>
• <Viscosity>

• <Swelling>
to view the data stored for the actual fluid. The Saturation Point entry also allows a saturation point to be specified as
a critical point. Add or modify data if appropriate. The data to be used in the regression and the plots to be shown
may also be modified. Data are not needed for all properties, nor for all P and T stages.
Regression for a separator test GOR will by default be to the total separator GOR. If only the total separator GOR is
known, fill in this number for one separator stage (which one does not matter) and input zero (0.0) for the remaining
separator stages.
If a separator GOR field is left blank, it will be interpreted as GOR missing for this separator stage, and regression
will be to the individual GOR’s for each stage with a GOR input. A blank GOR field will however be interpreted as
a zero for a separator stage with only liquid present (often the case for the standard conditions stage).
Should it be desirable to tune to GOR’s from individual stages and still enter GOR values for all stages, this can be
done by copying the separator data to 2nd and subsequent tabs and only entering one GOR value for each tab.
Be aware that the Diff Depletion menu has an input field for specifying whether the last stage is at standard
conditions. If the two last pressure stages are both at atmospheric pressure, the field must be checked. Otherwise an
error message will appear during regression saying One phase found when two were expected.
Data may be entered for up to 5 different PVT experiments of each type. The entered pressure and temperature
stages will be shown as default input values in PVT Simulations.
Different Weights may be assigned to the various experimental data. With a weight of zero the actual data are not
regressed to.
The below table gives some recommendations for the relative weights to assign to different types of experimental
data.
Saturation Separator Const Constant Diff Viscosity Swelling

Point Test Mass Exp Vol Depl Depletion
Pressure High Medium High High High High High
Temperature High if
critical point
GOR/Rs High Medium Low
Gravity (gas) Low Low
Density High Medium High High
Oil FVF (Bo) Medium Medium
Gas FVF (Bg) Low
Rel Vol Low
Liquid Vol% of High High
Vd
Z factor gas Medium Medium Medium/Low
Z factor two Medium
phase
Compressibility Low
Y Factor Low
%Prod Mole Low
Oil viscosity High High
Gas viscosity Medium Medium

Swollen volume High
Any modifications made are stored in the database for the fluid in question.
An injection gas must be specified if swelling data are given. Click <Injection Gas> in the Regression menu to
choose the injection gas. The section will be displayed in the field next to the Injection Gas button.
Plus fraction fluid
If Tune as is set to Plus in the Regression menu, the fluid will be tuned on as a Plus Fraction composition. Plus
molecular weight and coefficients in the correlations for Tc, Pc and ω will be used as regression parameters.
Clicking <Options> will display a menu for specifying regression options. The plus molecular weight may be
adjusted by 0, max. 5 % or max. 10 %. An adjustment of the plus molecular weight may be appropriate to reflect a
possible uncertainty on the measured molecular weight of the plus fraction.
The additional adjustable parameters are the coefficients in the correlations for critical temperature (Crit T), critical
pressure (Crit P) and acentric factor (Ac fac) of the C7+ fractions and a multiplication factor (Pen fac) applied to the
Peneloux (volume shift) parameter (c) of the C7+ fractions. The parameters to be adjusted by default are selected
automatically based on the extent of the experimental data. The user may modify the default selection of parameters
may be modified by the user. The adjustable parameters are selected and unselected by pressing any key when the
pertinent field has focus. The user has no control of the 1st coefficient in the Tc, Pc and ω correlations. If any of the
coefficients 2-4 are adjusted, the 1st coefficient will also be adjusted. If none of the coefficients 2-4 are adjusted, the
1st coefficient cannot be adjusted. The coefficient column is not accessible for Pen fac. The Peneloux parameters of
all C7+ fractions will be adjusted by the same percent. Only the maximum % adjustment of this parameter can be
modified.
The Max % adj row specifies the max. allowed percentage change of C7+ Tc's, Pc's, acentric factors and Peneloux
parameters as compared with the values found using default parameters.
If the PVT data material comprises viscosity data and the CSP viscosity model is selected, a text (Adjust CSP cor
fac) will be seen in the Options menu saying that the CSP viscosity correction factors will be adjusted. These CSP
cor factors are 4 multiplication factors entering into the expressions used for the average molecular weight in the
CSP viscosity model. With the LBC viscosity model selected the text says ”Adjust Vc corr factor”. This means that
the regression parameter is a common multiplication factor for the C7+ critical molar volumes. By checking the field
Adjust a1-a5 in LBC, the regression parameters will change to be the coefficients a1-a5 in the LBC viscosity model.
These regression parameters may be combined with the C7+ Vc correction factor by further checking Adjust Vc corr
factor. The viscosity correction factors of a regressed fluid may be viewed and edited by clicking Fluid → Edit
Current and then <Char Options>. The correction factors will be used in simulations carried out for the regressed
fluid.
Note! The default number of regression parameters reflects the extent of experimental data. Specifying more
adjustable parameters may cause an error message to appear or may lead to an inefficient regression where the
optimum parameters cannot be determined.
By checking the field Save Tuned Fluid, the regressed fluid will automatically be saved in the database. After
regression the regressed fluid will be the currently selected one, but a new regression will start with the non-
regressed plus fluid lumped as specified before the first regression.

Up to 50 plus fraction compositions may be characterized to the same pseudo-components and regressed at the same
time. See Same Pseudos.
Characterized fluid
If the fluid selected is already characterized, the field Tune as in the Regression menu will be set to Char. For a Plus
composition it is possible to shift the selection from Plus to Char to indicate that the fluid is to be characterized prior
to the regression. Any previous tuning on the Plus fluid will in that case be ignored.
To carry out a regression starting with a characterized fluid from a Plus fluid regression, save the fluid from the Plus
fluid regression in the database (Char Fluid → Add to Database). Select the saved fluid (last one in database) and
continue as for a usual characterized fluid regression.
Clicking <Options> will display a sheet with possible regression parameters.
Crit T (Critical temperature, Tc)

Crit P (Critical pressure, Pc)
Ac fac (Acentric factor, ω)
Crit V (Molar critical volume, Vc)
Cpen (Peneloux or volume shift parameter, c)
Om A (EOS parameter, Ωa)
Om B (EOS parameter, Ωb)
kij (Binary interaction parameters in Classical mixing rule)
kij A (Binary interaction parameters kij A in T-dependent mixing rule)
kij B (Binary interaction parameters kij B in T-dependent mixing rule)
kij C (Binary interaction parameters kij C in T-dependent mixing rule)
By pressing any key an X will appear in the field with focus showing that the actual component property is a
regression parameter. Pressing any key again will remove the X.
• Tc, Pc, ω, Vc, c, Ωa and Ωb.

If more components are checked in the same column, the same adjustment will be made for all checked
components. The maximum allowed adjustment may be modified. No gaps are allowed in the components
checked within one column. New selections can be made in the 2nd and subsequent columns.
• kij parameters
One triangle block can be specified in each of the 5 sheets available for each kij-parameter. The same
adjustment will be made for all component pairs in a triangle. The X’s must be entered in the lower left
triangle of the sheets.
The below specification means that Tc of the two pseudo-components C7-C29 and C30-C58 are to be adjusted by
the same % and by max. 10 %. Tc of the pseudo-component C59-C80 is to be adjusted independently and by max.
20 %.

Crit T
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
C6
C7-C29 X
C30-C58 X
C59-C80 X
Max adj % 10 20
The below specifications say that the kij's for the pairs N2-CO2, N2-C1 and CO2-C1 are to be adjusted equally and
by max 0.1 (absolute). The binary interaction parameter for C1-C2 is to be adjusted individually and by max. 0.03
(absolute).
kij 1
N2 CO2 C1 C2
N2
CO2 X
C1 X X
C2
Max abs change

kij 1
0.10
kij 2
N2 CO2 C1 C2
N2
CO2
C1
C2 X
Max abs change

kij 2
0.03

In general Tc and Pc of C7+ components are the most effective regression parameters, but to fulfill specific needs it
can be appropriate to regress on other parameters. To for example fine tune gas Z factors, the volume shift parameter
(Cpen) of the defined components can be an appropriate choice.
Some fields may be grayed out in the kij sheet. This is to either show that the actual field is inaccessible or a
different mixing rule is used for the actual component pair. If for example a T-dependent kij is used for C1-C10, it is
not possible to tune on the Classical kij for that component pair, and the field for C1-C10 will not be inaccessible in
the sheet for specifying regression on Classical kij’s.
The Crit V sheet will be grayed out of the CSP viscosity model is chosen. The critical volume (Vc) is only used in
LBC viscosity calculations.
Note! Specifying more adjustable parameters than the number of data points will make an error message appear.
By checking the field Save Tuned Fluid, the regressed fluid will automatically be saved in the database. After the
regression the regressed fluid will be the one selected. A new regression for a characterized fluid will start with the
fluid from the previous regression.
Running the regression
Click <OK> to start the regression. The regression may be interrupted by clicking <Pause> and continued by
clicking <Continue>. To stop the regression click <Stop>. The current fluid after pressing <Stop> will be the same
as before regression.
While the regression takes place, the user may follow the development in the object function. The object function is
a measure of the current deviation between simulation results and experimental data. Three different regressions are
performed
• Saturation point regression (adjustment of plus molecular weight).

• PVT regression (regression to volumetric data and saturation points).
• Viscosity regression (if experimental viscosity data).
The Saturation point regression is only carried out for Plus type of fluids and only is the input allows the plus
molecular weight to be adjusted.
Until a new fluid is selected, all calculations are performed on the regressed fluid. The regressed composition may
also be transferred to an external simulator using one of the compositional interface options supported by PVTsim.
The output
When the regression is finished, three data sets are displayed
• Experimental

• Calculated (results with default parameters)
• Tuned (results with regressed parameters)
If some Plot data fields were checked, plots are shown of Experimental, Calculated and Tuned data.
The output also shows what parameters have been adjusted and how much, along with the objective function before
and after the regression.
When the regression is for a characterized fluid, a sensitivity matrix is contained in the output. The sensitivity matrix
shows the derivative of the objective function with respect to each selected regression parameter. These derivatives
are evaluated based on the initial values of the parameters. A negative value of a derivative means that the object
function will decrease if the actual regression parameter is increased as compared with its initial value. The higher
the absolute value of the derivative, the more sensitive the object function with respect to this particular parameter.
Repeated regressions
If the regression is performed on a plus fraction fluid, a repeated regression will start with the original fluid, i.e. with
the plus composition stored in the database. Lumping will be as when the plus fluid was last selected.
If Tune as is changed from Plus to Char, any previous tuning on the Plus fluid will be ignored. To continue
regressing on a fluid initially regressed on as a plus fluid, save the fluid from the Plus fluid regression in the database
and select it in the database before tuning on the fluid in characterized form.
When regressing on a characterized fluid, a repeated regression will start with the regressed fluid from the previous
regression. In the field Text (may be seen by clicking CharFluid → Edit Current) it can be seen how many times the
fluid has been tuned. To start with the original fluid, select the fluid in the database again.
Same Pseudo-components
Regression can be combined with a characterization of multiple fluids to the same pseudo-components.

Fluid Management
Fluid Management
The Fluid Management panel in the Simulations Explorer covers the various fluid management options. Each item
gives access to a sub-menu or an input dialog for the particular fluid pre-processing option.
The Fluid Management panel covers
• Database
o Open Database
Help on PVTsim Fluid Management • 43

o Create New Database
o Import Fluids
o Export Fluids
o Duplicate Fluids
o Delete Fluids
• Fluid
o Select Fluid
o New Plus Fluid
o New No-Plus Fluid
o New Char Fluid
o New Hysys Fluid
o New PRO/II Fluid
o QC of Fluid
o Plus Fluid Regression
o Char Fluid Regression
o Clean for Mud
o Recombine
o Mix
o Weave
o Same Pseudos
o Delump
• CharFluid
o Edit Current
o Add to Database
o Import
o Export Current
• Defaults
o Default Comp List
o Default Mw and Dens
New Database
A new empty database can be created by clicking File Create New Database or by pressing the Create New
Database in the Fluid Management panel. A file dialog will appear for entering the name of the new database file.
Right after being created the database file contains no fluid information, and a new fluid must be input to use the
database in simulations.

Open Database
To select another database than the one currently selected, click File Open Database or press Open Database in
the Fluid Management panel. This will make a file dialog appear for selecting the database to use in subsequent
PVTsim simulations. This database will be used until a different one is selected.
Clicking on a database (*.fdb) file without having PVTsim started, will start up PVTsim with the database clicked on
selected.
The database file extension in PVTsim versions 13 and higher is fdb. Database files from version 11 and 12 (file
extension fld) can also be selected. PVTsim will convert the old database to the new format keeping the old file
untouched.
New Database
A new empty database can be created by clicking File Create New Database or by pressing the Create New
Database in the Fluid Management panel. A file dialog will appear for entering the name of the new database file.
Right after being created the database file contains no fluid information at all, and a new fluid must be input to use
the database in simulations.
New Hysys Fluid
Clicking New Hysys Fluid in the Fluid Management panel will make a menu appear for entering a characterized
fluid. A fluid composition from the process simulator Hysys may be entered here. Prior to pressing New Hysys Fluid
make sure the same equation of state (EoS) is selected in PVTsim as was used in the Hysys simulations for the fluid
to be entered.
To enter pseudo-components, press <Add Comps> and enter the number of pseudo-components in the field Number
of pseudos. Fill in the Hysys component properties available. Be aware that the molecular weights of added pseudo-
components are 100 by default and must be edited.
Click on <Interact Param> and then on <kij (-)> to fill in Hysys binary interaction parameters.
Press <Complete> to estimate as many missing properties as possible.
Be aware that Hysys does not like PVTsim use the selected EoS in density calculations. Densities calculated with
PVTsim and Hysys will therefore deviate even when the same EoS and the same EoS parameters are used.
New PRO/II Fluid

Clicking New PRO/II Fluid in the Fluid Management panel will make a menu appear for entering a characterized
fluid. A fluid composition from the process simulator PRO/II may be entered here. Prior to pressing New PRO/II
Fluid make sure the same equation of state (EoS) is selected in PVTsim as was used in the PRO/II simulations for
the fluid to be entered.
To enter pseudo-components, press <Add Comps> and enter the number of pseudo-components in the field Number
of pseudos. Fill in the PRO/II component properties available. Be aware that the molecular weights of added pseudo-
components are 100 by default and must be edited.
Click on <Interact Param> and then on <kij (-)> to fill in PRO/II binary interaction parameters.
Press <Complete> to estimate as many missing properties as possible.
Be aware that PRO/II does not support the SRK equation with Peneloux volume correction.
QC of Fluid
In the Simulations explorer press Fluid Management and select QC of Fluid in the Fluid section. The QC option
performs a series of quality check simulations on Plus fraction or No-plus fraction fluid sample(s).
The QC procedure consists of five stages
• Stage 1: Select Sample Type.

• Stage 2: Select Fluid Sample(s).
• Stage 3: Input Information on Fluid Sample(s).
• Stage 4: Input Fluid Type.
• Stage 5: Select Output Format.
The fluid sample(s) to be QC’ed must be entered into the active database as Plus fraction or No-plus fraction fluids
(see Enter New Fluid) before entering the QC option.
At any stage during the five-stage QC procedure, it is possible to abort by pressing <Exit>. All information entered
up to this point will automatically be stored by PVTsim and displayed when the QC option is accessed again in the
same PVTsim run.
Water, inhibitors, and salts are not allowed in any of the compositions to be QC evaluated.
Stage 1: Select Sample Type
The first stage in the QC procedure is selecting the sample type.

Check the available PVT report for information about the sample type, and choose the sample type in the QC option
accordingly. Bottomhole samples typically consist of one composition obtained at elevated pressure and
temperature, whereas a separator sample typically consists of two compositions obtained at moderate pressure and
temperature.
To proceed with the QC procedure, press <Continue>. To abort, press <Exit>.
Stage 2: Select Fluid Sample(s)
The second stage in the QC procedure is selecting fluid sample(s). Based on the input in Stage 1, the input window
will, for a Bottomhole Sample, be
For a Bottomhole Sample, click on <Select Bottomhole Fluid> to select the fluid to be QC evaluated in the active
database.
The input window will, for Separator Samples, be
For Separator Samples, click on <Select Gas> to select the separator gas, <Select Oil> to select the separator oil, and
<Select Recombined Fluid> to select the recombined total fluid.
To clear all selected fluids in either window, press <Clear Fluids>. To clear individual fluids, highlight the fluid and
press <Delete>.

Based on the chosen fluid(s), the following message may appear
If this is the case, the QC evaluation is terminated, and the user must re-check the composition of the fluid in
question in the database and verify that all components in the fluid analysis from the PVT report have been entered
and that the composition is normalized to 100 mole%.
Even if all components have been entered correctly and the composition has been normalized, the following message
may appear.
This warning will not cause the QC evaluation to terminate. The message is designed to inform the user that default
molecular weights have been applied to some of the pseudo components in the fluid composition. The true measured
values for pseudo component molecular weights should always be used whenever possible.
Stage 3: Input Information on Fluid Sample(s)
The third stage in the QC procedure is input of information on fluid sample(s). Based on the input in Stage 1, the
input window will, for a Bottomhole Sample, be

The information about the current fluid sample should be found in the PVT report. For a Bottomhole Sample, the
minimum mandatory information to be found is
• Reservoir Pressure.
• Reservoir Temperature.
• STO Oil Density (Single Stage Flash). This may be input in either °API or in the unit determined by the
chosen unit system (See Unit System & Settings).
• GOR (Single Stage Flash). Defined as volume of gas at standard conditions (typically 1.01 bara/14.7 psia
and 15°C/59°F) per volume of liquid in equilibrium with the gas at standard conditions.
Optional information, marked by (*), includes
• Bottomhole Sample Saturation Pressure.

• Bottomhole Flowing Pressure.
• Sample Cylinder Shutting Pressure.
• Sample Cylinder Opening Pressure.
• Information From Test Separator.
The optional information will only be considered in the QC evaluation, if entered by the user.
The input window will, for Separator Samples, be

For Separator Samples, the minimum mandatory information to be found in the PVT report is
• Separator Pressure.
• Separator Temperature.
• STO Oil Density. This may be input in either °API or in the unit determined by the chosen unit system (See
Unit System & Settings).
• Separator GOR. Defined as volume of gas at standard conditions (typically 1.01 bara/14.7 psia and
15°C/59°F) per volume of liquid in equilibrium with the gas at separator conditions.
Optional information, marked by (*), includes
• Reservoir Temperature.
Stage 4: Select Fluid Type
The fourth stage in the QC procedure is selecting the fluid type.
Check the available PVT report for information about the fluid type at reservoir conditions, and choose the fluid type
in the QC option accordingly.
Stage 5: Select Output Format
The fifth stage in the QC procedure is selecting the output format. The user may choose between two output formats.

If the user selects the ASCII File option, the QC evaluation is printed in a textbox in PVTsim from where the printed
QC evaluation may be saved in the typical raw text-formats e.g. *.txt. In PVTsim the output will, for a Separator
Sample, look like
If the user selects the Word File option, PVTsim will check whether Word is installed on the PC. If this is not the
case, PVTsim will revert to the ASCII File output format.
If Word is installed on the PC, PVTsim will produce an output report in typical Word format, in which all
information about the QC evaluation of the current fluid is reported and all relevant plots are included. The Word
output format may look like

The individual QC evaluations for bottomhole and separator samples are described in the Method Documentation for
the QC Module along with typical possible reasons for the failure of a QC evaluation.

Simulations
Simulations
The Simulations panel in the Simulations Explorer provides covers a list of simulation options. Each item gives
access to a submenu or input dialog for the particular simulation.
The Simulations panel covers
Help on PVTsim Simulations • 53

• Flash & Unit Operations
o Flash
o Phase Envelope
o Property Generator
o H2S
o Unit Operations
o ES-SAGD
o Allocation
o Flash Open Structure
• PVT Simulations
o Critical Point
o Saturation Point
o Separator Test
o Const Mass Exp
o Const Vol Depl
o Diff Depletion
o Viscosity
o Swelling Test
o Multiple Contact
• Flow Assurance
o Viscosity Tuning
o Wax
o Asphaltene
o Scale
o Hydrate
o DepoWax
• Reservoir
o MMP
o Slim Tube
o Depth Gradient
o Depth Regression
Flash
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Flash in the Flash & Unit Operations section.
This menu item contains all the flash options available in PVTsim. Access to some of the flash options may be
subject to restrictions depending on the license.

The options are shown below.
Flash Calculation Type Description
PT non-aqueous Flash for specified pressure (P) and temperature (T). Considers gas and
oil. Water, hydrate inhibitors and salts are not accepted.
PT aqueous Flash for specified pressure (P) and temperature (T). Considers gas, oil
and aqueous.
PT multi phase Considers gas, oil and aqueous (max 4 phases).
P-Beta Flash for specified pressure (P) and vapor mole fraction (Beta). Beta is
the vapor mole fraction of the hydrocarbon phases (i.e. vapor mole
fraction not considering aqueous phases).
T-Beta Flash for specified temperature (T) and vapor mole fraction (Beta).
Beta is the vapor mole fraction of the hydrocarbon phases (i.e. vapor
mole fraction not considering aqueous phases).
PH Flash for specified pressure (P) and enthalpy (H). Considers gas, oil
and aqueous. Salts are not accepted.
PS Flash for specified pressure (P) and entropy (S). Considers gas, oil and
aqueous. Salts are not accepted.
VT Flash for specified molar volume (V) and temperature (T). Considers
gas, oil and aqueous. Salts are not accepted.
UV Flash for specified internal energy (U) and molar volume (V).
Considers gas, oil and aqueous. Salts are not accepted.
HS Flash for specified enthalpy (H) and entropy (S). Considers gas, oil and
aqueous. Salts are not accepted.
K-factor Flash for specified K-factors. Considers gas and oil. Salts are not
accepted.
Split-factor Flash for specified Split-factors. Considers gas and oil. Salts are not
accepted

PT non-aqueous
Performs a two phase PT Flash considering hydrocarbon gas and liquid. Default output is physical properties. To see
the phase composition, click <Comp> or <Ext Comp>. Clicking <Ext Comp> will also make the component
fugacities appear.
The gas and liquid compositions from a flash can be saved in the database. Click <Save Phase> to display the dialog
for Saving.
The PT non-aqueous flash option will not search for more than two phases. If more than two hydrocarbon phases are
likely to occur, PT multi flash should be used. If PT non-aqueous finds 2 liquid phases, these will be combined into
1 liquid phase in the output.
The PT non-aqueous flash option is not applicable to mixtures containing water, hydrate inhibitors and salts. If any
of these components are present, either PT aqueous or PT multi flash should be used.
PT aqueous
Performs a PT flash of the fluid at a specified pressure and temperature searching for 1 hydrocarbon gas phase, 1
hydrocarbon liquid phase and 1 aqueous phase.
If more than two hydrocarbon phases are likely to occur, PT multi flash should be used. If PT aqueous finds 2 liquid
phases, these will be combined into 1 liquid phase in the output.
Default output is physical properties. If phase compositions are required, click <Comp> or <Ext Comp>. <Ext
Comp> will also output component fugacities.
The phase compositions from the flash can be saved in the database. Click <Save Phase> to display the dialog for
saving.
PT multi phase
Performs a PT flash of the fluid at a specified pressure and temperature searching for 1 hydrocarbon gas phase, 2-3
hydrocarbon liquid phases and 1 aqueous phase (max. 4 phases total). The multi phase flash option is useful for
investigating whether a possible failure of a PVT simulation or regression calculation is likely to be due to the
existence of more than one hydrocarbon liquid phase. Two or more hydrocarbon liquid phases cannot be handled by
the PVT simulation and regression options.
Default output is physical properties. If phase compositions are required, click <Comp>. This will also output
component fugacities.
The phase compositions from the flash can be saved in the database. Click the <Save Phase> to display the dialog
for saving.

