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Congestion Evaluation from Traffic Flow

Information based on Fuzzy Logic


Jia Lu. Li Cao

ltiswell knownthatthepmcessfromfreeflowtotrafficjamis
AArbnd-ln this paper, we present P new method to evalurate continuous. Therefore, we define a new index, level of
congestion from trafiic flow information based on fuzzy logic. congestion (LOC), indicating the congestion extent of traffic
Level of congution is considered as a continuous variable from flow. It is a continuous number and should much fit human
free flow to traffic jam. After a simulation. we uscd adaptive perception on congestion. LOC is related to the basic traffic
ncuro-fuzzy inference system and trained a series of fuzzy logic parameters such as velocity and density by a fuzzy inference
rules. to estimate the congestion. As a result, general perception system. This paper will show the rationality of the inference
ofjudging congestion is recovered by tk fuzzy system with bnsic model.
traflie parameters.

l n h 7"-fuzzy logic. human perception, level of


11. APPROACH
congestion. traflic flow
To achieve the objective mentioned above, in a first step, we
simulate the process of traffic flow and collect concerned traffic
1. INTRODUCTION parameters instead of those from real road networks. Subjective
T RAFFICcongestion is one of the focuses of Intelligent
Transportation System all the time. It results in serious
congestion evaluations will be conducted by watching a video
ofthe simulation flow, and a congestion average of each road in
social problem and economic problem. Thus, it is imponant to every time period will be obtained.
detcct where the congestion occurs, a s well as to measure and During the second pan, data including those collected from
evaluate how the congestion is. In traveler navigation system, simulation andevaluationofcongestion will be preprocessed to
publication OF congestion degree will provide drivers useful be normalized. The results are treated as fuzzy logic inputs and
information, thus, reduce traffic jam, increase efficiency of trips, outputs of a training system in the next step.
and avoid waste of fuel consumption. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is adopted as the
In general. MIC can be either '' bee" or " congested . The training system to train the fuzzy logic rules in order to estimate
classification is alternatively absolute. Morris I. Rothenberg LOC. Simulation data are inputs while human evaluation data are
defines urban highway congestion as "a condition in which the outputs.
number of vehicles attempting to use a roadway at any given Based on the results of training, we will analyze the rationality
time exceeds the ability of the roadway to carry the load at of such a method.
generally acceptable service levels" [I]. The concept of levels of
service (LOS) is well established in highway capacity analysis
procedures. In such a criterion, congestion occurs by judging In. SMULATION AND DATA ACQUIREMENT
V/C (volume over capacity ratio) when it exceeds a certain Here, we choose Paramics' as our simulation software. In
thrcshold. Travel Time Index ('IT) is another criterion to express Paramics', all macroscopical parameters can be collected from
congestion level, which is defined as the ratio of real travel time the detectors on a road. Three urban highways with 2 lanes each
to free flow travel time [2]. B. S. Kemer presented are selected in our experiment (Fig. 1). We collect the mean
three-phase-traac-theory,classifying traffic pattem into free velocity of vehicles and road density per 30 seconds. The
flow, synchmnizcd flow, and wide moving j a m which is more interval is less than the traffic fight period. During the process of
elaborate in traffic congestion evaluation [3]. simulation, a screen capture will save the scene as a video file,
which will be used in congestion evaluation later.
Manuscript rewived March 13,2003. Firstly, we will watch the video several times; thus, we form a
Jia Lu is now with Deparlment of Automation, Tsinghua University, common sense of the order of congestion among 3 roads. For
China. (email: lujia97~mails.~inghuaedu.~n). instance, congestion degree o f road1 is greater than that of
Li Cso is now wvlth Department of Automation. Tringhua University,
China. (email: caoli@inghua.edu.cn). road3, and road3 greater thanroad2. Afterwards, we add an idle
clip of about 4 seconds every 30 seconds'in the video. We will
0-7803-8125-4/03/S17.00 0 XMl3IEEE gaze at one road, and check an impression of road congestion in

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where v,-, and vlw2 are mean velocity of two lanes, d,, and
d,, are density of two lanes, vu and d., are the maximum of
mean velocity and density in the whole simulation.
The maximum of mean velocity vmu in the whole simulation is
considered as the largest free flow velocity reachable on an
and mad3 are ugged bctwccn 2 detectors urban highway. This demands that simulation time is long
enough. Our 2-hour-simulation meets the need.
TABLE I The maximum of road density d., in the whole simulation is
TABLEOF ROAD I 'SCONCESTION EVALUATtON(O.0-10.0) considered as the largest traffic density that can be burdened on
Time Period LCC LOC an urban highway.
(First time) (Second time) Evaluations ofthe congestion range from 0.00 to 10.00. They
-3 16:00:30
will be divided by IO so as to be suitable for a fuzzy system
between 0.0 and 1.0. The results are output data of our fuzzy
inference system.
every 30 seconds' video of traffic flow. During the 4 seconds'
idle clip. write down the evaluation into a table (Table I). The npd iuhll n* atalml d*
evaluation is a number between 0 and IO, in which. 0 means free
flow while 10 means serious traffic jam. Such evaluations ofeach
30 seconds correspond with traffic datacollected per30 seconds
in the formersimulation. Each road will beevaluated twice by one