P-Beta
Performs a flash for a specified Pressure (P) and Beta (vapor mole fraction of non-aqueous phases).
The phases considered are 1 hydrocarbon gas phase, 1 hydrocarbon liquid phase and 1 aqueous phase.
Default output is physical properties. If phase compositions are required, click <Comp> and <Ext Comp>. <Ext
Comp> also outputs component fugacities.
saving.
The P-Beta flash option does not accept salts unless the mixture contains non-aqueous components.
T-Beta
Performs a flash for a specified Temperature (T) and Beta (vapor mole fraction of non-aqueous phases).
Default output is physical properties. If phase compositions are required, click <Comp> and <Ext Comp>. <Ext
Comp> also outputs component fugacities.
saving.
The T-Beta flash option does not accept salts unless the mixture contains non-aqueous components.
PH
Performs a flash of the fluid at a specified pressure (P) and enthalpy (H).
The phase compositions resulting from the flash can be saved in the database. Click <Save Phase> to display the
dialog for saving.
The PH flash option is not applicable to mixtures with salts.
PS
Performs a flash of the fluid at a specified pressure (P) and entropy (S).

Default output is physical properties. If phase compositions are required, click <Comp>or <Ext Comp>. <Ext
Comp> also output component fugacities.
saving.
The PS flash option is not applicable to mixtures with salts.
VT
Performs a flash of the fluid at a specified molar volume (V) and temperature (T).
dialog for saving.
TheVT flash option is not applicable to mixtures with salts.
UV
Performs a flash of the fluid at a specified internal energy (U) and molar volume (V).
dialog for saving.
The UV flash option is not applicable to mixtures with salts.
HS

Performs a flash of the fluid at a specified enthalpy (H) and entropy (S).
dialog for saving.
The HS flash option is not applicable to mixtures with salts.
K-factor
Performs a flash with specified component K-factors. The K-factor of a component equals the mole fraction of that
component in the gas phase divided by the mole fraction of the same component in the liquid phase.
The phases considered are 1 hydrocarbon gas phase and 1 hydrocarbon liquid phase.
Default output is physical properties. Since P and T are not given, only mole%, weight% and molecular weight are
shown. To see the phase compositions click <Comp> or <Ext Comp>. <Ext Comp> will also output K-factors. Since
P and T are not given, <Ext Comp> will not as for an ordinary flash output component fugacities.
dialog for saving.
The K-factor flash option is not applicable to mixtures containing water, hydrate inhibitors and salts.
Split-factor
Performs a flash with specified component Split-factors. The Split-factor of a component equals molar amount of
that component in gas phase divided by molar amount of the same component in feed. The Split-factor is for
example 0.0 for a component only present in the liquid phase, while it is 1.0 for a component only present in the gas
phase.
The phases considered are 1 hydrocarbon gas phase and 1 hydrocarbon liquid phase.
Default output is physical properties. Since P and T are not given, only mole%, weight% and molecular weight are
shown. To see the phase compositions click <Comp> or <Ext Comp>. <Ext Comp> will also output Split-factors.
Since P and T are not given, <Ext Comp> will not as for an ordinary flash output component fugacities.

dialog for saving.
The Split-factor flash option is not applicable to mixtures cointaining water, hydrate inhibitors and salts.
Phase Envelope
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Phase Envelope in the Flash & Unit Operations section.
This option may be used to calculate a phase diagram for the mixture selected.
Fluids with no aqueous components
Specifying a Molar Fraction of 1.00 will start a calculation of the dew point line, the critical point and finally the
bubble point line. A plot of the phase envelope will automatically be shown. If the mixture has a critical point it will
be marked on the plot. Inside the phase envelope two phases are present. Outside there is only one phase. Specifying
a Molar fraction of 0.00 will initiate a calculation of the bubble point line, the critical point and finally the dew point
line.
If Molar/Volume fraction between 0.00 and 1.00 is input, the T,P values (quality lines) are located for which the
vapor or liquid fraction equals the input Molar (or Volume) Fraction.
Instead of having P and T at the phase boundary displayed it is possible to specify output of any two of the following
properties at the phase boundary
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Enthalpy
• Entropy

• Molar Volume
• Internal Energy
If the mixture forms more than two hydrocarbon phases (for example 1 gas and 2 liquid phases) this may disturb the
phase envelope calculation. Usually the phase envelope for a Molar fraction of 1.00 and a Molar fraction of 0.00 will
be identical apart from differences in temperature tabulation points. A reservoir fluid may however form three
phases (two liquid phases and a gas phase) at low temperatures (usually below -50 °C/-60 °F).
For a mixture, which at some T,P forms three phases, a phase envelope calculation for a Molar Fraction of 0.00, will
stop when reaching the three phase region. A phase envelope calculation for a Molar Fraction of 1.00 for the same
mixture will often give a full phase envelope. It may have a distinct pressure increase at low temperatures. This
shows that the two phases in equilibrium at the phase boundary are both liquids.
The critical point is often lacking for mixtures forming three phases at some T,P. This is not a mal-function of the
program, but shows that three phases are present in the T,P region where the critical point would have been located,
had the mixture no½½½t formed three phases.
By checking the field Search for 3 phases the program will search for a possible 3-phase region while generating the
phase envelope. This option is only accessible if the axes are T and P. If a 3-phase area is located it may be further
investigated using the PT multi phase flash option.
The user may adjust the default Lower Limits for the temperature and pressure. For high boiling mixtures as for
example a stock tank oil, the default Lower Pressure Limit (5 bara/72.5 psia) may be higher than the max pressure on
the phase envelope and the Lower Pressure Limit will have to be lowered to have the phase envelope calculated.
Fluids with water
If the fluid contains water the phase envelope option will construct the PT-lines for which a new phase appears. The
new phase can be hydrocarbon or water/aqueous. The minimum pressure considered is 1 atm and the lowest
temperature is 150 K.
Each line in the shown plot is presented with a number and an Aq or a HC, e.g. 2-Aq. There can be 4 different lines
• 2-Aq: 2 means a line separating a 1-phase area and a 2-phase area. Aq means that the new phase appearing
when crossing the line separating the 1-phase area from the 2-phase area is an aqueous phase.
• 3-Aq: 3 means a line separating a 2-phase area and a 3-phase area. Aq means that the new phase appearing
when crossing the line separating the 3-phase area from the 2-phase area is an aqueous phase.
• 2-HC: 2 means a line separating a 1-phase area and a 2-phase area. HC means that the new phase appearing
when crossing the line separating the 1-phase area from the 2-phase area is a hydrocarbon phase.
• 3-HC: 3 means a line separating a 2-phase area and a 3-phase area. HC means that the new phase appearing
when crossing the line separating the 2-phase area from the 3-phase area is a hydrocarbon phase.
When interpreting the phase diagram, start in the high temperature region where there is only one phase present, and
move downwards in temperature, keeping track of which phases are present in each area.

For binary mixtures of water and one non-aqueous component it cannot be expected to see the full phase diagram
generated. For binary mixtures of water and a gaseous hydrocarbon usually only the water dew point line is
calculated. The location of other phase boundaries can be determined through 3-phase PT flash calculations.
The phase envelope option is not applicable to mixtures with salts.
Property Generator
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Property Generator in the Flash & Unit Operations
section.
The property generator is a tool for generating tables with fluid properties for a range of P and T values. It is useful
to investigate trends in specific properties as a function of pressure and temperature and can also be used to generate
fluid property input for a program to which PVTsim has no dedicated interface option.
Generating properties

By default the property calculations are made for the currently selected fluid. To make a different selection, uncheck
the check box Use Current and click <Select Fluids>. If Plus or No-Plus fraction fluids are selected, the default
characterization and lumping settings can be changed by clicking <Char Options>. Set Char Options will be lost next
time the Property Generator menu is opened.
If more than one fluid is selected, property tables are made for each fluid.
Earlier selected fluids will still be displayed when opening the Property Generator window again. To clear the fluid
input fields, highlight the Fluids and press the Del key. Pressing <Clear Fluids> will clear all fluid selections.
The P and T values for which properties are to be calculated must be specified. The Property Generator menu offers
the choice between the following PT Specifications
• Grid
Minimum and maximum P and T to be entered along with number of P and T points.
• Single points
Each single PT point to be specified.
The generated properties may be output either as
• PT Grid
• Tables at Fixed Temperature
• Tables at Fixed Pressure
The property generator writes out properties for the total composition and for each phase present (gas, hydrocarbon
liquid and aqueous liquid). By default fields for properties of missing phases are left blank, but a number or a
character string to be output for missing properties may be input in the field Output Missing Props as.
A list of properties that may be written out is found in the bottom left window under the heading Properties not
selected. Highlight properties to be written out and press the button Add>>. The property will now appear in the
window with Properties selected. A property may be removed again by highlighting the property in the Properties
selected window and clicking on the button <<Remove.
The properties that may be written out in tabular form are shown below.
Property Description
Mole% Phase fraction in mole%
Weight% Phase fraction in weight%
Molar Volume Volume per mole phase
Volume % Phase fraction in volume %

Density Density (total, gas or liquid)
dDensity/dP Derivative of density wrt. Pressure
dDensity/dT Derivative of density wrt. Temperature
Z Factor Compressibility factor
Molecular Weight Average molecular weight
Internal Energy Internal energy ( U)
Enthalpy Enthalpy (H)
Entropy Entropy (S)
Heat Capacity (CP) Heat capacity at constant P  ∂H 

 ∂T  P
Heat capacity (CV) Heat capacity at constant V  ∂U 

 
 ∂T V
Kappa (CP/CV) Ratio of heat capacities
JT Coefficient Joule-Thomson coefficient  ∂T 

 ∂P  H
Velocity of sound Speed of sound 

− V  ∂P  
 
 MW  ∂V S 

Viscosity Viscosity
Thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity
Surface tension Interfacial tension between phases
The Table Format frame in the lower right corner allows often used table formats (specific property selections ) to
be named and stored for future loading.
Physical properties (Water Properties) of a possible aqueous phase may be calculated using
• The selected equation of state (EOS)

Simulated water properties will be consistent with flash options.
• NASA Water Property Package (Water Package)

More accurate for pure water, but does not consider any other components than water.
Click <OK> to start the property generation.

Property output and plot
The calculated properties are output in a PVTsim output sheet. The output starts with lines with information about
the output format followed by the actual property tables.
Click File → Save As to save the output sheet as a spreadsheet or a text file
To generate plots, click Plot in the top right corner of the output sheet. This will make a Plot menu appear.
• Select the property to be plotted and the primary axis to either Temperature or Pressure.
• Specify the phase (Total, Vapor, Liquid or Aqueous) for which plots are to be shown.
• In the window Available for plot, highlight the data series to plot and click Add. The selected data series will
appear in the window Selected for plot.
• If properties are simulated for only one fluid, this fluid will by default be selected for plot. If case of two or
more fluids, the fluids for which plots are to be shown must be selected in the window Fluids available for plot.
This is done by highlighting the fluid followed by clicking Add. The selected fluids will appear in the window
Fluids selected for plot.
• Click <OK> to have the plots generated.
Documentation of Property Generator Table Format
The output starts with information about the output format and the dimensions of the fluid and property blocks.
Please note that fields (values or text) in a line are tab delimited, and that lines may have a tab (ASCII code 9) as the
first character. The lines with format information are followed by the actual property tables.
Format Section
This format specifications are keyword based. The order of the information does not count and there may be blank
lines in between lines with information. Not more than one keyword is accepted per line and the line following a
keyword must contain the information attached to the keyword.
The keywords of the format section are further explained in the below table.
Keyword Description Variable Type in

Succeeding Line
Table Format Table format Text id Text
Input by user in Property Generator menu or blank

Number of phases Number of phases for which properties are tabulated. Integer
Possible values in next line:
2: If none of the fluids contain aqueous components.
3: If at least one fluid contains aqueous components.
Water Properties Only included if at least one fluid contains aqueous Text
components.
EOS: Properties of the aqueous phase are calculated

using selected equation of state.
Water Package: Properties of the aqueous phase are

calculated using water property package.
Output Format Output format of property tables. Text
PT Grid: Each output block is for a given property

but covers all P and T.
Fixed Temperature: Each output block is for a fixed

T, but covers all properties and pressures.
Fixed Pressure: Each output block is for a fixed P, but

covers all properties and temperatures.
Code for Missing String or number to be displayed for missing Text, number or
Property properties blank.
= user input for Output Missing Props as in Property
Generator input menu.
Rows per block Number of rows (lines) per property in an output Integer
block.
Columns per block Number of columns per property in an output block. Integer
Blocks per fluid Number of blocks per fluid in property output. Integer
Number of fluids Number of different fluids. Integer
Property Section
This section contains information about the properties of the fluids specified. Being keyword based, the order of the
information does not count as long as the properties are ordered after fluid number.
The start of the segment is identified by the keyword Begin Properties and the end by the keyword End Properties.
There are <Number of fluids> property sections. The first text line in a fluid section is the fluid identification.

Each section contains <Blocks per fluid> blocks. The contents of a block depends on <Output Format>.
<Output Format> = PT Grid
Line Number Contents
1 Keyword for property in block.
2 Unit for property in block.
3 – <Rows per block> + 3 <Columns per block> values of the property.
<Output Format> = Fixed Temperature
1 The text Temperature.
2 Temperature unit.
3 <Columns per block> keywords for properties.
4 <Columns per block> units of the properties.
5 – <Rows per block> + 5 <Columns per block> values of the properties.
<Output Format> = Fixed Pressure
1 The text Pressure.
2 Pressure unit..
3 <Columns per block> keywords for properties.
4 <Columns per block> units of the properties.
5 – <Rows per block> + 5 <Columns per block> values of the properties.
Keywords for properties
The keywords used to identify the properties in a block are shown below.

Keyword Property
Pressure Pressure
Temperature Temperature
Mole% Tot Feed mixture mole% (=100)
Mole% Vap Vapor phase mole%
Mole% Liq Liquid hydrocarbon phase mole%
Mole% Aq Aqueous phase mole%
Weight% Tot Feed mixture weight% (=100)
Weight% Vap Vapor phase weight%
Weight% Liq Liquid hydrocarbon phase weight%
Weight% Aq Aqueous phase weight%
Molar Volume Tot Molar volume of feed mixture
Molar Volume Vap Molar volume of vapor phase
Molar Volume Liq Molar volume of liquid hydrocarbon phase
Molar Volume Aq Molar volume of aqueous phase
Volume% Tot Feed mixture volume% (=100)
Volume% Vap Vapor phase volume %
Volume% Liq Liquid hydrocarbon phase volume %
Volume% Aq Aqueous phase volume %
Density Tot Density of feed mixture
Density Vap Density of vapor phase
Density Liq Density of liquid hydrocarbon phase
Density Aq Density of aqueous phase
dDensity/dP Tot Derivative of density wrt. pressure for feed mixture
dDensity/dP Vap Derivative of density wrt. pressure for vapor phase
dDensity/dP Liq Derivative of density wrt. pressure for liquid hydrocarbon phase
dDensity/dP Aq Derivative of density wrt. pressure for aqueous phase
dDensity/dT Tot Derivative of density wrt. Temperature for feed mixture
dDensity/dT Vap Derivative of density wrt. temperature for vapor phase
dDensity/dT Liq Derivative of density wrt. temperature for liquid hydrocarbon phase
dDensity/dT Aq Derivative of density wrt. temperature for aqueous phase
Z Factor Tot Compressibility factor of feed mixture
Z Factor Vap Compressibility factor of vapor phase
Z Factor Liq Compressibility factor of liquid hydrocarbon phase
Z Factor Aq Compressibility factor of aqueous phase
Mol Wgt Tot Molecular weight of feed mixture
Mol Wgt Vap Molecular weight of vapor phase

Mol Wgt Liq Molecular weight of liquid hydrocarbon phase
Mol Wgt Aq Molecular weight of aqueous phase
Int Energy Tot Internal energy of feed mixture
Int Energy Vap Internal energy of vapor phase
Int Energy Liq Internal energy of liquid hydrocarbon phase
Int Energy Aq Internal energy of aqueous phase
Enthalpy Tot Enthalpy of feed mixture
Enthalpy Vap Enthalpy of vapor phase
Enthalpy Liq Enthalpy of liquid hydrocarbon phase
Enthalpy Aq Enthalpy of aqueous phase
Entropy Tot Entropy of feed mixture
Entropy Vap Entropy of vapor phase
Entropy Liq Entropy of liquid hydrocarbon phase
Entropy Aq Entropy of aqueous phase
Heat Cap (Cp) Tot Heat capacity (Cp) of feed mixture
Heat Cap (Cp) Vap Heat capacity (Cp) of vapor phase
Heat Cap (Cp) Liq Heat capacity (Cp) of liquid hydrocarbon phase
Heat Cap (Cp) Aq Heat capacity (Cp) of aqueous phase
Heat Cap (Cv) Tot Heat capacity (Cv) of feed mixture
Heat Cap (Cv) Vap Heat capacity (Cv) of vapor phase
Heat Cap (Cv) Liq Heat capacity (Cv) of liquid hydrocarbon phase
Heat Cap (Cv) Aq Heat capacity (Cv) of aqueous phase
Kappa (Cp/Cv) Tot Kappa (Cp/Cv) of feed mixture
Kappa (Cp/Cv) Vap Kappa (Cp/Cv) of vapor phase
Kappa (Cp/Cv) Liq Kappa (Cp/Cv) of liquid hydrocarbon phase
Kappa (Cp/Cv) Aq Kappa (Cp/Cv) of aqueous phase
JT Coeff Vap Joule-Thomson coefficient of vapor phase
JT Coeff Liq Joule-Thomson coefficient of liquid hydrocarbon phase
JT Coeff Aq Joule-Thomson coefficient of aqueous phase
Vel of Sound Vap Velocity of sound in vapor phase
Vel of Sound Liq Velocity of sound in liquid hydrocarbon phase
Vel of Sound Aq Velocity of sound in aqueous phase
Viscosity Vap Viscosity of vapor phase
Viscosity Liq Viscosity of liquid hydrocarbon phase
Viscosity Aq Viscosity of aqueous phase
Therm Cond Vap Thermal conductivity of vapor phase
Therm Cond Liq Thermal conductivity of liquid hydrocarbon phase
Therm Cond Aq Thermal conductivity of aqueous phase

Surf Ten V/L Interfacial tension between vapor phase and liquid hydrocarbon phase.
Surf Ten V/A Interfacial tension between vapor phase and aqueous phase.
Surf Ten L/A Interfacial tension between liquid hydrocarbon phase and aqueous phase.
Units for properties
The property units available are shown below.
Property Units available
Pressure atm, bara, barg, kg/cm2, kPa, mmHg, MPa, psia, psig.
Temperature °C, °F, °R, K.
Mole% Dimensionless.
Weight% Dimensionless.
Molar volume cm3/mol, ft3/lb-mol, m3/mol.
Volume% Dimensionless.
Density g/cm3, lb/ft3, kg/m3.
Derivative of density wrt. All combinations of units for density and pressure.
pressure
Derivative of density wrt. All combinations of units for density and temperature.
temperature
Compressibility factor -
Molecular weight -
Internal energy BTU/lb, BTU/lb-mol, BTU/mol, cal/kg, cal/lb-mol, cal/mol, J/kg, J/mol,
kJ/mol.
Enthalpy BTU/lb, BTU/lb-mol, BTU/mol, cal/kg, cal/lb-mol, cal/mol, J/kg, J/mol,
kJ/mol.
Entropy BTU/lb-mol F, J/mol C, J/mol K, cal/mol C, cal/lb-mol F, BTU/mol F,
J/kg K, cal/kg C, BTU/lb F.
Heat capacity (CP) BTU/lb-mol F, J/mol C, J/mol K, cal/mol C, cal/lb-mol F, BTU/mol F,
Heat capacity (CV ) BTU/lb-mol F, J/mol C, J/mol K, cal/mol C, cal/lb-mol F, BTU/mol F,
Kappa (CP/CV) -
Joule-Thomson coefficient C cm2/kg, C/atm, C/bara, F cm2/kg, F/mmHg, F/psia, K/MPa, K/Pa.
Velocity of sound ft/s, km/hr, m/s, mph.
Viscosity cP, lb/ft hr, Pa s.
Thermal conductivity BTU/hr ft F, cal/s ft F, cal/s m C, J/s m K, mW/m C.
Interfacial tension dynes/cm, mN/m, N/m.

H2S
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select H2S in the Flash & Unit Operations section.
Calculates the distribution of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) between gas, oil and aqueous phases. The amount of H2S may
be specified as the concentration of H2S in either
• Gas phase
• Oil phase
• Aqueous phase
• Total (feed)
The concentration of H2S may be entered in
• ppm
The term ppm mol is defined as the mole% times 10,000. For the gas phase ppm by mol equals ppm by volume.
• mole%
• weight%
• mg/l
Any H2S in the fluid composition will be shown as the default amount of H2S in the input menu but will be ignored
in the H2S calculation if modified in the H2S menu.
The H2S concentration in the aqueous phase depends on the pH of the water. pH is therefore required input if water
is present.

If the fluid selected already contains water, the Water specification field will be disabled. Otherwise the amount of
water phase may be entered as either
• %Water cut
Volume% of free water of the total liquid at standard conditions. If the water contains salts, the entered salt
concentrations are in the water phase at standard conditions.
• Mol/mol feed
Feed refers to the selected fluid.
• Mole% of total
Total refers to the selected fluid plus water added.
• Weight% of total
Total refers to the selected fluid plus water added.
If the water contains salts, the input water amount is incl. salts.
Hydrate inhibitors cannot be handled.
For each pressure and temperature calculations are performed for each of the specified pH values.
The output shows the H2S content in each phase present in ppm mol, mol%, weight% and mg/l plus the content in
the vapor phase in mg/std l. The relative molar amounts of H2S in the phases present (partition coefficients) are also
shown. For the aqueous phase the output further comprises the distribution of H2S between molecular and
dissociated (HS-) forms.
Click <Properties> to see the phase properties and click <Comp> to be the phase compositions. Click <Save Phase>
to save the phase compositions in the database.

Unit Operations
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Unit Operations in the Flash & Unit Operations section.
Unit operations of the following types can be simulated
• Compressor
• Expander
• Cooler
• Heater
• Pump
• Valve
• Separator ( 1-stage)
Compositions with water and hydrate inhibitors are accepted, but not compositions with salts.
Compressor
Compressor calculations may be performed as
• An isentropic calculation corrected for thermal efficiency (Classical approach).

With an efficiency of 1.0 the compressor is simulated as one step of constant entropy. An efficiency corrects for
any irreversibility (=entropy increase).
• A ‘Path of Constant Efficiency’ (PACE) calculation (≈polytropic path).

The PACE calculation follows a path of constant efficiency. This is in line with the idea of a polytropic
simulation (PVn = constant), but while a polytropic simulation only follows a constant efficiency path for gas
mixtures up to moderate pressures, the PACE concept secures a constant efficiency for any pressure.
Furthermore PACE is not limited to gas mixtures but equally applicable to 2 and 3-phase compressor
simulations.
The inlet specifications consist of
• Flow rate in mole or weight per time unit.

• Inlet temperature and pressure.
• Correction for irreversible heat loss (Classical or PACE)
The outlet conditions can be specified as
• Pressure increase & efficiency (only Classical approach)

• Outlet pressure & efficiency
• Compressor work & efficiency (only PACE)
• Head & efficiency (only PACE)
• Outlet pressure & outlet temperature (only PACE)
The compressor work and the temperature change in the compressor are calculated. A warning is displayed if the
mixture forms more than one phase at inlet or outlet conditions.
For the PACE calculation the output furthermore includes the Head and minimum and maximum values of the
compressibility functions, X and Y (see Method documentation).
The functions X and Y may be used to decide whether it according to the American National Standard is acceptable
to use ideal gas correlations for the actual compression. The limits within which it is acceptable to use ideal gas
correlations are listed in the below table.
Pressure Allowed range for function X Allowed range for function Y

Ratio Min Max Min Max
1.4 -0.344 0.279 0.925 1.071

2 -0.175 0.167 0.964 1.034
4 -0.073 0.071 0.982 1.017
8 -0.041 0.050 0.988 1.011
16 -0.031 0.033 0.991 1.008
32 -0.025 0.028 0.993 1.006
Physical properties and phase properties at inlet and outlet may be displayed by clicking the appropriate button in the
output sheet.

To see the phase compositions at the inlet and outlet, click <Comp> or <Ext Comp>. The phase compositions can
be saved in the database. Click <Save Phase> to display the dialog for saving.
Expander
• Flow rate in mole or weight per time unit

• Inlet temperature and pressure
The outlet pressure can be specified as
• Pressure drop
• Outlet pressure
A thermal efficiency can be entered. It is defined as the enthalpy change of the actual expansion divided by the
enthalpy change of the corresponding isentropic (constant S) expansion.
The efficiency is 1.0 by default, for which value the expansion is simulated as an isentropic process (constant S).
The expander work and the temperature change in the expander are calculated. A warning is displayed if the mixture
forms more than one phase at inlet or outlet conditions.
Physical properties and phase properties at inlet and outlet may be displayed by clicking the appropriate button in
the output sheet.
To see the phase compositions at the inlet and outlet, click <Comp> or < Ext Comp>. The phase compositions can
Cooler

The outlet temperature can be specified as
• Temperature drop
• Outlet temperature

• Pressure drop in the cooler
The cooling capacity is calculated. This is defined as the heat transferred to the flowing fluid per time unit. For a
cooler this heat will be negative.
Physical properties and phase properties before and after the cooler may be displayed by clicking the appropriate
button in the output sheet.
To see the phase compositions at the inlet and outlet, click <Comp> or <Ext Comp>. The phase compositions can be
saved in the database. Click <Save Phase> to display the dialog for saving.
Heater

• Temperature drop
• Outlet temperature
• Pressure drop in heater
The capacity of the heater is calculated. This is defined as the heat transferred to the flowing fluid per time unit.
Physical properties and phase properties before and after the heater may be displayed by clicking the appropriate
button in the output sheet.
To see the phase compositions at the inlet and outlet, click <Comp> or <Ext Comp>. The phase compositions can
Pump

The outlet pressure can be specified as

• Pressure increase
• Outlet pressure
• Thermal efficiency
(defined as mean value of pumped volume between inlet and outlet multiplied by the pressure increase and
divided by the enthalpy change as a result of the pumping process).
The efficiency is 1.0 by default, for which value the pumping process is simulated as an isentropic process (constant
S).
The required pumping work and the temperature change in the pump are calculated. A warning is displayed if the
mixture forms multiple phases at inlet or outlet conditions. A pure gas is not accepted at the inlet.
output sheet.
saved in the database. Click <Save Phase> to display the dialog for saving.
Valve

• Pressure drop
• Outlet pressure
output sheet.
saved in the database. Click <Save Phase> to display the dialog for saving the phase compositions in the database.
Separator

A simple PT flash takes place in the separator. The outlet conditions are therefore identical to the inlet conditions.
Physical properties and phase properties may be displayed by clicking the appropriate button in the output sheet.
To see the phase compositions, click <Comp> or <Ext Comp>. The phase compositions can be saved in the
database. Click <Save Phase> to display the dialog for saving the phase compositions in the database.
ES-SAGD
ES-SAGD stands for Expanding Solvent – Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage. This module performs 3 phase flash
calculations for one pressure at varying temperature. The output comprises phase mole%’s and component mole%’s
in the vapor phase.
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select ES-SAGD in the Reservoir section.
Input
Water must be present as a component in order to perform the simulations.
If the fluid selected already contains water, the field Steam specification will be disabled, as shown in the picture.
Otherwise the amount of water may be specified locally in the input menu as either

• Mol steam/mol solvent
• Wgt steam/wgt solvent
Solvent refers to the selected fluid
Temperatures can be specified as an interval with a given number of steps, or via <Alternative Temperature>, where
specific temperatures can be given.
The maximum number of temperatures is 10.
Output description
The output from the ES-SAGD module comprises the following plots
• Phase mole%’s as a function of temperature

• Component mole% in the vapor phase as a function of temperature.
The component mole% in the vapor phase is calculated using the equation
β v yi
Mole% in vapor phase for component i = 100%
zi
where yi is the mole fraction of component i in the vapor phase, zi is the mole fraction of component i in the overall
composition, and βv is the phase mole fraction of the vapor phase.
Furthermore, the output from the ES-SAGD module comprises a spreadsheet with the numbers displayed in the
plots.

It is possible to have the results of the individual flash calculations at each P and T displayed using the buttons in the
upper right corner of the output sheet.
<Properties> displays the phase properties of the existing phases at each P and T.
<Comp> displays the compositions to C10+ of the existing phases at each P and T.
<Ext Comp> displays the full compositions of the existing phases at each P and T.

The phase compositions can be saved in the database. Click <Save Phase> to display the dialog for saving.
Allocation
The window for Allocation is selected from Allocation under the Flash & Unit Operations item in the Simulations
explorer.
The Allocation module is used to allocate the export streams of gas, oil, and water (aqueous) back to the production
from 2-50 compositions. Export flow streams are reported at reference conditions, which by default are the selected
standard conditions. The standard or reference conditions can be changed under Unit System & Settings.
This option can be used for Plus Fraction, No-Plus Fraction, or Characterized compositions by switching between
Plus and Char under Fluid Type. Salts are not allowed in the Allocation Module.
Select the fluids by pressing <Select Fluids>. Characterized compositions must have the Same Pseudo-Components.
To specify a non-default lumping for Plus/No-Plus compositions, click <Char Options>. Set Char Options will not
be preserved.
Enter the Meter Conditions (Pressure and Temperature) of each fluid in the Meter Conditions P and Meter
Conditions T fields. The total volumetric flow rate for each fluid is entered under Meter Conditions Total Flow Rate.
Highlight fluids and press <Delete> on the keyboard to delete. Pressing <Clear Fluids> will delete all fluid entries
and their respective conditions.
It is possible to specify a surface separator train with max. 6 stages. Especially for highly volatile fluids such as
condensates, volume factors are highly dependent on the separator process. Separators are connected in such a way
that liquid oil out of the first separator is the feed to the next separator in the train, whereas gas streams are
combined. The combined gas is flashed to reference conditions and the liquid from this flash added to the liquid
stream from the last separator. This is the same separator set-up as is used in the Eclipse Black Oil Interface and in
the Multi Phase Meter Interface.

As an alternative to specifying the separator train, it is possible to specify a set of overall K-factors (ratio of gas and
liquid component mole fractions) or Split factors (fraction of each component contained in the gas phase) for the
separator train. A set of overall K-factors could for instance be available from a rigorous process simulation of the
topside process. This option is not available for systems containing aqueous components.
Press <OK> to perform the Allocation simulation.
After leaving the menu for Allocation, the current fluid is the same one as before entering into this window.
Flash Open Structure
The PVTsim flash options are available as a separate Open Structure module enabling flash calculations to be made
from third party applications. A fluid composition is picked up in a PVTsim database and made available for flash
calculations from e.g. Excel.
Clicking Flash Open Structure and the Flash & Unit Operations section of the Simulations Explorer opens a
window for accessing a sample program and the Flash Oen Structure Documentation.
PVTsim comes with a separate Open Structure documentation.
To access the Open Structure options and documentation click on All Programs → Calsep→ Open Structure.
PVT Simulation
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select the appropriate PVT experiment under the PVT
Simulations item.
The PVT Simulations item gives access to options for simulating:
• Critical Point

• Saturation Point
• Separator Test
• Const Mass Expansion
• Const Volume Depletion
• Differential Depletion
• Viscosity Experiment
• Swelling Test
• Multiple Contact
The input menus have fields for entering up to 5 different sets of input specifications. The PVT simulation is only
performed for the displayed set of input specifications. If experimental PVT data have been entered for the actual
fluid, the experimental pressure and temperature stages are shown as default.
The PVT simulation options can only be accessed for mixtures without water, hydrate inhibitors and salts.
Critical Point
Calculates the critical points of the fluid.
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Critical Point in the PVT Simulations section.
Only two phases are considered in the calculation. If no critical point can be found, it is usually an indication that
more than two phases are present at the P,T where the critical points had otherwise been located.
The properties at the critical points may be viewed by pressing <Properties>.
Saturation Point
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Saturation Point in the PVT Simulations section.
The Saturation Point options may be used to calculate
• Saturation point pressures for specified T

• Saturation point temperatures for specified P.
The input menu has fields for specifying up to 5 different sets of temperatures or pressures of max 40 entries each
for which the saturation points are to be calculated.

The values of any experimental saturation points entered in the PVT Data menu, will be shown as default values.
Simulations will only be made for the set of specifications actually displayed.
If more than one saturation point exists for the actual T or P specification (for example an upper and a lower dew
point pressure) these will all be located. Both dew and bubble points are calculated.
Separator Test
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Separator Test in the PVT Simulations section.
Simulates a multi stage or a single stage flash to standard conditions and writes out the same type of results as
measured in the actual experiment. In addition the total GOR and the stable oil API gravity are written out (°API =
141.5/(density in g/cm3 at atmospheric pressure and 15 °C/59 °F)).
The output will comply with that of a standard PVT report. When flashing the gas phase to standard conditions to
calculate GOR, the volume of liquid precipitating is converted to an equivalent gas volume.

Standard conditions are by default 1.01325 bara and 15 °C (14.696 psia and 59 °F), but can be modified by the user
in Options → Unit System & Settings.
Any experimental pressures and temperatures entered as PVT Data will be shown as default. Simulations will only
be made for the set of specifications actually displayed.
The reservoir temperature may optionally be entered. For oil mixtures the density and the oil formation volume
factor (FVF) at the saturation pressure at the reservoir temperature will in that case be contained in the output. For
gas condensate mixtures Bg of the gas at the saturation pressure at the reservoir temperature will be contained in the
output.
A separator calculation always ends with a flash to standard conditions. The stage at standard conditions does not
have to be specified. Therefore if no stages are specified at all, the separator is simulated as a single stage flash to
standard conditions. If the last pressure and a temperature entered are very close to standard conditions (287.15 K <
T< 288.15 K and 0.9 atm < P < 1.1 atm), the entered values are bypassed and a flash to standard conditions
performed instead.
If physical properties or compositions at each stage are required, click the appropriate button in the Output sheet.
Click <Save Phase> to open a dialog for saving the phase compositions in the database. The combined liberated gas
from all separator stages is also available for saving.
Check the Recirculation checkbox to change the input and the calculation to a two-stage recirculation process, where
the gas stream from the first separator is separated in a second separator. The liquid stream from the second separator
is mixed into the feed to the first separator. The product streams are the liquid stream from the first separator and the
gas stream from the second separator.

To perform a single stage flash to a specified temperature and pressure, it is often more convenient to use a PT Flash
rather than the Separator Test option.
Const Mass Expansion
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Constant Mass Exp in the PVT Simulations section.
Simulates a constant mass expansion experiment and writes out the same type of results as measured in the actual
experiment.
Any experimental pressures and temperatures entered in the PVT Data or Regression menus will be shown as
default. Simulations will only be made for the set of specifications on the tab visible. Plots will be shown with
experimental and simulated data.
If no experimental PVT data have been entered, the program decides whether the composition is an oil or a gas and
adjusts the output accordingly. If experimental PVT data have been entered, the output will comply with the fluid
type (gas or oil) entered in the PVT data menu.
If physical properties and/or compositions for each stage are required, click the appropriate button in the output
sheet. Click <Save Phase> to display a dialog for saving the phase compositions in the database.

Const Volume Depletion
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Constant Vol Depl in the PVT Simulations section.
Performs a constant volume depletion simulation on a gas condensate or an oil mixture.
default. Simulations will only be made for the set of specifications on the tab visible. The output will comply with
that of a standard PVT report. Plots will be shown with experimental and simulated data.
sheet. Click <Save Phase> to display a dialog for saving the phase compositions in the database.
Differential Depletion
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Diff Depletion in the PVT Simulations section.
Performs a differential depletion simulation on an oil system. Enter the reservoir temperature and the pressure
values. Any experimental pressures and temperatures entered in the PVT Data or Regression menus will be shown as
default. Simulations will only be made for the set of specifications on the tab visible.

The output will comply with that of a standard PVT report. When flashing the gas phase to standard conditions to
calculate Bg and Rs, the volume of liquid precipitating is converted to an equivalent gas volume. Plots will be shown
with experimental and simulated data.
If the simulated Bo is consistently higher than the measured Bo, a possible reason could be that the last depletion
stage (the one taking the oil to atmospheric pressure) was not carried out as a single depletion stage, but with gas
being let out of the cell continuously. This can be compensated for in the simulation by adding pressure stages with
intervals of approximately 10 bar/140 psia between the two last pressure stages where the last one is a atmospheric
pressure.
If physical properties and/or compositions for particular stages are required, click the appropriate button in the
output sheet. Click <Save Phase> to display a dialog for saving the phase compositions in the database.
Standard conditions are by default 1.01325 bara and 15 °C (14.696 psia and 59 °F) but can be modified by the user
Viscosity
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Viscosity in the PVT Simulations section.
Calculates gas and liquid viscosities for specified pressure steps and constant temperature in a viscosity experiment.
default. Simulations will only be made for the set of specifications of the tab visible. The output will comply with
that of a standard PVT report. Plots will be shown with experimental and simulated viscosities.

If other physical properties than viscosities and/or compositions for each stage are required, click the appropriate
button in the output sheet. Click <Save Phase> to display a dialog for saving the phase compositions in the database.
Swelling Test
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Swelling Test in the PVT Simulations section.
The swelling test option simulates swelling of a reservoir fluid as a result of gas injection. Select the reservoir fluid
prior to opening the Swelling menu. In the Swelling menu select the injection gas with the Injection Gas button. The
field next to the Injection Gas button shows the text used to identify the injection gas.

If experimental swelling data have been entered in the PVT Data or Regression menus, the swelling temperature and
experimental mole %’s of injection gas will be shown as default. The injection gas must still be selected. Simulations
will only be performed for the set of specifications displayed. The output will comply with that of a standard PVT
report. Plots will be shown with experimental and simulated data.
The gas added in each stage is specified as cumulative mole % gas per original mol of oil (reservoir fluid). An entry
of 2, 5 and 10 for stage 1, 2 and 3 for example means that 2 mole % of gas is added in stage 1, 5-2 = 3 mole % in
stage 2, and 10-2-3 = 5 mole % in stage 3. All mole %'s are with respect to the initial number of moles of oil.
The swelled oil+gas mixtures can be saved in the database for later use in other simulations. Click <Save Phase> to
activate the dialog for saving.
Multiple Contact
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Multiple Contact in the PVT Simulations section.
The Multiple Contact option simulates a Multi-Contact laboratory experiment. It is designed to study the behavior
of a reservoir fluid undergoing gas injection.
The reservoir fluid and injection gas are mixed and the gas and liquid equilibrium compositions calculated. The
equilibrium gas from stage 1 can be mixed with fresh oil in a 2nd stage (Forward contact), or the equilibrium oil from

stage 1 can be mixed with fresh gas in a 2nd stage (Reverse contact). With a Forward contact the equilibrium gas
from the 2nd stage is mixed with fresh oil in a 3rd stage, and so on. With a Reverse contact the equilibrium oil from
the 2nd stage is mixed with fresh oil in a 3rd stage, and so on.
Select the reservoir fluid prior to opening the Multiple Contact menu. In the Multiple Contact menu select the
injection gas with <Injection Gas>. The text next to the Injection Gas button shows the text used to identify the
injection gas.
Input Pressure and Temperature (all stages are at the same P and T).
For each stage input the Mix ratio defined as the ratio of gas and oil. A Mix ratio of 5 for stage 1 means that the
amount of injection gas added to the first cell is 5 times the amount of oil added to the cell. All amounts of gas are
with respect to the actual amount of oil at that particular stage. As specified in the Mix Type frame the amount can be
either
• Vol (volumetric)
• Molar
• Mass
With a volumetric mixing ratio the gas and oil volumes are evaluated at the input Pressure and Temperature.
The Drive Type (or contact) can be specified as
• Forward
• Reverse

Forward means that equilibrium gas from one stage is mixed with fresh reservoir oil. Reverse means that equilibrium
oil from one stage is mixed with fresh gas.
The output consists of
• Mix Ratio (amount of gas added per amount of oil present).

• Mixture GOR (standard volume of gas at equilibrium per standard volume of oil at equilibrium).
• Oil formation factor FVF (oil volume at the actual stage divided by oil volume at standard conditions).
• Sat P (saturation pressure of total mixture after gas injection).
• Swollen volume (volume of the oil phase at the actual stage per volume of the original oil at stage 1)
sheet. The total mixture and the gas and oil phase compositions can be saved in the database for later use in other
simulations. Click <Save Phase> to activate the dialog for saving.
Viscosity Tuning
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Viscosity Tuning in the Flow Assurance section.
The viscosity tuning option allows the user to tune viscosity model parameters to better match experimental oil
viscosities.
By default the tuning is performed on the currently selected fluid. To choose one or more different fluids, uncheck
Use Current Fluid. Click <Select Fluids> and select the fluid(s) to be regressed on. All selected fluids must be of the
same type, i.e. either Plus/No-Plus fluids or Characterized. Change between Plus and characterized (Char) in the
Fluid type frame.

If more than one fluid is selected, the importance of the viscosity data of the individual fluids is determined by its
Weight. The weighting is relative, i.e. the viscosity data for a fluid is assigned a Weight of 5 will be considered 5
times as important as the viscosity data for a fluid assigned a Weight of 1. The Weight can be on Molar or Mass
basis. Molar means that the entered Weights are per mole fluid, while Mass means that the Weights are per mass unit
of fluid.
For each fluid the assigned viscosity data may be entered or edited by pressing <Visc Data>.
If the LBC model is selected, fields with Temperature and Pressure values but missing viscosities can be filled out
by pressing <Complete using CSP>. The shown viscosities have been calculated using the CSP viscosity model,
which is generally more accurate than LBC. Since LBC executes faster in computer code, it is often the preferred
choice in compositional simulations. For that reason tuning of the LBC model to CSP simulation results can be an
attractive option when no or few viscosity data points exist.
To avoid filling out each Temperature and Pressure point manually, press <Insert PT-grid> and a menu will appear
for specifying the PT-grid for which the CSP oil viscosities are to be matched. The number of Pressure steps times
the number of Temperature steps must not exceed 40. Press <OK> and the Pressure and Temperature Tabulation
points will appear in the Viscosity Data menu. Press <Complete using CSP>.
Fluids of the same type (Plus or Char) tuned on earlier will be displayed when opening the Viscosity Tuning window
again. To clear the fluid input fields, highlight the Fluids and press the Del key. Pressing <Clear Fluids> will delete
all fluid entries.
With the CSP viscosity model selected, the CSP viscosity correction factors will be adjusted. These are 4
multiplication factors entering into the expressions for the average molecular weight in the CSP viscosity model.
With the LBC viscosity model selected, the default regression parameter is a common multiplication factor for the
critical volumes of the C7+ components. It is also possible to tune the coefficients a1-a5 in the LBC correlation. As
tuning on a1-a5 may change the simulated gas viscosities quite considerably this is not to be recommended if gas
viscosities are important.
If more than one fluid of Fluid type Plus is selected, all fluids will be characterized to the same pseudo-components
and assigned the same viscosity corrections factors. The characterized fluid compositions will be saved in the
database.
If more than one characterized fluid is tuned on (Fluid type=Char) all fluids must have the same pseudo-
components. If the viscosity correction factors differ among the fluids, they will be reset to default viscosity
correction factors prior to the tuning. The characterized fluid compositions will be saved in the database.
The viscosity correction factors of a regressed fluid may be viewed and edited by clicking Char Options accessed
from Fluid → Edit Current.
The following interface options will have the optimum correction factors transferred in the interface files
• Eclipse Comp (LBC parameters)

• VIP Comp (LBC parameters)
• OLGA Compositional Tracking (CSP and LBC parameters)

Wax
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Wax in the Flow Assurance section.
The wax module has options for simulating the conditions at which precipitation of solid wax may occur and for
simulating the amount of solid wax as a function of T and P.
Tuning may be performed to an experimental Wax Appearance Point. This is a useful feature if the Wax module is
used as a preprocessor for a wax deposition simulator as for example DepoWax or OLGA Wax.
The Wax module gives access to
PT curves
3 different PT curves can be made
• Wax PT curve (Wax appearance points in a PT-plot)

Pmax is the maximum pressure considered.
• Phase envelope neglecting wax
Tmin is the minimum temperature considered.
• Phase envelope considering wax
Tmin is the minimum temperature considered.
It is possible to combine the Wax PT curve and the phase envelope considering wax. Two phase envelopes, one
neglecting and one considering wax may also be combined, in which case plots will be shown of both phase
envelopes. This is useful to evaluate the influence of wax precipitation on the gas-liquid equilibrium.

Wax vs Temp
Displays a plot of amount of wax (weight% of total mixture) as a function of temperature at a defined pressure. Tmin
is the minimum temperature considered.
Wax vs Pressure
Displays a plot of amount of wax (weight% of total mixture) as a function of pressure at a defined temperature.
Tmax is the maximum pressure considered.
PT Flash
Calculates phase amounts at a given temperature and pressure. The phases considered are gas, liquid (oil) and wax.
Default output is physical properties. If phase compositions are required, click <Comp> or <Ext Comp>. The phase
compositions from the flash can be saved in the database. Click <Save Phase> to display the dialog for saving.
Wax in STO
Calculates the amount of wax in the stock tank oil (weight%). This amount is in PVTsim defined as the weight% of
wax precipitated from the stock tank oil cooled down to 223.15 K. The results obtained using this definition are not
necessarily consistent with experimental investigations. Most laboratories determine the amount of wax by acetone
precipitation. The stock tank oil is the oil + wax mixture from a flash of the feed composition to 15 °C/59° F and
1.01325 bara/14.696 psia.
Wax Pressure
Calculates the wax appearance pressures for defined temperatures. Up to 10 different temperatures may be specified.
The maximum pressure considered is that in the Pmax field.
The physical properties and compositions at the wax appearance point can be viewed by pressing <Properties> or
<Comp> on the worksheet. If more than one Wax appearance point is found, the physical properties and
compositions will be shown for all of them. The phase compositions at the Wax Pressure(s) can be saved in the
database. Use the <Save Phase> button to activate the dialog for saving.
Wax Temp
Calculates the wax appearance temperatures for defined pressures. Up to 10 different pressures may be specified.
The minimum temperature considered is that in the Tmin field.
The physical properties and compositions at the wax appearance point can be viewed by pressing <Properties> or
<Comp> on the worksheet. The phase compositions at the Wax Temperature can be saved in the database. Use the
<Save Phase> button to activate the dialog for saving.
Tuning to experimental data

It is possible to tune the wax model to either
• A measured Wax Appearance Point

• A measured weight % of Wax in the STO oil.
Fill in the experimental data in the Tuning to experimental data frame and click <Tune>.