-
person. Final degree of congestion is mean value of all the
results. 4

IV. DATA PROCESS AND MODEL TRAINING

.i. Doloprocess
We design a fuzzy inference system with two input variables Fig.3. 9 mles in the fuzzy infcrencc syrrcm
and one output variable (Fig. 2). In the system. inputs are mean
~ 1 0 c i t ofvehicles
y and roaddensitydetected.and theourput is
lwei of congestion ( L O O In order to adapt the requirement of B. ,Model m i n i n g
hay system. data will be pre-processed firstly. Our goal is to train the fuzzy inference system according to the
known input and output data. Here, w e select Sugeno model as
our fuzzy model. Every input variable has 3 membership
functions. and the output variable is the type of constant.
D
.
n 17 Therefore. there are 9 rules in this system (Fig.3). Initial
membership functions (Fig.4 (a. b)) are same ones randomly

E+
mea "dmilr UIC
generated, and the initial outputs are set to be zeros. After
training, the membership function and rules will be improved.
Matlab tool box" anfis" (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system)
is used here for the system training.
Fig. 2. Structure of furzy infercncc rysicm: Consisting o f 2 inpun
(density. mean velocity). I output (LOC)and a series ofruler.

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Fig. 4. Mcmbcrrhip functions (m.f.) before and after training: la) initial
m.f. ofmcsn velocity. (b) initial m.f ofdcnsity. I C ) traincd m.f. ofmcan
wlocit?. Id) mincd m.f. ofdcnriry.

0.5
\', RESULTS
0.4
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
After 40 epochs, mean error is below 0.1. which is normally Densily mean-velocity
acceptable. Fig.4 (c) and (d) show the trained membership
(b) (C)
function results. Fig. 5. Relationship bctwcen inputs and output: (a) 3-D rysrem rurfacc.
After training, rules in our fuzzy inference syslem are much (b) LOC-Dcnrity cuwc whcn mcan vclociry is 0.49. (cl LOC-mcan
improved. as shown bclow. ~ c l o c i l yEWYC whcn dcnriiy is 0.52.

1. IflDenrit!. is sparse) 2nd lmmn rclocity is slon,.Jrhcn (LOC 1s 0.5S26) VL ANALYSIS


2. I C (Denrily i s rparrc) and l m c m rclociry i s modcnm) then (LOC i s
The trained model of fuzzy inference system indicates such a
0.4508)
1. I f (Dcnrity is sparse1 and lmcan veiocity i s farti then (LOC is 0.4356) rule that the mean velocity grows higher, whereas the LOC drops
2 ti tDcn\ll! 15 m n i n ~ n 2ndl (mcm vclncit? I S i l o \ r ) i h r n ILOC is down: and along with the road density increasing, LOC gains. I t
0.6S821 represents the supporting relationship between LOC and traffic
5 . If(Dcnri1y is common) and (mean rclocity is modcrarcl then (LOC is parameters. Human sense of the congestion may reappear by
0.61) inputting velocity and density variables.
6. l r (Dcnriiy is common) and lmcan rclocity i s fast) thcn (LOC is We may discover another phenomenon in FigS(c). When the
0.3 157) meanvelocityisinalowlevel, LOC vanes slowly. From about0.4
7. IflDmrity i s denscl and fmcan velocity is slou~)rhcn (LOC is 0.9399)
IO 0.6. LOC changes little. However, LOC will decrease faster
S~1rlDenrilyirdenrc)rndimc~nvelocity irmodewc)lhen(LOCis0.85)
9 . lf(Dcnrit? is dcnicl and lmcan ucloci!y is fast) thcn (LOC io 0.4)
when mean velocity grows greater than 0.6. That's to say,
congestion are not perceived sensitively in the situation of low
Surface oftrained fuzzy inference system is shown in Fig. 5(a). travel speed. Nevertheless, along with the increase of speed,
And fuzzy relationships between LOC and density (Fig. 5(b)). congestion will be felt reduced subtly. Similarly, Fig. 5(b) shows
LOC and mean velocity (Fig.5(c)), illustrate a rising ofLOC when that ifdensity is greater or lower than a certain extent, the variety
density goes higher or mean velocity drops down. of LOC is insensitive. In other words, people will be blunt
Fig.6 represents the comparison between human evaluations towards low or high densty.
and results using trained fuzzy inference system by the test data. All the phenomena discovered from the model above is highly
The mean error within 0.1 is acceptable. coherent with human perception. This can be interpreted as
following results: The trained fuzzy inference system may
recover the perception of people by giving LOC index, in the
condition of inputting mean velocity and density o f o n e road.

VII. CONCLUSION
.. .
In this paper, we define a new index named LOC (level of
congestion) to evaluate traffic congestion. It is a continuous
variable to express the situation from free flow to traffic jam, by
which, travelers or trafic managen will get more direct
information, which is much adapted to their sensory evaluation.
LOC based on fuzzy logic can be given from a fuzzy inference
system by inputting mean velocity and density. We analyzed the

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system and showed that the system is of rationality due to its
coherence with human perception.
Perception of congestion may be also influenced by some
other micro parameters. e.g., the acceleration. frequency of
changing lane, which will be studied further in the future.

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