Until a new fluid is selected, all calculations are performed on the tuned fluid. The tuned fluid may be saved by
checking the field Save Tuned prior to the tuning or by clicking on CharFluid and Add to Database after the tuning.
Viscosity of oil + wax

Below the wax appearance temperature the solid wax crystals suspended in the oil will affect the viscosity of the
mixture. The viscosity behavior will be non-Newtonian (viscosity will depend on the shear rate).
To see plots of the effect of solid wax on the viscosity, fill out the fields in the Viscosity oil + wax frame. Select the
viscosity plotted against either
• Shear rate for a range of temperatures

• Temperature for a range of shear rates
Click <OK> to see the viscosity plots.
The viscosity correction factors are for the coefficients in the non-Newtonian viscosity model. These correction
factors are 1.0 by default. Optimum correction factors may be determined using the Viscosity Tuning option
accessed from DepoWax.
Water, hydrate inhibitors and salts are not accepted in the Wax module.
The Wax module does not accept the H&V mixing rule for any component pair.
Asphaltenes
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Asphaltene in the Flow Assurance section.
The asphaltene module can be used to simulate P,T conditions with asphaltenes precipitation and the amount of
precipitate. Asphaltenes are heavy aromatic compounds that may be contained in reservoir fluids. Asphaltene
precipitate is highly viscous and may form when the reservoir pressure decreases as a result of production or if gas is
injected into the reservoir.

In general tuning to at least one measured asphaltene onset pressures is required to accurately simulate asphaltene
precipitation conditions.
PT flash
Determines phase amounts and phase compositions at P and T. The phases can be gas, liquid (oil) and asphaltene.
Default output is physical properties. If phase compositions are required, click <Comp> or <Ext Comp>. The phase
compositions from the flash can be saved in the database. Click the <Save Phase> button to display the dialog for
saving.
Asp Pressure
Detects for a given temperature the pressure range with asphaltene precipitation. The output consists of the upper
asphaltene precipitation pressure, the bubble (saturation) point pressure and the lower asphaltene pressure.
Precipitated asphaltenes are present between the upper and lower asphaltene pressures. In the range from the upper
asphaltene pressure to the saturation point, there are two phases, liquid and asphaltene. From the saturation point
down to the lower asphaltene pressure three phases are present, gas, liquid and asphaltene. Above the upper
asphaltene pressure there is only one liquid phase. Below the lower asphaltene pressure, gas and liquid are present.
P-x Curve
Gas injection widens the pressure range with asphaltene precipitation. The P-x curve option may for a given
temperature be used to determine the pressure range with asphaltene precipitation for various amounts of injection
gas. It calculates upper asphaltene precipitation pressure, bubble (saturation) point pressure and lower asphaltene
pressure.
STO Asp-x Curve

Live oil asphaltene precipitation experiments often consist in determining the amount of asphaltenes precipitating as
a result of gas injection. This amount is usually reported relative to the amount of stock tank oil. To simulate such
experiment, select the oil from the database and click STO Asp-x Curve in the Asphaltene menu. Enter the

experimental P and T in the Pressure-Temp fields and select injection gas. Enter the relative amounts of injection gas
and live oil. The output will consist of the weight amount of precipitated asphaltene at P and T in percent of stock
tank oil. The latter is defined as the weight amount of oil resulting from a flash to ambient conditions of the live oil
before gas is injected.
PT Curve
Determines the pressure range with asphaltene precipitation in the temperature range from 0 °C (32 °F) to 180 °C
(356 °F). Calculates with temperature steps of 20 °C (36 °F) upper asphaltene pressure, bubble (saturation) point
pressure and lower asphaltene pressure.
Asp in STO
The output consists of the weight% of asphaltene components contained in the stock tank oil from a flash to standard
conditions.
Split Pseudos
The asphaltene components are in PVTsim by default considered to be the aromatic part of the C50+ fraction. The
asphaltene algorithm splits the C50+ components into asphaltene and non-asphaltene components before carrying
out any simulations. In the output the asphaltene and the non-asphaltene components are by default combined again.
Split Pseudos will split the pseudo-components containing asphaltenes into an asphaltene component and a non-
asphaltene component. The name of an asphaltene component will end with an A. The name could for example be
C47-C80-A.
By splitting the pseudo-components into asphaltene and non-asphaltene components, simulation results obtained
with other options in PVTsim will at conditions with no asphaltene precipitation be consistent with the simulation
results obtained with the asphaltene module. This is not the case for fluids having asphaltene and non-asphaltene
components contained in the same pseudo-component.
Tuning to experimental data

It is possible to tune the asphaltene model to match experimental asphaltene data. To activate the tuning options,
check the field Tuning to experimental data. It is possible to tune to
• Asp Onset Points

Enter the experimentally determined upper asphaltene onset points in the P and T input sheet and tune on either
o Asp properties
Tuning to Asp properties will modify Tc (Asp) and Pc (Asp) to obtain the best possible match of the
input asphaltene onset point(s).
Tc and Pc of the asphaltene components are by default

Tc (Asp) = 1125.35 °C/2057.63 °F
Pc (Asp) = 14.995 bara/216.766 psia.
o Asp in STO
The asphaltene components are in PVTsim any default considered to be the aromatic part of the
C50+ fraction. By using the Asp amount as tuning parameter, the cut point between asphaltene and

non-asphaltene aromatics is moved relative to C50 in order to get the best possible match of the
asphaltene onset point.
• Asp in STO
PVT reports often contain the amount of asphaltenes contained in the stock tank oil (oil from flash of reservoir
fluid to ambient conditions). This amount is usually determined by n-paraffin precipitation and the asphaltene
model can be tuned to match this amount.
Click in Asp in STO and fill in the weight % of asphaltenes contained in the stock tank oil. The tuning will
move the cut point between asphaltene and non-asphaltene aromatics up or downwards from the default starting
point at C50. Beware that match of the experimental amount of asphaltenes is no guarantee that the simulated
and experimental asphaltene onset pressures will agree.
Click <Tune> to start the tuning. If the field Save Tuned is checked prior to clicking <Tune>, the tuned fluid will be
saved in the database.
Parameters
The binary interaction parameters (kij) between C1-C9 hydrocarbons and asphaltene components are 0.017 by
default but may be modified in the input field in the Parameters frame. These kij’s are parameters in the Classical
EOS mixing rule.
Water, hydrate inhibitors or salts are not accepted in the Asphaltene module.
The Asphaltene module does accept not the H&V mixing rule for any component pair.
Scale
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Scale in the Flow Assurance section.
The scale module calculates the amount of scale (salt precipitation) that will form from formation water and
mixtures of formation water and seawater. The amount of scale is influenced by the amounts of H2S and CO2
dissolved in the water. The latter amounts depend on the composition of the hydrocarbon fluid in equilibrium with
the formation water and in particular on the H2S and CO2 concentrations in the hydrocarbon fluid. A hydrocarbon
fluid must therefore be selected from the fluid database before entering into the scale menu.

The salts considered by the scale module are
• BaSO4
• CaSO4
• SrSO4
• CaCO3
• FeCO3
• FeS
Required input is concentrations of the ions present in the formation water, the amount of acetic acid (HAc) or
equivalent, and Pressure and Temperature. The alkalinity may optionally be specified. It is approximately equal to
the amount of HCO3- plus twice the amount of CO3--.
If the selected fluid already contains H2S and CO2, the Partial Pressure fields for these gases cannot be accessed,
and the partial pressures will be calculated assuming equilibrium between the hydrocarbon fluid and water.
Otherwise the partial pressures may be entered.
Formation water
Output consists of
• P and T
• Input and output concentrations of all ions
• Calculated pH
• Amounts of salts precipitated
• Saturation index (SI=log10 ([Me][An]/KSP)) for all salts that may possibly form from the present ions. [Me] is
the molality of the metal ion, [An] the molality of the metal ion and Ksp the solubility product for the actual salt.
If SI>0, the actual salt may possibly precipitate. If SI<0, the salt will not precipitate.
Formation water and seawater

By checking the field Inject Seawater it is possible to enter a seawater analysis. Two options exist
• Full Curve.
By choosing the Full Curve option, scale calculations are made for a number of different mixing ratios ranging
from 100% formation water to 100% seawater. The output from this option is a plot of the amounts of salt that
will precipitate as a function of Vol% of seawater along with the data for the curve.
• Single point
Formation water and seawater are mixed in a fixed volumetric ratio. In addition to the output for formation
water alone the concentrations of the ions in the mixed water phase are contained in the output.
Below is shown an example of a formation water and a seawater analysis. The formation water will precipitate
CaCO3 at atmospheric pressure and for example 70 °C/ 158 °F. Mixing in seawater at these conditions will further
lead to precipitation of BaSO4 and SrSO4.
Ion Formation Water Seawater

mg/l mg/l
Na 15200 12100
K 380
Ca 1100 450
Mg 210 1130
Ba 230
Sr 9
Fe(II)
Cl 28000 20950
SO4 2300
Alk 250 170
HAc
Hydrate
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select the Hydrate item in the Flow Assurance section.
The following hydrate simulations may be performed
• PT flash
• Minimum amount of inhibitor required to prevent hydrate formation
• Hydrate formation temperature at given P

• Hydrate formation pressure at given T
• Hydrate PT curve
To see whether a component is a hydrate former or not click Char Fluid → Edit Current and scroll to the right to find
the column with the heading ‘Forms hydrates’. This column gives information about the hydrate structures (I, II and
H) the actual component be part of, if any at all.
The amount and composition of the Water Phase must be specified. Water, salts and inhibitor components may
either be entered when inputting the fluid composition, or they may be input locally in the Hydrate menu. If the fluid
selected already contains water, the Water specification field will be disabled. Otherwise the amount of water phase
may be entered as either
• %Water cut
Water volume% of the total liquid at standard conditions. If the water contains salts, the entered salt
concentrations are in the water phase at standard conditions. Inhibitor components do not influence the water
cut.
• Mol spec water/mol feed

• Mole% of feed+spec water

• Weight% of feed+spec water

Hydrate inhibitors may optionally be specified. If the selected fluid contains inhibitors, the Inhibitor specification
fields are disabled. The inhibitor amount may otherwise be specified as

• Mol inhib(itor)/mol spec water
• Mole% of spec water+inh(ibitor)
• Kg inhib(itor)/kg spec water
• Weight% of spec water+inh(ibitor)
Spec water means water amount entered in the Water specification frame. The spec water is input water phase, not
equilibrium water phase.
PT Flash
Simulates a flash for the selected fluid, including water, inhibitors, and salts at a specified pressure and temperature.
The phases considered are
• Gas
• Liquid (oil)
• Hydrates of structure I, II and H
• Aqueous (water)
• Ice
• Pure solid salts
Loss of hydrate inhibitors to the hydrocarbon phases is taken into account as well as the solubility of gaseous
components in the aqueous phase.
The total composition and the phase compositions can be saved in the database for later use in simulations. Use
<Save Phase> to display the dialog for saving compositions. The total composition may deviate from that selected in
the database because water and inhibitor input may be given locally in the hydrate menu.
Minimum Inhibitor
Minimum amount of inhibitor needed to prevent hydrate formation at a specified temperature and pressure. The
inhibitor composition must be specified in the Inhibitor specification frame.
Click <Properties> to see the amounts and properties of the phases present or <Comp> to see the phase
compositions. Click <Save Phase> to display a dialog for saving the total composition and/or the equilibrium phase
compositions.
Hydrate Temperature
Calculates hydrate temperature at a given pressure.
compositions.

Hydrate Pressure
Calculates hydrate pressure at a given temperature.
compositions.
Hydrate PT Curve
Temperature - pressure hydrate curve for the selected fluid. The input screen shows the default values used in the
calculation. These will usually be adequate for a first calculation of the hydrate curve.
To generate a series of curves showing the effect of varied inhibitor concentrations, input the inhibitor composition
in the Inhibitor specification frame. Leave the Amount field blank. Select the Hydrate PT curve option. In the
Hydrate PT curve menu, the check box Variable Inhibitor Amount will be checked. Input the minimum and
maximum inhibitor concentrations and the number of curves to generate.
If the water phase is supersaturated with salt not considering hydrate formation, the calculation will stop with an
error message. Precipitation of solid salt is only accepted as a result of hydrate formation.
The hydrate option accepts all types of components.
Wax Deposition (DepoWax)
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select DepoWax in the Flow Assurance section.
The wax deposition module simulates wax deposition in a pipeline including wax layer build-up, pressure drop,
temperature profile, etc. as function of time and position in the pipeline. OLGAS from Scandpower Petroleum
Technology A/S is used for pressure drop calculations. If OLGAS not installed the following error message will
appear when trying to start a DepoWax simulation
File not found: flow.dll
Contact Calsep for instructions on how to install OLGAS.
Users with no prior experience with DepoWax may start consulting the Getting started with DepoWax section.
The required input for the flow simulator is
• Case Name & Info

• Pipeline Configuration
• Wall Description

• Boundary Conditions
• Simulation Parameters
Viscosity Tuning is optional input.
Getting started with DepoWax
The input specifications referred to in this section are contained in the DepoWax Case that comes with the PVTsim
Demo database.
When you press DepoWax in the Simulations Explorer panel the main DepoWax input screen will appear.
The menus for inputting the information needed to carry out a simulation are accessed from the buttons in the View,
edit or define case frame. Viscosity Tuning in the Tune to viscosity data frame is optional input.
Press <Select Case> to open the Case Database for DepoWax. The text used to identify the case will be shown in the
field next to the Select Case button.
Here it is possible to do the same operations as in the fluid database. Choose the Demo Case for Getting Started by
pressing <Select>. The name of the selected case is default displayed in the upper right command line.
Pressing <Case Name & Info> will make the same text appear. The Case Description field is for entering a short
description of the actual case. If no case has been chosen from the DepoWax database, and <Case Name & Info> is
pressed, the text Uncompleted Case will show up, indicating that the user has begun the setup of a new case.

Click on <Pipeline Configuration> to see the physical description of the pipeline.
This input screen describes a 12.5 km long pipeline with a 0.1 km high riser (can be seen from (x,y) coordinates).
The pipe is split into 6 segments. Unless the field User defined in the Sectioning frame is filled out, each segment
will be split into smaller sections during simulation using a built-in auto sectioning.
For each segment Inner Diameter, Ambient Temperature, Wall Roughness and Wall no must be given, whereas
Boost Pressure is optional. Walls are specified under Wall Description. The Wall no indicates, which wall to use in
the current segment.
The Wall Description menu is also accessed from the main DepoWax menu. The user has to enter the Material,
Layer thickness and thermal conductivity (Cond). If no prior knowledge of the thermal conductivity is available, the
materials may be found in the Material Database that comes with DepoWax. Up to 8 walls can be specified in one
simulation.

The default thermal conductivity of the wax layer is shown in the field k wax. By checking User defined WAXK it is
possible to enter a different value.
The Pipeline Configuration menu said that Wall No. 2 should be used for the riser, whereas Wall No. 1 should be
used for the pipe at the seabed. It is therefore necessary to specify both a Wall No. 1 and a Wall No. 2 in the Wall
Description menu.
The outer heat transfer coefficient can be selected among 4 predefined values or a User Defined value can be input.
The predefined Water-forced convection by a velocity of 0.5 m/s has been chosen in the actual case.
It is possible to choose between 4 different correlations for the inner heat transfer coefficient. In this case Dittus-
Boelter is chosen. For more information consult the Method Documentation.
Press < Boundary Conditions> to see the input for flow conditions.

The Boundary Conditions input menu is for specifying
• Simulation Time and Time Step Lengths

• Flow rate
• Inlet conditions
• Inlet compositions
• Inlet of possible mass sources to the pipeline
In the actual case a simulation over 15 days is run with 15 time steps of each 24 hours. The field Variable
Boundaries is left unchecked showing that the inlet conditions do not change during the 15 days.
It is also possible to do loop simulations by checking the field Looping. In the present case, the field is unchecked.
No additional sources are added, but this could be done by checking the field Additional Sources. This would require
input of the time step and the segment where the source is to be added. In addition the mass flow rate, the inlet
temperature and the inlet (source) composition must be input. Pressing <Select Fluid> gives access to the fluid
database, and the user can choose from all the characterized compositions in the database. Source compositions
must be characterized to the same pseudo-components as the main inlet composition.
The last input screen that has to be filled out is for Simulation Parameters (Viscosity Tuning is optional).

The Simulation Parameter input menu allows the user to enter a number of different correction factors to be
multiplied on the default model parameters.
All the correction factors are 1.0 in the actual case, indicating that none of them are in use. The porosity of the wax is
set to 70 % and assumed not to depend on shear rate. The Shear Disp(ersion) Const(ant) is 0.0 meaning that shear
dispersion is not assumed to contribute to the wax deposition.
Having completed the input it is recommended to press <Save> in the main DepoWax menu in order to store the
input parameters in the database. Should the user forget to press <Save>, the input on each menu is automatically
saved, whenever <OK> is pressed on each of the above screens.
Press OK on the main menu and run the case. The progress in the simulation can be followed on the caption of the
main DepoWax menu (in % finished). The output will be shown in an output sheet.
On the output sheet it is possible to see the composition of the deposited wax and the oil trapped in the wax by
pressing <Dep Comp> in the upper right corner. The outlet compositions can be shown by pressing <Outlet Comp>.
Case database
The case database for DepoWax is contained in the fluid database. The rules for creating and opening a wax
deposition database are therefore the same as for the fluid database.

To open another existing database choose File → Open Database or click Open Database in the Database section of
the Fluid Management panel.
To create a new database choose File → Create New Database or click Create New Database in the Database section
of the Fluid Management panel.
Choosing DepoWax → Case Database displays a list of cases in the selected database. From the buttons at the
bottom, the contents of the database may be manipulated or a case may be selected. The options are
• Select
• New
• Delete
• Duplicate
• Close
The Database window will remain open after initiating <Delete> and <Duplicate>. To close the Database window
click the <Close> button.
Select
To select a case from the current database for use in subsequent calculations, highlight the case in the list and click
<Select>. The name of the selected case is default displayed in the upper right command line.
New
Clears all the input screens to the wax deposition module. The DepoWax main menu is displayed for data entry.
Delete
To delete one or more cases from the database, highlight the case(s) in the list, and click <Delete>.
Before deletion is initiated, a message box is displayed. Click <Yes> to continue deleting cases or click <No> to
regret deleting.
Duplicate
To copy one or more cases in the database, highlight the appropriate case(s) in the list, and click <Duplicate>.
Copies of the cases selected are then added to the database as the last entries.
Case Name & Info
The text displayed for each case in the case database is entered here.

Pipeline Configuration
The geometry of the pipeline is input here. For each segment the following data must be given
• The coordinates of each segment (x and y values). Output will always be shown for the positions where two
segments meet.
• The inner diameter
• The wall roughness (used in the pressure drop calculation)
• Wall No for each section (between 1 and 8). The walls are specified in Wall Description
• The ambient temperature (Tambient)
• Boost Pressures
By checking the field User defined in the Sectioning frame, the user can specify Max temp(erature) change in a
section and Max length of a section. Otherwise default values will be used.
Wall Description
Walls input as a Wall No in Pipeline Configuration are further specified here.
To identify a wall, a text must be entered in the Name field. Each wall consists of one or more layers of different
materials defined through thickness and thermal conductivity. Materials may be selected from the Material Database
by pressing <Select Materials>.
The outer heat transfer coefficient can be selected among 4 predefined values or a User Defined value can be input.
It is possible to choose between 4 different correlations for the inner heat transfer coefficient. For more information
consult the Method Documentation.
The thermal conductivity of the wax layer has a default value. This value may be user specified by checking the field
User defined WAXK.
The Material Database can be expanded with the users own materials or the thermal conductivities of the materials
already in the database can be modified, by pressing <Edit Materials>.

Select Materials
By pressing <Select Materials> in the “Wall description” input screen, the material database is opened. One or more
materials may be selected and added to the currently selected wall.
Edit Materials
By pressing <Edit Materials> in the Wall description input screen, it is possible to edit the Material Database.
By pressing <Edit>, it is possible to change name and conductivity of the selected material. Select only one material
at the time.
By pressing <Delete>, the selected materials will be deleted from the material database. It is possible to delete more
than one material at the time.
By pressing <New>, a new material can be entered into the material database. The user has to specify the name and
the thermal conductivity in the currently selected unit for conductivity. The new material can now be found as the
last entry in the Material Database.
By pressing <Restore>, the program will restore the original Material Database that came with the installation
version of PVTsim. All user-specified materials will be gone.
Boundary conditions
In this input menu Simulation Time, fluids to be transported and mass flow rates are entered.
Simulation Time
The number of time steps and the length of each time step must be entered. This allows the total simulation time to
be calculated and displayed. Many small time steps may give a better simulation than fewer longer time steps, but
the simulation time can be quite long and increases proportional to the number of time steps.
If a loop is to be simulated, the residence time and the number of loops must be input. The inlet fluid may be equal to
the outlet fluid from the previous loop or fresh fluid may be input. It is also possible to specify the pressure and
temperature at the inlet are equal to the conditions at the outlet from the previous loop.
Inlet/Feed Conditions
The inlet flow is specified by mass flow rate, temperature, pressure and inlet fluid composition. The inlet fluid
composition may either be that currently selected (default) or the field Use Current Fluid may be unchecked and an
already characterized fluid selected in the database.
By checking the field Variable Boundaries it is possible to change temperature, pressure, mass flow and composition
during the simulation. The time step number determines when this change is to be effected. Variable Boundaries
cannot be combined with use of the currently selected fluid, i.e. the field Use Current Fluid must be unchecked to
activate the Variable Boundaries option. If the fluid composition changes with time all fluid compositions must be
characterized to the same pseudo-components.

Sources
It is possible to handle inlet streams (sources) along the pipeline. To activate this option check the field Additional
Sources. For each source it must be specified to which segment number the source is added. Locate the X-coordinate
at which the source is to be added and input the segment number in the Segment column for that distance.
Sources cannot be combined with use of the currently selected fluid, i.e. the field Use Current Fluid must be
unchecked to activate the option for specifying Additional Sources. Source fluids must be characterized to the same
pseudo-components as the components specified in the Boundary Conditions frame.
To turn off a source, make a new selection of the source fluid and specify a mass flow of 0 at the time step at which
the source is to be turned off.
Sources can be specified in any order. The time steps numbers do for example not have to increase down the list.
Simulation parameters
This input screen presents tuning parameters related to the modeling of wax deposition and pressure drop.
Wax Roughness
There are three different ways of specifying the roughness of the wall
• As a user defined value

• As a fraction of the wax layer thickness
• As pipe wall roughness
The wax roughness influences the frictional pressure drop in those parts of the pipe where wax is deposited.
Pressure Drop
It is possible to take a drag reducer into account by specifying a Drag Reduction Factor between 0 and 1. This factor
is multiplied on the frictional pressure drop calculated in the program.
Wax Deposition
The user can specify three different parameters linked to the wax deposition
• Laminar Film Factor

This factor is multiplied with the thickness of the laminar film layer, thereby influencing the distance the
molecules must travel to get from the bulk to the wall. Allowed values are from 0 to 100.
• Diffusion Coeff Factor

Is multiplied with the diffusion coefficients of the wax molecules. Allowed values are from 0 to 100.

• Shear Disp Const
By specifying a value greater than 0, wax deposition by shear dispersion is taken into account. If the shear
dispersion constant is 0, wax deposition only takes place by diffusion of the wax molecules from the bulk to
the wall.
Wax Porosity
Porosity is the percentage of the deposit that is not wax. In the simulation it is assumed that the “porosity volume” is
filled up with oil of the composition at the wall.
The wax porosity may be entered as a constant value, or to depend linearly on shear rate. Check Shear Rate
Dependent to choose a linear dependence. Two porosities at two different shear rates must be specified to enable the
program to determine the constants in the linear relation.
Viscosity
If experimental viscosity data is available a Viscosity Tuning can be performed that will result in Correction Factors
(multipliers) in the applied viscosity models minimizing the deviation between experimental and simulated data.
• CSP Correction Factors

With the CSP model selected viscosities above the Wax Appearance Point (WAP) are calculated using the
corresponding states model. This model can be manipulated using 4 Correction Factors that are usually
determined by tuning to experimental viscosity data. The 1st and 2nd correction factor influence condensate
and light oil viscosities while the 3rd and 4th coefficient influence heavy oil and low temperature viscosities.
The Correction Factors are 1.0 by default.
• LBC Correction Factors

With the LBC model selected viscosities above the WAP are calculated using the Lohrenz-Bray-Clark
(LBC) viscosity correlation. The viscosity simulation results can be modified using a Vc Correction Factor
or by modifying coefficients (a1-a5) in the LBC polynomial. The Vc correction factor is 1.0 by default.
• Oil+Wax Visc Multipliers

Below the Wax Appearance Point (WAP) the apparent oil viscosities are affected by solid wax particles
suspended in the oil and the viscosity becomes non-Newtonian (shear rate dependent). The results obtained
with the non-Newtonian viscosity model used in DepoWax may be manipulated through three Correction
factors, D, E and F. The optimum correction factors may be determined by a regression to viscosity data
measured at temperatures below the WAP. The correction factors are 1.0 by default.
It is possible to take into account emulsions in the viscosity calculations. By default a correlation of Rønningsen will
be used. It does not require any experimental information. If experimental emulsion viscosity data exists for a given
water volume fraction, this information may be input and a correlation of Pal and Rhodes applied. The field Inv
Point may be filled out with the volume fraction of water for which the emulsion changes from a water in oil to an
oil in water emulsion. Default value is 0.7.
In the bottom of the Simulation Parameters screen three checkboxes are found
• Ignore Wax
Allows the wax deposition to be switched off and reducing the model to a steady state pipeline simulator.

• Deposit from Gas
This checkbox allows wax deposition from the gas phase to be considered. It is not experimentally verified
whether wax deposition from the gas phase may in some cases contribute to the wax deposition to a
reasonable extent. For a system with a significant amount of hydrocarbon liquid present, deposition from
the gas phase will be negligible.
• Ignore Wax Inhibition

Wax inhibitors are in DepoWax modeled as a lowering of the melting point of the wax constituents
(freezing point depression). The (possible) lowering of the melting point of a given wax component can be
seen by pressing CharFluid → Edit Current and scrolling to the right to the column Delta Tf. The optimum
freezing point depression is usually found by a tuning to viscosity data for oil + wax suspensions with and
without wax inhibitor added.
Pressing <OK> after entering the desired information will save the entered input in the database.
Viscosity tuning
A correct representation of the viscosity of a fluid being transported in a pipeline is prerequisite for obtaining a
correct pressure drop and a correct wax deposition rate. Solid wax particles may increase the apparent viscosity of
the oil phase by orders of magnitude and the flow pattern may change from Newtonian to non-Newtonian. The
viscosity of an oil above its Wax Appearance Point (WAP) is calculated using either the corresponding states model
(CSP), which is default in PVTsim, or the Lohrenz-Bray-Clark (LBC) model. The viscosity below the WAP is
calculated using a shear rate dependent viscosity model taking into account the effect of solid wax particles on the
viscosity.
The model parameters may be tuned up against viscosity data measured below and above the WAP. The WAP may
be calculated using the Wax Temp option of the Wax module. By default the currently selected fluid is the one to be
tuned on. By unchecking the field Use Current Fluid and clicking <Select Fluids> one or more different fluids may
be selected in the database. Only already characterized fluid compositions are available for selection.
If In the Weight column enter the weight (importance) to assign to each fluid can be entered in the Weight column.
This Weight may be per mole (Molar) or per Mass unit of the individual fluids. There is no need to enter fluid
compositions for which no experimental viscosity data exists. All fluid compositions must be characterized to the
same pseudo-components.
Click the Visc Data button to enter or display the experimental viscosity data. There are three input menus
• Oil viscosities
Oil viscosities above wax appearance point and therefore not influenced by wax particles.

Oil viscosities affected by solid wax particles but not by wax inhibitors. Shear rate must be input.

Oil viscosities below wax appearance point affected by wax inhibitors. This type of data can only be
entered and tuned to if viscosity data have been entered for the same oil without a wax inhibitor added.
If the LBC model is selected, fields with missing viscosity data values in the Oil viscosities table can be filled by
pressing the button Complete using CSP. This is an alternative (or supplement) to experimental viscosity data points.
For all input temperatures and pressures with no viscosity input, the subsequent viscosity tuning will include oil
viscosities calculated using the CSP model. This model is in general considered to be more accurate than LBC, but
since LBC executes faster in computer code it is often the preferred choice in compositional simulations. For this
reason tuning of the LBC model to CSP simulation results can be an attractive option when no or few viscosity data
points exist.
To avoid having to fill out each Temperature and Pressure point manually, press <Insert PT-grid> and a menu will
appear for specifying the PT-grid for which the CSP oil viscosities are to be matched. The number of Pressure steps
times the number of Temperature steps must not exceed 40. Press <OK> and the Pressure and Temperature
Tabulation points will appear in the Viscosity Data menu. Press <Complete using CSP>.
Click OK to initiate the viscosity tuning. When the tuning is completed, an output sheet will appear with
experimental viscosity data, simulated viscosities before and after tuning. The output further shows
• Viscosities above WAP

CSP: Four viscosity correction factors.
LBC: One viscosity correction factors and five coefficients (a1-a5) in the LBC model.
The optimum parameters are automatically transferred to the Simulation Parameters menu. If only one fluid
was tuned on, the fluid is updated with the optimum parameters. These may be viewed by pressing
CharFluid → Edit Current → Char Options.
• Viscosities below WAP not affected by a wax inhibitor

Three corrections factors (Oil+Wax visc multipliers) in the non-Newtonian viscosity model applied for oil-
wax suspensions.
The optimum parameters are automatically transferred to the Simulation Parameters menu.
• Viscosities below WAP affected by a wax inhibitor

Freezing point depression temperatures for each wax component.
If only one fluid was tuned on, the fluid is updated with the optimum freezing point depressions and
viscosity correction factors. The freezing point depressions may be viewed by pressing CharFluid → Edit
Current and scrolling to the right to the column Delta Tf. The viscosity correction factors may be viewed by
pressing CharFluid → Edit Current and the pressing Char Options. If more than one fluid is tuned on, the
field Update Fluids must be checked to have the Delta Tf values of the fluids updated in the database to
take wax inhibition into account. Viscosity correction factors are also updated in each fluid when Update
Fluids is checked.
For viscosities above the WAP the viscosity tuning option is similar to the general Viscosity Tuning option accessed
from the Simulations menu.

Viscosity data
Three different types of viscosity data may be input
• Oil viscosities
Oil viscosities above wax appearance point and therefore not influenced by wax particles. Enter
corresponding values of temperature, pressure and viscosity.

Oil viscosities affected by solid wax particles but not by wax inhibitors. The viscosity is non-Newtonian
(shear rate dependent) why shear rates must be entered in addition to T, P and viscosity. If the shear rate is
not known, a high shear rate (for example 10000 1/s) may be entered.

Oil viscosities below wax appearance point affected by wax inhibitors. Shear rates must be entered in
addition to T, P and viscosity. Wax inhibited viscosities can only be entered if viscosity data have been
entered for the same oil without a wax inhibitor added.
Viscosity data may be entered from the Viscosity tuning option in DepoWax or from the Viscosity Data button in the
Selected Fluid menu.
Output description
Output is calculated for each section point (x,y) in the simulation, for each time step.
The generated output will appear in a standard PVTsim output table, like the one shown below.
The output data is organized in blocks for each time step in the simulation. In the header line of each block the
elapsed simulation time is stated. The following table gives a brief description of the properties that are output to the
sheet. An example of a unit set is shown.
Position Horizontal distance from inlet (x-coordinate) M

P Pressure in section Atm
T Bulk temperature K
Wax Lay Thickness of wax layer in section M
Diam Wax Diameter of section considering deposited wax M
Wax Vol Volume of deposited wax in section m3
Porosity Porosity of deposited wax -
Sec Length Length of section M
Hol Gas Hold-up of gas in section -
Hol Oil Hold-up of oil in section -
Hol Aq Hold-up of aqueous phase in section -
WP Gas Wetted perimeter of gas in section -
WP Oil Wetted perimeter of oil in section -

WP Aq Wetted perimeter of aqueous phase in section -
Flow Reg Flow regime indicator:
Stratified smooth 0
Stratified wavy 1
Annular 2
Slug flow 3
Bubble flow 4
Two phase Oil/water 5
Single phase gas 6
Single phase oil 7
Single phase water 8
T Bulk Mid Bulk temperature in section midpoint K
T Wall Mid Wall temperature in section midpoint K
T Amb Ambient temperature K
T Cloud Cloud point temperature of fluid K
MF Tot Total mass flow rate kg/s
MF Aq Mass flow rate of aqueous phase kg/s
dP/dl Pressure drop per section length atm/m
dH/dT Enthalpy change per change in temperature J/mol K
dQ/dx Change in exchanged heat per section length W/m
Vel Fluid Velocity of total fluid m/s
Rey Mid Reynold's number for bulk fluid in section -
midpoint
Film Mid Film layer thickness at wall in section midpoint -
SRG Wall Mid Shear rate of gas at wall in section midpoint 1/s
SRL Wall Mid Shear rate of oil at wall in section midpoint 1/s
Hin Mid Inner heat transfer coefficient in section W/m2 K
midpoint
Utot Mid Total heat transfer number in section midpoint W/m2 K
Eps Roughness m
Dep Wax Total amount of deposited wax in time step kg
Dep Pha Total amount of fluid trapped in deposited wax kg
in time step
Dep Wax Mw Molecular weight of deposited wax in section
Dep Pha Mw Molecular weight of deposited fluid trapped in
deposited wax in section
Wax-Pha Mw Combined molecular weight of wax/phase
No. Phases Number of phases in section -
Gas Mw Molecular weight of gas in section
Rho Gas Density of gas in section kg/m3
TC Gas Thermal conductivity of gas in section W/m K
H Gas Enthalpy of gas in section J/mol
Cp Gas Heat capacity of gas in section J/mol K
Supvel Gas Superficial velocity of gas in section m/s
Vel Gas Velocity of gas in section m/s
Vis Gas Viscosity of gas in section Pa s
Oil Mw Molecular weight of oil in section
Rho Oil Density of oil in section kg/m3
TC Oil Thermal conductivity of oil in section W/m K
H Oil Enthalpy of oil in section J/mol
Cp Oil Heat capacity of oil in section J/mol K

Supvel Oil Superficial velocity of oil in section m/s
Vel Oil Velocity of oil in section m/s
Vis Oil+Wax Viscosity of oil with suspended wax particles Pa s
Vis Oil Viscosity of oil in bulk Pa s
Vis Oil Wall Viscosity of oil at wall Pa s
Aq Mw Molecular weight of aqueous phase in section
Rho Aq Density of aqueous phase in section kg/m3
TC Aq Thermal conductivity of aqueous phase W/m K
H Aq Enthalpy of aqueous phase in section J/mol
Cp Aq Heat capacity of aqueous phase in section J/mol K
Supvel Aq Superficial velocity of aqueous phase in section m/s
Vel Aq Velocity of aqueous phase in section m/s
Vis Aq Viscosity of aqueous phase in section Pa s
ST Gas-Oil Surface tension between gas and oil N/m
ST Oil-Aq Surface tension between oil and aqueous phase N/m
ST Gas-Aq Surface tension between gas and aqueous phase N/m
It is furthermore possible to look at compositions of the deposited Wax and of the Trapped Oil. The compositions are
written to the output sheet when <Dep Comp> is pressed. The outlet compositions after each time step can be printed
to the output sheet, by pressing <Outlet Comp>.
By pressing <Plot>, the DepoWax Plot menu will appear. All properties can be plotted against either time or position
in the pipeline.
Either Position in the pipeline or Time can be selected as the x-axis variable in the Primary Axis frame. Any of the
properties printed to the output sheet can be selected as the y-axis variable. In the above example it was selected to
plot Wax Lay(er thickness) as function of Position in the pipeline. The three first time steps were selected (press Ctrl
while marking to select several series). By pressing <Plot>, the plot is generated.

MMP
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select MMP in the Reservoir section.
The MMP module may be used to calculate the minimum pressure required in a petroleum reservoir to obtain a
miscible drive if gas is injected into the reservoir. A miscible drive means that the reservoir fluid and the gas form
one phase independent of mixing ratio. Miscibility will not necessarily be obtained at the injection well but it may
be obtained in some distance from the injection well as a result of a multi-contact process.
Select the reservoir fluid composition in the fluid database before opening the MMP menu. Both gas condensate and
oil mixtures accepted. Use <Injection Gas> to select the gas. The field next to the Injection Gas button will show the
text used to injection gas. Input the temperature and click <OK>.
All injection gas components must be found in the reservoir fluid. This is most easily accomplished by
characterizing the oil and the injection gas to the same pseudo-components. If a gas component is encountered that is
not found in the reservoir fluid, a message will appear with information about the first component in the injection gas
not being matched in the reservoir fluid.
The output consists of

• Saturation pressure of reservoir fluid.
• Critical pressure, i.e. the pressure on the P-x (swelling) curve where reservoir fluid + gas mixture becomes
critical.
• First contact miscibility pressure. This is the maximum pressure on the P-x curve.
• Multi contact MMP.
• Drive type (% vaporizing)
To see the P-x plot (saturation pressure versus mole fraction of injection gas), click <P-x Plot> on the output sheet.
Clicking <Add Info> will display the length of the key tie lines at the MMP.
Click <Add info> to see the lengths of the tie-lines. The tie-line closest to zero is the one determining the MMP.
The MMP option does not accept water, hydrate inhibitors or salts.

Slim Tube Experiment
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Slim Tube in the Reservoir section.
The slim tube option simulates the oil recovery at various pressures from a slim tube filled with oil and exposed to
gas injection.
The slim tube is simulated as a number of cells initially filled with reservoir fluid. Gas is injected into cell # 1. The
excess volume is transferred to cell # 2, and so on. Per default the volume of injected gas is 1.2 times the total cell
volume (Pore Volume).
Select the reservoir fluid prior to opening the Slim Tube menu. In the Slim Tube menu select the injection gas with
<Injection Gas>. The upper right panel shows the text used to identify the injection gas.
The Pressure stages (max 8) must be given in increasing order. The temperature is the same for all pressure stages.

The Number of Cells can be from 1 to 1000. It is recommended to use 100 cells. The simulation time increases with
number of cells but < 100 cells may give too low a recovery (due to numerical dispersion).
The allowed number of time steps (‘gas injections’) is from 1 to 500. If 100 cells have been specified, it is
recommended to specify a minimum of 200 time steps. The simulation time increases with number of time steps, but
a high number of time steps is needed to represent what goes on in an actual slim tube experiment.
The Injected Pore Volume of gas at cell conditions is by default 1.2 times the slim tube volume consistent with the
standard slim tube experiment but any pore volume between 0.5 and 3.0 is accepted.
Output Frequency specifies the number of time steps between written output. Output is always shown after the first
and the last time step. If the Output Frequency is 50 and total the number of time steps 200, output will be written
out after time steps number 1, 51, 101, 151 and 200. If the extent of output is found to exceed the limits of the output
sheet, the highest amount of output (lowest frequency) will be displayed.
The Transport Mechanism can be Moving Excess or Phase Mobility.
• Moving Excess
The excess cell volume is moved from one cell to the next one. If the oil volume is lower than the original
cell volume, only gas is moved. If the oil volume is higher than the original cell volume, all gas and the
excess oil volume is moved.
• Phase mobility
The excess cell volume is moved from one cell to the next one. Gas and oil are moved according to the
relative phase mobilities. The phase mobility is defined as (ηoil × krg)/( (ηgas × kro) where ηoil is the oil
viscosity, ηgas the gas viscosity, krg the relative permeability of gas, and kro the relative permeability of oil.
Typical relative permeability data are
Oil Saturation kro krg

0.000 0.000 0.713
0.351 0.001 0.300
0.393 0.002 0.258
0.461 0.006 0.200
0.504 0.010 0.168
0.552 0.020 0.131
0.614 0.040 0.094
0.675 0.080 0.062
0.699 0.100 0.052
0.774 0.200 0.025
0.864 0.400 0.007
0.914 0.600 0.002
0.958 0.800 0.000
1.000 1.000 0.000

By default the reservoir fluid should be single phase at the lowest input pressure. Check the field Allow P < Psat of
Initial Res Fluid to permit the reservoir fluid to be in the 2-phase region at the lowest pressure.
The simulation results may be misleading if the liquid phase somewhere in the simulation splits into two phases.
Checking the field Check for liquid-liquid split will check for possible liquid-liquid splits and combine 2 liquid
phases into one.
When the simulation is completed a plot will be shown of Recovery % versus pressure if more than 2 pressure stages
are specified. The bend on the curve (or 90 % Recovery) is interpreted as the MMP. It is approximately 350 bara for
the below system.
The text output consists of
• % Recovery
• Oil saturation (oil volume %) in each cell
• Oil and gas viscosity in each cell
• Oil and gas density in each cell
Click

• <Prod Oil>
to see composition of liquid after produced fluid has been flashed to standard conditions.
• <K-Fac Comp>
to see K-factors of each component in cells with both gas and oil present.
• <Comp>
to see total, gas, and oil cell compositions.
• <Plot>
to plot either
o Cell
o Oil Sat
o Vis Oil
o Vis Gas
o Rho Oil (oil density)
o Rho Gas (gas density)
versus either
o Cell (x-coordinate)
o Time (number of time steps)
Standard conditions are by default 1.01325 bara and 15°C (14.696 psia and 59°F) but can be modified by the user in
Options Unit System & Settings.
Depth Gradient
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Depth Gradient in the Reservoir section.
The Depth Gradient option calculates the variations in composition and saturation point of a reservoir fluid as a
function of reservoir depth. The input consists of
• Reservoir pressure at depth where selected composition is sampled

• Depth at sampling point (reference depth)
• Depths for which calculations are required
• Temperature at sampling point
• Vertical temperature gradient. Leave the input field blank for an isothermal reservoir. For a non-isothermal
reservoir enter the vertical T-gradient (increase in temperature per depth unit). A typical T-gradient is 0.02
°C/m or 0.01 °F/ft. Allowed values are 0 - 0.1 °C/m or 0 - 0.06 °F/ft.

The depths can be entered in two alternative ways
• As the depth at the top and bottom of the fluid column together with the number of steps (max. 30). The
program divides the fluid column into the specified number of evenly spaced intervals.
• By clicking <Alternative Depth> and specifying each depth value.
The output will further comprise the reference depth and the depth of any gas/oil contact.
The GOR shown in the output is from a single stage flash to standard conditions. The STO Dens is the density of the
oil from this flash.
The phase compositions at the various depths can be saved in the database for later use in other simulations. Use the
Save Phase button to activate the dialog for saving.
Note! To perform simulations considering non-isothermal reservoirs, a license is required to the PVTsim module
T-dependent Depth Gradients.
T-Dependent Depth Gradient with Regression
For reservoirs with a vertical temperature gradient it is possible to make regression to experimental compositions
sampled at various depths.
In the Simulations Explorer press Simulations and select Depth Regression in the Reservoir section.
Tuning parameters are the reference state (273.15 K) ideal gas enthalpy.

The sampled compositions to be regressed to must be input into the fluid database before opening the Depth
Regression menu. They must all be either of the type Characterized or Plus. Characterized fluids should all have the
same pseudo-components. Characterization Options may be specified for Plus fraction fluids
One of the samples is to be chosen as Reference Sample. The pressure, depth and temperature where this sample is
taken are to be input. In addition a vertical temperature gradient is to be input.
The fluids to be regressed to are selected in the database. The sampling depth must be input for each fluid. One of
the depths must be the reference depth. Click on <Char Options> to specify a non-default lumping.
Click <OK> to start the regression. The output from the regression consists of the experimental, calculated and
tuned compositions in each sampling depth. The calculated compositions are with default ideal gas reference
enthalpies. The tuned compositions are with the optimum ideal gas reference enthalpies found by regression. The
tuned fluids are saved in the database.
Interfaces
Interfaces to External Programs

The Interfaces options are accessed from the Simulations Explorer by pressing Interfaces. Each item gives access to
a submenu from which an input file to the given external simulator can be generated.
Help on PVTsim Interfaces • 127

The Interfaces panel provides options for generating input data to the following external programs:
VIP Black Oil Landmark

VIP-COMP Landmark
MORE Black Oil Roxar
MORE EOS Roxar
Eclipse Black Oil (100) Geoquest
Eclipse-Gi (200) Geoquest
Eclipse Comp (300) Geoquest
Eclipse Black Oil Correlations Geoquest
OLGA Compositional Tracking Scandpower Petroleum Technology and Calsep
OLGA Scandpower Petroleum Technology
OLGA Wax Scandpower Petroleum Technology
Pipesim Geoquest
Multi Phase Meter Generally applicable
Version 12 CHN-file format Generally applicable
PipePhase Simulation Sciences Inc.
PRO/II Simulation Sciences Inc.
Hysys Aspen/Hyprotech
Prosper-MBAL Petroleum Experts
Prosper EOS Petroleum Experts
Saphir Kappa Engineering
WePS Shell

The generated input table(s) are displayed on the screen. Normally there is no need be edit the tables as they have a
fixed format as required by the respective program. Except for OLGA, OLGA Compositional Tracking and WePS,
the tables are not saved automatically. To Save or Print a table or to use Copy and Paste, see Save, Print, Copy and
Paste.
VIP Black Oil
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select VIP Black Oil in the Reservoir section.
The VIP Black Oil interface generates black oil PVT data for the reservoir simulation program VIP black oil from
the following input
• Reservoir fluid
Oil or gas.
• Temperature
Reservoir temperature.
• Pressure
Pressure steps of the PVT experiment to be simulated. The output will not cover pressures above the normal
saturation point.
• Experiment
PVT experiment to be simulated. Differential Depletion can only be selected for oils.
• Separation
Default is single stage flash to standard conditions. Optionally one of the following separations may be specified
o Separator
Up to 6 separator stages. Stage to 1.01325 bara/14.696 psia and 15 °C/59 °F is automatically
added. The separator conditions will be contained in the output file. The separator train is
simulated in the same manner as for Eclipse Black Oil.
o K-factors
Separation determined by K-factors (ratio of gas and liquid component mole fractions). This
option is useful if K-factors are available from a process simulation of the topside separation plant.
Allowed range for K-factors is between 0 – 10,000,000.
o Split-factors
Separation determined by split-factors (fraction of each component contained in the gas phase).
The Split factor is 0.0 for a component, which is present in the liquid phase but not in the gas
phase, and the Split factor is 1.0 for a component present in the gas phase but not in the liquid
phase.
• Undersat properties

o P increment
Incremental pressure for evaluation of undersaturated properties.
o No of P increm
Fixed to 1.
Standard conditions are in this interface always 1.01325 bara/14.696 psia and 15 °C/59 °F independent of the
standard conditions entered in the Unit System menu.
The output table may be presented in either Metric or Field units. The default output unit reflects the currently
selected unit system.
This option does not accept water, hydrate inhibitors or salts.
VIP-COMP
Generates tables with input data to VIP COMP.
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select VIP-COMP in the Reservoir section.
The input required and the output table depend on the choice in the frame Include depths
• No
Only the reservoir temperature is required. The compositions reported are the feed and the composition in
equilibrium with the feed at the saturation pressure at the reservoir temperature. The keywords OILMF and
GASMF are used. If no saturation pressure is found at the entered temperature xxx’s are written out for the
equilibrium compositions.
• Yes
In addition to the above-mentioned input, depths for which calculations are required must be entered.
Compositions and saturation pressures at the depths specified are reported. The keyword DEPTH PSAT Z is
used. Input as in the Depth Gradient option. Temperature variation with depth is not considered.
The LBC entry must be moved to before ENDEOS if the file is manually extended with the SEPARATOR entry.
The output unit may be either Metric or Field. The default output unit reflects the currently selected unit system.
If an equation of state with a T-dependent volume correction is selected, the Peneloux volume shift parameter
(VSHFT) written to the interface file is for the input reservoir temperature.
The interaction coefficients written to the interface file are for the entered reservoir temperature.

This option does not accept any of the components water, hydrate inhibitors or salts.
MORE Black Oil
Generates input tables with black oil PVT data for the black oil option of the reservoir simulation program MORE.
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select MORE Black Oil in the Reservoir section.
The input consists of
• Reservoir fluid
Oil or gas.
• Temperature
• Pressure
Pressure steps of the PVT experiment to be simulated. The output will by default not cover pressures above the
normal saturation point. Pressures above the normal saturation point may be included by applying Sat P
adjustment, Constant comp extrapol or both.
• Experiment
• Separation
o Separator
added. The separator conditions will be contained in the output file. The separator train is
simulated in the same manner as for Eclipse Black Oil.
o K-factors
o Split-factors

phase.
• Undersat properties (optional)
o P increment
o No of P increm
Must be specified if the P increment field is filled in.
• Sat P adjustment (optional)

Pressures above the normal saturation point may be included in the output table by addition of either condensate
(for gas condensates) or gas (for oils). The saturation pressures of the combined fluid will be contained in the
table.
o Mol gas (cond) to add per initial fluid

Input in this field the number of moles to be injected per mole reservoir fluid. 0.1 mol may be an
appropriate amount.
o No of additions
Number of subsequent additions of either gas or condensate. The number of Pressure Steps plus
the number of additions must not exceed 39.
For a gas condensate the equilibrium liquid phase at the ordinary saturation point will be added. For an oil an
injection gas may be specified. It will be used if the field Add inj gas is checked. Otherwise the equilibrium gas
phase at the ordinary saturation point will be added. The Add inj field not accessible unless Sat P adjustment has
been filled in.
• Salt in water phase

Water, hydrate inhibitors or salts must not be contained in the selected fluid composition, but the output does
include some water phase properties. No component exchange is assumed to take place between the water phase
and the hydrocarbons phases. Water should therefore not be contained in the fluid composition. The influence of
salt on the water density and water viscosity is considered if the amount of salt in mg/l is entered in the Salt in
water phase field.
• Options
o Constant comp extrapol

If checked, properties for pressures above saturation point are obtained from equilibrium
compositions at the saturation point. Otherwise the pressures above saturation point are skipped. If
the saturation point has been adjusted by gas or condensate injection, the saturation point is to be
understood as that after the last addition.
o Injection gas

If Sat P adjustment is specified for oil systems, an injection gas may be specified. It will be added
to the feed mixture if the field Add inj gas is checked.
MORE EOS
Generates an EOS (Equation of State) table with input data for the compositional reservoir simulator MORE.
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select MORE EOS in the Reservoir section.
No input required. The reservoir temperature must be filled in manually in the generated output table.
The output unit may be either Metric or Field. The output unit reflects the currently selected unit system.
The interaction coefficients written to the interface file are for the 15 °C/60 °F.
Eclipse Black Oil
Generates input tables with black oil PVT data for the reservoir simulation program Eclipse Black Oil (Eclipse 100).
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select Eclipse Black Oil in the Reservoir section.
The input is
• Reservoir fluid
Oil or gas.
• Temperature
• Pressure

Pressure steps of the PVT experiment to be simulated. The output will by default not contain pressures above
the normal saturation point. Pressures above the normal saturation point may be included by applying Sat P
adjustment, Constant comp extrapol or both.
• Experiment
• Separation
o Separator
added. The separator conditions will be contained in the output file.
o K-factors
o Split-factors
The Split-factor is for example 0.0 for a component only present in the liquid phase, while it is 1.0
for a component only present in the gas phase.
When Separator is selected the separation takes place as outlined in the figure below. The gas and liquid phases
in the PVT cells are separated individually. The combined gas phase from each separator stage is flashed to
standard conditions and the liquid from his flash added to the liquid from the last separator stage.

• Undersat properties (optional)

Undersaturated oil properties may either be calculated for specified pressure increments or for the input
pressures. In the former case the fields P increment and No of P Increm (see below) must be filled out. To
calculate undersaturated oil properties for the input pressure stages, check the box Use input Pressure Steps.
o P increment
o No of P increm
Must be specified if P increment field is filled in.

Pressures above the normal saturation point may be included in the output table by addition of either condensate
(for gas condensates) or gas (for oils). The saturation pressures of the combined fluid will be contained in the
table.
o Mol gas(cond) to add per initial fluid.

Enter in this field the number of moles to be injected per mole reservoir fluid. 0.1 mol may be an
appropriate amount.
o No of additions
Number of subsequent additions of either gas or condensate. The number of Pressure Steps plus
the number of additions must not exceed 39.
For a gas condensate the equilibrium liquid phase at the ordinary saturation point will be added. For an oil an
injection gas may be specified. It will be used if the field Add inj gas is checked. Otherwise the equilibrium gas
phase at the ordinary saturation point will be added. The Add inj gas field not accessible unless Sat P adjustment
has been filled in.
• Steps to Rv = 0 (optional)
This option allows gas phase properties to be written out for varying liquid contents, ending with the dry gas
(Rv = 0). Max 5 Rv steps can be entered.
If the field Use input Pressure Steps is checked in the Undersat properties frame, this option will be disabled
and the Rv values will be those for the actual pressure stage plus those for the higher pressure stages.

include some water phase properties. No component exchange is assumed to take place between the water phase
and the hydrocarbons phases. The influence of salt on the water density and water viscosity is considered if the
amount of salt in mg/l is entered in the Salt in water phase field.
• Options
o Constant comp extrapol

If this field is checked, properties for pressures above saturation point are obtained from
equilibrium compositions at the saturation point. Otherwise the pressures above saturation point
are skipped. If the saturation point has been adjusted by gas or condensate injection, the saturation
point is to be understood as that after the last addition.

o Injection gas
If Sat P adjustment is specified for oil systems, an injection gas may be specified. It will be added
to the feed mixture if the field Add inj gas is checked.
The following output formats may be selected
• PVTO/PVTG
• PVCO
Only for oil mixtures.
• PVDO/PVDG
Only PVGD table written out for dry gases.
PVTO/PVTG (default) is the usual PVTO/PVTG Eclipse Black Oil format. PVCO and PVDO/PVDG are other
Eclipse Black Oil formats.
The gas and liquid densities at standard conditions contained in the output are for the reservoir fluid flashed to
standard conditions in one stage.
By checking the field Include Rs/Rv versus depth and entering depth information, a table will be written out with
solution gas oil ratio (Rs) with depth for oils and oil/gas ratio (Rv) for gas condensates. The input information
needed is the same as for the Depth Gradient option accessed from the PVT Simulation menu. The separation
process assumed when calculating the gas oil ratio is the same as in the calculation of the black oil table, i.e. either
Separator, K-factors of Split-factors.
The output starts with a DENSITY section listing Oil, Water and Gas densities at standard conditions. The section
PVTW lists water properties at the saturation point of the reservoir fluid. For dry gases with no saturation point at
reservoir temperature the water properties in the PVTW section are for the highest specified pressure.
Users of the Shell MoReS reservoir simulator may check the field Include lines for Mores. That will add the
following section to the interface file explaining how MoReS will recognize a PVT input file in Eclipse Black Oil
format.
-- Add the following block of 3 lines to the PVT section of the MoReS deck.
-- Remove leading "-- " after the addition.
-- The lines assume that this file is saved with the name "pvt.dat".
--
-- !MoReS deck
-- PVTMODEL pvt1
-- pvt1 ECL_FILE "pvt.dat"
--

The Eclipse Black Oil interface option does not accept water, hydrate inhibitors or salts.
If no reservoir fluid composition exists, Eclipse Black Oil input tables may be instead be generated using
correlations.
Eclipse Gi
Generates input tables for the Eclipse Gi (Eclipse 200) pseudo-compositional reservoir simulator.
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select Eclipse Gi in the Reservoir section.
The input is generated by a cell-to-cell simulation. Gas is injected into cell no. 1. The equilibrium gas from this cell
is transferred to cell no. 2 and so on. Input consists of
• Reservoir fluid
Oil or gas
• Temperature
Reservoir temperature

The saturation point of the reservoir fluid may be increased by addition of gas or condensate. For an oil a user
specified injection gas is used. For a gas condensate the liquid at saturation point is injected.
• Pressure
Pressure stages. No output above (upper) saturation point.
• Cell-to-Cell
Number of moles gas to add to cell no. 1 per initial cell mole.
Number of cells (max 20).
Max no. of cell-to-cell calculations for each pressure.
• Separator
Up to 6 separators in series. Stage to 1.01325 bara/14.696 psia and 15 °C/59 °F is automatically added. No
separator input will give single stage separation at standard conditions.
• Injection gas
The gas to be injected into the cells. Same gas used for Sat P adjustment.
• Gi

Cumulative amounts of dry injection gas. First value must be 0.
• Output
o Rel values
Output will comprise oil/gas ratio (Rv), gas/oil ratio (Rs), gas formation volume factor (Bg) and oil
formation factor (Bo) relative to reservoir fluid.
o Abs values
Output will comprise absolute values of Rv, Rs, Bg and Bo.
The output unit may be either Metric or Field. The default output unit reflects the currently selected unit
system.
Eclipse Comp
Generates tables with input data to the compositional reservoir simulator Eclipse Comp (ECL300).
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select Eclipse Comp in the Reservoir section.
The input required and the table generated depend on the choice of <Include depths>:
• None
Only the reservoir temperature is required. The keyword ZI is used.
• Sample
Reservoir temperature and sampling depth are required. The keyword ZMFVD is used.
• All
All input fields must be filled out. Composition and saturation pressure at each depth are contained in the output
table. The keyword COMPVD is used. Input is as in Depth Gradient option except that temperature variation
with depth cannot be input.
The binary interaction parameters written out for the keyword BIC are at reservoir temperature. Those written out for
the keyword BICS are at standard temperature (15 °C/60 °F). Unless T-dependent kij’s have been selected the two
sets of binary interaction parameters are identical.

If the CSP viscosity model is selected the keyword PEDERSEN is written out. The PEDERSEN model in Eclipse
Comp and the CSP model in PVTsim are however not fully consistent. Eclipse Comp cannot import weight average
molecular weights of pseudo-components, and furthermore the CSP model handles viscosities of heavy oils and
viscosities of low temperature fluids differently than the PEDERSEN model used in Eclipse Comp.
following section to the interface file explaining how MoReS will recognize a PVT input file in Eclipse Comp
format.
--
-- !Read components from E300 files (no aliasing)
-- CNAMES ECL_FILE "pvt.dat"
-- ECLMODEL ecl1
-- ecl1 ECL_FILE "pvt.dat"
-- PVTMODEL pvt2
-- pvt2 ECLIPSE_EOS:ecl1
--
If the CSP viscosity model is selected and the field Include lines for Mores checked, the interface file will end with a
line with 4 parameters in the CSP viscosity model. All 4 parameters are 1.0 by default.
Eclipse Black Oil (Using Correlations)
The general Eclipse Black Oil interface in PVTsim is dependent on a reservoir fluid composition. Alternatively
Eclipse Black Oil tables may be generated using correlations that do not require a fluid composition.
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select Eclipse Black Oil Corr in the Reservoir section.
The input is
• Temperature
• Oil API gravity

API gravity of oil.
• Gas gravity
Gas specific gravity.
• Rs at sat P

Solution gas/oil ratio at the saturation pressure.
• Pressure
Pressure steps to be simulated. The output will not contain pressures above the bubble point pressure.

No component exchange is assumed to take place between the water phase and the hydrocarbons phases. The
influence of salt on the water density and water viscosity is considered if the amount of salt in mg/l is entered in
the Salt in water phase field.
• Correlations
The menu presents a variety of correlations for calculating
o Sat P
Bubble point pressure.
o Rs at sat P
Solution gas/oil ratio at saturated conditions.
o Oil FVF
Oil formation volume factor.
o Dead oil visc

Dead oil viscosity.
o Sat oil visc

Oil viscosity at saturated conditions.
o Gas visc
Gas viscosity.
o Gas FVF
Choice of Z factor correlation used to calculate gas formation volume factor.
The Rv-values written out from the interface will all be zero, as the correlations do not permit realistic Rv-values to
be calculated.
Standard conditions are always 1.01325 bara/14.696 psia and 15 °C/59 °F independent of the standard conditions
entered in the Unit System menu.

following section to the interface file explaining how MoReS will recognize a PVT input file in Eclipse Black Oil
format.
--
-- !MoReS deck
-- PVTMODEL pvt1
-- pvt1 ECL_FILE "pvt.dat"
--
The output format is the PVTO/PVTG Eclipse Black Oil format.
OLGA Compositional Tracking
A Quick Guide on how to use this interface is found at the end of this section.
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select Compositional Tracking in the Flow section.
The OLGA Compositional Tracking module is a fully compositional dynamic flow simulator using flash and
property code consistent with PVTsim. Part of the input to the Compositional Tracking module is a composition
input file generated with PVTsim. The Compositional Tracking input file may hold information about one or several
fluid compositions. To keep the total number of components at a minimum, all fluid compositions are represented
using the same components.
Use Current Fluid

If a fluid composition is already selected when opening the Compositional Tracking input window in PVTsim, the
field Use Current Fluid will be checked. All what is needed to generate a Compositional Tracking input file for this
composition is clicking <Output File> and entering a filename with the file extension *.CTM. By afterwards clicking
<OK> an input file for OLGA Compositional Tracking is automatically generated.
After clicking <OK>, a message box will appear telling how many components are contained in the generated input
file. Being a fully compositional model, the computation time in compositional OLGA is sensitive to the selected
number of components and lumping is highly recommended. The Unit System & Setttings menu has an option for
modifying the number of C7+ pseudo-components from the default number of 12 to a user selected number. To
choose a different lumping for a single fluid, the lumping must take place before opening the Compositional
Tracking input menu. The maximum allowed number of components in OLGA Compositional Tracking is 30.
Selecting fluids
If the OLGA Compositional Tracking simulator is to be used on 2 or more streams, uncheck the field Use Current
Fluid. Click <Select Fluids> and select the fluid compositions to be used in the Compositional Tracking simulation.
If the compositions are not already present in the database, leave the Compositional Tracking menu and enter the
compositions into the database.

The compositions selected from the Compositional Tracking menu can either be Plus/No-Plus type of fluids or
characterized (Char) fluids. If the Fluid type is selected to Plus, only Plus and No-Plus types of fluids in the database
are displayed. To specify a non-default lumping, click Char Options. All selected fluids will be lumped in the same
manner and to the same pseudo-components. Checking the field Save Char Fluids will save the characterized fluids
in the database. Set Char Options are not preserved from one selection of fluids to the next one.
If the compositions to be selected for the Compositional Tracking simulation are stored in the database in
characterized form, it is a requirement that they have all been characterized to Same Pseudo-components and have
the same viscosity correction factors. In the Compositional Tracking menu, set the Fluid Type to Char. When
clicking Select Fluids, only characterized fluids will be shown.
The importance assigned to the individual compositions can be specified in the Weight field. The Weight Unit can be
either Molar or Mass.
Earlier fluid selections will still be displayed when opening the Compositional Tracking window again. Highlight
fluids to be deleted and press the Del key. Pressing <Clear Fluids> will delete all fluid entries.
The maximum number of fluids in an OLGA Compositional Tracking input file is 10.
The viscosity model to be used in OLGA Compositional Tracking is the one selected in PVTsim when generating
the fluid composition input files in the interface menu. The recommendation is to use the LBC model as it less
computer intensive than the CSP model. The LBC model will in general require viscosity tuning to either match
experimental data or CSP viscosity simulation results.
Regression
The Compositional Tracking interface menu gives access to two regression options in the Tune to Data frame
• PVT
The same tuning options exist as in the Same Pseudos option. Only users with access to the PVTsim Regression
module will have access to PVT regression from the Comp Tracking menu.
• Visc
The Visc option offers the same regression facilities as the Viscosity tuning option.
The Compositional Tracking file is generated automatically after the regression is completed. All fluids to be
contained in the Compositional Tracking file must therefore be specified in the Fluids fields before carrying out a
regression.
To do a PVT regression followed by a viscosity regression, one has to check the field Save Char Fluids prior to
performing the PVT regression. Before carrying out the Viscosity regression, the characterized fluids from the PVT
regression must be selected in the database.
New versions of OLGA Compositional Tracking and PVTsim are not released at exactly the same time. For that
reason models may be available in PVTsim before they become available in OLGA Compositional Tracking. The
user is made aware of possible inconsistencies through warnings, as for example
- The Corresponding States viscosity model has been extended for heavy oils.

- Temperature dependent kij’s have been added as a possible model choice.
PVTsim also has an interface to the table-based version of OLGA.
Quick Guide
• Make sure an equation of state with Peneloux volume correction is selected. This is important to get accurate
liquid densities.
• Select the LBC Visc/Thermal cond model. In OLGA Compositional OLGA this model is preferable over the
CSP model to minimize computation time.
• Input fluid composition into PVTsim.
• Decide on number of C7+ pseudo-components (fractions) to use. Click on Char Options in the Enter New Fluid
menu and select the number of C7+ fractions. 4 C7+ fractions may be a reasonable compromise between
simulation accuracy and computational speed.
• If an experimental Saturation point has been measured for the fluid, check Adjust to Sat point in the Enter New
Fluid menu and input the saturation point.
• Tune to experimental liquid viscosity data if such data exists. Use Viscosity Tuning option.
• If no experimental viscosity data exists, go to Viscosity Tuning option. Click on Insert PT-grid (only visible if
LBC model selected). Input a pressure and temperature range representative for the OLGA simulation to be
conducted and number of P and T steps. The total number of P×T steps must not exceed 40. Click on OK and
then on Complete using CSP. This will tune up the LBC model to match as well as possible (the generally more
accurate) CSP model viscosities.
• Double click on Compositional Tracking in the Interface section of the input panel.
• Click on Output File and specify the name of the file to be used as input to OLGA Compositional Tracking.
• Click on OK to have the interface file generated.
OLGA
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select OLGA in the Flow section.
Generates fluid property tables with input data for the dynamic two- and three-phase OLGA flow simulators.
A fast track manual for generating OLGA tables is available in the section Getting Done with OLGA Input.
The name of the output file (*.TAB) with the OLGA table is specified by clicking the Output File button. The table
format can be either or Key (keyword based) or Fixed (fixed format). Key is default. The Fluid Label field must be
filled out with some text if Key format is selected.
Pressure and temperature steps can be entered in three alternative ways
• As a lowest and highest pressure and temperature together with the number of temperature and pressure points
(min. 2 and max. 50). The program will then divide the supplied ranges into the specified number of evenly
spaced intervals.

• Clicking <Alternative P&T> and specifying each pressure and temperature.
• As a lowest and highest pressure and temperature using an active IntelliGrid, where the number of T and P
points is 50. The IntelliGrid option locates the maximum pressure and temperature of the phase envelope and
compares these values with the specified lowest and highest pressure and temperature. If either or both phase
envelope maxima are located within the specified pressure and temperature boundaries, the IntelliGrid will
distribute the 50 interpolation points according to the user specified Grid Factor, which expresses the ratio of
interpolation points inside and outside the phase envelope. The value of the Grid Factor may vary between 1 and
10, which results in the following distribution
Grid Factor Inside Outside

1 25 25
2 33 17
3 37 13
4 40 10
5 42 8
6 43 7
7 44 6
8 44 6
9 45 5
10 45 5
If the phase envelope maxima are located outside the specified boundaries, the interpolation points will be
distributed equidistantly, irrespective of the active IntelliGrid.
If the fluid selected already contains water, the Water specification fields will be disabled. Otherwise the amount of
• %Water cut
concentrations are in the water phase at standard conditions. Water cut is exclusive inhibitor components.





The spec water is input water, not equilibrium water phase.
The total composition possibly containing water and hydrate inhibitors specified in the OLGA interface menu may
be saved in the database as the last fluid composition by checking the field Save Fluid.
An OLGA two-phase table comprises gas and liquid properties. If both an oil and a water phase are present, the
liquid properties are average properties of oil and water. As a general guideline the average properties are found as
mass based averages. Exceptions are viscosity, thermal conductivity and gas-liquid interfacial tension that are found
as volumetric averages.
If water is present, it is possible to account for emulsion viscosities in an OLGA two-phase table by checking the
field Emulsion. Available models are the Rønningsen model (default) and the Pal and Rhodes model. To use the
latter model, an experimental viscosity data point consisting of a water volume fraction (Wat vol frc) must be
specified. The relative viscosity is defined as the viscosity of the emulsion divided by the viscosity of the water free
oil.
The field Inv point may be filled out with the volume fraction of water for which the emulsion changes from a water
in oil to an oil in water emulsion.
If a gas or liquid phase does not exist at given conditions, artificial properties are generated by Extrapolation if
possible. The extrapolated properties can be generated in two alternative ways:
• Derivatives (default)
The properties are extrapolated using the value of the property and the pressure derivative of the property at the
phase boundary.
• Compositional
The properties are generated by enlarging the phase envelope until it accommodates the conditions at which the
properties are requested. This is done by adding equilibrium gas or liquid at the phase boundary to the feed
composition.
The properties of a possible water phase may either be calculated using the selected EOS or using a Water Package.
The Water Package is the more accurate for pure water while it is inappropriate for mixtures containing a hydrate
inhibitor as for example methanol or glycol. Water densities and viscosities will be corrected for a possible salt
content no matter whether the EOS or the Water Package is selected.
The artificial properties may be bolded in the output sheet by checking the field bolded artificial properties. This is
useful to find out whether an unrealistic fluid property is caused by a failure in the fluid property models or is a

result of extrapolating properties of non-existing phases too far. The bolding will also be applied for water phases
supersaturated with salts.
To generate an OLGA Net-file with fluid data for more than one composition, click Fluid 2, Fluid 3, etc. The
property tables are automatically merged into an OLGA Net-file. Each fluid is selected using <Select composition>.
By default the fluid selected for the first sheet is the current fluid, i.e. the one last selected using Fluid->Database. If
only this sheet is filled in, the property table will be for this composition only. The Fluid label field must be filled
for each fluid, if the OLGA file is for more than one composition.
A log-file is written containing all the input provided. The name of this file is the same as the name of the output file,
except it has the extension *.TAL. The file provides adequate information to repeat the generation of the table in the
corresponding file with the extension *.TAB.
The input table contains values in SI units. This is an input requirement by OLGA.
The OLGA interface option accepts all components.
OLGA also exists in a compositional version for which interface files may also be generated using PVTsim.
OLGA Wax
The transient multi phase flow program OLGA has an option for simulating the amount of wax deposited at the inner
side of a pipe wall. To consider wax deposition in an OLGA simulation, an input table with various wax related
parameters at different temperatures and pressures is required. This table may be generated using the OLGA Wax
interface option of PVTsim.
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select OLGA Wax in the Flow section.
The pressure and temperature steps can be entered in two alternative ways:
• As a lowest and highest pressure and temperature together with the number of steps (max. 30). The program will
then divide the supplied ranges into the specified number of evenly spaced intervals.
Among the data tabulated are wax appearance temperatures (WAT). The OLGA simulation relies on the quality of
WAT’s. If an experimental WAT is available it is therefore to be recommended to tune the wax model against this
data point. This is done using the Wax simulation option of PVTsim.
If lowering of the melting point is specified for any of the components containing wax (due to presence of a wax
inhibitor), the field Ignore wax inhibition can be accessed. If the field is checked, wax inhibition (=lowering of
melting point of wax component(s)) will be ignored. Otherwise lowering of melting points of wax components will
be taken into account. To see whether a lowering of the melting point of any of the components has been specified,
click CharFlud → Edit Current and scroll to the right to the column with the heading Delta Tf.

The input table contains values in SI units consistent with OLGA Wax.
Pipesim
Generates tables with input data for the Pipesim flow simulator.
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select Pipesim in the Flow section.
The pressure and temperature steps can be entered in two alternative ways
then divide the entered ranges into the specified number of evenly spaced intervals.
The generated PVT files should have the ending .PVT to be accepted by Pipesim.
No matter what P,T input is given, the output file will contain a P,T data point of 1.01353 bara/14.7 psia and 288.71
°C/60 °F.
Fluid compositions with either water, hydrate inhibitors or salt can be handled. The water, salts and inhibitors may
be present in the fluid composition from the database, or it may be specified locally.
• %Water cut





The total composition possibly containing water and hydrate inhibitors specified in the Pipesim interface menu may
If water is present, it is possible to account for emulsion viscosities by checking the field Emulsion. Available
models are the Rønningsen model (default) and the Pal and Rhodes model. To use the latter model, an experimental
viscosity data point consisting of a water volume fraction (Wat vol frc) must be specified. The relative viscosity is
defined as the viscosity of the emulsion divided by the viscosity of the water free oil.
The field Inv point may be filled out with the volume fraction of water for which the emulsion changes from a water
in oil to an oil in water emulsion.
To import a PVT file generated with PVTsim into Pipesim, do as follows
1. Click the PIPESIM icon.

2. Load in a model.
3. Select the SETUP option from the menu bar.
4. Select PVT file.
5. A dialog box will appear inquiring what PVT file is to be used.
6. Browse and choose the PVT file.
7. Press OK.
8. Run the model.
The output unit may be either Metric or Field. The output unit reflects the currently selected unit system.
Multi Phase Meter
Generates tables with data enabling flow rates of gas, oil and water measured at Multi Phase Meter conditions to be
converted to flow rates at standard or other reference conditions.
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select Multi Phase Meter in the Flow section.
Three different tables are written out

• Black oil table
Bo, Rs, Bg, Rv and Bw.
• Density table
Densities of oil, gas and water at meter conditions and at reference (std) conditions. Two series of densities
at reference conditions are output. One is the density obtained by a flash of the appropriate phase (oil, gas
and water) at meter conditions to reference conditions. The other one is obtained by a flash of the total
mixture directly to reference conditions.
• Gas mass fraction table

Gas mass fractions plus gas, oil and water densities at meter conditions.
The pressure and temperature steps can be entered in two alternative ways
then divide the entered ranges into the specified number of evenly spaced intervals.
The reference conditions must be specified. These are the conditions at which the flow rates are to be reported. By
default the reference conditions are the selected standard conditions.
Water, salt and hydrate inhibitors can be handled if the license gives access to the Multiflash option. Otherwise water
will be treated as an inert phase. If aqueous compounds are specified and the license does not give access to the
Multiflash options, an error message will appear.
water phase may be entered as either:
• %Water cut





The total composition possibly containing water and hydrate inhibitors specified in the Multi Phase Meter menu may
If water is present, it is possible to account for emulsion viscosities by checking the field Emulsion. Available
models are the Rønningsen model (default) and the Pal and Rhodes model. To use the latter model, an experimental
viscosity data point consisting of a water volume fraction (Wat vol frc) must be specified. The relative viscosity is
defined as the viscosity of the emulsion divided by the viscosity of the water free oil.
The interface uses the classical black oil nomenclature. MC stands for Meter Conditions and RC stands Reference
Conditions.
VOMC
Bo : Oil volume factor Bo = RC
VO
VGRCin O
Rs : Gas in oil solubility factor RS =
VORC
VGMC
Bg : Gas volume factor Bg =
VGRC
VORCin G
Rv : Oil in gas solubility factor RV =
VGRC
VWMC
Bw : Water volume factor Bw =
VWRC
The volumes used in these definitions are calculated internally in PVTsim based on the fluid composition and the
specified temperatures and pressures.
The meter software can make use of these coefficients in the following way to convert volumetric flow rates from
MC to RC
V& MC * RS V&GMC
Gas volume flow rate at RC: V&GRC = O +
BO Bg
V& MC V& MC * RV
Oil volume flow rate at RC: V&ORC = O + G
Bo Bg

& V&WMC
Water volume flow rate at RC: VW =
RC
Bw
The ratio of the measured volumetric flow rates of the gas and oil phases (GOR) at meter conditions may optionally
be specified. This will ensure that the generated conversion tables are consistent with the observed flow rates.
It is possible to specify a surface separator train with max. 6 stages. Especially for highly volatile fluids such as
condensates, volume factors are highly dependent on the separator process. Separators are connected in such a way
that liquid oil out of the first separator is the feed to the next separator in the train, whereas gas streams are
combined. The combined gas is flashed to reference conditions and the liquid from this flash added to the liquid
stream from the last separator. This is the same separator set-up as is used in the Eclipse Black Oil interface.
As an alternative to specifying the separator train, it is possible to specify a set of overall K-factors (ratio of gas and
liquid component mole fractions) or Split factors (fraction of each component contained in the gas phase) for the
separator train. A set of overall K-factors could for instance be available from a rigorous process simulation of the
topside process. This option is not available for systems containing aqueous components.
Nomenclature
VGMC Gas volume at MC
V&GMC Measured volumetric flow rate of gas at MC
VOMC Oil volume at MC
V&OMC Measured volumetric flow rate of oil at MC
VWMC Water volume at MC
V&WMC Measured volumetric flow rate of water at AC
VGRC Reference state gas volume originating from gas phase at MC
VGRCin O Reference state gas volume originating from oil phase at MC
V&GRC Volumetric flow rate of gas at RC
VORC Reference state oil volume originating from oil phase at MC
VORCin G Reference state oil volume originating from gas phase at MC

V&ORC Volumetric flow rate of oil at RC
VWRC Water volume at RC
V&WRC Volumetric flow rate of water at RC
PipePhase
Generates tables with input data for the PipePhase flow simulator.
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select PipePhase in the Flow section.
Two interface formats are supported
• Black oil
A table with black oil properties for the selected fluid is written out and may be used in non-compositional black
oil type of PipePhase simulations. Black oil interface files can only be generated for oil compositions. Required
input is
o Pressure and Temperature

Lowest and highest pressure and temperature. The highest pressure must be above the bubble point
pressure.
Number of steps (max. 9 pressure steps and max. 5 temperature steps).
o Gas/Oil Ratio Variation

Allows output tables with different gas/oil ratios (GOR) to be generated. Uncheck the field Include
GOR variation and input a minimum and a maximum value of the GOR. The original GOR for the
fluid is reported in the input screen. The minimum GOR must be lower than the original one and
the maximum GOR higher than the original one.
When the GOR variation option is chosen, the output will contain PVT tables for three different
compositions matching min, original and max. GOR, respectively.
Black Oil tables will always be in Field units.
Water hydrate inhibitors and salts are not be accepted in the Black Oil mode.
Standard conditions are in this interface always 1.01325 bara/14.696 psia and 15.5556 °C/60 °F independent of
the standard conditions entered in the Unit System menu.
• Compositional
No input is required.
The Compositional table will always be in Metric units.

Salt components are not be accepted by the Compositional mode.
SRK Peneloux correction factors cannot be transferred to Pipephase. Transfer of Peneloux correction factors
will only take place if a PR modification with Peneloux correction is selected as equation of state.
The maximum allowed number of components in Pipephase Compositional is 49.
The generated file should have the .PVT extension if the table format is Black oil and the .INP extension if the table
format is Compositional in order to be accepted by PipePhase.
PRO/II
Generates compositional input to the process simulator PRO/II (Provision).
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select PRO/II in the Process section.
No additional input required.
PRO/II does not handle negative values of the binary interaction parameters (KVAL). When a negative value of
KVAL is encountered it is set to 0.0 internally in PRO/II. Particular care should be taken when H2O is included in
the component list, since the binary interaction parameters between H2O and some other components are negative.
The interaction coefficients written to the interface file are for the Standard Conditions Temperature specified in
Unit System & Settings.
The PRO/II input table will always be in Metric units. The input file should have the ending .INP to be accepted by
PRO/II.
Salts are not accepted in this option.
Hysys
The Hysys interface generates a table with compositional fluid data. Using a help tool (PVTsim file reader) this
information can be transferred to a Hysys case file, which will ensure partial consistency between PVTsim and
HYSYS.
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select Hysys in the Process section.
The only input required is a choice between Hysys library values and PVTsim library values. If PVTsim library
values are selected, they are listed in the output. Hysys library values are not listed.
For the convenience of the user, the components H2O, N2, CO2 and H2S are added in zero amount if not present in
the fluid.

Hysys recognizes the defined components H2O, N2, CO2, H2S, C1, C2, C3, iC4, nC4, iC5, nC5 and C6. Other defined
components are not recognized. For this reason PVTsim library values should be used if the PVTsim fluid
composition contains other defined components than the above mentioned. A warning is given if other components
than those mentioned above are specified for use with Hysys library values.
Pseudo-components and lumped components are specified as hypothetical components (Pseudos) in the Hysys table.
A density must be present for all hypothetical components including lumped components.
The interaction coefficients written to the interface file are for the Standard Conditions Temperature specified in
Unit Systems & Settings.
To use the help tool to import the generated interface file into Hysys do as follows
1. Copy PVTsim file reader.exe from the installation CD to the Hysys folder and start it.
2. Browse for the table file generated with the PVTsim Hysys interface option. It must have the
extension TXT.
3. Browse for a Hysys case file with the extension .HSC. In Treatment of the interaction parameters
Unavailable from Library set option to Set All to 0.0. This is to ensure that also binary interaction
coefficients of zero are transferred. Set the options for Simulation Case and press Read File.
4. When the data has been successfully transferred, a message box will appear saying “Data
transferred”.
If the SRK or PR78 equation of state (EoS) is selected both in Hysys and in PVTsim, it should be possible to
replicate the PVTsim phase behaviour (saturation points and phase compositions) in Hysys.
Consistent densities can also be produced provided an EoS without Peneloux volume correction has been applied in
PVTsim. To calculate densities using EOS in Hysys do as follows
1. In the Simulation Basis Manager choose Fluid PKgs.

2. Highlight the desired Fluid Package under Current Fluid Packages and press View.
3. Under SET UP check USE EOS Density.
This is however not to be recommended as it would result in too low liquid densities. Instead an EoS with Peneloux
correction should be used in PVTsim and the COSTALD correlation (default) should be used in HYSYS. The
density results in PVTsim and HYSYS will be different, but in many cases fairly close.
Hydrate inhibitors and salts are not accepted in this option.
Prosper-MBAL
Generates input tables with black oil PVT data for the single well system analysis program Prosper and the mass
balance reservoir simulator MBAL.
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select Prosper-MBAL in the Other section.
The input required is
• Table type

The output differs between Prosper and MBAL. The output table for may be imported into Prosper from the
PVT menu (PVT → Input Data→ Tables →PVTP Import) . In MBAL the tables are imported from the PVT
menu (PVT → Fluid Properties → Table → Import → File Type *.ptb).
• Reservoir fluid
The output tables differ for oil, gas and condensate mixtures.
• Separation
GOR, Bo, Bg and dRv (Rv for Mbal) in the output table are by default calculated from a single stage flash to
standard conditions. dRv means Rv of gas at saturation pressure minus Rv at actual pressure. Optionally one of
the following separations may be specified
o Separator
added. The separator conditions will be contained in the output file.
o K-factors
o Split-factors
phase.
• Experiment
For all exports from Prosper and MBAL it is default to base the simulation for an oil mixture on a Constant
Mass Expansion experiment. The condensate model has internal corrections to transfer from Constant
Composition Expansion to Constant Volume Depletion experiments.
• Pressure Steps
The pressure steps in the PVT-experiment may be entered after clicking <Pressure Steps>. The pressures must
be entered in decreasing order. Max 38 pressure steps can be input. The saturation pressure and 1.01325
bara/14.696 psia will automatically be added.

include water phase properties. No component exchange is assumed to take place between the water phase and
the hydrocarbons phases. Water should therefore not be contained in the fluid composition. The influence of salt
on the water density and water viscosity is considered if the amount of salt in mg/l is entered in the Salt in water
phase field.
• Temperature
PVT tables may be written out for up to 9 different temperatures. Enter the minimum and maximum temperature
and the number of temperature values (steps). A temperature of 15.6 °C/60 °F will be added automatically.
Independently of the selected Unit System all output is in Field units.

It is default in the Prosper interface to include standard temperature and a standard pressure stage. If the mixture
critical temperature is between the standard temperature and the max. temperature, an error message will appear
saying that the fluid behaves as an oil at Tmin and as a gas at Tmax. To avoid this message uncheck the field Include
step at Tstd. Gas mixtures and light gas condensates may be single-phase at the standard pressure, which will make
an error message appear saying that one phase is found when 2 phases expected. To avoid this message uncheck the
field Include step at Pstd.
The Gas Gravity written out in the top section of the Prosper output file is that of the saturation point gas at the
lowest temperature (Tstd or Tmin).
Standard conditions in this interface are always 1.01325 bara/14.696 psia and 15 °C/59 °F independent of the
Prosper-EOS
Generates component input tables for the EOS (Equation of State) option of Prosper.
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select Prosper-EOS in the Other section.
No input required.
The interface file contains a Volume Shift Flag defining whether volume shift (Peneloux) parameters are contained
in the file or not. The Volume Shift Flag is zero if an equation of state without Peneloux correction is currently
selected (e.g. PR), for which selection no volume shift parameters are contained in the interface file. The Volume
Shift Flag is one if an equation of state with Peneloux correction is selected (e.g. PR-Peneloux), in which case the
interface file will contain volume shift parameters.
Independently of the selected Unit System all output is in Field units.
The interaction coefficients written to the interface file are for 15 °C/59 °F.
Saphir
Generates tables with input data for the well test interpretation program Saphir.
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select Saphir in the Other section.
Required input is

• Temperature
• Pressures
The pressures are default entered as Min P, Max P, and No of steps. Alternatively each pressure stage may be
entered. Max. 30 pressure stages are allowed.
• Separator stages
The Z factors in the output are corrected for the liquid loss in the separation plant. One or two separator stages
can optionally be specified. In addition to the specified stage(s), a flash to standard conditions is automatically
added as a final separator stage. If no stages are specified, a single-stage flash to standard conditions is
performed.
• Gas expansion process

The compressibility Cg may be calculated assuming an isothermal (constant T) or an isentropic (constant S)
process. Isentropic is default.
The output consists of a table with pressures and corresponding values of viscosity, Z-factor and gas compressibility
(Cg).
For two-phase systems average phase properties are tabulated.
The first ten lines of the output table are treated as comment lines by Saphir. These lines can contain any text.
Standard conditions in this interface are always 1.01325 bara/14.696 psia and 15 °C/59 °F independent of the
WePS
Generates tables with input data for the well analysis program WePS.
In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select WePS in the Other section.
Required input is
• Initial temperature: Lowest temperature.

• Temperature step size
• Number of temperature steps
• Initial pressure: Lowest pressure.

• Pressure step size
• Number of pressure steps
• Output file name: Name of file including path where the generated table is saved. In addition the table is shown
in a text window. The output is saved as ASCII text. The file extension is *.PVT.
The output consists of a table with temperature and pressure, and corresponding values of gas and liquid properties.
Each line starts with the keyword THER and contains information for 1 pressure-temperature point. The values
reported are:
• Point index (0 based)

• Pressure, Pa
• Temperature, K
• Liquid phase enthalpy, J/kg
• Gas phase enthalpy, J/kg
• Weight fraction liquid
• Weight fraction gas
• Liquid density, kg/m3
• Gas density, kg/m3
• Liquid viscosity, kg/ms
• Gas viscosity, kg/ms
• Surface tension, N/m
The first 4 lines of the output table are always for the pressure-temperature conditions
1. 1.013 x 105 Pa, 288.00 K

2. 1.000 x 105 Pa, 288.15 K
3. 1.014 x 105 Pa, 288.71 K
4. 1.013 x 105 Pa, 288.00 K
The subsequent lines in the output table are for the pressure-temperature conditions specified in the input.
If only one phase is present at given pressure and temperature, the phase is identified as gas if T, P is to the right
hand side of a line consisting of the dew point curve and a vertical line from the critical point and upwards. The
properties of the non-present phase are reported as 0. For the surface tension the surface tension versus vacuum is
reported.
If two phases are present at given pressure and temperature, the surface tension is the interfacial tension between gas
and liquid.
The output units are fixed to those mentioned above.
Version 12 CHN-file format
Generates interface files of the CHN-type for some tailor made Calsep software. This type of files is consistent with
PVTsim version 12 and lower.

In the Simulations Explorer press Interfaces and select Version 12 CHN-file format in the Other section.
CHN-files do not contain parameters in models introduced in PVTsim 13 and later. To make the user aware of
possible inconsistencies with the current version of PVTsim a warning is displayed when models are selected not
supported by the CHN file format. Examples are
- In PVTsim version 13 the PR and PR78 equations of state may be used with the Huron-Vidal mixing rule.
- In PVTsim version 14 the Corresponding States viscosity model has been improved for heavy oils.
- In PVTsim version 14 temperature dependent kij’s is an option.
Output
Output
Numeric output from simulations is displayed on the screen in a Worksheet. Graphical output is displayed as a Chart
that may be edited. Table output from the Interface to external programs is displayed for viewing only.
The worksheet used to display output is an Excel compatible spreadsheet. Column and row headings, grid and edit
bar are displayed from the View menu.
All numeric output in the worksheet can be plotted by the user by selecting ranges and clicking the Plot Toolbar
button, or invoking the Chart Wizard.
No output is automatically saved to disk. It is up to the user to save the output if required.
The output handling comprises
• Output Explorer
• Worksheet
• Customized Plots
• Manipulating Charts
Help on PVTsim Output • 160

• Save, Print, Copy and Paste
• Save Phase
Output Explorer
Spreadsheets
As is seen from the below picture output Sheets that are open are listed under the appropriate Simulation item in the
Spreadsheets section of the Output Explorer panel. By double clicking on a sheet in the Output Explorer, the sheet
will show up on top of the other open sheets. Simulation items with open Output Sheet will show up in red color in
the Output Explorer. The output sheet is a worksheet with some of the functionalities known from Excel.
Plots
When making use of the PVTsim simulation options a number of plots are shown automatically. As is shown in the
below picture a list of open plots can be seen by clicking on Plots in the Output Explorer. Open Plots are listed under
the appropriate Simulation item in the Spreadsheets section of the Output Explorer panel.
Clicking on a particular point on a plot series will make the legend for the series show up together with the actual
data poin, for example for a phase envelope
Vap/liq mole frac 1.000

Temperaure 254.5 °C, Pressure 77.0 bara.
By double clicking on a plot in the Output Explorer, the plot will show up on top of the other open plots. Simulation
items with open plots will show up in red color in the Output Explorer.
To merge 2 plots shown in the Output Explorer, click on one of the plots and drag the plot to the other plot. The
merged plot will now be listed in the section for Customized plots in the Output Explorer.
The user may want to merge two plots of which one is hidden in the Output Explorer section. This is often the case
when an already merged plot in the Customized section is to be merged with an automatically generated plot as for
example a phase envelope plot. To merge two plots not visible at the same time, the Output Explorer section of the
panel may be expanded by dragging it upwards. Another option is to place the cursor in the Output Explorer on the
upper plot to be merged and then dragging the plot downwards keeping the cursor at the left hand side of the panel.
This will make the Output Explorer scroll. With the cursor been placed further to the right the panel would not scroll.
Another way to make the Output Explorer panel scroll is to use the mouse track.
Individual series in one plot can be copied to another plot in PVTsim by right clicking on a series and selecting Copy
series. Go to the plot where you want to paste in the series. Right click on this plot and select Paste series.
PVTsim has two default plot configurations. One is Optimized for “Screen” and the other one is “Optimized for
“Print”. The one optimized for “Screen” may appear too faint in reports. The menu also has an option for choosing
between splined curves and not splined curves for simulated PVT data. The setting will be active for the plots
generated from them on, but will not work for already displayed plots.

Worksheet
The worksheet, where numerical output is displayed, is a functional Excel compatible spreadsheet. To display
column and row headings, grid and edit bar click the appropriate menu items from the View menu. To display them
all, click Worksheet on the View menu.
Output is placed on a pre-formatted worksheet. On rare occasions the numeric format may not be suitable. Extremely
large numeric values may exceed both the format and the column width, and will display as ######. Very small
numeric values may be shown as 0. In such cases double click the cell, or activate the Edit Bar from View, Edit Bar
on the menu to see the full unformatted value. Reformat the cell, or column, to a suitable format. It may also be
necessary to increase the column width, Use View, Column Heading on the menu to display the column headings for
the worksheet. Then place the mouse cursor on the line separating the columns, click the left mouse button and drag
the columns apart.
To unformat a complete sheet, select everything, cut with Ctrl+X, unselect and paste with Ctrl+V. To quickly select
all values on a large sheet use View, Worksheet on the menu to display column and row headings, then click the top
square of the row-column heading intersection.
To use formulas
See Entering Formulas
For built-in functions
See Worksheet Functions
For how to select cells or ranges
See Selecting Cells

To Cut, Copy and Paste
Select a range, then use the Edit menu. See Save, Print, Copy and Paste.
To Clear or Delete
Select a range, then use Clear or Delete from the Edit menu.
To Insert new columns or rows
Select a column or a row header, then use Insert from the Edit menu: Inserts a new column to the left,
and a new row above.
To Sort data
Select a range, then use Sort from the Edit menu to display the Sort dialog.
To Format data and worksheet
Select a range, then use the Format menu.
To Print
See Save, Print, Copy and Paste.
To Save the data in a worksheet
See Save, Print, Copy and Paste.
Entering Formulas
To enter a formula into a cell, begin the entry with an equal sign (=), i.e., = Sum(A5 + A6).
For absolute cell references use $, i.e., A2*$A$5
Formula operators
+ Addition
- Subtraction
/ Division
* Multiplication

% Percentage
^ Exponentiation
& Concatenation of text
= Equal to
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less then or equal to
<> Not equal to
: Range - produces a reference that includes all the cells between the two references (e.g.,
A1:A5 includes cells A1 and A5 and all cells in between).
Worksheet Functions
Function Description
ABS( number ) Absolute value
ACOS( number ) Arccosine
ACOSH( number ) Inverse hyperbolic cosine
ASIN( number ) Arcsine
ASINH( number ) Inverse hyperbolic sine
ATAN( number ) Arctangent
ATANH( number ) Inverse hyperbolic tangent
AVERAGE( number list ) Arithmetic mean of a list of comma separated numbers or range
(A5:A9)
COS( number ) Cosine
COSH( number ) Hyperbolic cosine
COUNT( value list ) Number of values in the supplied list
COUNTIF ( range, criteria ) Number of cells within a range, which meet the given criteria
COUNTA ( expression list ) Number of nonblank values in the supplied list
DATE ( year, month, day ) The serial number of the supplied date
DAY ( serial number ) The day that corresponds to the date represented by the serial number
EVEN ( number ) Rounds the specified number up to the nearest even integer
EXP ( number ) e raised to the specified number
FACT ( number ) Factorial of a specified number
INT ( number ) Rounds the supplied number down to the nearest integer
ISBLANK ( reference ) Determines if the specified cell is blank
ISERR ( expression ) Determines if the specified expression returns an error value
ISNUMBER ( expression ) Determines if the specified expression is a number
ISREF ( expression ) Determines if the specified expression is a range reference
ISTEXT ( expression ) Determines if the specified expression is text
LN ( number ) Natural logarithm (based on the constant e) of a number

LOG10 ( number ) The base-10 logarithm of a number
MAX ( number list ) Largest value in the specified list of numbers
MIN ( number list ) Smallest value in the specified list of numbers
MOD ( number, divisor ) Returns the remainder after dividing a number by a specified divisor
NOW ( ) Returns the current date and time as a serial number
ODD ( number ) Rounds the specified number up to the nearest odd integer
PI ( ) Returns the value of pi
PRODUCT ( number list ) Multiplies a list of numbers and returns the result
RAND ( ) Returns a number selected randomly between 0 and 1
ROUND ( number, precision ) Rounds the given number to the supplied number of decimal places
SIN ( number ) Sine
SINH ( number ) Hyperbolic sine
SQRT ( number ) Square root of number
STDEV ( number list ) Standard deviation
SUM ( number list ) Sum of the supplied numbers
SUMSQ ( number list ) Sum of the squares of numbers in list
TAN ( number ) Tangent
TANH ( number ) Hyperbolic tangent
VAR ( number list ) Variance of a population based values in number list
Selecting Cells
Many operations in the worksheet require one or more cells to be selected. There are three kinds of selections, a
single cell, a range of cells, and multiple ranges of cells (non-adjacent).
The worksheet cursor is located on the active cell. The active cell is also a selection or part of a selection.
To select a range of cells, click and hold the left mouse button and drag through the range you want to select. When
a range is selected, it becomes highlighted.
To select multiple ranges or non-adjacent ranges, select the first range of cells, and then hold down CTRL and select
the other ranges.
To select an entire row or column, click the row or column heading.
To select all rows and columns in the worksheet click the top left header.
Customized Plots

When making use of the PVTsim simulation and Regression options a number of plots are shown automatically.
These plots are listed in the Output Explorer from where it is possible to access the plots and to merge two plots.
To make customized plots use the Plot button on the toolbar. It generates a xy plot from selected (highlighted)
columns in the active worksheet. Having selected the data (highlighted 2 columns with data) and clicked the Plot
button, a menu will appear for inserting
• Chart title
• Series style
• X axis & Y axis
o Property
o Unit
o Title
The properties that can be plotted are
• Carbon number
• Compressibility
• dDensity/dP
• dDensity/dT
• Density
• Depth/Length
• dP/dL
• dQ/dL
• Enthalpy
• Entropy
• GOR( std vol/std vol)
• GOR(std vol/vol)
• Heat Capacity
• Heat Transfer Coefficient
• Internal Energy
• JT Coefficient
• Kappa
• Ln(mole%)
• Mass
• Mass Flow Rate
• Molar volume
• Mole %
• Molecular Weight
• Pressure

• Salt Precipitation
• Shear Rate
• Surface Tension
• Temperature
• Thermal Conductivity
• Time
• Velocity
• Viscosity
• Volume
• Volume %
• Weight %
• Z Factor
Having selected a Property the Unit field will be filled out with the unit for the actual property corresponding
with the selected unit system. The text shown on the axis is that in the Title field. It is by default the same text as
the Property text but can be edited.
If the property selected for plotting is not found in the list, choose No Property and edit the axis title on the
generated plot.
As an example of how to customize a plot, manual shift from the Plot Configuration from being optimized for
“Screen” to being optimized for “Print” is done as follows
o Right click on the plot title, click on font, and choose Bold 11.
o Right click on Y axis/X axis title, click on font, and choose Bold 11.
o Right click on the Y axis/X axis itself, click on font, and choose Regular 9
o Right click on the Legend(s), click on font, and choose Regular 11.
Manipulating Charts
Plots can be manipulated in various ways. Icons are placed on top of the chart for
• Save Chart
• Copy to Clipboard
• Removing or inserting Vertical and Horizontal grid
• Removing and inserting Legend box
• Manipulating Chart Properties
• Zooming in on particular areas of the plot
• Print Preview
• Print

• Tools
Furthermore each section of a plot can be edited. This may be an idea if plots are to be printed. The default set-up is
chosen to have the plots look good on a screen but may appear a little to faint on a print.
To for example edit
• Plot style
o Right click on the line or point you would like to edit.
o Right click on Style and select the style wanted. Curve means smooth (splined) curve.
• Axes
o Right click on X or Y axis.
o Edit title, font (numbers) and/or color
• Axis titles
o Right click on axis title.
o Edit title, font and/or color
Having configured a plot, the settings may be saved as default by clicking in the chart and pressing Save settings as
default. To revert to the original settings, click in the chart and press Apply Original Settings followed by Save
settings as default.
Save, Print, Copy and Paste
Worksheet
Save
To save the data in a worksheet use Save As… from the File menu to display the save dialog.
Worksheets can be saved in several file formats
• Native format, Formula One (*.vts)
• Excel 5 or 7 compatible worksheet (*.xls)

Note: There is a documented bug in the file format generated. When imported into Excel 97, sheet tabs are not
shown. To display these do as follows in Excel 97. This bug is fixed in later versions of Excel.
Choose Tools->Options->View. Check Sheet Tabs.
• Excel 4 compatible worksheet (*.xls)
• Tabbed text (*.txt)

• Tabbed text, data only (*.txt)
• HTML format (*.htm)
• HTML format, data only (*.htm)
• Formula One 2.x (*,vts)
To save in any other file format than the native format it is necessary to add the correct file extension to the file
name.
Print
To print use the items from the File menu for page setup, printer setup and printing.
Copy and Paste
• Within PVTsim
Output data on worksheets and input data in scrollable input fields can be copied and pasted. Input data in text
boxes cannot be copied or pasted.
The data to be copied must first be selected. Drag the mouse cursor with the left button pressed over the data, or
use the keyboard shortcut Shift + Arrow key.
To copy input data use Ctrl + C to copy and Ctrl + V to paste. This can for example be used to copy a series of
pressure values from one experiment to another one, i.e., from Const Mass Exp to Const Volume Depletion, or
from an ordinary PT Flash to PT Flash in Hydrate Simulation.
Cut, Copy and Paste within a worksheet, or from one worksheet to another one, can either be performed from
Edit on the menu, or with the keyboard shortcuts Ctrl + X, Ctrl + C and Ctrl + V.
Data can also be copied from one worksheet to another one by drag and drop. To use this method select the data
and position the mouse pointer near the border of the selected data. To move the data from one sheet to another
drag the selected data to the new location, while holding down the mouse button. Then release the mouse button.
To copy the selection instead of moving it press and hold down the Ctrl button before clicking on the selection
border. Please note that using this method, only the decimals displayed are retained.
A single cell or a group of cells can be copied to one or more neighboring cell. To do this select one or more
cells and place the mouse pointer on the small black square the lower right corner of the selection. The mouse
pointer will change into a small cross. Click and hold the mouse button, and drag the mouse to expand the
selection either vertically or horizontally. Release the button to have the contents of the originally selected cells
copied to the new selection.
• From PVTsim
Copy text and numbers from PVTsim to MS Word or MS Excel.

o In PVTsim
Select the text, then use Edit, Copy to Office (or Ctrl + T).
o In Word or Excel
Use Edit, Paste or Ctrl + V to paste the text at the cursor position.
Please note that the normal Copy and Cut commands (Ctrl + C and Ctrl + X) work when copying from PVTsim
as well, hovever when copying numbers only the displayed decimals are retained. An alternative way to retain
all the decimals is, save the data in xls-format, and open this file from Excel. Then choose Copy under Edit in
Excel and Paste Special… Microsoft Excel Worksheet Object in Word.
• To PVTsim
Copy text and numbers from MS Word or MS Excel.
o In Word or Excel
Select the text, then use Edit, Cut or Copy (or Ctrl+X, Ctrl+C).
o In PVTsim
Use Edit, Paste.
Please note that only the decimals displayed are retained using this method. To retain all decimals from Excel,
in Excel choose Format, Cells… and Choose General on the Number tab before using Copy and Paste.
Charts
Save
Click on the icon in the upper left corner of the chart. Click on uto the right of the Save as Type field and choose
between
o Metafile pictures (*.emf)

o Bitmap pictures (*.bmp)
o Text files (data only) (*.txt)
Print
Click on the Print icon on top of the Plot chart.
Copy and Paste

Click on the icon on the chart for Copy to clipboard. Choose between
o As a Bitmap
o As a Metafile
o As Text (data only)
o To Office Application

Interface tables to external programs
Save
To save the table use Save As… from the File menu to display the Save dialog. A table is saved as plain text.
Print
To print use the items from the File menu for page setup, printer setup and printing.
Copy and Paste

To copy and paste text from the tables or within the tables, use Edit Copy, Cut or Paste, or the keyboard shortcut
keys Ctrl + C, Ctrl + X and Ctrl + V. The text is handled as plain text.
Save Phase
Pressing <Save Phase> in an output sheet displays the dialog for saving the phase compositions from a calculation in
the database. The dialog consists of a list of phases found in the calculation just completed. Each phase is identified
by its type, and the conditions at which it was formed. The text in the frame Fluid above the list, is the fluid
identification assigned to the phase, when it is saved. It is by default set equal to the identification of the feed. This
text may the changed individually for each phase composition to be saved.
To save a phase, highlight the appropriate item in the list and press <Save>. When a phase is saved, it is removed
from the list. Continue in this manner until all the desired phases are saved. The saving is terminated/interrupted by
pressing <Cancel>. This does not affect already saved phases. Pressing <Save Phase> displays the list again.
The phases are saved in the currently open database as the last entries and may be selected from there.

Options
Options
PVTsim presents the choice between multiple unit systems, four different equations of state, two viscosity
correlations and a number of other selections
The menu items involving the unit system are
• Unit system & Settings

• Unit converter
• Equation of State
o SRK Peneloux (√)
o SRK
o SRK Peneloux (T)
o PR Peneloux
o PR
o PR Peneloux (T)
o PR 78 Peneloux
o PR 78
o PR 78 Peneloux (T)
• Lumping
o Standard lumping (√)
o ab lumping
• Characterization
o Normal C7+ Char (√)
o Heavy C7+ Char
• Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity models
o CSP Visc/Thermal Cond (√)
o LBC Visc/Thermal Cond
Help on PVTsim Options • 173

• Fluid composition to be shown when selecting a fluid
o Show Comp (√)
• Characterized fluid automatically stored in database
o Save Char
• Default molecular weights and densities shown for C7+ fractions
o Default Mw and Dens (√)
The checked selections are Options selected the first time PVTsim is installed.
Unit System & Settings
The Unit System and Settings window is found under Options in the main menu.
PVTsim presents the choice between three predefined unit systems and four user defined unit systems. The
predefined unit systems are
• Metric Units
• Field Units
• SI Units

By choosing either User defined 1 or User defined 2, the desired unit for all quantities shown can be manually
chosen. It is possible to enter a text Used for to identify the (main) application area of each User defined unit
systems. If a User defined Unist System is chosen PVTsim will use this set of units in subsequent calculations except
in the generation of interface tables that are bound to be in either Metric or Field units.
When shifting between two Unit Systems entered input (as for example P and T values in Flash input menu) with
change accordingly.
The Unit System & Settings menu presents the option to enter user defined standard conditions. The standard
conditions are used as reference conditions in many PVT simulation and interface options. The default standard
conditions are 1.01325 bara/14.696 psia and 15 °C/59 °F.
The default number of C7+ pseudo-components in PVTsim is 12. It may be desirable to reduce this number in
dynamic compositional flow simulations and other compositional simulations where the computation time is a matter
of concern. The Unit System & Settings menu has an option for modifying the default number of C7+ pseudo-
components. This is a general setting that may be overruled for single fluids using Char Options.
Unit Converter
The Unit Converter changes unit for a given variable. It can be used when output data is presented in a worksheet.
On the worksheet, highlight one or more cells with numbers to be converted. Click <Convert> on the worksheet to
invoke the unit converter.
Choose quantity (Pressure by default) along with the input unit and the desired output unit. Clikck on <OK>.
The quantities that can be converted are
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Depth/Length
• Density
• Enthalpy
• Entropy
• Heat Capacity

• Molar Volume
• JT coefficient
• Velocity
• Viscosity
• Thermal Conductivity
• Surface Tension
• Gas/Oil Ratio
• Mole Flow
• Mass Flow
• Work
• Volume Flow
If the unit field (for example psia) was also highlighted the unit will change accordingly. A pressure of 100 bara can
in other words be converted to 1450.38 psia by highligting 100 bara and pressing <Convert> followed by <OK>.
Customize toolbar
The Customize Toolbar option is found under View in the main menu. It is used choose which toolbar buttons to
show and which to hide. The icons are grouped into classes as shown in the Customize toolbar window. By checking
or unchecking the various fields, icons will either appear or disappear from the toolbar as listed below.
• Fluid

o Open Database
o Create New Database
o Database
o Enter New Fluid
o Add to Database
o Regression
o Same Pseudos
o Recombine
o Mix
o Weave
o Delump
o Clean for Mud
o Edit Default Component List
o Edit Default Mw and Dens
• Simulations
o Flash
o Phase Envelope
o Property Generator
o H2S
o Unit Operations
o ES-SAGD
o Critical Point
o Saturation Point
o Separator Test
o Const Mass Exp
o Const Vol Depl
o Diff Depletion
o Viscosity
o Swelling Test
o Multiple Contact
o Viscosity Tuning
o Wax
o Asphaltenes
o Scale
o Hydrates
o DepoWax
o MMP
o Slim Tube
o Depth Gradient
o Depth Regression

• Edit
o Cut
o Copy
o Paste
• Interfaces
o VIP Black Oil
o VIP-COMP
o MORE Black Oil
o MORE EOS
o Eclipse Black Oil
o Eclipse Gi
o Eclipse Comp
o Eclipse Black Oil Correlations
o Compositional Tracking
o OLGA
o OLGA Wax
o Pipesim
o Multi Phase Meter
o CHN format
o PipePhase
o PRO/II
o Hysys
o Prosper-MBAL
o Prosper-EOS
o Saphir
o WePs
• Help
o Help
• Options
o Combo boxes with
Unit selection
Equation of state selection
Lumping options
Characterization options
Viscosity and thermal conductivity model
• Open Structure
o Flash Open Structure

To reset the toolbar to the default settings click on Reset Toolbars under the View menu item. This will make a text
box show up allowing the default settings (Original State) to be chosen.

Utilities
Utilities
PVTsim has facilities allowing backups to be made of the database, to compact the currently selected database and to
share database files in a compressed format.
Backup database
This utility is used in PVTsim to be able to create a replica of the currently used database in any given session of
PVTsim. In order to make a backup of the currently used database go to Utilities → Backup database.
Enter the name of the replica of the currently used database and press Save. PVTsim will then create a replica of the
database currently used. The backup will by default have the name NameBackup.fdb where Name is the name of the
database to be backed up.
Compact database
The database format supported by PVTsim can increase considerably with time depending on the number of
operations performed on the database. In order to keep the size and structure of the database in its most efficient state
it is recommended to compact the database regularly.
To compact the currently used database, go to Utilities → Compact database.
Help on PVTsim Utilities • 180

When the compacting is completed a Message Box will appear saying Compacting operation completed.
It is to be recommended not to store too many fluids in the same database but instead divide the fluids into more
databases.
Zip databases
If a database is to be moved on the network or attached to an email it can be convenient to have it in a compressed
(zipped) form. PVTsim includes a compression utility, which may be used compress database files to zip files.
Go to Utilities → Zip databases.
The program will ask for the name of the zip file. Type in a name and press Open.

Select the file(s) to include in the zip file. Several files including the currently selected database file may be
included. To select multiple files hold the Shift key or Ctrl key on the keyboard and select the files to include.

Click <Open> to start the compression (zipping). The final format of the compressed file is the regular zip format
supported by WinZip or by Windows XP.
Unzip database
Compressed files may be decompressed using the unzip utility. This may also be used to decompress files created by
WinZip. Go to Utilities → Unzip databases.
A dialog will be shown allowing the user to specify the name and path of the file that needs to be decompressed.

Having selected the file to be unzipped, click Open, and a dialog will be shown to specify the path or directory
where the files contained within the zip file are to be placed. Select the path or directory for the files and click
extract to unzip all the files into the selected location.

If any of the files in the destination location of the unzipped files have the same name as one the files being
unzipped, the user will be prompted for file overwriting confirmation.
Selecting <Yes> will overwrite the currently file in question.
Selecting <No> will skip the file in question, which will not be unzipped.
Selecting <Yes to All> will overwrite the file in question and any subsequent files of the same name as a file being
unzipped.
Selecting <Cancel> will cancel the unzip operation and no more files will be unzipped.
Current Database
A file being unzipped cannot overwrite the currently selected database. If this is tried, the user will be prompted for
file overwriting confirmation. A <Yes> will make a message appear that the currently used database cannot be
overwritten and that the actual file to be unzipped will be skipped.
Should the user previous on have answered <Yes to All>, the unzip operation will stop when it gets to unzipping a
file of the same name as the currently selected database.

Method Documentation
Method Documentation
Documentation of the methods used in the program can be found under Method Documentation on the Help menu.
To see the method documentation, quit Help, click Help on the menu, and then click Method Documentation. The
Method Documentation is also available as PDF document. The name of this document is pvtdoc.pdf.
Help on PVTsim Method Documentation • 186

Getting Support
Getting Support
Customers are offered a maintenance arrangement. This entitles the user to get support on PVTsim.
Support may be requested at
Calsep A/S Calsep Inc. Calsep Dubai

Gl. Lundtoftevej 1C 11490 Westheimer Road, Dubai Internet City
DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Suite 500 P.O. Box 500 534
Denmark Houston, Tx 77077 Dubai
Phone: +45 45 87 66 46 USA UAE
Fax: +45 45 87 62 72 Phone: +1 (281) 759 0844 Phone: +971 4 391 3667
E-mail: info@calsep.com Fax: +1 (281) 759 0845 Fax: +971 4 390 8208
E-mail: usinfo@calsep.com E-mail: dubai@calsep.com
Assign the following subject: PVTsim support <version or revision> to the request. Version and revision numbers
are found under Help → About PVTsim.
Courses in the use of PVTsim and the methods and models are given regularly. Fore more information visit our
home page at www.calsep.com.
Help on PVTsim Getting Support • 187

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Help on PVTsim Contents • i

Help on PVTsim Contents • ii

Help on PVTsim Contents • iii

Method Documentation 186

Getting Support 187

Help on PVTsim Contents • iv

The fluid handling comprises

• CharFluid → Edit Current

• Pure Component → Edit

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 5

To open another existing database choose File → Open Database.

To create a new database, choose File → Create New Database.

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 6

Only one database can be open at the time.

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 7

Enter New Fluid

Components not displayed by default may be added clicking <Add Comps>.

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 8

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 9

An example of a plus composition is shown below.

Component Mol% Mol Wgt Density (g/cm3)

Component Mol% Mol Wgt Density (g/cm3)

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 10

Scroll down to the component to add and press <OK>.

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 11

The below table shows an example of a C6+ composition.

Component Mol% Mol Wgt Density (g/cm3)

This composition is initially to be entered as shown below.

Component Mol% Mol Wgt Density (g/cm3)

Assume the following properties for C6

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 12

• C6 mol% = C7 mol% x P-fraction of C7 = 2.637 x 0.527 = 1.389

The final composition is shown in the table below.

Component Mol% Mol Wgt Density (g/cm3)

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 13

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 14

C range First C Last C

the sheet is to be filled in as shown below.

Component Def_1 Def_2 Def_3 Def_4

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 15

• Viscosity correction factors.

PVTsim supports 3 equation of state mixing rules.

kij = kij A + CNj*((kij B + kij C*(T-288.15))

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 16

• Huron and Vidal (HV)

αij, gij, gji, gij(T) and gji(T)

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 17

Three viscosity data tables are seen

• Oil viscosities below Wax Appearance Point (WAP)

• Wax inhibited oil viscosities below WAP

Edit Default Comp List

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 18

Press <OK> to update the default component list.

Restore Default Comp List

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 19

Restore Default Mw and Dens

Fluid compositions and experimental PVT data are stored in a database.

To transfer a database to another PC only the *.fdb file has to be moved.

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 20

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 21

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 22

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 23

Help on PVTsim Fluid Handling • 24

kij = kij A + CNj((kij B + kij C(T-288.15))